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Статті в журналах з теми "Cryogenics transfer lines"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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1

Mallory, M. L., H. W. Laumer, and A. Gavalya. "Long Removable Cryogenic Transfer Lines." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 32, no. 5 (October 1985): 3790–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.1985.4334504.

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2

Cross, Matthew F., Alok K. Majumdar, John C. Bennett, and Ramesh B. Malla. "Modeling of Chill Down in Cryogenic Transfer Lines." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 39, no. 2 (March 2002): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.3810.

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3

Noé, J. W., and T. M. Lubicich. "Improved vacuum seal‐off device for cryogenic transfer lines." Review of Scientific Instruments 57, no. 5 (May 1986): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138817.

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4

Bhuvana, R. G., Abhay Singh Gour, and Parthasarathi Ghosh. "Experimental investigation of valve driven transient effect in liquid nitrogen pipeline." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1240, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1240/1/012034.

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Abstract Liquified cryogenic fluids like Liquid oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen have various industrial applications. The cryogenic fluid transfer lines are generally fitted with valves to regulate, and control flow. The sudden operations of these valves lead to transient effects characterized by pressure fluctuations. The severity of pressure oscillations depends on various parameters including the valve parameters and the fluid properties. The fluid properties of cryogenic fluid in turn vary rapidly during such valve transients. In this work, a Cryogenic test facility is developed to investigate the valve-driven transients in a liquid nitrogen pipeline. The effect of the transient in the system is evaluated for two different cases of tank pressure and flow rate. The behavior of the transient is detected with the help of dynamic pressure sensors and RTD sensors. Further, the results are interpreted to understand the effect of the transient in the cryogenic fluid transfer system.

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5

Jadon, Mohit, Uday Kumar, Ketan Choukekar, Nitin Shah, and Biswanath Sarkar. "Comparative analysis on flexibility requirements of typical Cryogenic Transfer lines." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 823 (April 19, 2017): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/823/1/012042.

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6

Deng, Bicai, Shaoqi Yang, Xiujuan Xie, Yunlong Wang, and Qing Li. "Experimental Study of Minimizing Heat Leakage of Cryogenic Transfer Lines." Energy Procedia 158 (February 2019): 4778–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.721.

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7

Kumar, S. Sathish, Abhik Bhattacharya, Ramachandra, M. Madheswaran, Ramesh Naidu, P. V. Govindan, and Deviprasad Karnik. "Design, development, installation and commissioning of long distance cryogenic transfer lines." Indian Journal of Cryogenics 45, no. 1 (2020): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2349-2120.2020.00012.6.

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8

Deng, B. C., X. J. Xie, W. Pan, R. X. Jiang, J. Li, S. Q. Yang, and Q. Li. "Simulation and experimental research of heat leakage of cryogenic transfer lines." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 278 (December 2017): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/278/1/012017.

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9

Glowacki, Bartek A. "Prospects of Application of Superconductivity in Underground Transmission Lines and Levitating Trains." Advances in Science and Technology 47 (October 2006): 246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.47.246.

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In this article it has been emphasized that superconductivity is only the enabling technology for Super-MAGLEV and the superconducting transmission lines, because all the cost is in cryogenic engineering, electrotechnology and general engineering infrastructure. So if in the long term the hydrogen economy can be combined with superconducting cables and ultra fast trains running in the same vacuum tunnel network, it will be the forerunner to a transportation and energy transfer revolution called SuperTransGrid. In such a system, hydrogen fuel could be provided for energy storage and transfer, very effectively cooling high power superconducting cables, but would also feed low-pollution Cryoplanes and fuel-cell powered cars transporting passengers at speeds ~2000 miles/hour.

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10

Deng, B. C., S. Q. Yang, X. J. Xie, D. W. Wu, W. Pan, X. M. Li, and Q. Li. "Experimental Research of Perforation Rate for Multilayer Insulation Used in Cryogenic Transfer Lines." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 502 (April 15, 2019): 012118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/502/1/012118.

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11

Panjwani, Rajkumar, Hardik Vyas, and Paras Choksi. "Design and analysis of cryogenic storage equipment and multi process pipes transfer lines." Indian Journal of Cryogenics 40, no. 1 (2015): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2349-2120.2015.00017.5.

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12

Deng, Bicai, Shaoqi Yang, Xiujuan Xie, Yunlong Wang, Xing Bian, Linghui Gong, and Qing Li. "Study of the thermal performance of multilayer insulation used in cryogenic transfer lines." Cryogenics 100 (June 2019): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2019.01.005.

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13

Rane, Tejas, Anindya Chakravarty, R. K. Singh, and Trilok Singh. "Improved correlations for computations of liquid helium two phase flow in cryogenic transfer lines." Cryogenics 51, no. 1 (January 2011): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2010.10.007.

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14

Tatsumoto, H., D. Lyngh, P. Arnold, M. Segerup, P. Tereszkowski, and Y. Beßler. "Failure analysis of leaks due to cracks in hydrogen transfer lines of ESS cryogenic moderator." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1240, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1240/1/012115.

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Abstract The ESS cryogenic Moderator System (CMS) has been designed to slow down the high-energy neutrons by means of two hydrogen moderators (to be increased to four in the future) by using forced flow of subcooled liquid hydrogen with a temperature of 17 K at 1.0 MPa. A liquid hydrogen leak is considered the most severe failure for the CMS. A leak scenario from the transfer line to its vacuum envelope through a crack have been analyzed and the expected results will be presented in this paper. An analysis code has been developed and calculated the pressure and temperature changes in the CMS process line and its vacuum envelope. The effect of the crack sizes is clarified. The consequential temperature changes along the vacuum envelope as well as the pressure drops were calculated. The required size of the safety relief device in the hydrogen transfer line and its vacuum envelope have thereby been determined and implemented.

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15

Yamaguchi, Sataro, Yury Ivanov, and Linda Sugiyama. "Liquefied natural gas (LNG) and DC electric power transfer system by cryogenic pipe of superconducting DC power transmission (SCDC)." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2088, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2088/1/012019.

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Abstract We propose a hybrid energy transmission pipeline that combines the liquefied natural gas (LNG) cryogenic pipelines and superconducting direct current (DC) electrical power transmission cable system (SCDC). The system design is based on experimental data from the SCDC Ishikari project in Japan and related laboratory experiments. The particular structure of the hybrid cryogenic pipe connects the thermal radiation shield of the pipe that contains the DC high temperature superconducting (HTS) electrical cable to the LNG pipe and significantly reduces the heat leak into the SCDC pipe. Because the specific heat of LNG is higher than that of liquid nitrogen and the LNG transfer rate is quite high, the thermal loss of the SCDC cable becomes only 1/100 that of present-day conventional copper cables, far below the factor 1/10 reduction achievable by a stand-alone SCDC transmission lines. The LNG temperature rises by less than 2 K over a 100 km transport distance, which is negligible in actual use. LNG also saves significantly on pumping power compared to a natural gas pipeline. To liquefy the LNG at cryogenic temperature from natural gas at ambient temperature requires a large refrigerator that consumes enormous power. The gas pipeline, however, needs a compressor to produce high-pressure gas, which also consumes a massive amount of power. Due to these considerations, the proposed hybrid system is a viable design for the long-distance joint transportation of LNG and electricity.

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16

Howard, J., P. Knudsen, N. Hasan, and V. Ganni. "Sub-atmospheric re-pressurization analysis of FRIB linac segment 2 cryogenic distribution system." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1240, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1240/1/012097.

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Abstract The continuous wave heavy ion beam linear accelerator at FRIB consists of 46 cryo-modules, housing 324 superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) resonators and 69 superconducting solenoids. The three linear accelerator (Linac) segments, designated LS1 to LS3, are arranged in the shape of a paper clip, with 4 superconducting dipole magnets in the curved segments. The SRF resonators are operated at 2 K, requiring a sub-atmospheric helium pressure, and the superconducting magnets are operated at 4.5 K. The design of the cryogenic transfer-lines for these Linac segments is complex and contains multiple process lines. Namely, these are the primary (4.5 K) supply, and return, sub-atmospheric return, 35 K shield supply and 55 K shield return. The shield return encloses the other process lines, thermally intercepting the ambient temperature heat load. Testing was conducted on the re-pressurization and liquid levels of the 24 cryo-modules of LS2’s 2 K system. System models were developed and then compared to the test data to characterize the static heat in-leak to the cryo-modules. Reasonable agreement was found between the validated models and preliminary measurements.

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17

Kilbride, Peter, Julie Meneghel, Fernanda Fonseca, and John Morris. "The transfer temperature from slow cooling to cryogenic storage is critical for optimal recovery of cryopreserved mammalian cells." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 16, 2021): e0259571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259571.

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Cryopreservation is a key step for the effective delivery of many cell therapies and for the maintenance of biological materials for research. The preservation process must be carefully controlled to ensure maximum, post-thaw recovery using cooling rates slow enough to allow time for cells to cryodehydrate sufficiently to avoid lethal intracellular ice. This study focuses on determining the temperature necessary at the end of controlled slow cooling before transfer to cryogenic storage which ensures optimal recovery of the processed cell samples. Using nucleated, mammalian cell lines derived from liver (HepG2), ovary (CHO) and bone tissue (MG63) this study has shown that cooling must be controlled to -40°C before transfer to long term storage to ensure optimal cell recovery. No further advantage was seen by controlling cooling to lower temperatures. These results are consistent with collected differential scanning calorimetry data, that indicated the cells underwent an intracellular, colloidal glass transition between -49 and -59°C (Tg’i) in the presence of the cryoprotective agent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The glass forms at the point of maximum cryodehydration and no further cellular dehydration is possible. At this point the risk of lethal intracellular ice forming on transfer to ultra-low temperature storage is eliminated. In practice it may not be necessary to continue slow cooling to below this temperature as optimal recovery at -40°C indicates that the cells have become sufficiently dehydrated to avoid further, significant damage when transferred into ultra-low temperature storage.

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18

Gerhold, J., and T. Tanaka. "Cryogenic electrical insulation of superconducting power transmission lines: transfer of experience learned from metal superconductors to high critical temperature superconductors." Cryogenics 38, no. 11 (November 1998): 1173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-2275(98)00105-2.

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19

Tomków, Łukasz, Stanisław Trojanowski, Marian Ciszek, and Maciej Chorowski. "Heat generation by eddy currents in a shell of superconducting bus-bars for SIS100 particle accelerator at FAIR." Archives of Electrical Engineering 66, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 705–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aee-2017-0053.

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Abstract Superconducting magnets in the SIS100 particle accelerator require the supply of liquid helium and electric current. Both are transported with by-pass lines designed at Wrocław University of Technology. Bus-bars used to transfer an electric current between the sections of the accelerator will be encased in a steel shell. Eddy currents are expected to appear in the shell during fast-ramp operation of magnets. Heat generation, which should be limited in any cryogenic system, will appear in the shell. In this work the amount of heat generated is assessed depending on the geometry of an assembly of the bus-bars and the shell. Numerical and analytical calculations are described. It was found that heat generation in the shell is relatively small when compared to other sources present in the accelerator and its value strongly depends on the geometry of the shell. The distribution of eddy currents and generated heat for different geometrical options are presented. Based on the results of the calculations the optimal design is proposed.

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20

Nakamura, Yoshiaki, Fumitake Usui, Daichi Miyahara, Takafumi Mori, Tamao Ono, Kumiko Takeda, Keijiro Nirasawa, Hiroshi Kagami, and Takahiro Tagami. "Efficient system for preservation and regeneration of genetic resources in chicken: concurrent storage of primordial germ cells and live animals from early embryos of a rare indigenous fowl (Gifujidori)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 8 (2010): 1237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd10056.

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The unique accessibility of chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) during early development provides the opportunity to combine the reproduction of live animals with genetic conservation. Male and female Gifujidori fowl (GJ) PGCs were collected from the blood of early embryos, and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen for >6 months until transfer. Manipulated GJ embryos were cultured until hatching; fertility tests indicated that they had normal reproductive abilities. Embryos from two lines of White Leghorn (24HS, ST) were used as recipients for chimera production following blood removal. The concentration of PGCs in the early embryonic blood of 24HS was significantly higher than in ST (P < 0.05). Frozen–thawed GJ PGCs were microinjected into the bloodstream of same-sex recipients. Offspring originating from GJ PGCs in ST recipients were obtained with a higher efficiency than those originating from GJ PGCs in 24HS recipients (23.3% v. 3.1%). Additionally, GJ progeny were successfully regenerated by crossing germline chimeras of the ST group. In conclusion, the cryogenic preservation of PGCs from early chicken embryos was combined with the conservation of live animals.

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21

Yuvaraj, R., and D. Senthilkumar. "Experimental investigation of frosting behavior on superhydrophobic copper surface prepared by thermal evaporation Method." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, February 17, 2022, 095765092110704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09576509211070428.

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An experimental study is proposed to analyze the frosting behavior of ice on a superhydrophobic surface. Ice accumulation can result in performance problems and safety concerns for transmission lines, marine and offshore structures, refrigeration, cryogenics, wind turbines, and heat-exchangers. Wetting properties are important for ice formation on surfaces from the liquid phase, where the water repellency of the surfaces could enhance their anti-icing effect. Such surfaces will be prepared by using a nanotextured coating. A thermal evaporation system will be proposed for nanocoating on a copper surface. The prepared surface produces a contact angle of 162° ± 2°. The Low Bond Asymmetric Drop Shape analysis is used to measure the contact angle using imageJ software. The heat-transfer performance of an evaporator is affected by frost formation. In this work, the heat-transfer coefficient of the surface will be estimated in the defrosting process. The effect of hydrophobicity and superhydrophobicity of surfaces, surface chemistry, morphology, and roughness scale will be studied on the defrosting process. In particular, wetting characteristics of the superhydrophobic surfaces revealed defrosting performance. The experiments will be performed in controlled environmental conditions. The anti-icing properties of superhydrophobic surfaces with different topography but similar chemistry are studied.

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22

"Gas Composition Monitoring in Cryogenic Fluid Transfer Lines." ECS Meeting Abstracts, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2015-01/41/2167.

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23

Darr, S. R., J. W. Hartwig, J. Dong, H. Wang, A. K. Majumdar, A. C. LeClair, and J. N. Chung. "Two-Phase Pipe Quenching Correlations for Liquid Nitrogen and Liquid Hydrogen." Journal of Heat Transfer 141, no. 4 (February 27, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4041830.

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Recently, two-phase cryogenic flow boiling data in liquid nitrogen (LN2) and liquid hydrogen (LH2) were compared to the most popular two-phase correlations, as well as correlations used in two of the most widely used commercially available thermal/fluid design codes in Hartwig et al. (2016, “Assessment of Existing Two Phase Heat Transfer Coefficient and Critical Heat Flux on Cryogenic Flow Boiling Quenching Experiments,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 93, pp. 441–463). Results uncovered that the correlations performed poorly, with predictions significantly higher than the data. Disparity is primarily due to the fact that most two-phase correlations are based on room temperature fluids, and for the heating configuration, not the quenching configuration. The penalty for such poor predictive tools is higher margin, safety factor, and cost. Before control algorithms for cryogenic transfer systems can be implemented, it is first required to develop a set of low-error, fundamental two-phase heat transfer correlations that match available cryogenic data. This paper presents the background for developing a new set of quenching/chilldown correlations for cryogenic pipe flow on thin, shorter lines, including the results of an exhaustive literature review of 61 sources. New correlations are presented which are based on the consolidated database of 79,915 quenching points for a 1.27 cm diameter line, covering a wide range of inlet subcooling, mass flux, pressure, equilibrium quality, flow direction, and even gravity level. Functional forms are presented for LN2 and LH2 chilldown correlations, including film, transition, and nucleate boiling, critical heat flux, and the Leidenfrost point.

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24

Chung, J. N., Jun Dong, Hao Wang, S. R. Darr, and J. W. Hartwig. "Cryogenic spray quenching of simulated propellant tank wall using coating and flow pulsing in microgravity." npj Microgravity 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41526-022-00192-w.

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AbstractIn-space cryogenic propulsion will play a vital role in NASA’s return to the Moon mission and future mission to Mars. The enabling of in-space cryogenic engines and cryogenic fuel depots for these future manned and robotic space exploration missions begins with the technology development of advanced cryogenic thermal-fluid management systems for the propellant transfer lines and storage system. Before single-phase liquid can flow to the engine or spacecraft receiver tank, the connecting transfer line and storage tank must first be chilled down to cryogenic temperatures. The most direct and simplest method to quench the line and the tank is to use the cold propellant itself that results in the requirement of minimizing propellant consumption during chilldown. In view of the needs stated above, a highly efficient thermal-fluid management technology must be developed to consume the minimum amount of cryogen during chilldown of a transfer line and a storage tank. In this paper, we suggest the use of the cryogenic spray for storage tank chilldown. We have successfully demonstrated its feasibility and high efficiency in a simulated space microgravity condition. In order to maximize the storage tank chilldown efficiency for the least amount of cryogen consumption, the technology adopted included cryogenic spray cooling, Teflon thin-film coating of the simulated tank surface, and spray flow pulsing. The completed flight experiments successfully demonstrated that spray cooling is the most efficient cooling method for the tank chilldown in microgravity. In microgravity, Teflon coating alone can improve the efficiency up to 72% and the efficiency can be improved up to 59% by flow pulsing alone. However, Teflon coating together with flow pulsing was found to substantially enhance the chilldown efficiency in microgravity for up to 113%.

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25

Ibarreta, Alfonso, Ryan J. Hart, Nicolas Ponchaut, Delmar “Trey” Morrison, and Harri Kytömaa. "How Does Concrete Affect Evaporation of Cryogenic Liquids: Evaluating Liquefied Natural Gas Plant Safety." ASCE-ASME J Risk and Uncert in Engrg Sys Part B Mech Engrg 2, no. 1 (November 20, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4030947.

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With the impending natural gas boom in the United States, many companies are pursuing Department of Energy (DOE) approval for exporting liquefied natural gas (LNG), which is a cryogenic liquid. The next decade also promises to demonstrate growth in LNG-fueled fleets of vehicles and marine vessels, as well as growth in other natural gas uses. The future expansion in the LNG infrastructure will lead to an increased focus on managing the risks associated with spills of LNG. Risk analysis involving LNG spill scenarios and their consequences requires determining the size of resulting ignitable flammable vapor clouds. This in turn depends strongly on the rate of evaporation of the spilled LNG. The evaporation of a cryogenic LNG spill (and thus the flammable vapor cloud hazard) can be quite a complex process, and it is primarily controlled by the rate of spreading of the pool and by the transient conductive heat transfer from the ground to the spilled liquid. Radiative and convective heat transfer are also present, but the conductive heat transfer rate dominates in the evaporation of a cryogenic liquid spilled into a trench or sump initially at ambient temperature. The time-dependent evaporation rate can be calculated using a variety of models, such as the built-in model in PHAST Det Norske Veritas (DNV) or other proprietary models that account for pool spreading, heat conduction within the substrate, and phase change. Trenches and sumps used to contain LNG spills are normally lined with various types of concrete, including insulated or aerated concrete. The authors have found that for a cryogenic liquid, the choice of thermal properties for concrete can greatly affect the source term. This paper presents a sensitivity study of the effects of substrate properties on the evaporation rate of LNG. The study will look at the dependence for a range of sump diameters. The PHAST model results will be compared to results obtained using an in-house shallow water equation (SWE) liquid propagation and heat transfer model. The results of the paper will provide guidance for the selection of substrate properties during modeling as well as a comparison of the relative evaporation rates expected for different surfaces, such as regular concrete and insulated concrete.

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26

Chang, M. H., M. H. Tsai, Ch Wang, M. C. Lin, F. T. Chung, M. S. Yeh, L. H. Chang, et al. "Pressure drop of two-phase helium along long cryogenic flexible transfer lines to support a superconducting RF operation at its cryogenic test stand." SpringerPlus 5, no. 1 (December 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3717-9.

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