Статті в журналах: "Cstnur"

1

Cruz-Flores, Gerardo, Eloisa A. Guerra-Hernández, Juan M. Valderrábano-Gómez, and Julio Campo-Alvés. "Indicadores de calidad de suelos en bosques templados de la Reserva de la Biosfera los Volcanes, México." REVISTA TERRA LATINOAMERICANA 38, no. 4 (October 11, 2020): 781–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.28940/terra.v38i4.421.

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La degradación y erosión edáfica por cambios de uso suelo, disminuyen los contenidos de carbono y su calidad. Con el objetivo de identificar y reconocer los mejores indicadores de calidad edáfica y de relacionarla con sus contenidos de carbono orgánico, se realizó esta investigación en bosques de la Reserva de la Biósfera los Volcanes. Se seleccionaron 26 sitios distribuidos entre 2600 y 3800 m de altitud colectando muestras de suelo de 0 a -0.2 m para análisis físicos y químicos y entre 0 a -0.1 m para bioquímicos y biológicos. Los resultados mostraron como excelentes indicadores parciales para evaluar calidad del suelo (IpCS) al pH, porcentaje de arena; contenido gravimétrico de agua, carbono orgánico, Ca+2 y K+ intercambiables; carbono de biomasa microbiana y actividad fosfatasa ácida y presencia/abundancia de bacterias y algas. Con estos IpCS, se determinó aditiva y conmutativamente, calidad total del suelo (CSTsum y CSTmul) cuyas tendencias fueron similares, aunque el modelo aditivo, muestra mejor que bosques afectados y vegetación secundaria (2600 y 2700 m) tienen menor calidad edáfica, mientras que en la franja media (3000-3300 m) con bosques de Abies y mixto Abies-Pino, los suelos tuvieron mayores contenidos de carbono orgánico y altas CSTsum y CSTmul.

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2

Fu, Ning, Xue-chang Ren, and Jian-xin Wan. "The Effect of Molar Ratios of Ti/Si on Core-Shell SiO2@TiO2 Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic Applications." Journal of Nanomaterials 2020 (April 27, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5312376.

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After the core-shell SiO2@TiO2 nanoparticles (CSTNs) were synthesized by hydrothermal method, we investigated the influence of different molar ratios of Ti/Si on morphology, structure, and photocatalytic activity of the CSTNs. It was found that the CSTNs showed different size and surface morphology as the Ti/Si molar ratio changed. Besides, the TiO2 and the CSTN had the anatase phase after hydrothermal process and calcination at 450°C for 2 h. The N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms demonstrated the CSTNs with the molar ratio of Ti/Si increased from 1 : 1 to 8 : 1 can be categorized as type IV with hysteresis loop of type H2 and showed to be mesoporous materials. In addition, the CSTNs with the Ti/Si molar ratio of 5 : 1 had the highest surface area of 176.79 m2/g. Surface charges showed the isoelectric point (IEP) of the CSTNs ranged between silica (IEP at pH 3.10) and titania (IEP at pH 5.29). Since the molar ratio of Ti/Si increased from 1 : 1 to 8 : 1 by degradating both colorless organic pollutant of phenol and colored substances of methylene blue (MB) under UV irradiation, the photocatalytic activity of CSTNs exhibited higher photodegradation efficiency compared with TiO2. What is more, the experimental results also showed the CSTNs with Ti/Si molar ratio of 5 : 1 had the highest photocatalytic activity and showed higher photocatalytic efficiency compared with other TiO2-SiO2 composites reported for photodegradation of phenol and MB.

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3

Hunsberger, Luke, and Roberto Posenato. "Faster Dynamic-Consistency Checking for Conditional Simple Temporal Networks." Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 30 (June 1, 2020): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v30i1.6656.

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A Conditional Simple Temporal Network (CSTN) is a structure for representing and reasoning about time in domains where temporal constraints may be conditioned on outcomes of observations made in real time. A CSTN is dynamically consistent (DC) if there is a strategy for executing its time-points such that all relevant constraints will necessarily be satisfied no matter which outcomes happen to be observed. The literature on CSTNs contains only one sound-and-complete DC-checking algorithm that has been implemented and empirically evaluated. It is a graph-based algorithm that propagates labeled constraints/edges. A second algorithm has been proposed, but not evaluated. It aims to speed up DC checking by more efficiently dealing with so-called negative q-loops.This paper presents a new two-phase approach to DC-checking for CSTNs. The first phase focuses on identifying negative q-loops and labeling key time-points within them. The second phase focuses on computing (labeled) distances from each time-point to a single sink node. The new algorithm, which is also sound and complete for DC-checking, is then empirically evaluated against both pre-existing algorithms and shown to be much faster across not only previously published benchmark problems, but also a new set of benchmark problems. The results show that, on DC instances, the new algorithm tends to be an order of magnitude faster than both existing algorithms. On all other benchmark cases, the new algorithm performs better than or equivalently to the existing algorithms.

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4

Ma, Yongzheng, Jiangning Chen, and Kai Nan. "Global Collaborations in CSTNET." Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Advanced Network 37 (June 7, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7125/apan.37.1.

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5

Posenato, Roberto. "CSTNU Tool: A Java library for checking temporal networks." SoftwareX 17 (January 2022): 100905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2021.100905.

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6

Li, Linxuan, Tingting Zhu, Lele Huang, and Maozhi Ren. "Target of Rapamycin Signaling Involved in the Regulation of Photosynthesis and Cellular Metabolism in Chlorella sorokiniana." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13 (July 4, 2022): 7451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137451.

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Target of rapamycin (TOR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that plays a central regulating role in cell proliferation, growth, and metabolism, but little is known about the TOR signaling pathway in Chlorella sorokiniana. In this study, a Chlorella sorokiniana DP-1 strain was isolated and identified, and its nutritional compositions were analyzed. Based on homologous sequence analysis, the conserved CsTOR protein was found in the genome of Chlorella sorokiniana. In addition, the key components of TOR complex 1 (TORC1) were present, but the components of TORC2 (RICTOR and SIN1) were absent in Chlorella sorokiniana. Pharmacological assays showed that Chlorella sorokiniana DP-1 was insensitive to rapamycin, Torin1 and KU0063794, whereas AZD8055 could significantly inhibit the growth of Chlorella sorokiniana. RNA-seq analysis showed that CsTOR regulated various metabolic processes and signal transduction pathways in AZD8055-treated Chlorella sorokiniana DP-1. Most genes involved in photosynthesis and carbon fixation in Chlorella sorokiniana DP-1 were significantly downregulated under CsTOR inhibition, indicating that CsTOR positively regulated the photosynthesis in Chlorella sorokiniana. Furthermore, CsTOR controlled protein synthesis and degradation by positively regulating ribosome synthesis and negatively regulating autophagy. These observations suggested that CsTOR plays an important role in photosynthesis and cellular metabolism, and provide new insights into the function of CsTOR in Chlorella sorokiniana.

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7

Novotný, Vít. "Příprava Zpravodaje CSTUG." Zpravodaj Československého sdružení uživatelů TeXu 28, no. 1-4 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5300/2018-1-4/1.

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8

Novotný, Vít. "Příprava Zpravodaje CSTUG." Zpravodaj Československého sdružení uživatelů TeXu 28, no. 3-4 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5300/2018-3-4/1.

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9

Jin, Xiao Ping, Hui Zhen Feng, and You Ming Li. "Cooperative Space-Time Network Coding for Multi-Sources Distributed Cooperative Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 1816–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.1816.

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In this paper, a novel cooperation space-time network coding (CSTNC) scheme based on multi-sources distributed cooperative network is considered. In this scheme, multiple sources transmit signals to relay and destination node. The relay re-encodes the decoded signals through space-time network coding with the aid of multiple antennas. The simulation shows that the BER, capacity and outage probability of the CSTNC becomes better with the increasing of relay antenna number and very close to traditional space-time network coding (TCSTC) scheme. Meanwhile, transmission efficiency analysis demonstrates that CSTNC scheme has higher transmission rate.

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10

Zhou, Xu, M. C. B. Ashley, Xiangqun Cui, Longlong Feng, Xuefei Gong, Jingyao Hu, Zhaoji Jiang, et al. "Progress and Results from the Chinese Small Telescope ARray (CSTAR)." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 8, S288 (August 2012): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921312016936.

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AbstractIn 2008 January the 24th Chinese expedition team successfully deployed the Chinese Small Telescope ARray (CSTAR) to Dome A, the highest point on the Antarctic plateau. CSTAR consists of four 14.5cm optical telescopes, each with a different filter (g, r, i and open) and has a 4.5°×4.5° field of view (FOV). Based on the CSTAR data, initial statistics of astronomical observational site quality and light curves of variable objects were obtained. To reach higher photometric quality, we are continuing to work to overcome the effects of uneven cirrus cloud cirrus, optical “ghosts” and intra-pixel sensitivity. The snow surface stability is also tested for further astronomical observational instrument and for glaciology studies.

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11

Cui, Xiangqun. "CSTAR and future plans for Dome A." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, H15 (November 2009): 639–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921310010860.

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AbstractThe first set of Chinese Antarctic telescopes at Dome A is called CSTAR. It consists of four 14.5 cm wide-field telescopes and was installed at Dome A during the traverse of 2007/2008. CSTAR successfully operated for 135 days in 2008 and for more than 200 days in 2009. This paper briefly introduces recent developments in Chinese Antarctic astronomy and their international collaborative activities. It also describes future plans for Dome A, as the building of Kunlun Station began in January of this year.

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12

Yin, Zuodong, Jiliang Zeng, Cai Wang, and Zelin Pan. "Preparation and Properties of Cross-Linked Starch Nanocrystals/Polylactic Acid Nanocomposites." International Journal of Polymer Science 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/454708.

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Cross-linked starch nanocrystals (CStN)/polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposites were prepared by blending CStN and PLA, wherein CStN were homogeneously dispersed in the nanocomposites. The structure and morphology of the nanocomposites were studied through FTIR, XRD, and SEM. The results of mechanical test showed that the strength and toughness of the nanocomposites could be improved when the additive amount of hydrophobic CStN was 3% (weight ratio). Meanwhile, the microstructures of tensile fracture surface showed that CStN were uniformly dispersed in PLA matrix, and the tensile fracture surface was presented as ductile fracture. Moreover, water vapor permeability experiments illustrated that the addition of CStN reduced the water vapor permeability of PLA nanocomposites, so CStN have some resistance to water vapor. Those above indicated that CStN have functions of reinforcement and toughness in PLA matrix; therefore, they are expected to be used as functional additives in polymer matrix such as PLA, polycaprolactone (PCL), and polybutylene succinate (PBS).

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13

editorial board, CSTUG. "Často kladené otázky o TeXu a odpovědi na ně (CSTUG FAQ)." Zpravodaj Československého sdružení uživatelů TeXu 6, no. 3 (1996): 129–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.5300/1996-3/129.

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14

editorial board, CSTUG. "Frequently asked questions on TeX and answers to them (CSTUG FAQ)." Zpravodaj Československého sdružení uživatelů TeXu 15, no. 2-4 (2005): 94–331. http://dx.doi.org/10.5300/2005-2-4/94.

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15

Achigar, Mauricio. "The stable rank of $\cstar$-modules." Annals of Functional Analysis 6, no. 2 (2015): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15352/afa/06-2-3.

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16

Meng, Zeyang, Xu Zhou, Hui Zhang, Jilin Zhou, Songhu Wang, Jun Ma, Tianmeng Zhang, Zhou Fan, and Hu Zou. "Ghost Image Correction in CSTAR Photometry." Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 125, no. 930 (August 2013): 1015–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/672090.

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17

Vrabcová, Tereza. "Digital Archival of the CSTUG Bulletin." Zpravodaj Československého sdružení uživatelů TeXu, no. 1 (2022): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5300/2022-1-4/11.

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18

Azizan, Amizon, and Nornizar Anuar. "Simulating Trambouze reaction for a series reactor." Malaysian Journal of Chemical Engineering and Technology (MJCET) 3, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/mjcet.v3i1.10930.

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Simulating the existing data on Trambouze reaction is compiled in this article. The objective of the work is to present the change of volumetric flow rate and the inlet concentration of key reactant A in a series continuous stirred tank reactor-plug flow reactor (CSTR-PFR) configurations. The volumetric flow rate does not affect selectivity and conversion for a constant volumetric flow rate operating condition, entering CSTR and PFR, at a specific concentration of reactant. The CSTR-PFR series reactor configuration is proposed for the aim of maximizing the selectivity of the desired product B in comparison to the undesired products X and Y. CSTR as the first reactor is capable to achieve the maximum conversion at the highest selectivity of A. PFR is then proposed after CSTR in a configuration of CSTR-PFR, to allow higher conversion value to be achieved for the resulted outlet stream conditions coming out of the first reactor, CSTR. Both reactors commonly encounter a decrease in the initial concentration of A and an increase to the formation of other products. The CSTR entering volumetric flow rate influence the volume sizes needed in achieving the maximum selectivity and conversion

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19

Sudha, T. "Analysis of Proportional Integral Derivative Controller Parameters for CSTR." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS AND CONTROL 16 (July 13, 2021): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23203.2021.16.34.

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Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) plays a vital role and presents a various scope of researchers in the field of control and chemical engineering which exhibits of highly nonlinear behaviour and has wide operating ranges. Different control methods have been implemented on CSTR to control these parameters. Tragically, in the realcase, the behaviour of the CSTR is very different from that expected ideal CSTR which leads to the outcomes of the wrong product. However, it is a challenging task for every engineer to control the CSTR.PID controller has been proposed for adjust enhanced PID parameters in a CSTR operation utilizing a weighted mix of target capacities. Streamlining of PID controller parameters is the key objective of concoction and biochemical businesses. PID controllers have restricted the working scope of procedures with effective nonlinearity. This work considers some issues in CSTR and presents the efforts of existing researchers and it comes into view as an essential new method to adjust the control parameters. This work plans to investigate the various techniques in CSTR along with its solutions and these schemes have been surveyed in this work. This survey presents the comparison of various methods for optimizing parameters in CSTR are employed and compared with certain parameters.

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20

Ajmal Ali, Mohammad, Mohammad Tabrez Quasim, Mohammad Abul Farah, Fahad Mohammad Al-Hemaid, Joongku Lee, Khalid Mashay Al-Anazi, Soo Yong Kim, and Tapan Pan. "CSTNPD: a database for cancer specific toxic natural products." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 12, no. 10 (March 1, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2019/v12i10/141396.

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21

Trishch, Vitaliy, Yurii Beznosyk, Gregory Yablonsky, and Denis Constales. "The phenomenon of conservative-perturbed equilibrium in conditions different reactors." Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.1.2021.228137.

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Finding the optimal mode is a conceptual problem. The most important indicator that reflects the perfection of a chemical reactor is the intensity of the process in it. The phenomenon of conservatively perturbed-equilibrium (CPE) in the conditions of different types of reactors (in acyclic and cyclic systems) was studied: the ideal displacement reactor ("steady-state plug flow reactor, PFR") and the ideal mixing reactor ("steady-state continuous stirred tank reactor, CSTR"). For the acyclic reaction, the time of extremum onset was less in CSTR by ≈2.1%, but the concentration of substance B in the extremum in PFR was greater by ≈17.2% than in CSTR. For the cyclic reaction, the time of extremum onset was less in CSTR by ≈5.6%, but the concentration of substance B in the extremum in PFR was greater by ≈11.6% than in CSTR. For the acyclic and cyclic reaction in PFR, the time of occurrence of the extremum of the cyclic reaction was lower by ≈44.2% than in the acyclic, but the concentration of substance B in the extremum of the acyclic reaction was greater by ≈24.8% than in the cyclic reaction. For the acyclic and cyclic reaction in CSTR, the time of occurrence of the extremum of the cyclic reaction was lower by ≈46.2% than in the acyclic, but the concentration of substance B in the extremum in the acyclic reaction was greater by ≈18.9% than in the cyclic reaction. The cyclic system showed a shorter time for the onset of the extremum, but the acyclic reaction system showed a higher concentration of substance B at the extremum in PFR and CSTR. Although the time of extremum onset was the lowest in CSTR in the cyclic system, the concentration of substance B in the extremum was highest in the PFR in the acyclic system. Therefore (from our systems and reactors) the acyclic system in PFR shows the best characteristics. The extremum in transient modes is always observed for acyclic and cyclic complex reactions in both reactors, both in PFR and in CSTR. The phenomenon of conservatively perturbed-equilibrium is manifested in both PFR and CSTR. With the same rate constants, the acyclic system in PFR is characterized by higher values of "over equilibrium" conversion than the acyclic system in CSTR. Similarly, with the same rate constants, the cyclic system in PFR is characterized by higher values of "over equilibrium" conversion than the cyclic system in CSTR. The time of extremum onset is less in CSTR. This is true for acyclic and cyclic systems. The greater the difference between the initial concentrations of the two substances, the greater the "over equilibrium" concentration of the third substance, the initial concentration of which was equilibrium. At our values of kinetic parameters, the sensitivity of the time of occurrence of the extremum of the same reaction in different reactors (PFR and CSTR) is small (up to ≈5.6%), and at different reactions (acyclic and cyclic), but in one type of reactor (PFR or CSTR) - significant, reaching ≈46.2%.

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22

Chang, Kil Sang, Jae Youn Kim, and Hyun-Ku Rhee. "Intricate CSTR dynamics." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 6, no. 2 (April 1989): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02697482.

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23

Jia, Xiao Yi, Yu Tian Lin, Hui Bin Lin, Ling Gao, Jian Qun Lin, and Jian Qiang Lin. "Mathematical Modeling of CSTR Bioreactor Control for Production of Recombinant Protein." Advanced Materials Research 894 (February 2014): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.894.311.

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Fermentation process using recombinant strain for production of recombinant protein is widely used in commercialization of the biotechnologies. The continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) is a typical microbial cultivation method, has the major advantage of high productivity. Mathematical modeling and simulation is useful for analysis and optimization of the CSTR fermentation process. Most of the mathematical models developed for CSTR are black box models without information of the intracellular dynamics and regulations. In this research, a mathematical model is built based on gene regulation for recombinant protein production using CSTR, and simulation is made using this model.

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24

Robert, Leonel. "On the Lie ideals of $\Cstar$-algebras." Journal of Operator Theory 75, no. 2 (March 2016): 387–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.7900/jot.2015may17.2070.

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25

Zakaria, Siti Aminah, Mohd Jufri Zakaria, and Mohd Kamaruddin Abd Hamid. "Sustainable Integrated Process Design and Control for a Continuous-Stirred Tank Reactor System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 625 (September 2014): 466–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.625.466.

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The objective of this paper is to highlight the use of a two-dimensional (2D) sustainability index in performing a sustainable integrated process design and control (Sustain-IPDC) for a continuous-stirred tank reactor (CSTR) system. Sustain-IPDC for a CSTR system is formulated as a mathematical programming problem and solved by decomposing it into six sequential hierarchical sub-problems: (i) pre-analysis, (ii) design analysis, (iii) controller design analysis, (iv) sustainability analysis, (v) detailed economic analysis, and (vi) final selection and verification. The proposed methodology is applied to the production of cyclohexanone using a CSTR. The results show that the proposed methodology is capable in finding an optimal solution for a CSTR design problem that satisfy design, control, sustainability and economic criteria in an easy and systematic manner.

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26

Oelkers, Ryan J., Lucas M. Macri, Lifan Wang, Michael C. B. Ashley, Xiangqun Cui, Long-Long Feng, Xuefei Gong, et al. "DIFFERENCE IMAGE ANALYSIS OF DEFOCUSED OBSERVATIONS WITH CSTAR." Astronomical Journal 149, no. 2 (January 15, 2015): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/149/2/50.

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27

DERHUN, E. J., J. T. MULVALE, and THOMAS Z. FAHIDY†. "LIAPUNOV-STABILITY OF METAL DEPOSITION IN A CSTER." Chemical Engineering Communications 38, no. 3-6 (November 1985): 299–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986448508911311.

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28

Wang, Song-Hu, Xu Zhou, Hui Zhang, Ji-Lin Zhou, Hui-Gen Liu, Ze-Yang Meng, Jun Ma, Tian-Meng Zhang, Zhou Fan, and Hu Zou. "The correction of diurnal effects on CSTAR photometry." Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 14, no. 3 (February 26, 2014): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4527/14/3/008.

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29

Caneba, G. T., and Barbara Densch. "Intermittency in nonisothermal CSTR." AIChE Journal 34, no. 2 (February 1988): 333–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340219.

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30

Toson, Peter, Pankaj Doshi, and Dalibor Jajcevic. "Explicit Residence Time Distribution of a Generalised Cascade of Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors for a Description of Short Recirculation Time (Bypassing)." Processes 7, no. 9 (September 10, 2019): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7090615.

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The tanks-in-series model (TIS) is a popular model to describe the residence time distribution (RTD) of non-ideal continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) with limited back-mixing. In this work, the TIS model was generalised to a cascade of n CSTRs with non-integer non-negative n. The resulting model describes non-ideal back-mixing with n > 1. However, the most interesting feature of the n-CSTR model is the ability to describe short recirculation times (bypassing) with n < 1 without the need of complex reactor networks. The n-CSTR model is the only model that connects the three fundamental RTDs occurring in reactor modelling by variation of a single shape parameter n: The unit impulse at n→0, the exponential RTD of an ideal CSTR at n = 1, and the delayed impulse of an ideal plug flow reactor at n→∞. The n-CSTR model can be used as a stand-alone model or as part of a reactor network. The bypassing material fraction for the regime n < 1 was analysed. Finally, a Fourier analysis of the n-CSTR was performed to predict the ability of a unit operation to filter out upstream fluctuations and to model the response to upstream set point changes.

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31

Delevich, Kristen, Nana J. Okada, Ameet Rahane, Zicheng Zhang, Christopher D. Hall, and Linda Wilbrecht. "Sex and Pubertal Status Influence Dendritic Spine Density on Frontal Corticostriatal Projection Neurons in Mice." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 6 (February 9, 2020): 3543–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz325.

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Abstract In humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents, the frontal cortices exhibit grey matter thinning and dendritic spine pruning that extends into adolescence. This maturation is believed to support higher cognition but may also confer psychiatric vulnerability during adolescence. Currently, little is known about how specific cell types in the frontal cortex mature or whether puberty plays a role in the maturation of some cell types but not others. Here, we used mice to characterize the spatial topography and adolescent development of cross-corticostriatal (cSTR) neurons that project through the corpus collosum to the dorsomedial striatum. We found that apical spine density on cSTR neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex decreased significantly between late juvenile (P29) and young adult time points (P60), with females exhibiting higher spine density than males at both ages. Adult males castrated prior to puberty onset had higher spine density compared to sham controls. Adult females ovariectomized before puberty onset showed greater variance in spine density measures on cSTR cells compared to controls, but their mean spine density did not significantly differ from sham controls. Our findings reveal that these cSTR neurons, a subtype of the broader class of intratelencephalic-type neurons, exhibit significant sex differences and suggest that spine pruning on cSTR neurons is regulated by puberty in male mice.

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Yang, Chane-Yuan, Yu-Shu Chien, Jun-Hong Chou, Hsing-Ya Li, and Chau Wei Hsieh. "Application of Cholette’s model in non-ideal mixing CSTR: a simulation study on dynamic behavior." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 19, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 341–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2020-0197.

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Abstract Non-ideal mixing phenomena are widely found in industrial chemical reactors. In this work we derived the bifurcation formulas for a non-adiabatic CSTR with an irreversible exothermic first order reaction with the non-ideal mixing effect. This is investigated via dynamic behavior simulations based on Chollete’s model. The results show that the non-ideal mixing parameter n (the fraction of the feed entering the perfect mixing zone) determines the variation between six classified regions and dominates the dynamic behavior patterns in the steady-state response diagram. On the other hand, the phase portraits of examples verify the formulas derived in this work. We note that the non-ideal mixing effect has significant importance in CSTR design and control steps. For example, in the safe operating region for an ideal mixing CSTR, non-linear dynamics are obtained by the system under non-ideal mixing conditions (n ≠ 1). The present study has significance and help for chemical reactor design and CSTR control.

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33

Yan, J., and Y. Y. Hu. "Comparison of partial nitrification to nitrite for ammonium-rich organic wastewater in sequencing batch reactors and continuous stirred-tank reactor at laboratory-scale." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 11 (December 1, 2009): 2861–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.719.

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The combined partial nitrification/Anammox process is especially suitable for the treatment of influents with low C/N ratio. However, many nitrogenous wastewater are also rich in organics. Two systems (continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) and sequencing batch reactor (SBR)) are commonly used to achieve nitrite accumulation, but no complete comparison between these two systems for treating different wastewater has been reported. The objective of this paper was to compare the partial nitrification in CSTR and SBR for the treatment of ammonium-rich organic wastewater. The result showed that it took a shorter time to startup partial nitrification in CSTR, but SBR was a better option for treating ammonium-rich organic wastewater with C/N lower than 0.34. With increase HRT to 48 h, excellent nitrite accumulation could be achieved in both reactors for wastewater containing landfill leachate. For subsequent anammox, CSTR was more suitable when leachate percentage ranged from 35% to 40%.

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Minero, Claudio, Andrea Bedini, and Marco Minella. "On the Standardization of the Photocatalytic Gas/Solid Tests." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 11, no. 2 (June 20, 2013): 717–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2012-0045.

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Abstract The central problem for standardization of photocatalytic efficiency of whatever substrate on an illuminated catalyst is the rate evaluation. For gas/solid experiments different reactors, like batch or flow-through either continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) or plug flow reactor (PFR), could be envisaged. The basic equations governing these reactors and the rate expression for them are presented here. Experiments show that a CSTR configuration presents a lot of advantages for practical use, as any volume, any shape of catalyst and any flow of gas into the reactor can possibly be used. A CSTR configuration is superior to the standardized PFR as the resistance to mass transfer can be reduced by inside forced ventilation. Consequently, it gives an evaluation of the photocatalytic rate more close to the actual surface one. The rate for CSTR at steady state must be calculated as r(Co) = Co F η/S(1−η), where η is the conversion.

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Zhang, Wenzhi, Gunangchun Liu, Laizhong Ding, Menghao Du, and Sen Yang. "Analysis and Research on Temporal and Spatial Variation of Color Steel Tile Roof of Munyaka Region in Kenya, Africa." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 10, 2022): 14886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214886.

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In Africa, the distribution of color steel tile roof (CSTR) can reflect the living standard of residents, and the analysis of its temporal and spatial changes can reflect the local changes in local living conditions. It is helpful to analyze the change of the local economic level. By using the satellite remote sensing image processing method to obtain the temporal and spatial change characteristics of CSTR and to analyze the changes in residents’ living conditions in Munyaka, Eldoret, Kenya, Africa, the model of multifeature decision tree method (DTM) extraction was established. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Building Index (NDBI) were used to remove farmland from the difference of the CSTR. The Normalized Difference Surface Index (NCSI) was constructed, and the texture features were analyzed to eliminate wasteland and bare land, respectively. The research results show that the Kappa coefficient is 0.9223, and the user precision and mapping precision are 97.79% and 91.10%, respectively. At the same time, combined with the Erdoret municipal road project, the changes of CSTR before and after the project in 2016–2020 are studied. Compared the area change of CSTR in 2016–2018 with that in 2018–2020, the annual growth rate before the construction of the municipal road project is about 3.47%. After the completion of the project, the annual growth rate is 7.29%, more than twice the rate before the construction. This method can realize the dynamic monitoring of CSTR, reflect the changes of the residents’ living environment in the region, help analyze the improvement of poverty in Africa, and help understand the changes of African economic conditions.

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Dzongowski, Emily, and Dino D'Andrea. "CSTAR, Robotics, and Minimally Invasive Surgery: An Interview with Dr. Christopher Schlachta." University of Western Ontario Medical Journal 87, no. 2 (March 12, 2019): 62–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/uwomj.v87i2.1128.

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Dr. Schlachta received his undergraduate and medical degrees from McGill University. With a keen interest in various types of surgery, he then completed a surgery internship at Toronto General Hospital before choosing to pursue residency in general surgery here at Western. Subsequently, he returned to Toronto for a fellowship in advanced minimally invasive surgery and subsequently worked as a staff surgeon at the Wellesley Hospital and St. Michael’s Hospital, where he was the head of the division. Finally, Dr. Schlachta was recruited back to London to serve as the medical director of Canadian Surgical Technologies & Advanced Robotics (CSTAR) in 2005. He presently holds this position, as well as cross-appointment as a Professor in the Departments of Surgery and Oncology. He has been involved in numerous Canadian and world firsts in robotic gastrointestinal surgery. We had the opportunity to speak with Dr. Schlachta to discuss his surgical practice, current research, and the technology at CSTAR.

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37

Sharma, Ayush, Miroslav Fikar, and Monika Bakošová. "Comparative study of Time Optimal Controller with PID Controller for a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor." Acta Chimica Slovaca 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acs-2015-0006.

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Abstract Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) is the productive part in different chemical and process industries, and hence there is a need to control this process at desired optimum conditions of temperature and concentration. This paper deals with modelling and constrained control of a CSTR that minimises the processing time. Modelling consisted in performing the mass and heat balances of the CSTR system. Different controllers (time optimal, PID) were then applied to this non-linear system and compared within the boundaries of the control input and states. A theoretical case study was solved numerically using the orthogonal collocations method and simulations, resulting in a comparison of different controllers.

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38

Li, Yong Feng, Zhan Qing Wang, Wei Han, and Xin Yu Pan. "Biohydrogen Production from Molasses Wastewater Used Mixed Culture Fermentation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 2925–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.2925.

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Hydrogen production from molasses wastewater was investigated in continuously-stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The CSTR was operated at an hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6 hours and the temperature at 35°C. The highest gas production of 25.39 L/d using mixed culture fermentation, corresponding to a peak hydrogen production volume of 11.39 L/d were achieved in the CSTR reactor. While the variation of chemical oxygen demand (COD) ranged from 5500 to 8000 mg/L, the soluble end product system underwent a transition of fermentation type and the reactor gave ﬂuctuating and increasing of ORP. These experimental results demonstrate that the shock-loading and micro-anaerobic circumstance are important factors for enhancing and stabilizing H2 production.

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39

Li, Mengtao, Yanhong Wang, Jiuliang Zhao, Qian Wang, Ziqian Wang, Xinping Tian, and Xiaofeng Zeng. "Chinese SLE Treatment and Research group (CSTAR) registry 2009–2019: Major clinical characteristics of Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus." Rheumatology and Immunology Research 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rir-2021-0001.

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Abstract Objective To describe the overall clinical characteristics of patients from the Chinese SLE Treatment and Research group (CSTAR) registry in the past 10 years. Methods CSTAR registry originated as a multicenter, consecutive, and prospective design launched in 2009. The data were collected online from 304 rheumatology centers, which covered 30 provinces in China. All data were generated and uploaded in the clinic directly without secondary collection, including demographic, clinical manifestations, disease activity (SLEDAI-2K) and organ damage evaluation (SLICC Damage Index), and lab test results. Biological samples were preserved for future study. Meanwhile, data cleaning and validation were managed by a professional backstage statistician. Results A total of 25,147 SLE patients were registered up to Dec 2019. The mean age of disease onset was 31.2 years with the age of confirmed diagnosis at 32.1 years. The male to female rate was 1:11.9. 4.6% were pediatric patients. The most common clinical presentations at entry were oral ulcer (59.4%), arthritis (55.0%), alopecia (43.22%), skin rash (40.0%), and nephritis (33.5%). The mean SLEDAI score at entry was 4 and 32.6% were in moderate to severely active disease. 66.4% and 37.8% of patients were positive for anti-ds-DNA antibody or low complement level. Additionally, 1.1% of patients were with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The prevalence rate of cerebrovascular disease was 0.3%. A total of 58.2% of patients were in clinical remission when thery were registered. Conclusions The CSTAR registry is the largest ongoing SLE registry in China so far. More than 25,000 SLE patients are registered and nearly 10,000 are in follow-up visits. This registry has provided high-quality data for future studies and will become an infrastructure for domestic and international collaborations.

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Vesely, Jiri. "History Notes on the Czechoslovak TeX Users Group (CSTUG)." Zpravodaj Československého sdružení uživatelů TeXu 19, no. 1-2 (2009): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5300/2009-1-2/3.

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Das, Subhashis, Rajnish Kaur Calay, and Ranjana Chowdhury. "Parametric Sensitivity of CSTBRs for Lactobacillus casei: Normalized Sensitivity Analysis." ChemEngineering 4, no. 2 (June 18, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering4020041.

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In this paper, a sensitivity analysis of a continuous stirred tank bioreactor (CSTBR) was conducted to determine a parametrically sensitive regime. The growth of a lactic acid bacterium, namely, Lactobacillus casei, in a pH-controlled CSTBR was considered as a process model. Normalized objective sensitivities of the minimum pH were determined with respect to input parameters. A generalized criterion for sensitivity was defined for determining the parametric range of three input variables, i.e., dilution rate base stream (θ), base concentration (R), and initial pH (pH0) for maintaining optimal pH range in the reactor. The system exhibits sensitive behavior for θ, R, and pH0, from 0.095 to 0.295, 0 to 0.865, and 4.42 to 4.77, respectively. The critical values of θ, R, and pH0 are 0.0195, 0.48, and 4.6, respectively. The mathematical model can also be used to determine a parametrically sensitive regime for other important parameters, namely, temperature, the concentration of metabolites, and other byproducts. The mathematical tool can also be used in bioreactor design and the improvement of control strategies.

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Gonawan, Fadzil Noor, and Azlina Harun Kamaruddin. "Conceptual Study of Transesterification of Vegetable Oils in the Continuous-Stirred-Tank Reactor at Unsteady-State and Isothermal Conditions." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 17, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v17n2.2006.

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The continuous-stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) is favorable for bi-phasic enzymatic reaction due to ease of operation, cost-effective and low downtime. Lack of study on the enzymatic reaction in the CSTR has disfavor this type of reactor compared to batch and packed bed. Presently, a simulation was carried out to simulate the behavior of the lipase-catalyzed production of biodiesel by using CSTR at isothermal conditions. The mathematical model incorporated the effect of the kinetic, thermal, and operating parameters. The parameters such as Michaelis constant (Km), inhibition constant (Ki), Gibbs inactivation energy (DelG) and mol flow rate are among determining factors of the course of the reaction. It is suggested that the enzyme with lower , higher , and higher should be chosen for the reaction. In continuous operation in the CSTR, the volumetric flow rate of the substrates and the initial concentration of the feed could be used to control reaction performance as these parameters will determine the total mol or ratio of the substrates in the reactor. Most, importantly, the longer residence time is preferred to achieve higher conversion, however, the volumetric flow rate must not be too low to prevent underperformance of reaction.

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von Sperling, M. "Relationship between first-order decay coefficients in ponds, for plug flow, CSTR and dispersed flow regimes." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0003.

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Adequate consideration of the hydraulic regime of a pond is essential in the analysis of BOD and coliform removal, and considerable divergence exists in the literature when reporting removal coefficients. This paper aims at integrating the existing approaches, by quantifying the relationship between the first-order removal coefficients K from the three main hydraulic regimes (CSTR, plug flow and dispersed flow) adopted in the design and performance evaluation of ponds. Based on theoretical considerations and statistical regression analyses, the relationship between the K values is investigated, quantified and modelled. Two tables are presented and two equations are proposed, which allow conversion of K values obtained for dispersed flow to (a) K for CSTR and (b) K for plug flow, based on the hydraulic detention time t and the dispersion number d. These coefficients, when applied in the CSTR or plug-flow equations, will give approximately the same prediction of the effluent concentration as that obtained when using the dispersed-flow model with its proper coefficient. With this approach designers can apply, and researchers can report, K values for the two idealised flow patterns (CSTR and plug flow).

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44

Anbu, S., and M. Senthilkumar. "Modelling and Analysis of Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor through Simulation." Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology 7, no. 1 (May 5, 2018): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajeat-2018.7.1.970.

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A Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) finds its application in many chemical and petrochemical process industries. CSTRs exhibit reasonably high non-linear behaviour. CSTRs are open systems, where thematerial is free to enter or exit the system, which operates on a steady-state basis, where the conditions in the reactor don’t change with time. The reactants are continuously introduced into the reactor, while products are continuously removed.CSTRs are very well mixed, so the contents have relatively uniform properties such as temperature, density, etc. throughout. Further, the majority of chemical reactors are Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) systems, which again develop a high degree of complexity in the development of control systems due to the process interactions, dead time and process nonlinearities. The control of CSTR throws a challenge to the control engineers to design a well-suited controller for its smooth operation. To develop effective control strategies, the behaviour of the reactor needs to be studied. Generally, CSTR behaves differently at different operating regimes. This article attempted to make a comprehensive study on the CSTR through modeling and simulation of the open-loop behaviour using MATLAB.

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45

Wehinger, Gregor D., Bjarne Kreitz, and C. Franklin Goldsmith. "Non-Idealities in Lab-Scale Kinetic Testing: A Theoretical Study of a Modular Temkin Reactor." Catalysts 12, no. 3 (March 18, 2022): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12030349.

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The Temkin reactor can be applied for industrial relevant catalyst testing with unmodified catalyst particles. It was assumed in the literature that this reactor behaves as a cascade of continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTR). However, this assumption was based only on outlet gas composition or inert residence time distribution measurements. The present work theoretically investigates the catalytic CO2 methanation as a test case on different catalyst geometries, a sphere, and a ring, inside a single Temkin reaction chamber under isothermal conditions. Axial gas-phase species profiles from detailed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are compared with a CSTR and 1D plug-flow reactor (PFR) model using a sophisticated microkinetic model. In addition, a 1D chemical reactor network (CRN) model was developed, and model parameters were adjusted based on the CFD simulations. Whereas the ideal reactor models overpredict the axial product concentrations, the CRN model results agree well with the CFD simulations, especially under low to medium flow rates. This study shows that complex flow patterns greatly influence species fields inside the Temkin reactor. Although residence time measurements suggest CSTR-like behavior, the reactive flow cannot be described by either a CSTR or PFR model but with the developed CRN model.

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Freitas, Daiane Cristina de, Fernando Hermes Passig, Cristiane Kreutz, Karina Querne de Carvalho, Eudes José Arantes, and Simone Damasceno Gomes. "Effect of hydraulic retention time on hydrodynamic behavior of anaerobic-aerobic fixed bed reactor treating cattle slaughterhouse effluent." Acta Scientiarum. Technology 39, no. 4 (September 15, 2017): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v39i4.30995.

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The study of the hydrodynamic behavior in reactors provides characteristics of the flow regime and its anomalies that can reduce biological processes efficiency due to the decrease of the useful volume and the hydraulic retention time required for the performance of microbial activity. In this study, the hydrodynamic behavior of an anaerobic-aerobic fixed bed reactor, operated with HRT (hydraulic retention time) of 24, 18 and 12 hours, was evaluated in the treatment of raw cattle slaughterhouse wastewater. Polyurethane foam and expanded clay were used as support media for biomass immobilization. Experimental data of pulse type stimulus-response assays were performed with eosin Y and bromophenol blue, and adjusted to the single-parameter theoretical models of dispersion and N-continuous stirred tank reactors in series (N-CSTR). N-CSTR model presented the best adjustment for the HRT and tracers evaluated. RDT (residence time distribution) curves obtained with N-CSTR model in the assays with bromophenol blue resulted in better adjustment compared to the eosin Y. The predominant flow regime in AAFBR (anaerobic aerobic fixed bed reactor) is the N-CSTR in series, as well as the existence of preferential paths and hydraulic short-circuiting.

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47

Rosyadi, Erlan, Nurdiah Rahmawati, Astri Pertiwi, Galuh Wirama Murti, Naazi Fauzan, Tyas Puspita Rini, Bambang Muharto, Arya Bhaskara, and Hens Saputra. "Evaluasi PLT Biogas Terantam Covered Lagoon (CAL) 700 Kw Untuk Pengembangan PLT Biogas Tipe CSTR." Majalah Ilmiah Pengkajian Industri 13, no. 3 (January 1, 2020): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/mipi.v13i3.3844.

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Production of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) is increasing from year to year and is predicted to reach 41.6 million tons per year in 2018. Each ton of CPO will produce 3,28 m3 of POME during the production process. Improper handling of POME, besides causing soil pollution and flying, will release methane gas that categorized as GHG. BPPT cooperate Â with PTPN V utilized POME to produce biogas and then be converted into electricity in a Biogas Power Plant (PLTBg) in Terantam with a design capacity of 700 kW. The reactor used is a closed Anaerobic Lagoon (CAL) reactor equipped with a recirculation pump. From the evaluations, the technology chosen was not optimal from the operation, its evaluaed from the accumulation of cakes and sludge collected in the reactor which could be disturb during an anaerobic reaction. The next technology development will be carried out with the development of PLTBg in Sei Pagar using CSTR technology. At the same reactor capacity, CSTR has a faster HRT compared to CAL. CSTR is also easier in control of pH and temperature, also requires less land.Keyword : POME, Biogas, CSTR, Covered Lagoon, HRT, OLR

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48

Kim, S. H., S. K. Han, and H. S. Shin. "Performance comparison of a continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor and an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor for fermentative hydrogen production depending on substrate concentration." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 10-11 (November 1, 2005): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0675.

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This study was conducted to compare the performance of a continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) and an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) for fermentative hydrogen production at various substrate concentrations. Heat-treated anaerobic sludge was utilized as an inoculum, and hydraulic retention time (HRT) for each reactor was maintained at 12h. At the influent sucrose concentration of 5g COD/L, start-up was not successful in both reactors. The CSTR, which was started-up at 10g COD/L, showed stable hydrogen production at the influent sucrose concentrations of 10–60g COD/L during 203 days. Hydrogen production was dependent on substrate concentration, resulting in the highest performance at 30g COD/L. At the lower substrate concentration, the hydrogen yield (based on hexose consumed) decreased with biomass reduction and changes in fermentation products. At the higher substrate concentration, substrate inhibition on biomass growth caused the decrease of carbohydrate degradation and hydrogen yield (based on hexose added). The ASBR showed higher biomass concentration and carbohydrate degradation efficiency than the CSTR, but hydrogen production in the ASBR was less effective than that in the CSTR at all the substrate concentrations.

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49

Lee, S. H., J. H. Ko, K. M. Poo, T. H. Lee, H. J. Woo, and C. W. Kim. "Practical approach to parameter estimation for ASM3+bio-P module applied to five-stage step-feed EBPR process." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.016.

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Various parameter optimization approaches to a five-stage step-feed EBPR process modeled using the ASM3+bio-P module were examined. Five stoichiometric (YSTO,NO, YH,O2, YH,NO, YPAO,O2, YPO4) and seven kinetic parameters (kSTO, ηNO, bH, μmax,PAO, qPHA, qPP, μmax,A) were estimated. The optimization approaches could be classified based on the data sources (batch experiments or CSTR operation data) and the number of target variables used in calculating the objective function. Optimized parameter values obtained by each approach were validated with CSTR operation data that were not used for parameter optimization. The results showed that the parameter optimization only with batch experimental results could not be directly applied to CSTR operation data. ASM3+bio-P module parameters could be finely optimized only with CSTR operation data when sufficient target variables for objective function calculation were applied. When the number of target variables was increased, prediction performance was significantly improved. Once optimized, the model was able to predict the characteristic features of the five-stage step-feed process; namely, a high PAO yield, fast PAO growth, fast XPP storage, slow XSTO and XPHA storage.

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50

Fu, J. N., W. K. Zong, Y. Yang, A. Moore, M. C. B. Ashley, X. Q. Cui, L. L. Feng, et al. "Asteroseismology from Dome A, Antarctica." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 9, S301 (August 2013): 409–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921313014798.

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AbstractGattini and CSTAR have been installed at Dome A, Antarctica, which provide time-series photometric data for a large number of pulsating variable stars. We present the study for several variable stars with the data collected with the two facilities in 2009 to demonstrate the scientific potential of observations from Dome A for asteroseismology.

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