Статті в журналах: "Crowd dataset"

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Bhuiyan, Roman, Junaidi Abdullah, Noramiza Hashim, Fahmid Al Farid, Wan Noorshahida Mohd Isa, Jia Uddin, and Norra Abdullah. "Deep Dilated Convolutional Neural Network for Crowd Density Image Classification with Dataset Augmentation for Hajj Pilgrimage." Sensors 22, no. 14 (July 7, 2022): 5102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145102.

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Almost two million Muslim pilgrims from all around the globe visit Mecca each year to conduct Hajj. Each year, the number of pilgrims grows, creating worries about how to handle such large crowds and avoid unpleasant accidents or crowd congestion catastrophes. In this paper, we introduced deep Hajj crowd dilated convolutional neural network (DHCDCNNet) for crowd density analysis. This research also presents augmentation technique to create additional dataset based on the hajj pilgrimage scenario. We utilized a single framework to extract both high-level and low-level features. For creating additional dataset we divide the process of images augmentation into two routes. In the first route, we utilized magnitude extraction followed by the polar magnitude. In the second route, we performed morphological operation followed by transforming the image into skeleton. This paper presented a solution to the challenge of measuring crowd density using a surveillance camera pointed at a distance. An FCNN-based technique for crowd analysis is included in the proposed methodology, particularly for classifying crowd density. There are several obstacles in video analysis when there are a large number of pilgrims moving around the tawaf area, with densities of between 7 and 8 per square meter. The proposed DHCDCNNet method has achieved accuracy of 97%, 89% and 100% for the JHU-CROWD dataset, the UCSD dataset and the proposed Hajj-Crowd dataset, respectively. The proposed Hajj-Crowd dataset, the UCSD dataset, and the JHU-CROW dataset all had accuracy of 98%, 97% and 97%, respectively, using the VGGNet approach. Using the ResNet50 approach, the proposed Hajj-Crowd dataset, the UCSD dataset, and the JHU-CROW dataset all had an accuracy of 99%, 91% and 97%, respectively.

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Bhuiyan, Md Roman, Junaidi Abdullah, Noramiza Hashim, Fahmid Al Farid, Mohammad Ahsanul Haque, Jia Uddin, Wan Noorshahida Mohd Isa, Mohd Nizam Husen, and Norra Abdullah. "A deep crowd density classification model for Hajj pilgrimage using fully convolutional neural network." PeerJ Computer Science 8 (March 25, 2022): e895. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.895.

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This research enhances crowd analysis by focusing on excessive crowd analysis and crowd density predictions for Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages. Crowd analysis usually analyzes the number of objects within an image or a frame in the videos and is regularly solved by estimating the density generated from the object location annotations. However, it suffers from low accuracy when the crowd is far away from the surveillance camera. This research proposes an approach to overcome the problem of estimating crowd density taken by a surveillance camera at a distance. The proposed approach employs a fully convolutional neural network (FCNN)-based method to monitor crowd analysis, especially for the classification of crowd density. This study aims to address the current technological challenges faced in video analysis in a scenario where the movement of large numbers of pilgrims with densities ranging between 7 and 8 per square meter. To address this challenge, this study aims to develop a new dataset based on the Hajj pilgrimage scenario. To validate the proposed method, the proposed model is compared with existing models using existing datasets. The proposed FCNN based method achieved a final accuracy of 100%, 98%, and 98.16% on the proposed dataset, the UCSD dataset, and the JHU-CROWD dataset, respectively. Additionally, The ResNet based method obtained final accuracy of 97%, 89%, and 97% for the proposed dataset, UCSD dataset, and JHU-CROWD dataset, respectively. The proposed Hajj-Crowd-2021 crowd analysis dataset and the model outperformed the other state-of-the-art datasets and models in most cases.

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Alafif, Tarik, Anas Hadi, Manal Allahyani, Bander Alzahrani, Areej Alhothali, Reem Alotaibi, and Ahmed Barnawi. "Hybrid Classifiers for Spatio-Temporal Abnormal Behavior Detection, Tracking, and Recognition in Massive Hajj Crowds." Electronics 12, no. 5 (February 28, 2023): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051165.

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Individual abnormal behaviors vary depending on crowd sizes, contexts, and scenes. Challenges such as partial occlusions, blurring, a large number of abnormal behaviors, and camera viewing occur in large-scale crowds when detecting, tracking, and recognizing individuals with abnormalities. In this paper, our contribution is two-fold. First, we introduce an annotated and labeled large-scale crowd abnormal behavior Hajj dataset, HAJJv2. Second, we propose two methods of hybrid convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and random forests (RFs) to detect and recognize spatio-temporal abnormal behaviors in small and large-scale crowd videos. In small-scale crowd videos, a ResNet-50 pre-trained CNN model is fine-tuned to verify whether every frame is normal or abnormal in the spatial domain. If anomalous behaviors are observed, a motion-based individual detection method based on the magnitudes and orientations of Horn–Schunck optical flow is proposed to locate and track individuals with abnormal behaviors. A Kalman filter is employed in large-scale crowd videos to predict and track the detected individuals in the subsequent frames. Then, means and variances as statistical features are computed and fed to the RF classifier to classify individuals with abnormal behaviors in the temporal domain. In large-scale crowds, we fine-tune the ResNet-50 model using a YOLOv2 object detection technique to detect individuals with abnormal behaviors in the spatial domain. The proposed method achieves 99.76% and 93.71% of average area under the curves (AUCs) on two public benchmark small-scale crowd datasets, UMN and UCSD, respectively, while the large-scale crowd method achieves 76.08% average AUC using the HAJJv2 dataset. Our method outperforms state-of-the-art methods using the small-scale crowd datasets with a margin of 1.66%, 6.06%, and 2.85% on UMN, UCSD Ped1, and UCSD Ped2, respectively. It also produces an acceptable result in large-scale crowds.

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Ren, Guoyin, Xiaoqi Lu, and Yuhao Li. "Research on Local Counting and Object Detection of Multiscale Crowds in Video Based on Time-Frequency Analysis." Journal of Sensors 2022 (August 12, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7247757.

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Objective. It has become a very difficult task for cameras to complete real-time crowd counting under congestion conditions. Methods. This paper proposes a DRC-ConvLSTM network, which combines a depth-aware model and depth-adaptive Gaussian kernel to extract the spatial-temporal features and depth-level matching of crowd depth space edge constraints in videos, and finally achieves satisfactory crowd density estimation results. The model is trained with weak supervision on a training set of point-labeled images. The design of the detector is to propose a deep adaptive perception network DRD-NET, which can better initialize the size and position of the head detection frame in the image with the help of density map and RGBD-adaptive perception network. Results. The results show that our method achieves the best performance in RGBD dense video crowd counting on five labeled sequence datasets; the MICC dataset, CrowdFlow dataset, FDST dataset, Mall dataset, and UCSD dataset were evaluated to verify its effectiveness. Conclusion. The experimental results show that the proposed DRD-NET model combined with DRC-ConvLSTM outperforms the existing video crowd counting ConvLSTM model, and the effectiveness of the parameters of each part of the model is further proved by ablation experiments.

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BHUIYAN, MD ROMAN, Dr Junaidi Abdullah, Dr Noramiza Hashim, Fahmid Al Farid, Dr Jia Uddin, Norra Abdullah, and Dr Mohd Ali Samsudin. "Crowd density estimation using deep learning for Hajj pilgrimage video analytics." F1000Research 10 (January 14, 2022): 1190. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73156.2.

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Background: This paper focuses on advances in crowd control study with an emphasis on high-density crowds, particularly Hajj crowds. Video analysis and visual surveillance have been of increasing importance in order to enhance the safety and security of pilgrimages in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Hajj is considered to be a particularly distinctive event, with hundreds of thousands of people gathering in a small space, which does not allow a precise analysis of video footage using advanced video and computer vision algorithms. This research proposes an algorithm based on a Convolutional Neural Networks model specifically for Hajj applications. Additionally, the work introduces a system for counting and then estimating the crowd density. Methods: The model adopts an architecture which detects each person in the crowd, spots head location with a bounding box and does the counting in our own novel dataset (HAJJ-Crowd). Results: Our algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art method, and attains a remarkable Mean Absolute Error result of 200 (average of 82.0 improvement) and Mean Square Error of 240 (average of 135.54 improvement). Conclusions: In our new HAJJ-Crowd dataset for evaluation and testing, we have a density map and prediction results of some standard methods.

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BHUIYAN, MD ROMAN, Dr Junaidi Abdullah, Dr Noramiza Hashim, Fahmid Al Farid, Dr Jia Uddin, Norra Abdullah, and Dr Mohd Ali Samsudin. "Crowd density estimation using deep learning for Hajj pilgrimage video analytics." F1000Research 10 (November 24, 2021): 1190. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73156.1.

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Background: This paper focuses on advances in crowd control study with an emphasis on high-density crowds, particularly Hajj crowds. Video analysis and visual surveillance have been of increasing importance in order to enhance the safety and security of pilgrimages in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Hajj is considered to be a particularly distinctive event, with hundreds of thousands of people gathering in a small space, which does not allow a precise analysis of video footage using advanced video and computer vision algorithms. This paper aims to propose an algorithm based on a Convolutional Neural Networks model specifically for Hajj applications. Additionally, the work introduces a system for counting and then estimating the crowd density. Methods: The model adopts an architecture which detects each person in the crowd, spots head location with a bounding box and does the counting in our own novel dataset (HAJJ-Crowd). Results: Our algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art method, and attains a remarkable Mean Absolute Error result of 200 (average of 82.0 improvement) and Mean Square Error of 240 (average of 135.54 improvement). Conclusions: In our new HAJJ-Crowd dataset for evaluation and testing, we have a density map and prediction results of some standard methods.

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Wu, Junfeng, Zhiyang Li, Wenyu Qu, and Yizhi Zhou. "One Shot Crowd Counting with Deep Scale Adaptive Neural Network." Electronics 8, no. 6 (June 21, 2019): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8060701.

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This paper aims to utilize the deep learning architecture to break through the limitations of camera perspective, image background, uneven crowd density distribution and pedestrian occlusion to estimate crowd density accurately. In this paper, we proposed a new neural network called Deep Scale-Adaptive Convolutional Neural Network (DSA-CNN), which can convert a single crowd image to density map for crowd counting directly. For a crowd image with any size and resolution, our algorithm can output the density map of the crowd image by end-to-end method and finally estimate the number of the crowd in the image. The proposed DSA-CNN consists of two parts: the seven layers CNN network structure and DSA modules. In order to ensure the proposed method is robust to camera perspective effect, DSA-CNN has adopted different sizes of filters in the network and combines them ingeniously. In order to reduce the depth of the data to increase the speed of training, the proposed method utilized 1 × 1 filter in DSA module. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed model, we conducted comparative experiments on four popular public datasets (ShanghiTech dataset, UCF_CC_50 dataset, WorldExpo’10 dataset and UCSD dataset). We compare the proposed method with other well-known algorithms on the MAE and MSE indicators, such as MCNN, Switching-CNN, CSRNet, CP-CNN and Cascaded-MTL. Experimental results show that the proposed method has excellent performance. In addition, we found that the proposed model is easily trained, which further increases the usability of the proposed model.

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Kaya, Abdil, Stijn Denis, Ben Bellekens, Maarten Weyn, and Rafael Berkvens. "Large-Scale Dataset for Radio Frequency-Based Device-Free Crowd Estimation." Data 5, no. 2 (June 9, 2020): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data5020052.

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Organisers of events attracting many people have the important task to ensure the safety of the crowd on their venue premises. Measuring the size of the crowd is a critical first step, but often challenging because of occlusions, noise and the dynamics of the crowd. We have been working on a passive Radio Frequency (RF) sensing technique for crowd size estimation, and we now present three datasets of measurements collected at the Tomorrowland music festival in environments containing thousands of people. All datasets have reference data, either based on payment transactions or an access control system, and we provide an example analysis script. We hope that future analyses can lead to an added value for crowd safety experts.

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Shao, Yanhua, Wenfeng Li, Hongyu Chu, Zhiyuan Chang, Xiaoqiang Zhang, and Huayi Zhan. "A Multitask Cascading CNN with MultiScale Infrared Optical Flow Feature Fusion-Based Abnormal Crowd Behavior Monitoring UAV." Sensors 20, no. 19 (September 28, 2020): 5550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195550.

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Visual-based object detection and understanding is an important problem in computer vision and signal processing. Due to their advantages of high mobility and easy deployment, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have become a flexible monitoring platform in recent years. However, visible-light-based methods are often greatly influenced by the environment. As a result, a single type of feature derived from aerial monitoring videos is often insufficient to characterize variations among different abnormal crowd behaviors. To address this, we propose combining two types of features to better represent behavior, namely, multitask cascading CNN (MC-CNN) and multiscale infrared optical flow (MIR-OF), capturing both crowd density and average speed and the appearances of the crowd behaviors, respectively. First, an infrared (IR) camera and Nvidia Jetson TX1 were chosen as an infrared vision system. Since there are no published infrared-based aerial abnormal-behavior datasets, we provide a new infrared aerial dataset named the IR-flying dataset, which includes sample pictures and videos in different scenes of public areas. Second, MC-CNN was used to estimate the crowd density. Third, MIR-OF was designed to characterize the average speed of crowd. Finally, considering two typical abnormal crowd behaviors of crowd aggregating and crowd escaping, the experimental results show that the monitoring UAV system can detect abnormal crowd behaviors in public areas effectively.

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Zhang, Cong, Kai Kang, Hongsheng Li, Xiaogang Wang, Rong Xie, and Xiaokang Yang. "Data-Driven Crowd Understanding: A Baseline for a Large-Scale Crowd Dataset." IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 18, no. 6 (June 2016): 1048–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2016.2542585.

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Gong, Vincent X., Winnie Daamen, Alessandro Bozzon, and Serge P. Hoogendoorn. "Estimate Sentiment of Crowds from Social Media during City Events." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 11 (June 21, 2019): 836–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119846461.

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City events are being organized more frequently, and with larger crowds, in urban areas. There is an increased need for novel methods and tools that can provide information on the sentiments of crowds as an input for crowd management. Previous work has explored sentiment analysis and a large number of methods have been proposed relating to various contexts. None of them, however, aimed at deriving the sentiments of crowds using social media in city events, and no existing event-based dataset is available for such studies. This paper investigates how social media can be used to estimate the sentiments of crowds in city events. First, some lexicon-based and machine learning-based methods were selected to perform sentiment analyses, then an event-based sentiment annotated dataset was constructed. The performance of the selected methods was trained and tested in an experiment using common and event-based datasets. Results show that the machine learning method LinearSVC achieves the lowest estimation error for sentiment analysis on social media in city events. The proposed event-based dataset is essential for training methods to reduce estimation error in such contexts.

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Cao, Houwei, David G. Cooper, Michael K. Keutmann, Ruben C. Gur, Ani Nenkova, and Ragini Verma. "CREMA-D: Crowd-Sourced Emotional Multimodal Actors Dataset." IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing 5, no. 4 (October 1, 2014): 377–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2014.2336244.

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13

Masud, Mehedi, Parminder Singh, Gurjot Singh Gaba, Avinash Kaur, Roobaea Alrobaea Alghamdi, Mubarak Alrashoud, and Salman Ali Alqahtani. "CROWD: Crow Search and Deep Learning based Feature Extractor for Classification of Parkinson’s Disease." ACM Transactions on Internet Technology 21, no. 3 (June 9, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3418500.

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Edge Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the latest trend for next-generation computing for data analytics, particularly in predictive edge analytics for high-risk diseases like Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Deep learning learning techniques facilitate edge AI applications for enhanced, real-time handling of data. Dopamine is the cause of Parkinson’s that happens due to the interference of brain cells that produce the substance to regulate the communication of brain cells. The brain cells responsible for generating the dopamine perform adaptation, control, and movement with fluency. Parkinson’s motor symptoms appear on the loss of 60% to 80% of cells, due to the non-production of appropriate dopamine. Recent research found a close connection between the speech impairment and PD. Many researchers have developed a classification algorithm to identify the PD from speech signals. In this article, Adaptive Crow Search Algorithm (ACSA) and Deep Learning (DL)–based optimal feature selection method are introduced. The proposed model is the combination of CROW Search and Deep learning (CROWD) stack sparse autoencoder neural network. Parkinson’s dataset is taken for the experiment from the Irvine dataset repository at the University of California (UCI). In the first phase, dataset cleaning is performed to handle the missing values in the dataset. After that, the proposed ACSA algorithm is employed to find the scrunched feature vector. Furthermore, stack spare autoencoder with seven hidden layers is employed to generate the compressed feature vector. The performance of the proposed CROWD autoencoder model is compared with three feature selection approaches for six supervised classification techniques. The experiment result demonstrates that the performance of the proposed CROWD autoencoder feature selection model has outperformed the benchmarked feature selection techniques: (i) Maximum Relevance (mRMR) (ii) Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE), and (iii) Correlation-based Feature Selection (CFS), to classify Parkinson’s disease. This research has significance in the healthcare sector for the enhancement of classification accuracy up to 0.96%.

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Xiang, Jun, and Na Liu. "Crowd Density Estimation Method Using Deep Learning for Passenger Flow Detection System in Exhibition Center." Scientific Programming 2022 (February 18, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1990951.

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Aiming at the problems of crowd distribution, scale feature, and crowd feature extraction difficulties in exhibition centers, this paper proposes a crowd density estimation method using deep learning for passenger flow detection systems in exhibition centers. Firstly, based on the pixel difference symbol feature, the difference amplitude feature and gray feature of the central pixel are extracted to form the CLBP feature to obtain more crowd group description information. Secondly, use the LR activation function to add nonlinear factors to the convolution neural network (CNN) and use dense blocks derived from crowd density estimation to train the LR-CNN crowd density estimation model. Finally, experimental results show that the mean absolute error (MAE) and mean square error (MSE) of the proposed method in the UCF_CC_50 dataset are 325.6 and 369.4, respectively. Besides, MAE and MSE in part_A of the Shanghai Tech dataset are 213.5 and 247.1, respectively, and they in part_B are 85.3 and 99.7, respectively. The proposed method effectively improves the accuracy of crowd density estimation in exhibition centers.

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Miao, Yunqi, Zijia Lin, Guiguang Ding, and Jungong Han. "Shallow Feature Based Dense Attention Network for Crowd Counting." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 07 (April 3, 2020): 11765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i07.6848.

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While the performance of crowd counting via deep learning has been improved dramatically in the recent years, it remains an ingrained problem due to cluttered backgrounds and varying scales of people within an image. In this paper, we propose a Shallow feature based Dense Attention Network (SDANet) for crowd counting from still images, which diminishes the impact of backgrounds via involving a shallow feature based attention model, and meanwhile, captures multi-scale information via densely connecting hierarchical image features. Specifically, inspired by the observation that backgrounds and human crowds generally have noticeably different responses in shallow features, we decide to build our attention model upon shallow-feature maps, which results in accurate background-pixel detection. Moreover, considering that the most representative features of people across different scales can appear in different layers of a feature extraction network, to better keep them all, we propose to densely connect hierarchical image features of different layers and subsequently encode them for estimating crowd density. Experimental results on three benchmark datasets clearly demonstrate the superiority of SDANet when dealing with different scenarios. Particularly, on the challenging UCF_CC_50 dataset, our method outperforms other existing methods by a large margin, as is evident from a remarkable 11.9% Mean Absolute Error (MAE) drop of our SDANet.

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Bhuiyan, Md Roman, Junaidi Abdullah, Noramiza Hashim, Fahmid Al Farid, Mohd Ali Samsudin, Norra Abdullah, and Jia Uddin. "Hajj pilgrimage video analytics using CNN." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 5 (October 1, 2021): 2598–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i5.2361.

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This paper advances video analytics with a focus on crowd analysis for Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages. In recent years, there has been an increased interest in the advancement of video analytics and visible surveillance to improve the safety and security of pilgrims during their stay in Makkah. It is mainly because Hajj is an entirely special event that involve hundreds of thousands of people being clustered in a small area. This paper proposed a convolutional neural network (CNN) system for performing multitude analysis, in particular for crowd counting. In addition, it also proposes a new algorithm for applications in Hajj and Umrah. We create a new dataset based on the Hajj pilgrimage scenario in order to address this challenge. The proposed algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art approach with a significant reduction of the mean absolute error (MAE) result: 240.0 (177.5 improvement) and the mean square error (MSE) result: 260.5 (280.1 improvement) when used with the latest dataset (HAJJ-Crowd dataset). We present density map and prediction of traditional approach in our novel HAJJ-crowd dataset for the purpose of evaluation with our proposed method.

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Larson, Martha, Mohammad Soleymani, Maria Eskevich, Pavel Serdyukov, Roeland Ordelman, and Gareth Jones. "The Community and the Crowd: Multimedia Benchmark Dataset Development." IEEE MultiMedia 19, no. 3 (July 2012): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmul.2012.27.

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Tahira, Memoona, Sobas Mehboob, Anis U. Rahman, and Omar Arif. "CrowdFix: An Eyetracking Dataset of Real Life Crowd Videos." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 179002–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2956840.

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Zhang, Jun, Jiaze Liu, and Zhizhong Wang. "Convolutional Neural Network for Crowd Counting on Metro Platforms." Symmetry 13, no. 4 (April 17, 2021): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13040703.

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Owing to the increased use of urban rail transit, the flow of passengers on metro platforms tends to increase sharply during peak periods. Monitoring passenger flow in such areas is important for security-related reasons. In this paper, in order to solve the problem of metro platform passenger flow detection, we propose a CNN (convolutional neural network)-based network called the MP (metro platform)-CNN to accurately count people on metro platforms. The proposed method is composed of three major components: a group of convolutional neural networks is used on the front end to extract image features, a multiscale feature extraction module is used to enhance multiscale features, and transposed convolution is used for upsampling to generate a high-quality density map. Currently, existing crowd-counting datasets do not adequately cover all of the challenging situations considered in this study. Therefore, we collected images from surveillance videos of a metro platform to form a dataset containing 627 images, with 9243 annotated heads. The results of the extensive experiments showed that our method performed well on the self-built dataset and the estimation error was minimum. Moreover, the proposed method could compete with other methods on four standard crowd-counting datasets.

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Mazzeo, Pier Luigi, Riccardo Contino, Paolo Spagnolo, Cosimo Distante, Ettore Stella, Massimiliano Nitti, and Vito Renò. "MH-MetroNet—A Multi-Head CNN for Passenger-Crowd Attendance Estimation." Journal of Imaging 6, no. 7 (July 2, 2020): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging6070062.

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Knowing an accurate passengers attendance estimation on each metro car contributes to the safely coordination and sorting the crowd-passenger in each metro station. In this work we propose a multi-head Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture trained to infer an estimation of passenger attendance in a metro car. The proposed network architecture consists of two main parts: a convolutional backbone, which extracts features over the whole input image, and a multi-head layers able to estimate a density map, needed to predict the number of people within the crowd image. The network performance is first evaluated on publicly available crowd counting datasets, including the ShanghaiTech part_A, ShanghaiTech part_B and UCF_CC_50, and then trained and tested on our dataset acquired in subway cars in Italy. In both cases a comparison is made against the most relevant and latest state of the art crowd counting architectures, showing that our proposed MH-MetroNet architecture outperforms in terms of Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Mean Square Error (MSE) and passenger-crowd people number prediction.

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Ikeda, Kazushi, and Keiichiro Hoashi. "Utilizing Crowdsourced Asynchronous Chat for Efficient Collection of Dialogue Dataset." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing 6 (June 15, 2018): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/hcomp.v6i1.13321.

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In this paper, we design a crowd-powered system to efficiently collect data for training dialogue systems. Conventional systems assign dialogue roles to a pair of crowd workers, and record their interaction on an online chat. In this framework, the pair is required to work simultaneously, and one worker must wait for the other when he/she is writing a message, which decreases work efficiency. Our proposed system allows multiple workers to create dialogues in an asynchronous manner, which relieves workers from time restrictions. We have conducted an experiment using our system on a crowdsourcing platform to evaluate the efficiency and the quality of dialogue collection. Results show that our system can reduce the necessary time to input a message by 68% while maintaining quality.

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22

Ferryman, James, and Anna-Louise Ellis. "Performance evaluation of crowd image analysis using the PETS2009 dataset." Pattern Recognition Letters 44 (July 2014): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2014.01.005.

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23

Guo, Chunsheng, Hanwen Lin, Zhen He, Xiaohu Shu, and Xuguang Zhang. "Crowd Abnormal Event Detection Based on Sparse Coding." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 16, no. 04 (August 2019): 1941005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843619410056.

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Crowd feature perception is an essential step for us to understand the crowd behavior. However, as the individuals present not only the sociality but also the randomness, there remain great challenges to extract the sociality of the individual directly. In this paper, we propose a crowd feature perception algorithm based on a sparse linear model (SLM). It builds the statistical characterization of the sociality by assuming a priori distribution of the SLM. First, we calculate the optical flow to extract the motion information of the crowd. Second, we input the video motion features to the sparse coding and generate the SLM. The super-Gaussian prior distributions in SLMs build the statistical characterization of the sociality. In addition, we combine the infinite Hidden Markov Model (iHMM) statistic model to determine whether the detected event is an abnormal event. We validate our method on UMN dataset and simulate dataset for abnormal detection, and the experiments show that this algorithm generates promising result compared with other state-of-art methods.

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Coviello, Luca, Marco Cristoforetti, Giuseppe Jurman, and Cesare Furlanello. "GBCNet: In-Field Grape Berries Counting for Yield Estimation by Dilated CNNs." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (July 16, 2020): 4870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144870.

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We introduce here the Grape Berries Counting Net (GBCNet), a tool for accurate fruit yield estimation from smartphone cameras, by adapting Deep Learning algorithms originally developed for crowd counting. We test GBCNet using cross-validation procedure on two original datasets CR1 and CR2 of grape pictures taken in-field before veraison. A total of 35,668 berries have been manually annotated for the task. GBCNet achieves good performances on both the seven grape varieties dataset CR1, although with a different accuracy level depending on the variety, and on the single variety dataset CR2: in particular Mean Average Error (MAE) ranges from 0.85% for Pinot Gris to 11.73% for Marzemino on CR1 and reaches 7.24% on the Teroldego CR2 dataset.

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25

Bilal, Muhammad, Mohsen Marjani, Ibrahim Abaker Targio Hashem, Abdullah Gani, Misbah Liaqat, and Kwangman Ko. "Profiling and Predicting the Cumulative Helpfulness (Quality) of Crowd-Sourced Reviews." Information 10, no. 10 (September 24, 2019): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10100295.

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With easy access to the Internet and the popularity of online review platforms, the volume of crowd-sourced reviews is continuously rising. Many studies have acknowledged the importance of reviews in making purchase decisions. The consumer’s feedback plays a vital role in the success or failure of a business. The number of studies on predicting helpfulness and ranking reviews is increasing due to the increasing importance of reviews. However, previous studies have mainly focused on predicting helpfulness of “reviews” and “reviewer”. This study aimed to profile cumulative helpfulness received by a business and then use it for business ranking. The reliability of proposed cumulative helpfulness for ranking was illustrated using a dataset of 1,92,606 businesses from Yelp.com. Seven business and four reviewer features were identified to predict cumulative helpfulness using Linear Regression (LNR), Gradient Boosting (GB), and Neural Network (NNet). The dataset was subdivided into 12 datasets based on business categories to predict the cumulative helpfulness. The results reported that business features, including star rating, review count and days since the last review are the most important features among all business categories. Moreover, using reviewer features along with business features improves the prediction performance for seven datasets. Lastly, the implications of this study are discussed for researchers, review platforms and businesses.

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26

Luo, Hongling, Jun Sang, Weiqun Wu, Hong Xiang, Zhili Xiang, Qian Zhang, and Zhongyuan Wu. "A High-Density Crowd Counting Method Based on Convolutional Feature Fusion." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (November 23, 2018): 2367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122367.

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In recent years, the trampling events due to overcrowding have occurred frequently, which leads to the demand for crowd counting under a high-density environment. At present, there are few studies on monitoring crowds in a large-scale crowded environment, while there exists technology drawbacks and a lack of mature systems. Aiming to solve the crowd counting problem with high-density under complex environments, a feature fusion-based deep convolutional neural network method FF-CNN (Feature Fusion of Convolutional Neural Network) was proposed in this paper. The proposed FF-CNN mapped the crowd image to its crowd density map, and then obtained the head count by integration. The geometry adaptive kernels were adopted to generate high-quality density maps which were used as ground truths for network training. The deconvolution technique was used to achieve the fusion of high-level and low-level features to get richer features, and two loss functions, i.e., density map loss and absolute count loss, were used for joint optimization. In order to increase the sample diversity, the original images were cropped with a random cropping method for each iteration. The experimental results of FF-CNN on the ShanghaiTech public dataset showed that the fusion of low-level and high-level features can extract richer features to improve the precision of density map estimation, and further improve the accuracy of crowd counting.

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Shati, Narjis Mezaal. "Anomalous Behavior Detection Using the Geometrical Complex Moments in Crowd Scenes of Smart Surveillance Systems." Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science 28, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.23851/mjs.v28i3.35.

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In this research work a data stream clustering method done by extracting regions of interest from the frames of video clips (UCSD pedestrian dataset (ped1 and ped2 datasets) video clips, and VIRAT VIDEO dataset video clips). In extraction process the HARRIS or FAST detector applied on the frames of video clips to extract list of pairs of interest points. From these pairs a list of features such as: distance, direction, x-coordinate, y-coordinate obtained to use as an input to the clustering method based on seed based region growing technique. From these clusters a regions of interest extracted according the pairs coordinates of each cluster. Finally, from these regions a set of geometrical complex moments obtained and then used in anomaly detection system. The results indicated that using HARRIS detector achieved detection rates are 7.88%, 51.30%, and 56.67% with false alarms are 19.39%, 32.61%, and 60.00% by using Ped1, Ped2, and VIRAT datasets respectively. For the case of using FAST detector, the best detection rates are 6.67%, 44.78%, 53.33% with false alarm rates are 33.33%, 41.74%, 70% by using the datasets respectively.

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Zhang, Jun, Gaoyi Zhu, and Zhizhong Wang. "Multi-Column Atrous Convolutional Neural Network for Counting Metro Passengers." Symmetry 12, no. 4 (April 24, 2020): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12040682.

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We propose a symmetric method of accurately estimating the number of metro passengers from an individual image. To this end, we developed a network for metro-passenger counting called MPCNet, which provides a data-driven and deep learning method of understanding highly congested scenes and accurately estimating crowds, as well as presenting high-quality density maps. The proposed MPCNet is composed of two major components: A deep convolutional neural network (CNN) as the front end, for deep feature extraction; and a multi-column atrous CNN as the back-end, with atrous spatial pyramid pooling (ASPP) to deliver multi-scale reception fields. Existing crowd-counting datasets do not adequately cover all the challenging situations considered in our work. Therefore, we collected specific subway passenger video to compile and label a large new dataset that includes 346 images with 3475 annotated heads. We conducted extensive experiments with this and other datasets to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model. Our results demonstrate the excellent performance of the proposed MPCNet.

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Lalit, Ruchika, and Ravindra Kumar Purwar. "Crowd Abnormality Detection Using Optical Flow and GLCM-Based Texture Features." Journal of Information Technology Research 15, no. 1 (January 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitr.2022010110.

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Detection of abnormal crowd behavior is one of the important tasks in real-time video surveillance systems for public safety in public places such as subway, shopping malls, sport complexes and various other public gatherings. Due to high density crowded scenes, the detection of crowd behavior becomes a tedious task. Hence, crowd behavior analysis becomes a hot topic of research and requires an approach with higher rate of detection. In this work, the focus is on the crowd management and present an end-to-end model for crowd behavior analysis. A feature extraction-based model using contrast, entropy, homogeneity, and uniformity features to determine the threshold on normal and abnormal activity has been proposed in this paper. The crowd behavior analysis is measured in terms of receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) & area under curve (AUC) for UMN dataset for the proposed model and compared with other crowd analysis methods in literature to prove its worthiness. YouTube video sequences also used for anomaly detection.

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30

Gretz, Shai, Roni Friedman, Edo Cohen-Karlik, Assaf Toledo, Dan Lahav, Ranit Aharonov, and Noam Slonim. "A Large-Scale Dataset for Argument Quality Ranking: Construction and Analysis." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 05 (April 3, 2020): 7805–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6285.

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Identifying the quality of free-text arguments has become an important task in the rapidly expanding field of computational argumentation. In this work, we explore the challenging task of argument quality ranking. To this end, we created a corpus of 30,497 arguments carefully annotated for point-wise quality, released as part of this work. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest dataset annotated for point-wise argument quality, larger by a factor of five than previously released datasets. Moreover, we address the core issue of inducing a labeled score from crowd annotations by performing a comprehensive evaluation of different approaches to this problem. In addition, we analyze the quality dimensions that characterize this dataset. Finally, we present a neural method for argument quality ranking, which outperforms several baselines on our own dataset, as well as previous methods published for another dataset.

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31

Setti, Francesco, Davide Conigliaro, Paolo Rota, Chiara Bassetti, Nicola Conci, Nicu Sebe, and Marco Cristani. "The S-Hock dataset: A new benchmark for spectator crowd analysis." Computer Vision and Image Understanding 159 (June 2017): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cviu.2017.01.003.

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32

Abir, Intiaz, Hasan Firdaus Mohd Zaki, and Azhar Mohd Ibrahim. "EVALUATION OF SIMULTANEOUS IDENTITY, AGE AND GENDER RECOGNITION FOR CROWD FACE MONITORING." ASEAN Engineering Journal 13, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v13.17612.

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Nowadays, facial recognition combined with age estimation and gender prediction has been deeply involved with the factors associated with crowd monitoring. This is considered to be a major and complex job for humans. This paper proposes a unified facial recognition system based on already available deep learning and machine learning models (i.e., FaceNet, ResNet, Support Vector Machine, AgeNet and GenderNet) that automatically and simultaneously performs person identification, age estimation and gender prediction. Then the system is evaluated on a newly proposed multi-face, realistic and challenging test dataset. The current face recognition technology primarily focuses on static datasets of known identities and does not focus on novel identities. This approach is not suitable for continuous crowd monitoring. In our proposed system, whenever novel identities are found during inference, the system will save those novel identities with an appropriate label for each unique identity and the system will be updated periodically in order to correctly recognise those identities in the future inference iterations. However, extracting the facial features of the whole dataset whenever a new identity is detected is not an efficient solution. To address this issue, we propose an incremental feature extraction based training method which aims to reduce the computational load of feature extraction. When tested on the proposed test dataset, our proposed system correctly recognizes pre-trained identities, estimates age, and predicts gender with an average accuracy of 49%, 66.5% and 93.54% respectively. We conclude that the evaluated pre-trained models can be sensitive and not robust to uncontrolled environment (e.g., abrupt lighting conditions).

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33

Kölle, M., V. Walter, S. Schmohl, and U. Soergel. "HYBRID ACQUISITION OF HIGH QUALITY TRAINING DATA FOR SEMANTIC SEGMENTATION OF 3D POINT CLOUDS USING CROWD-BASED ACTIVE LEARNING." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences V-2-2020 (August 3, 2020): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-v-2-2020-501-2020.

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Abstract. Automated semantic interpretation of 3D point clouds is crucial for many tasks in the domain of geospatial data analysis. For this purpose, labeled training data is required, which has often to be provided manually by experts. One approach to minimize effort in terms of costs of human interaction is Active Learning (AL). The aim is to process only the subset of an unlabeled dataset that is particularly helpful with respect to class separation. Here a machine identifies informative instances which are then labeled by humans, thereby increasing the performance of the machine. In order to completely avoid involvement of an expert, this time-consuming annotation can be resolved via crowdsourcing. Therefore, we propose an approach combining AL with paid crowdsourcing. Although incorporating human interaction, our method can run fully automatically, so that only an unlabeled dataset and a fixed financial budget for the payment of the crowdworkers need to be provided. We conduct multiple iteration steps of the AL process on the ISPRS Vaihingen 3D Semantic Labeling benchmark dataset (V3D) and especially evaluate the performance of the crowd when labeling 3D points. We prove our concept by using labels derived from our crowd-based AL method for classifying the test dataset. The analysis outlines that by labeling only 0:4% of the training dataset by the crowd and spending less than 145 $, both our trained Random Forest and sparse 3D CNN classifier differ in Overall Accuracy by less than 3 percentage points compared to the same classifiers trained on the complete V3D training set.

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34

Valeri, Beatrice, Shady Elbassuoni, and Sihem Amer-Yahia. "Acquiring Reliable Ratings from the Crowd." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing 3 (September 23, 2015): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/hcomp.v3i1.13261.

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We address the problem of acquiring reliable ratings of items such as restaurants or movies from the crowd. We propose a crowdsourcing platform that takes into consideration the workers’ skills with respect to the items being rated and assigns workers the best items to rate. Our platform focuses on acquiring ratings from skilled workers and for items that only have a few ratings. We evaluate the effectiveness of our system using a real-world dataset about restaurants.

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35

Ghadi, Yazeed Yasin, Israr Akhter, Hanan Aljuaid, Munkhjargal Gochoo, Suliman A. Alsuhibany, Ahmad Jalal, and Jeongmin Park. "Extrinsic Behavior Prediction of Pedestrians via Maximum Entropy Markov Model and Graph-Based Features Mining." Applied Sciences 12, no. 12 (June 12, 2022): 5985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12125985.

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With the change of technology and innovation of the current era, retrieving data and data processing becomes a more challenging task for researchers. In particular, several types of sensors and cameras are used to collect multimedia data from various resources and domains, which have been used in different domains and platforms to analyze things such as educational and communicational setups, emergency services, and surveillance systems. In this paper, we propose a robust method to predict human behavior from indoor and outdoor crowd environments. While taking the crowd-based data as input, some preprocessing steps for noise reduction are performed. Then, human silhouettes are extracted that eventually help in the identification of human beings. After that, crowd analysis and crowd clustering are applied for more accurate and clear predictions. This step is followed by features extraction in which the deep flow, force interaction matrix and force flow features are extracted. Moreover, we applied the graph mining technique for data optimization, while the maximum entropy Markov model is applied for classification and predictions. The evaluation of the proposed system showed 87% of mean accuracy and 13% of error rate for the avenue dataset, while 89.50% of mean accuracy rate and 10.50% of error rate for the University of Minnesota (UMN) dataset. In addition, it showed a 90.50 mean accuracy rate and 9.50% of error rate for the A Day on Campus (ADOC) dataset. Therefore, these results showed a better accuracy rate and low error rate compared to state-of-the-art methods.

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36

Ros-Candeira, Andrea, Ricardo Moreno-Llorca, Domingo Alcaraz-Segura, Francisco Javier Bonet-García, and Ana Sofia Vaz. "Social media photo content for Sierra Nevada: a dataset to support the assessment of cultural ecosystem services in protected areas." Nature Conservation 38 (March 13, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.38.38325.

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This dataset provides crowd-sourced and georeferenced information useful for the assessment of cultural ecosystem services in the Sierra Nevada Biosphere Reserve (southern Spain). Data were collected within the European project ECOPOTENTIAL focused on Earth observations of ecosystem services. The dataset comprises 778 records expressing the results of the content analysis of social media photos published in Flickr. Our dataset is illustrated in this data paper with density maps for different types of information.

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37

Ros-Candeira, Andrea, Ricardo Moreno-Llorca, Domingo Alcaraz-Segura, Francisco Javier Bonet-García, and Ana Sofia Vaz. "Social media photo content for Sierra Nevada: a dataset to support the assessment of cultural ecosystem services in protected areas." Nature Conservation 38 (March 13, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.38.38325.

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This dataset provides crowd-sourced and georeferenced information useful for the assessment of cultural ecosystem services in the Sierra Nevada Biosphere Reserve (southern Spain). Data were collected within the European project ECOPOTENTIAL focused on Earth observations of ecosystem services. The dataset comprises 778 records expressing the results of the content analysis of social media photos published in Flickr. Our dataset is illustrated in this data paper with density maps for different types of information.

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38

Burtsev, Mikhail, and Varvara Logacheva. "Conversational Intelligence Challenge: Accelerating Research with Crowd Science and Open Source." AI Magazine 41, no. 3 (September 14, 2020): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v41i3.5324.

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Development of conversational systems is one of the most challenging tasks in natural language processing, and it is especially hard in the case of open-domain dialogue. The main factors that hinder progress in this area are lack of training data and difficulty of automatic evaluation. Thus, to reliably evaluate the quality of such models, one needs to resort to time-consuming and expensive human evaluation. We tackle these problems by organizing the Conversational Intelligence Challenge (ConvAI) — open competition of dialogue systems. Our goals are threefold: to work out a good design for human evaluation of open-domain dialogue, to grow open-source code base for conversational systems, and to harvest and publish new datasets. Over the course of ConvAI1 and ConvAI2 competitions, we developed a framework for evaluation of chatbots in messaging platforms and used it to evaluate over 30 dialogue systems in two conversational tasks — discussion of short text snippets from Wikipedia and personalized small talk. These large-scale evaluation experiments were performed by recruiting volunteers as well as paid workers. As a result, we succeeded in collecting a dataset of around 5,000 long meaningful human-to-bot dialogues and got many insights into the organization of human evaluation. This dataset can be used to train an automatic evaluation model or to improve the quality of dialogue systems. Our analysis of ConvAI1 and ConvAI2 competitions shows that the future work in this area should be centered around the more active participation of volunteers in the assessment of dialogue systems. To achieve that, we plan to make the evaluation setup more engaging.

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39

N, Sandeep, Ragul N.S, Nikil Dhas P, and Vaishnavi V. "Congestion Control early warning system using Deep Learning." International Journal of Computer Communication and Informatics 3, no. 2 (October 30, 2021): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijcci2124.

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A new approach is proposed to analyze the live crowd and to provide an alert at the time of congestion, over-crowding and sudden gathering of pedestrians in a particular region. This paper proposes a completely software-oriented approach using MATLAB where it uses object detection and object tracking using Faster R- CNN (Region Based Convolutional Neural Network) algorithm where inception model of Google is used as CNN model which is pre-trained. This proposed method gives significant result on proposed dataset and the crowd congestion using Faster R-CNN approach which gives an accuracy of 93.503% at the rate 28 frames per second and the crowd detected video frames are uploaded to cloud storage.

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40

Petrén Bach Hansen, Victor, and Anders Søgaard. "What Do You Mean ‘Why?’: Resolving Sluices in Conversations." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 05 (April 3, 2020): 7887–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6295.

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In conversation, we often ask one-word questions such as ‘Why?’ or ‘Who?’. Such questions are typically easy for humans to answer, but can be hard for computers, because their resolution requires retrieving both the right semantic frames and the right arguments from context. This paper introduces the novel ellipsis resolution task of resolving such one-word questions, referred to as sluices in linguistics. We present a crowd-sourced dataset containing annotations of sluices from over 4,000 dialogues collected from conversational QA datasets, as well as a series of strong baseline architectures.

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41

Zhu, Rui, Kangning Yin, Hang Xiong, Hailian Tang, and Guangqiang Yin. "Masked Face Detection Algorithm in the Dense Crowd Based on Federated Learning." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (October 4, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8586016.

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Wearing masks is an effective and simple method to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in public places, such as train stations, classrooms, and streets. It is of positive significance to urge people to wear masks with computer vision technology. However, the existing detection methods are mainly for simple scenes, and facial missing detection is prone to occur in dense crowds with different scales and occlusions. Moreover, the data obtained by surveillance cameras in public places are difficult to be collected for centralized training, due to the privacy of individuals. In order to solve these problems, a cascaded network is proposed: the first level is the Dilation RetinaNet Face Location (DRFL) Network, which contains Enhanced Receptive Field Context (ERFC) module with the dilation convolution, aiming to reduce network parameters and locate faces of different scales. In order to adapt to embedded camera devices, the second level is the SRNet20 network, which is created by Neural Architecture Search (NAS). Due to privacy protection, it is difficult for surveillance video to share in practice, so our SRNet20 network is trained in federated learning. Meanwhile, we have made a masked face dataset containing about 20,000 images. Finally, the experiments highlight that the detection mAP of the face location is 90.6% on the Wider Face dataset, and the classification mAP of the masked face classification is 98.5% on the dataset we made, which means our cascaded network can detect masked faces in dense crowd scenes well.

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42

Stylianou, Abby, Hong Xuan, Maya Shende, Jonathan Brandt, Richard Souvenir, and Robert Pless. "Hotels-50K: A Global Hotel Recognition Dataset." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 726–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.3301726.

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Recognizing a hotel from an image of a hotel room is important for human trafficking investigations. Images directly link victims to places and can help verify where victims have been trafficked, and where their traffickers might move them or others in the future. Recognizing the hotel from images is challenging because of low image quality, uncommon camera perspectives, large occlusions (often the victim), and the similarity of objects (e.g., furniture, art, bedding) across different hotel rooms. To support efforts towards this hotel recognition task, we have curated a dataset of over 1 million annotated hotel room images from 50,000 hotels. These images include professionally captured photographs from travel websites and crowd-sourced images from a mobile application, which are more similar to the types of images analyzed in real-world investigations. We present a baseline approach based on a standard network architecture and a collection of data-augmentation approaches tuned to this problem domain.

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43

Patterson, Genevieve, Grant Van Horn, Serge Belongie, Pietro Perona, and James Hays. "Tropel: Crowdsourcing Detectors with Minimal Training." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing 3 (September 23, 2015): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/hcomp.v3i1.13224.

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This paper introduces the Tropel system which enables non-technical users to create arbitrary visual detectors without first annotating a training set. Our primary contribution is a crowd active learning pipeline that is seeded with only a single positive example and an unlabeled set of training images. We examine the crowd's ability to train visual detectors given severely limited training themselves. This paper presents a series of experiments that reveal the relationship between worker training, worker consensus and the average precision of detectors trained by crowd-in-the-loop active learning. In order to verify the efficacy of our system, we train detectors for bird species that work nearly as well as those trained on the exhaustively labeled CUB 200 dataset at significantly lower cost and with little effort from the end user. To further illustrate the usefulness of our pipeline, we demonstrate qualitative results on unlabeled datasets containing fashion images and street-level photographs of Paris.

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Mayo, Hugo, Alastair Shipman, Daniele Giunchi, Riccardo Bovo, Anthony Steed, and Thomas Heinis. "VR Toolkit for Identifying Group Characteristics." Collective Dynamics 6 (February 3, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17815/cd.2021.119.

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Visualising crowds is a key pedestrian dynamics topic, with significant research efforts aiming to improve the current state-of-the-art. Sophisticated visualisation methods are a standard for modern commercial models, and can improve crowd management techniques and sociological theory development. These models often define standard metrics, including density and speed. However, modern visualisation techniques typically use desktop screens. This can limit the capability of a user to investigate and identify key features, especially in real time scenarios such as control centres. Virtual reality (VR) provides the opportunity to represent scenarios in a fully immersive environment, granting the user the ability to quickly assess situations. Furthermore, these visualisations are often limited to the simulation model that has generated the dataset, rather than being source-agnostic. In this paper we implement an immersive, interactive toolkit for crowd behaviour analysis. This toolkit was built specifically for use within VR environments and was developed in conjunction with commercial users and researchers. It allows the user to identify locations of interest, as well as individual agents, showing characteristics such as group density, individual (Voronoi) density and speed. Furthermore, it was used as a data-extraction tool, building individual fundamental diagrams for all scenario agents, and predicting group status as a function of local agent geometry. Finally, this paper presents an evaluation of the toolkit made by crowd behaviour experts.

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Csönde, Gergely, Yoshihide Sekimoto, and Takehiro Kashiyama. "Crowd Counting with Semantic Scene Segmentation in Helicopter Footage." Sensors 20, no. 17 (August 27, 2020): 4855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174855.

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Continually improving crowd counting neural networks have been developed in recent years. The accuracy of these networks has reached such high levels that further improvement is becoming very difficult. However, this high accuracy lacks deeper semantic information, such as social roles (e.g., student, company worker, or police officer) or location-based roles (e.g., pedestrian, tenant, or construction worker). Some of these can be learned from the same set of features as the human nature of an entity, whereas others require wider contextual information from the human surroundings. The primary end-goal of developing recognition software is to involve them in autonomous decision-making systems. Therefore, it must be foolproof, which is, it must have good semantic understanding of the input. In this study, we focus on counting pedestrians in helicopter footage and introduce a dataset created from helicopter videos for this purpose. We use semantic segmentation to extract the required additional contextual information from the surroundings of an entity. We demonstrate that it is possible to increase the pedestrian counting accuracy in this manner. Furthermore, we show that crowd counting and semantic segmentation can be simultaneously achieved, with comparable or even improved accuracy, by using the same crowd counting neural network for both tasks through hard parameter sharing. The presented method is generic and it can be applied to arbitrary crowd density estimation methods. A link to the dataset is available at the end of the paper.

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Hameed, Mazhar, Fengbao Yang, Muhammad Imran Ghafoor, Fawwad Hassan Jaskani, Umar Islam, Muhammad Fayaz, and Gulzar Mehmood. "IOTA-Based Mobile Crowd Sensing: Detection of Fake Sensing Using Logit-Boosted Machine Learning Algorithms." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (April 23, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6274114.

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In the Internet of Things (IoT) era, the mobile crowd sensing system (MCS) has become increasingly important. The Internet of Things Auto (IOTA) has evolved rapidly in practically every technology field over the last decade. IOTA-based mobile crowd sensing technology is being developed in this study using machine learning to detect and prevent mobile users from engaging in fake sensing activities. It has been determined through testing and evaluation that our method is effective for both quality estimation and incentive allocation. Using the IOTA Bottleneck dataset, multiple performance metrics were used to demonstrate how well logit-boosted algorithms perform. After applying logit-boosted algorithms on the dataset for the classification, Logi-XGB scored 95.7 percent accuracy, while Logi-GBC scored 90.8 percent accuracy. As a result of this, Logi-ABC had an accuracy rate of 89%. Logi-CBC, on the other hand, got the highest accuracy of 99.8%. Logi-LGBM and Logi-HGBC both scored 91.37 percent accuracy, which is identical. On the given dataset, our Logi-CBC algorithm outperforms earlier Logit-boosted algorithms in terms of accuracy. Using the new IoTA-Botnet 2020 dataset, a new proposed methodology is tested. In comparison to prior Logit-boosted algorithms, the new model Logi-CBC has a highest detection accuracy of 99.8%.

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Abdullah, Faisal, Yazeed Yasin Ghadi, Munkhjargal Gochoo, Ahmad Jalal, and Kibum Kim. "Multi-Person Tracking and Crowd Behavior Detection via Particles Gradient Motion Descriptor and Improved Entropy Classifier." Entropy 23, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23050628.

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To prevent disasters and to control and supervise crowds, automated video surveillance has become indispensable. In today’s complex and crowded environments, manual surveillance and monitoring systems are inefficient, labor intensive, and unwieldy. Automated video surveillance systems offer promising solutions, but challenges remain. One of the major challenges is the extraction of true foregrounds of pixels representing humans only. Furthermore, to accurately understand and interpret crowd behavior, human crowd behavior (HCB) systems require robust feature extraction methods, along with powerful and reliable decision-making classifiers. In this paper, we describe our approach to these issues by presenting a novel Particles Force Model for multi-person tracking, a vigorous fusion of global and local descriptors, along with a robust improved entropy classifier for detecting and interpreting crowd behavior. In the proposed model, necessary preprocessing steps are followed by the application of a first distance algorithm for the removal of background clutter; true-foreground elements are then extracted via a Particles Force Model. The detected human forms are then counted by labeling and performing cluster estimation, using a K-nearest neighbors search algorithm. After that, the location of all the human silhouettes is fixed and, using the Jaccard similarity index and normalized cross-correlation as a cost function, multi-person tracking is performed. For HCB detection, we introduced human crowd contour extraction as a global feature and a particles gradient motion (PGD) descriptor, along with geometrical and speeded up robust features (SURF) for local features. After features were extracted, we applied bat optimization for optimal features, which also works as a pre-classifier. Finally, we introduced a robust improved entropy classifier for decision making and automated crowd behavior detection in smart surveillance systems. We evaluated the performance of our proposed system on a publicly available benchmark PETS2009 and UMN dataset. Experimental results show that our system performed better compared to existing well-known state-of-the-art methods by achieving higher accuracy rates. The proposed system can be deployed to great benefit in numerous public places, such as airports, shopping malls, city centers, and train stations to control, supervise, and protect crowds.

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48

He, Eric, Fan Bai, Curtis Hay, Jinzhu Chen, and Vijayakumar Bhagavatula. "A Map Inference Approach Using Signal Processing from Crowd-sourced GPS Data." ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems 7, no. 2 (February 2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3431785.

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The amount of GPS data that can be collected is increasing tremendously, thanks to the increased popularity of Global Position System (GPS) devices (e.g., smartphones). This article aims to develop novel methods of converting crowd-sourced GPS traces into road topology maps. We explore map inference using a three-stage approach, which incorporates a novel Multi-source Variable Rate (MSVR) signal reconstruction mechanism. Unlike conventional map inference methods based on map graph theory, our approach, to the best of our knowledge, is the first use of estimation theory for map inference. In particular, our approach addresses the unique challenges of vehicular GPS data. This data is plentiful but suffers from noise in location and variable coverage of regions. This makes it difficult to differentiate between noise and sparsely covered regions when increasing coverage and reducing noise. Due to the asynchronous, variable sampling rate, and often under-sampled nature of the data, our MSVR approach can better handle inherent GPS errors, reconstruct road shapes more accurately, and better deal with variable GPS data density in empirical environments. We evaluated our method for map inference by comparing to Open Street Map maps as ground truth. We use the F-Measure, Precision, and Recall metrics to evaluate our method on Tsinghua University’s Beijing Taxi Dataset and Shanghai Jiao Tong University’s SUVnet Dataset. On these datasets, we obtained a mean<?brk?> F-Measure, Precision, and Recall of 0.7212, 0.9165, and 0.6021, respectively, outperforming a well-known method based on Kernel Density Estimation in terms of these evaluation metrics.

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49

Nie, Pei, Cien Fan, Lian Zou, Liqiong Chen, and Xiaopeng Li. "Crowd Counting Guided by Attention Network." Information 11, no. 12 (December 4, 2020): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11120567.

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Crowd Crowd counting is not simply a matter of counting the numbers of people, but also requires that one obtains people’s spatial distribution in a picture. It is still a challenging task for crowded scenes, occlusion, and scale variation. This paper proposes a global and local attention network (GLANet) for efficient crowd counting, which applies an attention mechanism to enhance the features. Firstly, the feature extractor module (FEM) uses the pertained VGG-16 to parse out a simple feature map. Secondly, the global and local attention module (GLAM) effectively captures the local and global attention information to enhance features. Thirdly, the feature fusing module (FFM) applies a series of convolutions to fuse various features, and generate density maps. Finally, we conduct some experiments on a mainstream dataset and compare them with state-of-the-art methods’ performances.

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50

Courty, Nicolas, Pierre Allain, Clement Creusot, and Thomas Corpetti. "Using the Agoraset dataset: Assessing for the quality of crowd video analysis methods." Pattern Recognition Letters 44 (July 2014): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2014.01.004.

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