Статті в журналах: "Crown outline"

1

Boivin, Frédéric, Alain Paquette, Pierre Racine, and Christian Messier. "A fast and reliable method for the delineation of tree crown outlines for the computation of crown openness values and other crown parameters." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 9 (September 2011): 1827–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-107.

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Numerous crown parameters (e.g., leaf area index, diameter, height, volume) can be obtained via the analysis of tree crown photographs. In all cases, parameter values are functions of the position of the crown outline. However, no standardized method to delineate crowns exists. To explore the effect of different outlines on tree crown descriptors, in this case crown openness (CO), and facilitate the adoption of a standard method free of user bias, we developed the program Crown Delineator that automatically delineates any outline around tree crowns following predetermined sensibility settings. We used different outlines to analyze tree CO in contrasting settings: using saplings from four species in young boreal mixedwood forests and medium-sized hybrid poplar trees from a low-density plantation. In both cases, the estimated CO increases when calculated from a looser outline, which had a strong influence on understory available light simulations using a forest simulator. These results demonstrate that the method used to trace crown outlines is an important step in the determination of CO values. We provide a much-needed computer-assisted solution to help standardize this procedure, which can also be used in many other situations in which the delineation of tree crowns is needed (e.g., competition and crown shyness).

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2

MAHER, KHALID, and SHIREEN MOHAMMED. "Crown Ether Schiff bases and their Complexes: Recent Advances (A Review )." Oriental Journal of Chemistry 34, no. 4 (August 11, 2018): 1701–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/340402.

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In latterly years, an interest in the synthesis of crown ether Schiff bases and their Complexes has been increased, due to the significance and broadly the uses of these compounds in various fields. In the present review paper outline extensive recent advances literature survey on the crown ether including azomethine gathering and their complexes with the tough and easy granter atoms, has been reconsidered. Assertiveness has been done on element complexation with crown ether holding Schiff bases to enable the researchers to procure valuable information of the chelating activity of crown ether containing azomethine gathering and their enforcement.

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3

Cook, Todd D., Jeffrey G. Eaton, Michael G. Newbrey, and Mark V. H. Wilson. "A New Genus and Species of Freshwater Stingray (Myliobatiformes, Dasyatoidea) from the Latest Middle Eocene of Utah, U.S.A." Journal of Paleontology 88, no. 3 (May 2014): 497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/13-046.

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Teeth of a new freshwater dasyatoid ray recovered from the latest middle Eocene Brian Head Formation of southern Utah represent the youngest freshwater stingray so far known in the fossil record of North America. The crown morphology ofSaltirius utahensisn. gen. n. sp. exhibits strong sexual dimorphism, with the presumed males bearing two prominent margino-labial protuberances and a bifid cusp that produces a saltire-like outline. This unique crown separates this genus and species from any known extinct or extant myliobatiform, but does have some resemblance to the crown ofAsterotrygon maloneyifrom the lower Eocene Green River Formation of Wyoming. The occurrence ofS. utahensisin the Brian Head Formation provides additional evidence for the persistence of warm subtropical temperatures during the late Eocene in southern Utah.

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4

Donovan, Stephen K., and Cornelis J. Veltkamp. "Crinoids from the Upper Ashgill (Upper Ordovician) of Wales." Journal of Paleontology 67, no. 4 (July 1993): 604–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002233600002494x.

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A collection of small crinoids and crinoid debris from the Ashgill (Rawtheyan?) of Cnwce, near St. Clears, Dyfed, southwest Wales includes numerous crowns of Aithriocrinus strahani n. gen. and sp. incertae familiae, an indeterminate 10–armed camerate(?) and an indeterminate multiple-armed camerate. Aithriocrinus strahani was previously considered to be a cincinnaticrinid, but it is undoubtedly dicyclic and therefore a cladid. This is the only diverse fauna of complete crinoids known from the Welsh Ashgill.The monobathrid camerate Xenocrinus S. A. Miller is easily recognized from its disarticulated columnals, which are square in outline. Xenocrinus columnals are now recognized from three Hirnantian localities in Wales. Xenocrinus became extinct during the Hirnantian and not at the Rawtheyan–Hirnantian boundary, as has been suggested on the basis of crown material.

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5

Kozitzky, Emma. "The impact of hybridization on upper first molar shape in robust capuchins (Sapajus nigritus x S. libidinosus)." Dental Anthropology Journal 34, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 13–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26575/daj.v34i1.316.

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To better understand the impact of hybridization on development and morphology, I analyze an understudied phenotype in hybrid morphology research: tooth shape. I apply a 2D geometric morphometric approach to compare variation in first upper molar cusp tip positions and crown outline shape among 31 crested capuchins (Sapajus nigritus), 37 bearded capuchins (S. libidinosus), and 44 hybrids (S. nigritus x S. libidinosus). A principal components analysis shows that group membership accounts for a significantly greater proportion of variance along the first major axis of M1 shape variation than does allometry. While most hybrids have S. nigritus-like M1s, several possess a transgressive M1 shape not observed in either parental species. Procrustes distances are greater in hybrids compared to the parental capuchins, and two-block partial least squares analyses show that hybrids exhibit weaker integration between cusp tip positions and crown outline shape. These results demonstrate that hybridization generates novel M1 shapes and support the hypothesis that destabilized development results in elevated phenotypic variance in hybrids. Further studies of dental shape in hybrid primates will generate important data for on-going efforts to detect potential hybrids in the hominin fossil record and to understand the evolutionary outcomes of anthropogenic hybridization.

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6

Hendrickx, Christophe, Josef Stiegler, Philip J. Currie, Fenglu Han, Xing Xu, Jonah N. Choiniere, and Xiao-Chun Wu. "Dental anatomy of the apex predator Sinraptor dongi (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) from the Late Jurassic of China." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 57, no. 9 (September 2020): 1127–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2019-0231.

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The dental morphology of the holotype of the theropod Sinraptor dongi from the Jurassic Shishugou Formation of China is comprehensively described. We highlight a combination of dental features that appear to be restricted to Sinraptor: (i) crowns with denticulated mesial and distal carinae extending from the root and an irregular surface texture on the enamel; (ii) a D- to salinon-shaped cross-sectional outline at the crown base in mesialmost teeth; (iii) mesial crowns with mesial carinae spiraling mesiolingually and lingually positioned longitudinal groove adjacent to the mesial carina; and (iv) particularly labiolingually compressed lateral teeth with weakly labially deflected distal carinae, flat to concave basocentral surfaces of the labial margins of the crowns, and horizontally elongated distal denticles showing short to well-developed interdenticular sulci. Using cladistic, multivariate, discriminant, and cluster analyses, we demonstrate that the dentition of Sinraptor is relatively similar to that of ceratosaurids, megalosauroids, and other allosauroids and is particularly close to that of Allosaurus. The dental anatomy of Sinraptor and Allosaurus, which differs mainly in the labiolingual compression of the lateral crowns and in the number of premaxillary teeth, shows adaptations towards a predatory lifestyle, including premaxillary teeth capable of enduring tooth-to-bone contact and crowns with widely separated mesial and distal carinae capable of inflicting widely open wounds.

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7

Benazzi, Stefano, Cinzia Fornai, Laura Buti, Michel Toussaint, Francesco Mallegni, Stefano Ricci, Giorgio Gruppioni, Gerhard W. Weber, Silvana Condemi, and Annamaria Ronchitelli. "Cervical and crown outline analysis of worn Neanderthal and modern human lower second deciduous molars." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 149, no. 4 (October 17, 2012): 537–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22155.

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8

Fraser, Marie E., Suzanne Fortier, André Rodrigue, and John W. Bovenkamp. "The crystal structures of the 1:2 host:guest complexes of dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (isomers A and B) with sodium and potassium phenoxide." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 64, no. 4 (April 1, 1986): 816–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v86-134.

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The crystal structures of the 1:2 host:guest complexes of dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (isomer B) with potassium phenoxide and dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (isomer A) with sodium phenoxide have been determined. The potassium phenoxide complex crystallizes in space group [Formula: see text] with a = 10.023(2), b = 11.238(2), c = 7.546(2) Å, α = 95.73(2), β = 103.04(2), γ = 92.03(2)°, and Z = 1. The sodium phenoxide complex crystallizes in space group P21/n with a = 19.185(12), b = 13.266(5), c = 13.038(5) Å, β = 96.55(4)°, and Z = 4. Both structures were solved by direct methods and refined by full matrix least-squares calculations to a residual, R, of 0.035. The host conformation as well as the metal cation coordination differ considerably in the two structures. In the potassium phenoxide complex, the two cations are related by symmetry and have, consequently, the same chemical environment. Each potassium is located approximately halfway between the plane formed by the crown ether oxygens and the phenoxide anions and is coordinated to four of the crown oxygens and to two phenoxide oxygens. The oxygens of the crown are found to outline an elliptical cavity and to lie approximately in a plane. In the sodium phenoxide complex, the two sodiums have different crystallographic and chemical environments. One sodium is coordinated to the six hexaether oxygens, with distances ranging from 2.36to2.84 Å, and to one of the phenoxide oxygens. The other sodium is coordinated to only one of the crown oxygens and to three of the phenoxide oxygens. The hexaether adopts a highly irregular conformation.

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9

Weinstein, Ben G., Sergio Marconi, Stephanie Bohlman, Alina Zare, and Ethan White. "Individual Tree-Crown Detection in RGB Imagery Using Semi-Supervised Deep Learning Neural Networks." Remote Sensing 11, no. 11 (June 1, 2019): 1309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11111309.

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Remote sensing can transform the speed, scale, and cost of biodiversity and forestry surveys. Data acquisition currently outpaces the ability to identify individual organisms in high resolution imagery. We outline an approach for identifying tree-crowns in RGB imagery while using a semi-supervised deep learning detection network. Individual crown delineation has been a long-standing challenge in remote sensing and available algorithms produce mixed results. We show that deep learning models can leverage existing Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR)-based unsupervised delineation to generate trees that are used for training an initial RGB crown detection model. Despite limitations in the original unsupervised detection approach, this noisy training data may contain information from which the neural network can learn initial tree features. We then refine the initial model using a small number of higher-quality hand-annotated RGB images. We validate our proposed approach while using an open-canopy site in the National Ecological Observation Network. Our results show that a model using 434,551 self-generated trees with the addition of 2848 hand-annotated trees yields accurate predictions in natural landscapes. Using an intersection-over-union threshold of 0.5, the full model had an average tree crown recall of 0.69, with a precision of 0.61 for the visually-annotated data. The model had an average tree detection rate of 0.82 for the field collected stems. The addition of a small number of hand-annotated trees improved the performance over the initial self-supervised model. This semi-supervised deep learning approach demonstrates that remote sensing can overcome a lack of labeled training data by generating noisy data for initial training using unsupervised methods and retraining the resulting models with high quality labeled data.

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10

Nandakumar, K., and T. Roshna. "Anterior Esthetic Gingival Depigmentation and Crown Lengthening: Report of a Case." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 6, no. 3 (2005): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-6-3-139.

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Abstract Excessive gingival display space and gingival hyperpigmentation are major concerns for a large number of patients visiting the dentist. Melanin hyperpigmentation usually does not present a medical problem, but patients usually complain of dark gums as unaesthetic. This problem is aggravated in patients with a “gummy smile” or excessive gingival display while smiling. Esthetic periodontal plastic surgery is especially rewarding in such individuals with compromised esthetics. A case is reported here on the cosmetic correction of “black gums” and “gummy smile.” Periodontal plastic surgery combining gingival depigmentation and esthetic crown lengthening was performed in a single appointment using scalpel surgical technique. The outline of steps involved in the surgical procedure is demonstrated and a brief review of the various gingival depigmentation techniques is depicted here. Citation Roshna T, Nandakumar K. Anterior Esthetic Gingival Depigmentation and Crown Lengthening: Report of a Case. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005 August;(6)3:139-147.

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11

McCarville, Ryan. "Drinking in Private: A Public Concern." Political Science Undergraduate Review 2, no. 1 (October 15, 2016): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/psur64.

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The privatization of the liquor distribution system in Alberta was undertaken by a Conservative government motivated by achieving fiscal austerity, along with greater consumer benefit, both in cost and selection. The privatization of this Crown corporation was rationalized as an action that, above all else, held the individual’s best interest in mind. I argue that, in fact, this decision created the opposite effect. By analyzing the neoliberal governing paradigm and the structures created with New Public Management (NPM), this paper will outline the forces driving privatization of Crown corporations. I will advocate for a return to a public system of distribution by classifying alcohol as a unique product in the consumer market. Finally, I will analyze the indirect costs associated with alcohol consumption by comparing public and private markets across Canada. Viewing alcohol distribution in a holistic lens will quell the notion that the market mechanism is capable of managing liquor distribution, and highlight the mischaracterizations and flaws in the Progressive Conservative government’s 1993 decision.

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12

Ayambire, Raphael Anammasiya, Jeremy Pittman, and Andrea Olive. "Incentivizing stewardship in a biodiversity hot spot: land managers in the grasslands." FACETS 6 (January 1, 2021): 1307–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2020-0071.

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Federal and provincial governments of Canada recently signed onto a Pan-Canadian Approach to Transforming Species at Risk Conservation. The approach is based on collaboration among jurisdictions and stakeholders to enhance multiple species and ecosystem-based conservation in selected biodiversity hot spots. In this review paper, we focus on one of the biodiversity hot spots—the South of the Divide area in the province of Saskatchewan—to propose appropriate mechanisms to incentivize stewardship on agricultural Crown lands. Through a focused review and synthesis of empirical studies, we propose a range of policy instruments and incentives that can help deliver multi-species at risk conservation on Crown agricultural lands in Saskatchewan. We outline a range of policy instruments and incentives that are relevant to conservation on Crown agricultural lands and argue that a portfolio of options will have the greatest social acceptability. More germane is the need to foster collaboration between the government of Saskatchewan, other provincial/territorial governments, and the federal government, nongovernmental organizations, and land managers. Such collaboration is critical for enhanced decision-making and institutional change that reflects the urgent call for creating awareness of species at risk policies, building trust, and leveraging the local knowledge of land managers for conservation.

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13

Pietschmann, Horst. "Barcelona, Catalonia and the Crown of Aragón in the Bourbon Spanish Empire." European Review 25, no. 1 (October 3, 2016): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798716000430.

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After an outline of present-day ‘glocalization problems’ of the European Community this article analyses the problem of whether the centralizing policy of the Spanish Bourbon government after the War of Spanish Succession provides historical evidence on the origins of contemporary Catalan nationalism, as often argued, or not. Referring briefly to the medieval and early modern imperial traditions of both the Aragonese kingdoms, especially of Catalonia and its predominant city of Barcelona, and the Castilian kingdoms, the article argues that during the 18th century the Crown made strong efforts to integrate Catalans into the imperial government and trade and spent large quantities of fiscal income in the modernization of Catalonia as a central base of its Mediterranean policy. Therefore, the historical origins of present-day nationalism have to be explained in the context of more recent historical phenomena in the context of the so-called ‘uncompleted Spanish national project’.

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14

Coulter, Kendra, Bridget Nicholls, and Amy Fitzgerald. "Animal protection: Organizational constraints and collaborative opportunities." Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being 7, no. 1 (March 17, 2022): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.237.

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This paper examines the landscape of animal cruelty investigations in Canada. Building on six years of mixed-methods research, we first outline the enforcement organizations and investigations process. Then we identify three challenges for jurisdictions across the country: the unevenness of forensic veterinary expertise, differing levels of Crown awareness and engagement, and relative availability of community-based programs and services to solve problems and prevent harm. We argue that further development of all three areas, including through strengthened multi-sector collaboration, will increase the effectiveness of animal protection, better protect vulnerable people, and augment public safety.

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15

Gaspirc, Boris, Tina Leban, Zoran Mandinic, and Alenka Pavlic. "Decoronation - a treatment option of an ankylosed permanent tooth in children and adolescents." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo, no. 00 (2022): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh210823025g.

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Introduction. In children and growing adolescents, ankylotic resorption (i.e., progressive replacement resorption) of a permanent tooth is a serious complication. An ankylosed tooth root is continuously resorbed and replaced with bone; normal growth of alveolar bone is disturbed and infraposition of the dental crown progresses. This article aims to present decoronation as a very good treatment option for permanent incisors diagnosed with progressive replacement resorption in children and adolescents. Case outline. A 9.5-year-old boy was referred with non-vital both upper central permanent incisors due to dental trauma. In the left one, which had been re-implanted 90 minutes after avulsion, progression of clinical and radiographic pathological signs of ankylotic resorption was observed over the months. To prevent the local arrest of alveolar ridge growth and tilting of adjacent teeth, we decoronated the ankylosed tooth. For aesthetic and functional rehabilitation adhesive bonding of his dental crown was performed. Conclusion. In growing individuals with progressive replacement resorption, a dentist should be aware of decoronation as an effective treatment option with a predictable outcome.

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16

Naveed, F., and B. Hu. "INDIVIDUAL TREE CROWN DELINEATION USING MULTI-WAVELENGTH TITAN LIDAR DATA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W3 (October 19, 2017): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w3-143-2017.

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The inability to detect the Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) at an early stage has led to the enumerable loss of different species of ash trees. Due to the increasing risk being posed by the EAB, a robust and accurate method is needed for identifying Individual Tree Crowns (ITCs) that are at a risk of being infected or are already diseased. This paper attempts to outline an ITC delineation method that employs airborne multi-spectral Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) to accurately delineate tree crowns. The raw LiDAR data were initially pre-processed to generate the Digital Surface Models (DSM) and Digital Elevation Models (DEM) using an iterative progressive TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network) densification method. The DSM and DEM were consequently used for Canopy Height Model (CHM) generation, from which the structural information pertaining to the size and shape of the tree crowns was obtained. The structural information along with the spectral information was used to segment ITCs using a region growing algorithm. The availability of the multi-spectral LiDAR data allows for delineation of crowns that have otherwise homogenous structural characteristics and hence cannot be isolated from the CHM alone. This study exploits the spectral data to derive initial approximations of individual tree tops and consequently grow those regions based on the spectral constraints of the individual trees.

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17

Amadori, Manuel, Jacopo Amalfitano, Luca Giusberti, Eliana Fornaciari, Giorgio Carnevale, and Juergen Kriwet. "The Italian record of the Cretaceous shark, Ptychodus latissimus Agassiz, 1835 (Chondrichthyes; Elasmobranchii)." PeerJ 8 (November 24, 2020): e10167. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10167.

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Associated and isolated teeth of the extinct elasmobranch Ptychodus latissimus Agassiz, 1835 from the Upper Cretaceous Scaglia Rossa pelagic limestone of northern Italy are described and discussed here in detail for the first time. The dentition of this widely distributed species consists of low-crowned molariform teeth that exhibit marked and strong occlusal ornamentations suitable for crushing hard-shelled prey. The associated tooth sets and isolated teeth analyzed here are heterogeneous in size and crown outline, but unambiguously belong to a single species. Re-examination of this Italian material consisting of ca. 30 specimens mostly coming from historical collections allows for a rigorous assessment of the intraspecific variability of P. latissimus, including the identification of three different tooth “morphotypes” based on their positions within the jaws. The relatively flat crowns and occlusal sharp and thick ridges indicate a high adaptation for crushing hard-shelled prey in P. latissimus indicating that the durophagous adaptations of this species were certainly more pronounced than in all other species of Ptychodus. We hypothesize that P. latissimus was a third-level predator occupying habitats with abundant thick-shelled prey, such as inoceramid bivalves and ammonites.

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18

Gao, Ke-Qin, Jianye Chen, and Jia Jia. "Taxonomic diversity, stratigraphic range, and exceptional preservation of Juro-Cretaceous salamanders from northern China." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 50, no. 3 (March 2013): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e2012-039.

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Since the late 1990s, eight localities in volcanic shale-rich lacustrine deposits of Middle Jurassic through Early Cretaceous age in northern China (western Liaoning Province, northern Hebei Province, and southern Inner Mongolia) have yielded thousands of exceptionally well-preserved salamander specimens. With 10 species published and several new taxa yet to be named and described, the fossil samples from northern China represent the most species-diverse, individually abundant, and exquisitely preserved salamander fossil assemblage known from the Mesozoic Era. The stratigraphic range of the fossil record covers a geologic time span of roughly 40–45 million years from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) through the Early Cretaceous (Aptian). In contrast to the well-known stem-group salamanders Karaurus and Kokartus from the Middle to Late Jurassic of Middle Asia, the Chinese record contains the earliest known crown-group salamanders, including Jurassic representatives of both Cryptobranchoidea and Salamandroidea. The Chinese Mesozoic record includes numerous examples of virtually complete larval, juvenile, young adult, and fully grown adult individuals that collectively provide key information on the life histories and developmental patterns of the earliest known crown-group salamanders. Many specimens show preservation of soft tissue structures, including body outline, eye, liver, and external gill filaments. This kind of soft tissue preservation is unusual for fossil salamanders, so the Chinese Mesozoic specimens are important for furnishing otherwise unavailable information on the life history, diversity, and ecological adaptations of early crown-group salamanders.

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19

Bryan, Brandon Cory, and Frank L’Engle Williams. "Comparing maxillary first molar crown shape using elliptical Fourier analysis in the Late Neolithic cave burials of Belgium." Anthropological Review 84, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/anre-2021-0001.

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Abstract The Belgian Meuse karstic basin holds more than 200 Late Neolithic collective burials. Four of the largest include Hastière Caverne M, Hastière Trou Garçon C, Sclaigneaux and Bois Madame. The remains from these caves are commingled and fragmentary. However, in situ maxillary molars are well preserved permitting an investigation of molar crown shape within and across sites. Crown outlines from the burials are compared using elliptical Fourier analysis to capture shape distinctions in the relatively numerous first maxillary molars (n = 27). Elliptical Fourier analysis is designed to compare deviations between each shape outline and an idealized ellipse, recorded as amplitudes of the harmonics which are reduced to principal components (PC) scores. We expect individuals from each site will be more similar to one another than to other internments in PC scores, and that the sites will be distributed along PC axes according to differences in chronology and geographic location. Principal components analysis reveals that individuals tend to cluster together based on cave burial as well as time period. Geographic distance only differentiates the final/late Neolithic cave burials. The earliest of the sites, Hastière Caverne M, is distinctive and includes multiple outliers. Hastière Trou Garçon C from earlier in the Late Neolithic does not cluster with Hastière Caverne M as expected. Instead, this cave burial groups with Sclaigneaux, the most geographically distant site but chronologically the closest to Hastière Trou Garçon C. Although the limited sample sizes for each site must be considered, it appears that early farmers of the Belgian Meuse basin exhibited intricate human population dynamics which may have included small, semi-isolated groups early in the Late Neolithic and larger communities with greater contact toward the onset of the northern European Bronze Age.

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Williams, Frank L’Engle, Katherine M. Lane, and William G. Anderson. "Comparison of maxillary first molar occlusal outlines of Neandertals from the Meuse River Basin of Belgium using elliptical Fourier analysis." Anthropological Review 80, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/anre-2017-0018.

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AbstractSeveral Neandertals derive from the karstic caves of the Meuse river tributaries of Belgium, including Engis 2, Scladina 4A-4 and Spy 1. These may form a group that is distinct in maxillary first molar occlusal outlines compared to La Quina 5 from Southwest France. Alternatively, chronological differences may separate individuals given that Scladina 4A-4 from MIS 5 is older than the others from MIS 3. Neolithic samples (n = 42) from Belgium (Maurenne Caverne de la Cave, Hastière Caverne M, Hastière Trou Garçon, Sclaigneaux and Bois Madame) dated to 4.6–3.9 kyr provide a context for the Neandertals. Dental casts were prepared from dental impressions of the original maxillary molars. Crown and occlusal areas as well as mesiodistal lengths were measured by calibrated Motic 3.0 microscope cameras. Occlusal outlines of the casts were captured through photostereomicroscopy and non-landmark smooth tracing methods. Occlusal outlines were processed using elliptical Fourier analysis within SHAPE v1.3 which reduced amplitudes of the harmonics into principal components (PC) axes. The first two PC axes group the Neandertals, although Scladina 4A-4 falls nearly outside the convex hull for the Neolithic sample. Neandertals are imperfectly separated from the Neolithic sample on PC3 and PC4, and completely distinct on PC5 and PC6. Scladina 4A-4 differs from the other Neandertals on most PC axes. Chronology may best explain the separation of Scladina 4A-4 from the more recent fossils, and particularly Spy 1 and La Quina 5 which are the most similar in maxillary first molar occlusal outline shape.

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21

Leśniak, Karolina. "Elekcje marszałków poselskich na sejmach w okresie panowania Michała Korybuta Wiśniowieckiego – zarys problematyki." Studia Historyczne 61, no. 3 (243) (December 31, 2018): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/sh.61.2018.03.01.

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Elections Of Sejm Marshals In The Time of Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki's Rule - Presentation Of The Research Topic The article presents the outline of the research project on the elections of sejm Marshalls in the years 1669-1672. Only the last sejm assembled during Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki’s reign was omitted due to its specificity – it was the 1673 pacification sejm. Various elements of the parliamentary procedures such as the initiation of the election, deputies’ attendance, the exchange between the Crown and Grand Duchy of Lithuania in fulfilling functions and proposing candidates to these functions, removal of deputies and finally the form of voting are taken into connsideration and discussed. Sejm diaries form the source base for the research, which is supplemented with existing historiograph

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22

Adlam, J. G. "Legal Environment for Petroleum Exploration: An Overview." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 13, no. 2-3 (May 1995): 221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598795013002-312.

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This paper is an overview of the New Zealand legal environment as it affects petroleum explorers and their operations in New Zealand. It includes a brief summary of the New Zealand legal system and identifies the business structures commonly used and recognised under New Zealand law. It continues with an outline of the significant legal requirements governing petroleum exploration, including the Crown Minerals Act (rights and obligations of permit holders), environmental and conservation laws, Overseas Investment Act and Regulations, Commerce Act, Fair Trading Act, taxation aspects of operations in New Zealand, the no-fault Accident Compensation scheme and other operational requirements. The paper concludes with comment on government participation, current government policy and the legal and administrative framework in which that policy is implemented.

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Neto, Orígenes Rosendo da Silva, and Fabrício Muraro Novais. "Implications of the rural territorial tax (RTT) on Brazilian functionalized property in light of the 1988 Constitution." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 9, no. 6 (2022): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.96.13.

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This article aims to explore the basic characteristics of the Rural Territorial Tax - RTT - in Brazil, with a focus on achieving the social function of property. For this, it aims to outline the main aspects of the evolution of property rights around the globe, as well as in Brazil, from the occupation of lands by the Portuguese Crown to modern times. The research method addressed is bibliographic, documentary, qualitative and primarily deductive. Meanwhile, it narrates the property with inspiration in the ideals of liberalism and what are the consequences arising from the development in the tax area. Therefore, it explores the main nuances of the State's power to tax, especially with regard to the RTT - when measuring the level of effectiveness of said tax, whether in its fiscal or extrafiscality aspect, within the fundamental bias of the Federal Constitution of 1988.

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Hofsteenge, JW, and MMM Gresnigt. "The Influence of Dentin Wall Thickness and Adhesive Surface in Post and Core Crown and Endocrown Restorations on Central and Lateral Incisors." Operative Dentistry 46, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/19-261-l.

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Clinical Relevance Post and core crowns and endocrowns perform similarly on fracture strength, but endocrowns have more repairable fractures. SUMMARY Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to determine the influence of dentin wall thickness (DWT) and adhesive surface on the fracture strength and failure mode in maxillary incisors restored with post and core crowns or endocrowns. Methods and Materials: Forty-eight sound maxillary incisors were selected and randomly divided into four groups (n=12): lateral incisor endocrown, lateral incisor post and core, central incisor endocrown, and central incisor post and core. All specimens obtained an endodontic treatment and were decoronated (2 mm ferrule remained). Chamfer outlines ended at the cementoenamel junction (outline in dentin). Dentin wall thickness (mm) was measured on 12 points per sample using a modified digital calliper. Fiber posts and cores were placed in two groups, and an immediate dentin sealing was applied on exposed dentin in all groups before taking digital impressions. Digital impressions were analyzed and the adhesive surface (mm2) was measured. Indirect restorations were made of lithium disilicate (IPS e.max, computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing). The restorations were luted after surface conditioning the crowns and teeth. Thermocyclic aging was performed (10,000 times in baths of 5°C and 55°C) and the specimens were loaded until fracture. Fractures were specified on failure mode and repairability, and they were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, χ2-test, and linear regression analysis in SPSS (α=0.05). Results: There was no significant difference in fracture strength and failure mode between all groups. Endocrown restorations on central incisors had significantly more repairable fractures than the post and core crowns. Regression analyses showed a statistically significant positive correlation between DWT/adhesive surface and fracture strength in the post and core groups. Conclusions: Both endocrowns and post and core crowns on the central and lateral incisors obtained clinically applicable fracture strengths. In the central incisor groups, the endocrown restorations had significantly more repairable failures. When the walls were thicker, or when the adhesive surface was larger, higher fracture strengths were obtained in the post and core groups.

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Venetz, Gabriela. "Il catalano nella Corte Aragonese a Napoli riflesso in documenti bilingui della cancelleria di Ferrante. Uno studio storico-sociale." SCRIPTA. Revista Internacional de Literatura i Cultura Medieval i Moderna 1, no. 1 (June 17, 2013): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/scripta.1.2577.

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Riassunto: Nel presente lavoro viene analizzato il fenomeno del code switching in una prospettiva storico-sociale. In particolare, focalizzeremo la nostra attenzione su cinque lettere bilingui del Codice Aragonese (1458-1460), un registro cancelleresco della corte aragonese a Napoli, in cui si passa dal catalano o dal castigliano al napoletano e viceversa. Analizzando il contesto storico e sociale nel quale le lettere sono state scritte, proveremo a trarre delle conclusioni sulle motivazioni per cui si è realizzato il rispettivo cambio di codice linguistico. Nello stesso modo cercheremo di spiegare la tendenza di esprimersi in catalano in situazioni emozionali o di tensione politica, ma anche in contesti personali, per creare un’atmosfera di prossimità o di intimità.Parole chiave: Catalano, Napoletano, Sociolinguistica, Corte aragonese, Bilinguismo, Code switchingAbstract: This article is devoted to the phenomenon of code switching, related to a sociohistorical perspective. Particularly, we focuse on five bilingual documents of the Codice Aragonese, a codex from the chancellery of the Aragonese Crown at Naples in the 15th century. We analyze the historical and social context in which the letters have been written, in order to outline the motivation to change the linguistic code, this is, from the Catalan or Castilian language to the Neapolitan one, or vice versa. At the same time, we like to demonstrate the tendency of writing in Catalan in emotional situations or under strong political tension, but also in familiary contexts to create proximity and intimacy.Keywords: Catalan, Neapolitan, sociolinguistics, Catalan-Aragonese Crown, Bilingualism, Code switching

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SUGIMOTO, Toshimasa, and Ryoko AKAGI. "THE STRUCTURAL OUTLINE FOR GENERATION OF EXPRESSIONISTIC CITY IMAGE AND ITS ARCHITECTURAL THOUGHT OBSERVED IN THE BOOK“CITY CROWN”BY BRUNO TAUT." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 76, no. 668 (2011): 1995–2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.76.1995.

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Addington, Donald E. N., and Heather L. Holley. "Pre-trial Assessment of Schizophrenics on Remand*." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 9 (December 1987): 773–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378703200908.

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This paper examines the clinical and legal outcomes of a consecutive series of 52 schizophrenic patients remanded to a Forensic Assessment Unit. Typically patients were isolated single males who were unemployed, living on Social Security and had a history of multiple psychiatric hospitalizations. Less than half had previous convictions and about one-third had previous incarcerations. Nearly all were acutely ill on admission and received antipsychotic medication. Seventy-one percent were returned to court fit to stand trial and the remainder were diverted from the criminal justice system. None were found unfit to stand trial. This was achieved by discussions between crown and defence lawyer and psychiatrist near the end of the remand period. Court reports did not make recommendations about legal disposition but did outline the treatment available whatever the legal outcome. It is concluded that these people were treated in legally and medically appropriate ways.

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Gavrilovic, Milan, Núria Garcia-Jacas, Alfonso Susanna, Arsena Bakhia, Petar Marin, and Pedja Janackovic. "Micromorphology of an involucral bract and cypselae of the endemic and relict species Amphoricarpos elegans Albov (Asteraceae, Cardueae) from the Caucasus." Botanica Serbica 44, no. 1 (2020): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/botserb2001037g.

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In this study, micromorphology of an involucral bract and inner and outer dimorphic cypselae of the relict Amphoricarpos elegans, endemic from western Caucasus, is examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and presented here for the first time. The middle involucral bract is nearly glabrous, with a reticulate-rugulose surface and an oblong-obtusate mucro. Both cypselae exhibit similar features, viz., narrowly oblong-cylindrical or obovate shape with more or less conspicuous longitudinal ribs, an adaxial detachment area, an asymmetrical carpopodium, absence of a pericarp crown and a barbate-aristate pappus made up of narrow, subulate, basally smooth and apically barbate bristles. However, some differences are evident. The outer cypsela is glabrescent and flattened, with an obscure outline of epidermal cells lacking an end wall and with a sunken periclinal surface and striatereticulate structure. Also, the outer cypsela has two entire, narrow, lateral wings, rounded above; and less numerous pappus bristles in one row. In contrast to this, the inner cypsela has a distinct outline of the epidermal cells, which are rod-shaped with a short acute end wall, a swollen periclinal surface and reticulate structure. The pappus of the inner cypsela possesses many more bristles organised in two rows (a biseriate pappus). Also, slightly pentagonal or round nectary remnants are found in the centre of the upper part of the inner cypsela. The taxonomic value of the analysed characters is briefly discussed.

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Łój, Monika, Sławomir Porzucek, Tomisław Gołębiowski, and Mark E. Everett. "Microgravimetric and GPR surveys for detection of unconsolidated zones in a levee." E3S Web of Conferences 66 (2018): 01022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186601022.

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Selected results of complex geophysical surveys carried out on the Vistula river flood levee in Cracow are herein presented. Two complementary geophysical methods were applied for detection of potential unconsolidated zones in the body of the levee, i.e. microgravimetry and ground-penetrating radar (GPR). The surveys were carried out in 2D mode, along a profile at the crown of the flood levee. Microgravimetric data reveal anomalies showing zones of decreased bulk density. These zones provide information about poor quality of the levee. The main anomaly was interpreted in a quantitative manner using gravity modelling. Non-standard GPR processing and visualization of radargrams were employed to better extract information concerning the distribution of unconsolidated zones. High resolution GPR surveys allow to outline such zones which was the basis for construction of the 2D model used in the gravimetric modelling. Integration of these two geophysical methods provided important information about the spatial variations of mass density in several unconsolidated zones within the body of the flood levee.

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Furness, Carol A., John G. Conran, Thomas Gregory, and Paula J. Rudall. "The trichotomosulcate asparagoids: pollen morphology of Hemerocallidaceae in relation to systematics and pollination biology." Australian Systematic Botany 26, no. 6 (2013): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb13046.

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We examined pollen of 19 genera of Hemerocallidaceae by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and one genus (Dianella) by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Pollen was generally small in size, with a rounded triangular outline when hydrated, and a characteristic three-armed aperture, a distal trichotomosulcus. The pollen surface was finely sculptured and the exine was thin. Microreticulate pollen is a potential synapomorphy for several species of the ‘crown phormioid’ subclade recognised in molecular analyses. Perforate and fossulate pollen supports a relationship between several species of Dianella. Microrugulate pollen is more frequent in the johnsonioids than in the phormioids. Hemerocallis is distinguished by elongated monosulcate pollen, a relatively thick exine with a pronounced reticulate surface, and large globules of attached pollenkitt. We hypothesise that Hemerocallidaceae are ancestrally buzz-pollinated, and their pollen morphology is an adaptation to this pollination type. A reversal to butterfly or moth pollination occurred in Hemerocallis, with associated changes in pollen morphology.

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Pavlinov, I. Ya, and N. N. Spasskaya. "Correlation structure of the cheek teeth enamel crown patterns in the genus Equus (Mammalia: Equidae): an analysis by geometric morphometrics with outline points." Russian Journal of Theriology 20, no. 1 (May 28, 2021): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15298/rusjtheriol.20.1.08.

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Suab, S. A., M. S. Syukur, R. Avtar, and A. Korom. "UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV) DERIVED NORMALISED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX (NDVI) AND CROWN PROJECTION AREA (CPA) TO DETECT HEALTH CONDITIONS OF YOUNG OIL PALM TREES FOR PRECISION AGRICULTURE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W16 (October 1, 2019): 611–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w16-611-2019.

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Abstract. Malaysia currently is one of the biggest global producers and exporters of palm oil. The world’s expanding oil palm plantation areas contribute to climate change and in-return, climate is change also affecting the health of oil palms through a range of abiotic and biotic stresses. Current advancements in Precision Agriculture research using UAV gives an advantage to detect the health conditions of oil palm at early stages. Thus, remedial actions can be taken to prolong the life and increase oil palms productivity. This paper explores the use of UAV derived NDVI and CPA of young oil palm to detect the health conditions. NDVI of individual oil palm were extracted using ground masking layer from the dense point clouds and visual on-screen manual editing was done for removing trees other than oil palm in ENVI software. The classified individual crown NDVI were then processed to extract the mean NDVI also conversion to vector to obtain the individual crown outline. Extracted mean NDVI was classified into un-healthy and healthy trees while the CPA was classified into small, medium and big size classes. These classes of NDVI and CPA were analysed using GIS overlay method thus revealing the spatial patterns of individual oil palm trees and its health conditions. Overall, the majority of oil palm trees of the study area are healthy but average performing. However, few oil palm trees detected having health problems which has low NDVI and small CPA. This study demonstrates that biophysical parameters such as the CPA can be used to detect individual young oil palm trees health conditions and problems when combined with vegetation indices such as NDVI.

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Joyce, Walter G., Andrea Petričević, Tyler R. Lyson, and Nicholas J. Czaplewski. "A new box turtle from the Miocene/Pliocene boundary (latest Hemphillian) of Oklahoma and a refined chronology of box turtle diversification." Journal of Paleontology 86, no. 1 (January 2012): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/11-073.1.

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A near complete shell from the Hemphillian 4 (Miocene/Pliocene boundary) Buis Ranch local fauna of Beaver County, Oklahoma, represents a fossil box turtle. An anterior contact of neural III and neural V with costal III and costal V only, respectively, presence of a small contact between the suprapygal and eleventh peripherals, development of a thin peripheral lip for articulation with the posterior plastral lobe, placement of the vertebral III/IV sulcus on neural VII, presence of two anterior musk duct glands, a rounded posterior plastral lobe, an elongate shell outline, and a complete neural series diagnose the fossil as a new species, Terrapene parornata n. sp. A phylogenetic analysis of fossil box turtles places T. parornata along the phylogenetic stem of the extant taxon T. ornata. The holotype of ‘Terrapene longinsulae’ cannot be distinguished from Terrapene ornata and is therefore synonymized. Finally, ‘Terrapene’ corneri lacks characters of crown group Terrapene and may therefore represent a stem box turtle. The provenance of the holotype of ‘Terrapene longinsulae’ is more poorly known than previously recognized and this specimen may originate from Kansas or Nebraska and be early Miocene to late Pleistocene in age. Terrapene parornata is therefore the oldest demonstrable representative of crown group Terrapene (ca. 5.3–4.6 Ma). ‘Terrapene’ corneri from the late Barstovian of Nebraska and fragmentary material from the middle Barstovian of Nebraska by contrast are the oldest representative of the Terrapene lineage (ca. 14.5–11.5 Ma). A review of morphological characters related to shell kinesis reveals that most are highly correlated. The results of the phylogenetic analysis converge upon those of molecular data when these correlated characters are omitted from the analysis.

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Machynia, Mariusz. "Military formations of the Ostroh majorat under the management of the Sanguszko family (1720-1766). Selected Elements. Part II. Foreign autorament. Infantry." Острозька давнина 1, no. 7 (November 30, 2020): 92–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2707-1650-2020-7-92-114.

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The article is the second chapter in the study, which aims to outline the structure and functions of the military formations of the Ostroh majorat under the management of Princes Paweł Karol and Janusz Aleksander Sanguszkos. In 1721, in the Sanguszko army, apart from the national cavalry companies, were dragoons, horse grenadiers, the reiters, and an infantry unit, sometimes exaggeratedly called a regiment. At the same time, it is not always possible to distinguish whether a given unit was formally related to the majorat or was a part of a broader Sanguszko militia. The number of the infantry stationed in Dubno was far from the 300 people provided for in the act of the majorat foundation. Its actual size varied depending on current needs and seasons. Initially, it probably consisted of about 100 people. The Dubno garrison consisted of two companies that remained in Dubno until the mid-1750s. In 1762, the last attempt to reform the army of the majorat was made. The new infantry regiment, which had 232 soldiers in 1764, began to look at the portion system of the crown army. In 1766, the Sejm approved the terms of the division of the ordination, according to which a regiment of several hundred soldiers was to be maintained at the expense of the owners of the newly formed zemstvos. Ten years later, the Crown Treasury began to fund this combat unit. The regiment took part in the war with the Russian Empire in 1792 and in the uprising led by Tadeusz Kościuszko in 1794. Formally, it existed until the end of the First Commonwealth and bore the traditional name of the Ostroh ordination.

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Matsuyama, Junko, Ray Tanaka, Futabako Iizawa, Tomiko Sano, Shoko Kinoshita-Kawano, Sachiko Hayashi-Sakai, and Tomoe Mitomi. "Clinical and Radiographic Findings and Usefulness of Computed Tomographic Assessment in Two Children with Regional Odontodysplasia." Case Reports in Dentistry 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/764393.

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Regional odontodysplasia is a rare, severe, and nonhereditary developmental disorder in tooth formation and involves epithelial and mesenchymal-derived dental tissue. On radiographs, affected teeth have an abnormal morphology, a hypoplastic crown, and only a faint outline of hard tissue, a condition termed “ghost teeth.” We report clinical and radiographic findings from two children with regional odontodysplasia. Using computed tomography (CT), we calculated attenuation coefficients (i.e., Hounsfield units) for affected teeth and assessed the condition of dental follicles. To measure density, regions of interest were delimited and CT values were calculated. In our two patients, the CT values for enamel were lower in affected teeth than in sound teeth, while CT values for dentin were similar for affected and sound teeth. The average CT value for dental follicles in affected teeth was about 65 to 120, which suggests that dense fibrous connective tissues or hard tissue-like structures might be present in dental follicles. Analysis of CT values may be quite useful in the diagnosis and treatment of regional odontodysplasia.

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Stojanac, Igor, Milica Premovic, Milan Drobac, Bojana Ramic, and Ljubomir Petrovic. "Clinical features and endodontic treatment of two-rooted mandibular canines: Report of four cases." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 142, no. 9-10 (2014): 592–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1410592s.

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Introduction. Predictable endodontic treatment depends on the dentist?s knowledge about root canal morphology and its possible anatomic variations. The majority of mandibular canines have one root and root canal, but 15% may have two canals and a smaller number may have two distinct roots. The following clinical reports describe endodontic treatment of mandibular canines with two roots and two root canals. Outline of Cases. Four clinical case reports are presented to exemplify anatomical variation in the human mandibular canine. Detailed analysis of the preoperative radiographs and careful examination of the pulp chamber floor detected the presence of two root canal orifices in all canines. Working length was determined with an electronic apex locator and biomechanical preparation was carried out by using engine driven BioRaCe Ni-Ti rotary instruments in a crown-down manner, followed by copious irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite. Definitive obturation was performed using cold lateral condensation with gutta-percha cones and Top Seal paste. The treatment outcome was evaluated using postoperative radiographs. Conclusion. Endodontists should be aware of anatomical variations of the treated teeth, and should never presume that canal systems are simple.

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Bell, F. Wayne, John Parton, Neil Stocker, Dennis Joyce, Doug Reid, Monique Wester, Al Stinson, Gordon Kayahara, and Bill Towill. "Developing a silvicultural framework and definitions for use in forest management planning and practice." Forestry Chronicle 84, no. 5 (October 1, 2008): 678–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc84678-5.

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Lack of a management framework on which to base silviculture options has plagued the forest management planning process in Ontario. The Forest Management Planning Manual for Ontario’s Crown Forests directs that strategic silvicultural options be developed and identified in terms of the (i) applicable forest unit, (ii) associated assumptions, and (iii) extent to which they can be used on a forest management unit. In this paper, we describe a framework for classifying management (or silviculture) intensity and propose definitions for extensive, basic, intensive, and elite intensities of silviculture to support the framework’s use in planning and application. We outline how the Canadian Ecology Centre – Forestry Research Partnership, a research partnership between Tembec Inc., the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, and Natural Resources Canada, is considering applying these in the forest management planning process. The framework and definitions can be used to develop strategic silviculture options within an active adaptive management approach. This framework should help to reduce uncertainties associated with forest development, treatment costs, response to treatments, and success rates provided appropriate monitoring. The framework and definitions described were specifically developed for silviculture related to reforestation of even-aged boreal forests. Key words: intensive silviculture, adaptive management, forest management

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Yun, Chan-gyu. "A Carcharodontosaurid tooth from the Hasandong Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of South Korea." Mongolian Geoscientist 50 (June 2, 2020): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mgs.v50i0.1325.

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A large tooth of theropod dinosaur that was recovered from the Hasandong Formation (Lower Cretaceous; Aptian-Albian) in Daedo island, Hadong Couty, South Gyeongsang Province of South Korea is redescribed. Although the tooth was misidentified as a "Prodeinodon"-like megalosaurid theropod at the first time, detailed comparisons with known theropod dentition anatomy strongly indicate that this tooth belongs to an Acrocanthosaurus-like basal carcharodontosaurid theropod. This referral is supported by its combination of large size, ovoid-shaped cervix outline, mesial carina that does not reach the cervix, labially displaced distal carina and large number of denticles. This tooth is different from other carcharodontosaurid teeth from the same formation in several anatomical aspects (e.g., smaller overall size, presence of transverse lines adjacent to the distal carina, presence of interdenticular sulci in distal carina, denticle densities, crown basal ratio), indicating that carcharodontosaurid diversity in the Early Cretaceous of Korea could have been higher, although these differences may represent positional or individual variations. The presence of Acrocanthosaurus-like theropod teeth (e.g., "Prodeinodon", "Wakinosaurus") from early Cretaceous deposits (Valanginian-Cenomanian) of South Korea, Japan, Mongolia and China indicates that North American Acrocanthosaurus atokensis possibly represents a form that immigrated from the Asia.

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Wetherell, John, Tracey Winning, and Grant Townsend. "Localized Asymmetry in Human Dental Crown Form—an Interesting Case." Dental Anthropology Journal 17, no. 1 (September 3, 2018): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26575/daj.v17i1.140.

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A case of a 20-year-old female is described in which the premolars and molars on the right side of the arch display altered crown proportions and altered occlusal morphology. There is no evidence of an orofacial congenital disorder or history of trauma. It is argued that the asymmetrical expression of crown form does not fall within the normal range of variation but has resulted from a localized disruption in cellular function within the developing tooth germs, probably upsetting the folding of the internal enamel epithelia. This has produced crowns that have rounded cuspal outlines and reduced intercuspal distances. Superimposed space constraints in the mandible may have also led to compression of the lower molar crowns mesiodistally and affected their root formation.

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Milanovic, Milena, Milos Beloica, Olivera Jovicic, Zoran Mandinic, Bojan Janjic, and Jelena Juloski. "Oral manifestations and rehabilitation of a patient with osteogenesis imperfecta." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 149, no. 11-12 (2021): 708–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh210722083m.

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Introduction. Osteogenesis imperfecta is a rare heritable connective tissue disorder characterized by increased fragility of the bony tissue. The incidence of orofacial alterations associated with osteogenesis imperfecta is variable and includes dentinogenesis imperfecta, malocclusions, hypoplasia of the jaws, delayed dental development and structural abnormalities of the teeth. Case outline. A 22-year-old female was referred to the Clinic for Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry for dental treatment. Enlarged head, triangular-shaped face, mandibular prognathism with excessive maxillary hypoplasia, lowered vertical occlusal dimension were present features. The intraoral findings included dentinogenesis imperfecta with Kennedy?s class IV in the upper jaw and class II in the lower jaw. Panoramic radiograph revealed abnormalities in the crown and root shape, obliteration of the pulp chamber and severe deficiency of alveolar bone mass. Overall treatment involved five phases: I ? preventive and prophylactic treatment, II ? direct restauration of five teeth with glass ionomer cement, III ? extraction of severely damaged teeth, IV ? prosthodontic rehabilitation with removable partial dentures, V ? maintenance and follow-up phase. Conclusion. Low prevalence and wide variety of signs and symptoms make dental treatment of osteogenesis imperfecta overly complex and challenging. Nevertheless, it is essential to improve craniofacial and dental function along with facial aesthetic.

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Caine, Catherine Ann. "The place of the Rochdale envelope approach in offshore renewable energy." Environmental Law Review 20, no. 2 (June 2018): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461452918777835.

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With ever-increasing pressure to produce low carbon energy, the offshore renewables industry is growing at a rapid rate. However, with the currently lengthy process from pre-application to obtaining development consent in England, it can take a number of years from securing a Crown Estate lease to obtaining development consent. During this time, the offshore renewables industry is capable of making significant improvements to technology, producing more efficient and larger models. In order to accommodate for emerging new technology within pre-existing offshore renewable development consent applications, a planning approach conceived by case law – the Rochdale envelope approach – has been transplanted into the planning process for offshore renewables allowing developers to describe their project using general parameters that cater for uncertainties at the time of application. However, with little official guidance, developers have been left to advance the approach in such a way that suits their needs. This article will outline the problems of the current application of the Rochdale envelope approach, and will argue that, if left unchanged, these problems will significantly impede the applications of future developers wishing to construct. The article proposes recommendations to guarantee further development of the offshore renewables industry with fewer regulatory impediments.

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Fitzmaurice-Brown, Luke. "Te Rito o Te Harakeke: Decolonising Child Protection Law in Aotearoa New Zealand." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 53, no. 4 (January 31, 2023): 507–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v53i4.8089.

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It is now firmly established that the overrepresentation of tamariki Māori within the Aotearoa New Zealand child protection system is largely a consequence of colonisation. However, at least as far as the Crown is concerned, the contention that decolonisation is a necessary step in reversing those trends remains a more controversial issue. Drawing on my doctoral research into this topic, this article argues that the child protection system must be decolonised, and that efforts towards reform which do not prioritise decolonisation are likely to perpetuate long-standing harms. The article has four goals. First, I examine why decolonisation provides the best framework through which to enact child protection system reform. Secondly, I identify three overarching themes within the current legal framework, but argue that the presence of these themes does not mean they are all given equal weight. Thirdly, I outline a theory of reform I have termed "kaupapa Māori legal theory", which seeks to enable legislative change based on tikanga Māori in a way which pays heed to the risks of doing so from a Māori perspective. Finally, I apply that theory to child protection law, identifying six tikanga principles which could provide the basis of a decolonised system: mana, rangatiratanga, wānanga, whānau, whakapapa and whanaungatanga.

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Serrano, Francisco J., Mireia Costa-Pérez, Guillermo Navalón, and Alberto Martín-Serra. "Morphological Disparity of the Humerus in Modern Birds." Diversity 12, no. 5 (April 28, 2020): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12050173.

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From a functional standpoint, the humerus is a key element in the skeleton of vertebrates as it is the forelimb’s bone that connects with the pectoral girdle. In most birds, the humerus receives both the forces exerted by the main flight muscles and the aerodynamical stresses exerted upon the wing during locomotion. Despite this functional preeminence, broad scale studies of the morphological disparity of the humerus in the crown group of birds (Neornithes) are lacking. Here, we explore the variation in shape of the humeral outline in modern birds and its evolutionary relationship with size and the evolution of different functional regimes, including several flight strategies, wing propelled diving and complete loss of wing locomotory function. Our findings suggest that most neornithines evolved repeatedly towards a general humeral morphology linked with functional advantages related with more efficient flapping. Lineages evolving high-stress locomotion such as hyperaeriality (e.g., swifts), hovering (e.g., hummingbirds) and wing-propelled diving (e.g., penguins) greatly deviate from this general trend, each exploring different morphologies. Secondarily flightless birds deviate to a lesser degree from their parent clades in humeral morphology likely as a result of the release from constraints related with wing-based locomotion. Furthermore, these taxa show a different allometric trend that flighted birds. Our results reveal that the constraints of aerial and aquatic locomotion are main factors shaping the macroevolution of humeral morphology in modern birds.

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Bough, Marguerite, Joseph C. Colosi, and Paul B. Cavers. "The major weedy biotypes of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) in Canada." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 6 (June 1, 1986): 1188–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-161.

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Proso millet, Panicum miliaceum L., has become a problem weed in corn-growing areas of Canada over the last 15 years. Several different biotypes of this weed exist, and one of the features by which they may be distinguished from one another is seed colour. Those plants with dark olive – bronze – black seeds that shatter readily are the most difficult to control. Part of their success as weeds is due to their ability to form a long-term viable seed bank in the soil, making quick elimination from an area impossible. Other biotypes closely resemble crop types and have little dormancy or ability to form a long-term seed bank. Between these two extremes are 'crown' and some 'golden' biotypes, some populations of which have weedy characteristics that may make them more aggressive weeds as the selection process continues. Some biotypes are more readily controlled than others by a combination of management practices, including rotation and spraying. Good chemical control is available for use in some broad-leaved crops (e.g., soybeans), but consistently effective control of this weed in corn has not yet been achieved. Thus, a knowledge of the ecology of the weed can assist in other forms of management. Each biotype that has been discovered in Canada is described and illustrated, together with an outline of ecological characteristics that may aid in its identification and control.

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Gao, Ting, Zhihai Gao, Bin Sun, Pengyao Qin, Yifu Li, and Ziyu Yan. "An Integrated Method for Estimating Forest-Canopy Closure Based on UAV LiDAR Data." Remote Sensing 14, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 4317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14174317.

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Forest-canopy closure (FCC) reflects the coverage of the forest tree canopy, which is one of the most important indicators of forest structure and a core parameter in forest resources investigation. In recent years, the rapid development of UAV LiDAR and photogrammetry technology has provided effective support for FCC estimation. However, affected by factors such as different tree species and different stand densities, it is difficult to estimate FCC accurately based on the single-tree canopy-contour method in complex forest regions. Thus, this study proposes a method for estimating FCC accurately using algorithm integration with an optimal window size for treetop detection and an optimal algorithm for crown-boundary extraction using UAV LiDAR data in various scenes. The research results show that: (1) The FCC estimation accuracy was improved using the method proposed in this study. The accuracy of FCC in a camphor pine forest (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv.) was 89.11%, with an improvement of 6.77–11.25% compared to the results obtained from other combined conditions. The FCC accuracy for white birch (White birch platyphylla Suk) was about 87.53%, with an increase of 3.25–8.42%. (2) The size of the window used for treetop detection is closely related to tree species and stand density. With the same forest-stand density, the treetop-detection window size of camphor pine was larger than that of white birch. The optimal window size of camphor pine was between 5 × 5~11 × 11 (corresponding 2.5~5.5 m), while that of white birch was between 3 × 3~7 × 7 (corresponding 1.5~3.5 m). (3) There are significant differences in the optimal-canopy-outline extraction algorithms for different scenarios. With a medium forest-stand density, the marker-controlled watershed (MCW) algorithm has the best tree-crown extraction effect. The region-growing (RG) method has better extraction results in the sparse areas of camphor pine and the dense areas of white birch. The Voronoi tessellation (VT) algorithm is more suitable for the dense areas of camphor pine and the sparse regions of white birch. The method proposed in this study provides a reference for FCC estimation using high-resolution remote-sensing images in complex forest areas containing various scenes.

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Ramic, Bojana, Igor Stojanac, Milica Premovic, Milan Drobac, and Ljubomir Petrovic. "Orthograde endodontic retreatment of teeth with individual cast posts: Report of two cases." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 140, no. 7-8 (2012): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1208495r.

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Introduction. The failure of primary endodontic treatment is manifested by various clinical symptoms following endodontic therapy or, more frequently, by the development of chronic inflammatory process in the apex region without any subjective symptoms. In case of unfavorable outcome of the primary endodontic treatment, orthograde endodontic retreatment is the method of choice for a prolonged therapy. Outline of Cases. Two female patients, 47 and 44 years old, were presented at the Dental Clinic of Vojvodina for endodontic retreatment of teeth 22, 23 and 13, within the repeated prosthetic restoration. Intraradicular individual cast posts were removed using ultrasonic instruments. Remains of gutta-percha were removed by engine driven rotary re-treatment files, root canals were shaped and cleaned using the crown-down technique, and obturated with gutta-percha and epoxy-resin-based sealer using the lateral compaction technique. Conclusion. When there are metal posts or broken instruments in the root canal, the use of ultrasonic instruments is considered a safe method characterized by negligible tooth substance loss and minimal root damage causing fractures and perforations, and the entire procedure is effective and predictable. Non-surgical orthograde endodontic retreatment, when properly performed in accessible and penetrable root canals, achieves a high cure rate, good and lasting results and eliminates the need for radical procedures, such as apical surgery or tooth extraction. When nonsurgical endodontic retreatment is done, treated teeth must be restored by full coronal coverage as soon as possible, to prevent coronal leakage or fracture.

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Liu, Lingjuan. "The Teaching Effectiveness of Civics Class Based on the Optimization of Integrated Teaching and Deep Learning." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (August 8, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4463163.

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Due to the impact of the new crown pneumonia outbreak, offline teaching was conducted to varying degrees in schools and universities nationwide in spring 2020. After the epidemic was effectively controlled, students in various schools around the country returned to school one after another, and offline teaching was resumed. In order to deeply promote it, the School of Marxism of Guangdong Second Normal College developed and built an on-campus online open course on “Outline of Modern Chinese History” and carried out the reform and practice of a hybrid teaching on the basis of abandoning traditional teaching. The reform and practice of online teaching go hand in hand. Information technology is a high-tech product; hybrid teaching is a new thing; reform of Civics and Political Science class should be combined with the actual front-line teaching, for students’ ideas and cognitive characteristics of continuous improvement and student growth. Due to some shortcomings of the process of the current teaching mode of college teaching, such as large evaluation errors and long time, the paper proposed the evaluation method of college teaching mode with the goal of improving the accuracy of college teaching mode evaluation. Firstly, we analyze the current research status of college teaching mode evaluation and find the reasons for the poor results of current college teaching mode evaluation; then, we collect the college teaching mode evaluation data, adopt deep learning algorithm to learn the college teaching mode evaluation data, and establish the college teaching mode evaluation model; finally, we conduct the application example test of college teaching mode evaluation.

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Varenov, Andrey V. "Horsemen in Three-Horned Headdresses at Chinese Rock-Art Sites and Their Siberian and Central Asian Affinities." Oriental Studies 19, no. 10 (2020): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-10-35-49.

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Six horsemen and one standing man carved at the Wujiachuan rock-art site in the Gansu Province of China are wearing headdresses resembling a crown with three ‘horns’. The standing figure from Wujiachuan can also be perceived as a seated one if its very long, downward ‘arms’ are to be considered as the outline of a wide-brimmed robe, and the carved lines within it are the ‘real’ arms folded on the chest or on the stomach. This interpretation corresponds with ancient Turkic images of Gorny Altai and other regions. In the Kudyrge burial ground in Altai, a boulder was excavated, on which the so-called ‘knee bending scene’ was engraved. A seated woman in a three-horned headdress with a child is depicted, before whom three much smaller in size dismounted horsemen are bowing. The middle horseman is also wearing a three-horned headdress. Engraved images of women in three-horned headdresses were also met on rocks and bone artefacts from Kirgizia, Kazakhstan and Khakassia. P. P. Azbelev interprets the ‘knee bending scene’ from Kudyrge as a reflection of the Christian (Nestorian) narrative of worship of the Magi. It can be assumed that the horsemen in horned headdresses depicted at Wujiachuan, grouped in threes are rushing to worship the standing (or rather sitting) figure to their left also in a three-horned headdress. This personage, just like on the Kudyrge boulder, surpasses both riders and even their horses in height. Rock carvings of riders in three-horned headdresses have also been found in the Badain Jaran Desert in the west of Inner Mongolia and in Zhongwei County of the Ningxia Province. Wherever met, they mark the Ancient Turkic period.

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DAVIES, C. S. L. "International Politics and the Establishment of Presbyterianism in the Channel Islands: The Coutances Connection." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 50, no. 3 (July 1999): 498–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046999001682.

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In 1564 Artus de Cossé-Brissac, bishop of Coutances in Normandy, was a member of a French diplomatic mission to Queen Elizabeth. He took the opportunity to assert a claim to exercise episcopal jurisdiction in the Channel Islands. The claim was less preposterous than it might appear, since Coutances's jurisdiction in the islands had been acknowledged throughout Henry viii's reign, and again in that of Mary. Queen and Privy Council took the 1564 claim seriously enough to demand a response from the islanders. After a good deal of prevarication on their part, the crown eventually ruled against the bishop's claim, on the grounds, as argued by the islanders, that they were subject to the bishop of Winchester. In the event, Winchester was not to enjoy its newly rediscovered rights for long. The islands were already in the process of establishing their own churches, using French Calvinist forms of worship and a fully synodical system of church government. From 1576 the islanders governed themselves without reference to episcopal authority, which was not to be re-established, in Jersey, until the reign of James i, and in Guernsey that of Charles ii. When challenged the islanders defended their position by claiming that they were indeed part of the diocese of Coutances, and that they were following the best practice of the reformed churches in that diocese.This story is well established in outline, largely through the labours of island historians, but above all through the work of two impressive nineteenth-century French historians. A. J. Eagleston made accessible a good deal of this work, including his own researches, but unfortunately his book had to be posthumously published and is therefore rather piecemeal. D. M. Ogier has now published a valuable study of the Reformation in Guernsey. It traces the internal history in depth, stressing the conservatism of the bulk of the population and skilfully elucidating the crucial question of ecclesiastical property, before going on to its main concern, the impact of the Presbyterian discipline on island society. Although Ogier acknowledges the significance of relations between the English crown and various French parties in explaining events, he does little to elucidate these interactions; nor does he display much interest in the personalities involved in his story. This article will attempt to explain both the reluctance of successive English governments to challenge the rights of the bishop of Coutances, and the apparent inability of the Elizabethan government to prevent French Protestant refugees moulding the island churches in their own image. It will also look at some of the leading figures involved, most notably one John Aster, dean of Guernsey, a prime mover in the events of the 1560s, whose career in military administration before his ordination at the age of fifty has not been noticed; and more generally it will emphasise the link between militant Protestantism and the worlds of diplomacy and espionage.

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Osborne, Jessica, and Yvette Kusel. "The Happy Crowd." FPOP Bulletin: Psychology of Older People 1, no. 119 (April 2012): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsfpop.2012.1.119.17.

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