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Статті в журналах з теми "Cryogenic air separation"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 27 вересня 2024

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1

Cornelissen, R. L., and G. G. Hirs. "Exergy analysis of cryogenic air separation." Energy Conversion and Management 39, no. 16-18 (November 1998): 1821–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-8904(98)00062-4.

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2

Cheung, Harry. "Moderate-pressure cryogenic air separation process." Gas Separation & Purification 5, no. 1 (March 1991): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-4214(91)80045-7.

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3

Ionita, Claudia, Elena-Eugenia Vasilescu, Camelia Stanciu, Horatiu Pop, and Lucretia Popa. "Optimization of the air separation process in single stage cryogenic units." Technium: Romanian Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology 14 (October 9, 2023): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/technium.v14i.9666.

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Анотація:

The industrial use of cryogenic air separation units started more than 130 years ago. Cryogenic air separation units produce oxygen, pure nitrogen and argon in liquid and/or gaseous state. Different configurations of these cryogenic plants lead to different quantities of gas and liquid products. In addition, product purity is also affected by the proposed scheme. As a result, the paper analyzes different variants of installations for the separation of binary gas mixtures based on the Linde process. By comparing energy indices and constructive considerations, the separation plant with external air pre-cooling and the use of a single-stage separation column is chosen. Finally, a study is carried out on the processes in the separation column and a calculation of the minimum mechanical work of separation. The real air consumption curve will also be built, with the help of which we shall determine what quantities of O2 and N2 are obtained by air separation at a specific consumption.

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4

Xiong, Yong Qiang, and Ben Hua. "Simulation and Analysis of Cryogenic Air Separation Process with LNG Cold Energy Utilization." Advanced Materials Research 881-883 (January 2014): 653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.881-883.653.

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In this paper, a cryogenic air separation process with LNG cold energy utilization is proposed to produce liquid nitrogen and high pressure pure oxygen gas economically. To reduce the electric energy consumption of air separation products, liquid nitrogen have been produced by condensing the separated pure nitrogen gas with LNG cold energy utilization, and the recycled nitrogen is served to transfer cold energy from LNG stream to cool off air stream in the proposed cryogenic air separation process. The specifications of streams and the major equipments of the air separation process are simulated with Aspen Plus software and the main parameters analysis are performed. The results show that the energy consumption of the proposed air separation process with LNG cold energy utilization decreased about 58.2% compared with a conventional cryogenic air separation process. The compressed pressure of recycled nitrogen has a big impact on the cost of air separation products and utilization efficiency of LNG cold energy. The LNG cold energy could be fully utilized when the recycled nitrogen has been compressed to above 6.5MPa.

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5

Parulekar, Prasad J. "Chemical Plant Utility – Nitrogen System Design." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 1560–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39047.

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Abstract: The study is been conducted to understand the different techniques to separate nitrogen from atmospheric air. Separation of nitrogen takes place by following techniques: Cryogenic air separation, Pressure swing adsorption and Membrane separation technique. Cryogenic air separation operates at a very low temperature, which uses the principle of rectification to separate nitrogen at a very high purity (99.999%). Pressure swing adsorption rely on the fact that higher the pressure, more the gas is adsorbed which results in high purity (95-99.99%) of nitrogen. Membrane separation technology is the process that uses hollow fibre membranes to separate the constituent gases in air, which gives the purity in the range of 93%-99.5%. After the comparative study, it is understood that membrane separation technique is the most efficient technology based on the cost, purity, flexibility in terms of adjusting the purity, maintenance, availability; it operates without heating and therefore uses less energy than conventional thermal separation processes. Different step designs of membrane separation techniques are discussed. A Process Flow Diagram and Piping Instrumentation Diagram is been added for single step membrane separation technique. Keywords: Atmospheric air, nitrogen, Cryogenic air separation, Pressure swing adsorption, Membrane separation technique.

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6

Dutta, T., K. P. Sinhamahapatra, and S. S. Bandyopadhyay. "CFD Analysis of Energy Separation in Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube at Cryogenic Temperature." Journal of Fluids 2013 (November 14, 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/562027.

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Study of the energy separation phenomenon in vortex tube (VT) at cryogenic temperature (temperature range below 123 K) has become important because of the potential application of VT as in-flight air separator in air breathing propulsion. In the present study, a CFD model is used to simulate the energy separation phenomenon in VT with gaseous air at cryogenic temperature as working fluid. Energy separation at cryogenic temperature is found to be considerably less than that obtained at normal atmospheric temperature due to lower values of inlet enthalpy and velocity. Transfer of tangential shear work from inner to outer fluid layers is found to be the cause of energy separation. A parametric sensitivity analysis is carried out in order to optimize the energy separation at cryogenic temperature. Also, rates of energy transfer in the form of sensible heat and shear work in radial and axial directions are calculated to investigate the possible explanation of the variation of the hot and cold outlet temperatures with respect to various geometric and physical input parameters.

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7

Khalel, Zeinab A. M., Ali A. Rabah, and Taj Alasfia M. Barakat. "A New Cryogenic Air Separation Process with Flash Separator." ISRN Thermodynamics 2013 (June 27, 2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/253437.

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A new cryogenic air separation process with flash separator is developed. A flash separator is added to the conventional double-column cryogenic air separation process. The flash separator is used to replace the turbine required to recover a portion of the energy in the double-column air separation process. The flash separator served dual purposes of throttling and separation. Both the conventional and the new processes are simulated using Aspen Plus version 11.1 the model air flow rate and compositions are taken as 50000 Nm3/h of air at standard conditions of 1 atm and 25°C and feed composition of 79.1% N2 and 20.9% O2. The new process decreases the energy consumption and increases the productivity.

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8

Miller, Jason, William L. Luyben, Paul Belanger, Stephane Blouin, and Larry Megan. "Improving Agility of Cryogenic Air Separation Plants." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 47, no. 2 (January 2008): 394–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie070975t.

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9

Hamayun, Muhammad Haris, Naveed Ramzan, Murid Hussain, and Muhammad Faheem. "Evaluation of Two-Column Air Separation Processes Based on Exergy Analysis." Energies 13, no. 23 (December 2, 2020): 6361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236361.

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Анотація:

Cryogenic air separation processes are widely used for the large-scale production of nitrogen and oxygen. The most widely used design for this process involves two distillation columns operating at different pressures. This work focuses on the selection of suitable cryogenic air separation process by evaluating seven alternative designs of the two-column air separation process based on detailed exergy analysis. The feed conditions (500 tons/h, and 50% relative humidity of air), product purities (99 mole% for both nitrogen and oxygen), and operational conditions (pressures of both distillation columns) are kept same in all designs. The two cryogenic distillation columns in each configuration are heat-integrated to eliminate the need for external utilities. Steady-state simulation results are used to calculate the exergy efficiency (%) of each equipment as well as its contribution toward the overall exergy destruction rate (kW) of the process. The results show that the compression section is a major source of exergy destruction, followed by the low-pressure column, and the multi-stream heat exchanger. A Petlyuk-like configuration, labeled as C1, provides the lowest exergy destruction rate.

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10

Bucsa, Sorin, Alexandru Serban, Mugur C. Balan, Claudia Ionita, Gabriel Nastase, Catalina Dobre, and Alexandru Dobrovicescu. "Exergetic Analysis of a Cryogenic Air Separation Unit." Entropy 24, no. 2 (February 13, 2022): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24020272.

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This case study analyzes a cryogenic air separation unit (ASU) with a production of V˙O2=58,300 [m3Nh] of gaseous oxygen with a concentration greater than 98.5%, operating in Romania on a steel plant platform. The goal of the paper is to provide an extensive model of exergetic analysis that could be used in an optimization procedure when decisional parameters are changed or structural design modifications are implemented. For each key part of the Air Separation Unit, an exergetic product and fuel were defined and, based on their definition, the coefficient of performance of each functional zone was calculated. The information about the magnitude of the exergetic losses offers solutions for their future recovery. The analysis of the exergy destructions suggests when it is worth making a larger investment. The exergetic analysis of the compression area of the ASU points out an exergy destruction and loss of 37% from the total plant’s electrical energy input. The exergy loss with the heat transferred to the cooling system of compressors can be recovered; for the exergy destruction portion, the challenge between investment and operating costs should be considered. The exergy destruction of the air separation columns found the High Pressure Column (HPC) to be more destructive than the Low Pressure Column. The share of the exergy destruction in the total plant’s electrical energy input is 8.3% for the HPC. The local COP of the HPC, calculated depending on the total exergy of the local product and fuel, is 62.66%. The calculus of the air separation column is performed with the ChemSep simulator.

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11

Ye, Pengcheng, Erik Sjöberg, and Jonas Hedlund. "Air separation at cryogenic temperature using MFI membranes." Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 192 (July 2014): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2013.09.016.

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12

van der Ham, L. V., and S. Kjelstrup. "Exergy analysis of two cryogenic air separation processes." Energy 35, no. 12 (December 2010): 4731–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.09.019.

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13

Schoofs, Gregory R., and P. Petit. "Repressurization of adsorption purifiers for cryogenic air separation." Chemical Engineering Science 48, no. 4 (February 1993): 753–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(93)80141-c.

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14

Cao, Yanan, Christopher L. E. Swartz, and Jesus Flores‐Cerrillo. "Preemptive dynamic operation of cryogenic air separation units." AIChE Journal 63, no. 9 (May 2, 2017): 3845–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.15753.

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15

Rinker, Garrett. "Minimum work associated with separating nitrogen from air: An exergy analysis." F1000Research 13 (March 1, 2024): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.145337.1.

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Background Nitrogen is essential for a variety of industries, including heat treatment, laser cutting, fire protection, and food packaging. Many companies in these industries obtain nitrogen via on-premises air separation processes. The three main processes for separating nitrogen from ambient air are cryogenic distillation, membrane separation, and pressure-swing adsorption (PSA). Improvements to these processes will likely focus on increasing efficiency, resulting in reduced environmental impact owing to less electrical power demand and opportunities for economic incentives. Regardless of the process utilized, a minimum theoretical amount of work input is required to obtain nitrogen gas at different pressures and concentrations compared to ambient conditions. Methods An equation was derived to evaluate the total exergy (including thermo-mechanical and chemical exergy) of product and exhaust mixtures resulting from air separation, indicating the minimum theoretical work input as a function of the product pressure, purity, and process recovery rate. This analysis considered an air separation system as a black box, with the input, output, and exhaust assumed to be ideal gas mixtures of nitrogen and oxygen at 15°C. The analysis applies to cryogenic distillation if the product and exhaust mixtures return to the gas phase. Results In general, the minimum required work input increases with product purity and recovery rate. Plots of minimum theoretical work versus product purity and recovery rate were made for two product pressures (atmospheric and 800 kPa) to show the behavior of the derived equation. Conclusions The analysis allows for direct efficiency (based on the second law of thermodynamics) comparisons between existing processes and future technological innovations in the field of air separation. Actual air separation systems have low efficiencies compared to ideal systems; actual PSA systems were estimated to have second law efficiencies of 5.5–11.2%. Therefore, there is great potential for improvements to current air separation systems.

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16

Voronetskiy, A. V. "Comparative analysis of operational indicators of air separation plants." Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic), no. 3 (February 25, 2022): 188–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2203-03.

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The article gives tips on how to achieve real savings in electricity costs during the operation of an oxygen station, determined by the speed of performance regulation and the launch of cryogenic and adsorption technologies. A comparative analysis of obtaining 40,000 Nm³ /hr of oxygen with a purity of at least 93% and a pressure of 0.5 MPa at the output of the oxygen station with round-the-clock and year-round operation was carried out. The optimal solution to the problem under consideration is the use of cryogenic technology. The advantage of adsorption technology, compared to cryogenic one, is the ability to quickly stop and enter the mode. However, this advantage can manifest itself only in cases when there is no constant oxygen consumption at the enterprise, the periods of equipment downtime are long and unpredictable, the power supply system is unstable, and the required peak costs are very significant, which does not allow the use of a liquid product storage park. The practical value of the article is that the customer's service can determine how much savings will be comparable to the excess of the present cost of capital and operating costs for adsorption technologies, ranging from $ 25 million (without adsorbent replacement) to $ 40 million (with adsorbent replacement) over 20 years.

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17

Wojcieszak, Paweł. "Exergy Analysis of Liquid Nitrogen Power Cycles." EPJ Web of Conferences 201 (2019): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920101004.

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Nitrogen is by-product from cryogenic air separation processes used for oxygen production for metallurgy and oxygen-enriched combustion purposes. If the gases are delivered from air separation unit (ASU) in liquid phase, liquid nitrogen (LN2) can be used as energy accumulator for stabilization of electrical grid system with large share of renewable energy sources. When the energy demand is high and not enough electricity is generated in power plants, energy accumulated in LN2 may be recovered in a cryogenic power cycle. In this research complete exergy analysis of liquid nitrogen direct expansion cycle and combined direct expansion/Brayton cycle was performed.

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18

Berdowska, Sylwia, and Anna Skorek-Osikowska. "Technology of oxygen production in the membranecryogenic air separation system for a 600 MW oxy-type pulverized bed boiler." Archives of Thermodynamics 33, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10173-012-0018-8.

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Abstract In this paper the results of the thermodynamic analysis of the oxy-combustion type pulverized bed boiler integrated with a hybrid, membrane- cryogenic oxygen separation installation are presented. For the calculations a 600 MW boiler with live steam parameters at 31.1 MPa /654.9 oC and reheated steam at 6.15 MPa/672.4 oC was chosen. In this paper the hybrid membrane-cryogenic technology as oxygen production unit for pulverized bed boiler was proposed. Such an installation consists of a membrane module and two cryogenic distillation columns. Models of these installations were built in the Aspen software. The energy intensity of the oxygen production process in the hybrid system was compared with the cryogenic technology. The analysis of the influence of membrane surface area on the energy intensity of the process of air separation as well as the influence of oxygen concentration at the inlet to the cryogenic installation on the energy intensity of a hybrid unit was performed.

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19

Xu, Zuhua, Jun Zhao, Xi Chen, Zhijiang Shao, Jixin Qian, Lingyu Zhu, Zhiyong Zhou, and Haizhong Qin. "Automatic load change system of cryogenic air separation process." Separation and Purification Technology 81, no. 3 (October 2011): 451–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2011.08.024.

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20

Ye, Pengcheng, Danil Korelskiy, Mattias Grahn, and Jonas Hedlund. "Cryogenic air separation at low pressure using MFI membranes." Journal of Membrane Science 487 (August 2015): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2015.03.063.

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21

Mandler, J. A., D. R. Vinson, and N. Chatterjee. "Dynamic Modelling and Control of Cryogenic AIR Separation Plants." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 22, no. 8 (August 1989): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)53367-4.

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22

Agrawal, Rakesh, and Robert M. Thorogood. "Production of medium pressure nitrogen by cryogenic air separation." Gas Separation & Purification 5, no. 4 (December 1991): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-4214(91)80025-z.

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23

Zhu, Yu, Sean Legg, and Carl D. Laird. "Optimal design of cryogenic air separation columns under uncertainty." Computers & Chemical Engineering 34, no. 9 (September 2010): 1377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2010.02.007.

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24

Darling, Robert M., and Zhiwei Yang. "Electrochemical Air Separation and Emergency Power Fuel Cell for Aircraft." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 50 (October 9, 2022): 2561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02502561mtgabs.

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The crash of TWA Flight 800 in July 1996 was attributed to an explosion in the center fuel tank. Since then, commercial airliners have been equipped with inerting systems to prevent explosive mixtures of air and kerosene vapor from forming in fuel tanks. The incumbent technology is based on hollow-fiber membrane (HFM) separation modules that split air into an oxygen-enriched air (OEA) stream and a nitrogen- enriched air (NEA) stream. The nitrogen enriched air used to inert kerosene contains less than 12% oxygen. Other methods for separating air like cryogenic distillation and pressure swing absorption producer purer oxygen than HFM, but they do not scale down well. Another alternative is electrochemical air separation. High-temperature air separation units using solid oxide cells have been investigated for large-scale applications like oxy-combustion to facilitate carbon dioxide sequestration. However, high-temperature technologies may be less suitable for transportation applications. Electrochemical air separation at low temperatures can be accomplished with relatively compact polymer-electrolyte cells that evolve oxygen at the anode and reduce oxygen at the cathode. The effluent from the cathode is nitrogen enriched. This presentation discusses proof of concept tests and uses these to explore the relative merits of this approach versus incumbent HFM. The electrochemical air separation stack can be fed hydrogen to provide power during emergencies, potentially performing the functions of two components on commercial aircraft.

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25

Alyaseen, Nazar Oudah Mousa, Salem Mehrzad, and Mohammad Reza Saffarian. "Modeling and Design of a Multistream Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger in the Air Separation Units by Pinch Technology." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2023 (November 30, 2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/9204268.

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Recent years have seen considerable advancement in cryogenic technology. Air separation devices have used the cold box with heat exchanger plate-fin (PFHE) in numerous applications. Cryogenic technologies are used in many industrial processes to recover heat and reduce energy consumption. The multistream plate-fin heat exchanger (MSPFHE) is heavily utilized in the air separation plant’s (ASU) design. The plate-fin heat exchanger, one of the most important applications in the cryogenic industry, is the focus of the current investigation. The air entering this operation has been cooled by utilizing energy from streams originating from the distillation tower in the air separation unit (ASU) to reduce energy usage. The project aims to develop and create a multistream plate-fin heat exchanger (MSPFHE) that may be used in the cold box of an air separation unit practically and without limitations. The pinch technique, a method based on the usage of composite curves, was used in the creation of MSPFHE. With pinch technology, it is possible to divide a multistream exchanger into block portions that represent enthalpy intervals and identify the entry and departure sites for the streams. The correlations used in the MSPFHE thermal design model were first modeled and compared to earlier models as part of this effort. This model has been turned into MATLAB code and utilized in two case studies to yield acceptable results during the sizing step. Calculations of thermodynamic properties, heat transfer, pressure drop, choice of fin type, and final heat exchanger size were all part of the design of the MSPFHE. Finally, based on the software’s ability to reproduce the identical environmental conditions nature produces, the case study results have been validated using Aspen EDR. These findings were matched to findings from the literature and determined to be reliable and consistent.

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26

Khalel, Zeinab A. M. "Proposed Transformation Flow Sheet of a Single Column Cryogenic Air Separation Process Utilizing LNG Cold Energy." East African Scholars Journal of Engineering and Computer Sciences 5, no. 3 (June 19, 2022): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36349/easjecs.2022.v05i03.001.

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In this study a transformation flow sheet of a single column cryogenic air separation is proposed, the air separation process utilizes the LNG re-gasification cold energy, the transformation flow sheet shows the main actions happens in each unit operation in the process, these action are whether desired, undesired, corrective or transport transformation, this transformation flow sheet helps for better understanding of the process and also helps to investigate the weakness and improving the design.

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27

Misra, Shamik, Mangesh Kapadi, Ravindra D. Gudi, and R. Srihari. "Energy-Efficient Production Scheduling of a Cryogenic Air Separation Plant." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 56, no. 15 (April 10, 2017): 4399–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6b04585.

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28

Vorob'ev, P. V., O. V. Miller, and A. P. Cherepanov. "Sibkriotekhnika's cryogenic equipment in technologies that use air-separation products." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 31, no. 7 (July 1995): 343–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01150272.

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29

Wankat, Phillip C., and Kyle P. Kostroski. "Hybrid Membrane-Cryogenic Distillation Air Separation Process for Oxygen Production." Separation Science and Technology 46, no. 10 (June 2011): 1539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2011.577497.

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30

Fu, Chao, and Truls Gundersen. "Recuperative vapor recompression heat pumps in cryogenic air separation processes." Energy 59 (September 2013): 708–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.06.055.

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31

Schmidt, William P., Karen S. Winegardner, Martin Dennehy, and Howard Castle-Smith. "Safe design and operation of a cryogenic air separation unit." Process Safety Progress 20, no. 4 (December 2001): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680200409.

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32

Quarshie, Anthony W. K., José Matias, and Christopher L. E. Swartz. "Economic Model Predictive Control for Cryogenic Air Separation Unit Startup." IFAC-PapersOnLine 58, no. 14 (2024): 761–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2024.08.429.

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33

Leiva, C. A., D. A. Poblete, T. L. Aguilera, C. A. Acuña, and F. J. Quintero. "Air Separation Units (ASUs) Simulation Using Aspen Hysys® at Oxinor I of Air Liquid Chile S.A Plant." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2020-0003.

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Анотація:

AbstractThe method used to extract copper from its ores depends on the nature of the ore. The main process currently to separate copper from sulphide ores is the smelting process. The concentrated ore is heated strongly with silicon dioxide (silica), calcium carbonate and oxygen enriched air in a furnace or series of furnaces which is carried out using the injection of the air for oxidation the Fe and Si present in the raw material. Oxygen can be produced using several different methods. One of these methods is Air separation process, which separates atmospheric air into its primary components, typically nitrogen and oxygen, and sometimes also argon and other rare inert gases by cryogenic distillation. In this paper, simulation of air separation units (ASUs) was studied using Aspen Hysys®. The obtained simulation and model was validated with the operational data from the Oxinor I of Air Liquide S.A Plant. The ASU was divided into subsystems to perform the simulations. Each subsystem was validated separately and later on integrated into a single simulation. An absolute error of 1% and 1.5% was achieved between the simulated and observed the process variables(s). This indicated that Aspen Hysys® has the thermodynamic packages and required tools to perform simulations in cryogenic processes at industrial scale.

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34

Fu, Qian, Yasuki kansha, Chunfeng Song, Yuping Liu, Masanori Ishizuka, and Atsushi Tsutsumi. "An Advanced Cryogenic Air Separation Process Based on Self-heat Recuperation for CO2 Separation." Energy Procedia 61 (2014): 1673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.12.189.

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35

Ye, Bicui, Shufei Sun, and Zheng Wang. "Potential for Energy Utilization of Air Compression Section Using an Open Absorption Refrigeration System." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (June 23, 2022): 6373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136373.

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In this paper, an open absorption refrigeration system is proposed to recover part of the waste compression heat while producing cooling capacity to further cool the compressed air itself. The self-utilization of the compression waste heat can significantly reduce the energy consumption of air compression, and hence increase the energy efficiency of the cryogenic air separation unit. To illuminate the energy distribution and energy conversion principle of the open absorption refrigerator-assisted air compression section, a thermodynamic model is built and the simulation work conducted based on a practical triple-stage air compression section of a middle-scale cryogenic air separation unit. Our results indicate that the energy saving ratio is mainly constrained by the distribution of the cooling load of compressed air, which corresponds to the heat load of the generator and cooling capacity of the evaporator in the open absorption refrigerator. The energy saving ratio ranges from 0.52–8.05%, corresponding to the temperature range of 5–30 °C and humidity range of 0.002–0.010 kg/kg. It is also estimated, based on the economic analysis, that the payback period of the open absorption refrigeration system is less than one year, and the net project revenue during its life cycle reaches USD 5.7 M, thus showing an attractive economic potential.

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36

Mitovski, Milance, and Aleksandra Mitovski. "Efficiency of the process of cryogenic air separation into the components." Chemical Industry 63, no. 5 (2009): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0905397m.

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The separation process of atmospheric air into its components by means of cryogenic low-pressure procedure, which takes place in the Oxygen plant in the Copper Mining and Smelting Complex, yields various products of different quantities and purities. Proper assessment of the energy consumption, hence assignments production cost of individual products may present considerable problem. For that goal, the least invested technical operation was adopted as criteria, and was restrained for all costs of production and distribution of specific energy. Case study was carried out in the Oxygen factory by monitoring producing parameters for the process in the 2007 year. Based on the monitoring of production parameters and their costs for 20 months in the period 2004-2005, correlation equations for power consumption in the total monthly amount and per mass of produced gaseous oxygen were created. The energy and exergy efficiency of the air separation process into the components are expressed as the ratio of input and useful energy and exergy of the process. On the basis of the adopted criteria, the assignments of energy consumption and production costs for cryogenic air separation process into the components are as follows: 82.59% for gaseous oxygen, 14.04% for liquid oxygen, 1.39% for gaseous nitrogen and 1.98% for liquefied nitrogen. The air separation efficiency is achieved in the amount of energy 0.0872-0.1179 and exergy 0.0537-0.1247. Power consumption per mass of the products in 2007 year is 1325.059 kWh/t of liquid oxygen, 828.765 kWh/t of liquid nitrogen, 429.812 kWh/t of gaseous oxygen and 309.424 kWh/t of nitrogen gas. Production costs of the technical gases at the dawn of the factory are: 6730.69 RSD/t of liquid oxygen, 4209.74 RSD/t of liquid nitrogen, 2183.25 RSD/t of gaseous oxygen and 1571.73 RSD/t of gaseous nitrogen.

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37

Zhang, Xiao-bin, Jian-ye Chen, Lei Yao, Yong-hua Huang, Xue-jun Zhang, and Li-min Qiu. "Research and development of large-scale cryogenic air separation in China." Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE A 15, no. 5 (May 2014): 309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/jzus.a1400063.

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38

Kansha, Yasuki, Akira Kishimoto, Tsuguhiko Nakagawa, and Atsushi Tsutsumi. "A novel cryogenic air separation process based on self-heat recuperation." Separation and Purification Technology 77, no. 3 (March 4, 2011): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2011.01.012.

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39

Acharya, D., F. Fitch, and R. Jain. "Some Issues in Operating Adsorption Prepurification Systems for Cryogenic Air Separation." Separation Science and Technology 31, no. 16 (September 1996): 2171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496399608001038.

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40

Pintilie, M., A. Șerban, V. Popa, and C. L. Popa. "Design analysis of low pressure distillation column for cryogenic air separation." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 595 (September 20, 2019): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/595/1/012023.

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41

Wimer, John G., Dale Keairns, Edward L. Parsons, and John A. Ruether. "Integration of Gas Turbines Adapted for Syngas Fuel With Cryogenic and Membrane-Based Air Separation Units: Issues to Consider for System Studies." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 128, no. 2 (January 13, 2005): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2056535.

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The purpose of this paper is to aid systems analysts in the design, modeling, and assessment of advanced, gasification-based power generation systems featuring air separation units (ASUs) integrated with gas turbines adapted for syngas fuel. First, the fundamental issues associated with operating a gas turbine on syngas will be reviewed, along with the motivations for extracting air from the turbine-compressor and/or injecting nitrogen into the turbine expander. Configurations for nitrogen-only and air-nitrogen ASU integration will be described, including the benefits and drawbacks of each. Cryogenic ASU technology will be summarized for both low-pressure and elevated-pressure applications and key design and integration issues will be identified and discussed. Finally, membrane-based ASU technology will be described and contrasted with cryogenic technology in regard to system design and integration.

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42

Chong, Kok Chung, Soon Onn Lai, Hui San Thiam, and Woei Jye Lau. "The Progress of Polymeric Membrane Separation Technique in O2/N2 Separation." Key Engineering Materials 701 (July 2016): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.701.255.

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The oxygen air production are generally be achieved by pressure swing adsorption (PSA) and cryogenic distillation. Both of the techniques are able to produce high purity oxygen level which is more than 95% with a production volume of 20 – 300 tons per day. These techniques however required high energy consumption and with the rising cost of energy, membrane separation is a good option as it require relatively low energy requirement. Membrane separation technique is an emerging technique which garners the interest from academia and industry from last decade as an alternative method to produce oxygen enriched air. To date, the commercially available and research institution self-fabricated polymeric membrane are unable to produce an economically viable membrane with high permeability and selectivity in a large scale production relative to the conventional method. In this works, the progress of the application of polymeric in O2/N2 separation which including the recent developed of self fabricated polymeric membrane and the aspect of operation parameter is discussed. Finally, the paper also intends to present a brief overview of the development of membrane separation technique in O2/N2 separation in addressing the strategies and improvement in the fulfillment of industrial application interest.

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43

Bucanovic, Ljubisa, Mihailo Lazarevic, and Srecko Batalov. "The fractional PID controllers tuned by genetic algorithms for expansion turbine in the cryogenic air separation process." Chemical Industry 68, no. 5 (2014): 519–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind130717078b.

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This paper deals with the design of a new algorithm of PID control based on fractional calculus (FC) in production of technical gases, i.e. in a cryogenic air separation process. Production of low pressure liquid air was first introduced by P. L. Kapica and involved expansion in a gas turbine. For application in the synthesis of the control law, for the input temperature and flow of air to the expansion turbine, it is necessary to determine the appropriate differential equations of the cryogenic process of mixing of two gaseous airflows at different temperatures before entrance to the expansion turbine. Thereafter, the model is linearized and decoupled and consequently classical PID and fractional order controllers are taken to assess the quality of the proposed technique. A set of optimal parameters of these controllers are achieved through the genetic algorithm optimization procedure by minimizing a cost function. Our design method focuses on minimizing performance criterion which involves IAE, overshoot, as well as settling time. A time-domain simulation was used to identify the performance of controller with respect to a traditional optimized PID controller.

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44

Variny, Miroslav, Dominika Jediná, Miroslav Rimár, Ján Kizek, and Marianna Kšiňanová. "Cutting Oxygen Production-Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Improved Compression Heat Management in a Cryogenic Air Separation Unit." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (October 1, 2021): 10370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910370.

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Oxygen production in cryogenic air separation units is related to a significant carbon footprint and its supply in the medicinal sphere became critical during the recent COVID-19 crisis. An improved unit design was proposed, utilizing a part of waste heat produced during air pre-cooling and intercooling via absorption coolers, to reduce power consumption. Variable ambient air humidity impact on compressed air dryers’ regeneration was also considered. A steady-state process simulation of a model 500 t h−1 inlet cryogenic air separation unit was performed in Aspen Plus® V11. Comparison of a model without and with absorption coolers yielded an achievable reduction in power consumption for air compression and air dryer regeneration by 6 to 9% (23 to 33 GWh year−1) and a favorable simple payback period of 4 to 10 years, both depending on air pressure loss in additional heat exchangers to be installed. The resulting specific oxygen production decrease amounted to EUR 2–4.2 t−1. Emissions of major gaseous pollutants from power production were both calculated by an in-house developed thermal power plant model and adopted from literature. A power consumption cut was translated into the following annual greenhouse gas emission reduction: CO2 16 to 30 kilotons, CO 0.3 to 2.3 tons, SOx 4.7 to 187 tons and NOx 11 to 56 tons, depending on applied fossil fuel-based emission factors. Considering a more renewable energy sources-containing energy mix, annual greenhouse gas emissions decreased by 50 to over 80%, varying for individual pollutants.

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45

Haseli, Y., and N. S. Sifat. "Performance modeling of Allam cycle integrated with a cryogenic air separation process." Computers & Chemical Engineering 148 (May 2021): 107263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2021.107263.

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46

Rizk, J., M. Nemer, and D. Clodic. "A real column design exergy optimization of a cryogenic air separation unit." Energy 37, no. 1 (January 2012): 417–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.11.012.

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47

Cao, Yanan, Christopher L. E. Swartz, Jesus Flores-Cerrillo, and Jingran Ma. "Dynamic modeling and collocation-based model reduction of cryogenic air separation units." AIChE Journal 62, no. 5 (January 26, 2016): 1602–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.15164.

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48

Belikov, Dmitry, Satoshi Sugawara, Shigeyuki Ishidoya, Fumio Hasebe, Shamil Maksyutov, Shuji Aoki, Shinji Morimoto, and Takakiyo Nakazawa. "Three-dimensional simulation of stratospheric gravitational separation using the NIES global atmospheric tracer transport model." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 8 (April 18, 2019): 5349–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5349-2019.

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Abstract. A three-dimensional simulation of gravitational separation, defined as the process of atmospheric molecule separation under gravity according to their molar masses, is performed for the first time in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. We analyze distributions of two isotopes with a small difference in molecular mass (13C16O2 (Mi=45) and 12C16O2 (Mi=44)) simulated by the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) chemical transport model (TM) with a parameterization of molecular diffusion. The NIES model employs global reanalysis and an isentropic vertical coordinate and uses optimized CO2 fluxes. The applicability of the NIES TM to the modeling of gravitational separation is demonstrated by a comparison with measurements recorded by high-precision cryogenic balloon-borne samplers in the lower stratosphere. We investigate the processes affecting the seasonality of gravitational separation and examine the age of air derived from the tracer distributions modeled by the NIES TM. We find a strong relationship between age of air and gravitational separation for the main climatic zones. The advantages and limitations of using age of air and gravitational separation as indicators of the variability in the stratosphere circulation are discussed.

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49

Chorowski, Maciej, and Wojciech Gizicki. "Technical and economic aspects of oxygen separation for oxy-fuel purposes." Archives of Thermodynamics 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2015-0011.

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Abstract Oxy combustion is the most promising technology for carbon dioxide, originated from thermal power plants, capture and storage. The oxygen in sufficient quantities can be separated from air in cryogenic installations. Even the state-of-art air separation units are characterized by high energy demands decreasing net efficiency of thermal power plant by at least 7%. This efficiency decrease can be mitigated by the use of waste nitrogen, e.g., as the medium for lignite drying. It is also possible to store energy in liquefied gases and recover it by liquid pressurization, warm-up to ambient temperature and expansion. Exergetic efficiency of the proposed energy accumulator may reach 85%.

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50

Cormos, Calin-Cristian. "Techno-Economic Evaluations of Copper-Based Chemical Looping Air Separation System for Oxy-Combustion and Gasification Power Plants with Carbon Capture." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 9, 2018): 3095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113095.

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Energy and economic penalties for CO2 capture are the main challenges in front of the carbon capture technologies. Chemical Looping Air Separation (CLAS) represents a potential solution for energy and cost-efficient oxygen production in comparison to the cryogenic method. This work is assessing the key techno-economic performances of a CLAS system using copper oxide as oxygen carrier integrated in coal and lignite-based oxy-combustion and gasification power plants. For comparison, similar combustion and gasification power plants using cryogenic air separation with and without carbon capture were considered as benchmark cases. The assessments were focused on large scale power plants with 350–500 MW net electricity output and 90% CO2 capture rate. As the results show, the utilization of CLAS system in coal and lignite-based oxy-combustion and gasification power plants is improving the key techno-economic indicators e.g., increasing the energy efficiency by about 5–10%, reduction of specific capital investments by about 12–18%, lower cost of electricity by about 8–11% as well as lower CO2 avoidance cost by about 17–27%. The highest techno-economic improvements being noticed for oxy-combustion cases since these plants are using more oxygen than gasification plants.

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