Статті в журналах: "Cross-linked insulation"

1

Oleksyuk, I. V. "Aging of Cross-Linked Polyethylene Insulation Cable Lines." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 64, no. 2 (April 9, 2021): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2021-64-2-121-129.

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Abstract. Preference is given to cable lines with cross-linked polyethylene insulation in electrical networks with a nominal voltage of 10 kV during reconstruction of existing and construction of new industrial enterprises. The standard service life of such cables is at least 30 years (subject to the conditions of storage, transportation, installation and operation), and the actual one is determined by the technical condition of the cable. The service life of a cable line depends on the state of its insulation, the aging of which occurs under the influence of several factors. Conventionally, all factors influencing one or another degree on the cable insulation resource can be divided into thermal, electromagnetic, climatic, mechanical and operational. The most significant reason for the insulation aging is high temperature, which accelerates the reaction of thermo-oxidative destruction, during which high-molecular polymer compounds decompose. In fact, cables are operated at temperatures below the long-term permissible values, and, therefore, the aging of the insulation is slower, and the actual service life will be longer than the standard. At present, condition of the insulation is monitored with the use of high voltage tests related to destructive testing methods. When designing and operating cable lines, it is necessary to estimate the duration of the actual service life under various operating conditions. In theory, there are several expressions for calculating the service life of a cable line when exposed to temperature, humidity, electric field and aggressive environments, but all of them are not applicable in practice due to the presence of a large number of coefficients whose values are unknown. The paper presents an analytical expression obtained for determining the service life of power electric cables, taking into account the aging of the insulation under the influence of temperature and electric field.

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2

Semenov, Vyacheslav, Sergey Kozlov, Alexey Zhukov, Karen Ter-Zakaryan, Ekaterina Zinovieva, and Ekaterina Fomina. "Insulation systems for buildings and structures based on expanded polyethylene." MATEC Web of Conferences 251 (2018): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825101014.

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Insulation systems for buildings and structures imply the use of efficient thermal insulation products based on mineral wool, expanded polystyrene, expanded polyurethane, etc. For a long time, products from non-cross-linked expanded polyethylene were used as insulation for pipelines, reflective insulation, protection against air infiltration, etc. Modern technologies and engineering solutions allowed widening the field of application of non-cross-linked expanded polyethylene (NXLPE) as a construction insulation material. In particular, we can consider a complex of insulation systems for walls, floors and a pitched roof, which allows to form a fully insulating shell of a low-rise building, e.g. a cottage. The novelty of the patented technology Tepofol® and that of the material concerned in comparison with the known solutions is the development of a rolled material based on NXLPE (20 to 150 mm thick) with a lock joint, as well as the technology of seamless connection of individual heat-insulating cloths. The rolls of NXLPE are mechanically fixed to the frame and connected with the lock. One of the advantages of expanded polyethylene, which only few insulating materials possess, is the possibility of forming seamless insulating shells. The article considers a number of insulation systems based on the use of products from expanded polyethylene. In particular, these are the systems of insulation of the walls of frame buildings, the insulation of floors, as well as the insulation of logistics facilities and hangars.

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3

Hadi, Nabipour Afrouzi, Zulkurnain Abdul-Malek, Saeed Vahabi Mashak, and A. R. Naderipour. "Three-Dimensional Potential and Electric Field Distributions in HV Cable Insulation Containing Multiple Cavities." Advanced Materials Research 845 (December 2013): 372–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.845.372.

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Cross-linked polyethylene is widely used as electrical insulation because of its excellent electrical properties such as low dielectric constant, low dielectric loss and also due to its excellent chemical resistance and mechanical flexibility. Nevertheless, the most important reason for failure of high voltage equipment is due to its insulation failure. The electrical properties of an insulator are affected by the presence of cavities within the insulating material, in particular with regard to the electric field and potential distributions. In this paper, the electric field and potential distributions in high voltage cables containing single and multiple cavities are studied. Three different insulating media, namely PE, XLPE, and PVC was modeled. COMSOL software which utilises the finite element method (FEM) was used to carry out the simulation. An 11kV underground cable was modeled in 3D for better observation and analyses of the generated voltage and field distributions. The results show that the electric field is affected by the presence of cavities in the insulation. Furthermore, the field strength and uniformity are also affected by whether cavities are radially or axially aligned, as well as the type of the insulating solid. The effect of insulator type due the presence of cavities was seen most prevalent in PVC followed by PE and then XLPE.

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4

Li, Jin Mei, Jia Qing Zhang, Qiang Li, and Zi Dong Guo. "Thermal Aging Effects on Fire Performance of the Cross-Linked Polyethylene Insulated Cable." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 2399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.2399.

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To evaluate the fire performance of the cable in service, the ignition time, heat release rate and insulation failure parameters of the accelerated thermal aging cable on stimulated fire condition were studied. The results show that, the extended ignition time and decreasing peak of heat release rate of the cable in the early stage of aging are the addictive including the lubricant, plasticizer and anti-oxygen. In the aggravating of thermal aging, labile materials with low heating value will be exhausted, while the thermal stability of insulation sheath material decreases, its corresponding ignition time will start to shorten and initial peak of heat release rate will start to rise. The insulation failure temperature of the cable is related with the decomposition temperature of insulation materials of the cable by heating. In each aging stage, the decomposition temperatures of insulation materials by heating are all lower than the insulation failure temperature of the cable for about 10°C. The reason for the insulation failure of the cable is that the ambient heat , gives rise to the decomposition by heating of internal insulation materials of the cable through sheath materials finally under the thermal transmission effect.

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5

Khouildi, Emna, Rabah Attia, and Rafik Cherni. "Investigating Thermal Effect on a Cross Linked Polyethylene Power Cable." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v5.i1.pp33-40.

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One of the agents responsible of the degradation of power cables in electrical distribution network is the temperature. In this paper, numerical modelling of temperature effect on the cross linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation of a medium voltage cable containing internal defects, which are air void cavity and water tree cavities, is developed by using the finite element method and simulated by COMSOL Multiphysics Software. The experimental investigation is conducted through studying parial discharge inception voltages in XLPE insulation before and after 23 heating cycles of a 7 meters sample of a medium voltage cable at 100°C and 120°C temperatures. Partial discharge inception voltages detection were performed using the IEC60270 test method. The simulation results and experimental measurements assessed the thermal effect on the degradation of XLPE insulation.

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6

Yahyaoui, Hanen, Jerome Castellon, Serge Agnel, Aurelien Hascoat, Wilfried Frelin, Christophe Moreau, Pierre Hondaa, Dominique le Roux, Virginie Eriksson, and Carl Johan Andersson. "Behavior of XLPE for HVDC Cables under Thermo-Electrical Stress: Experimental Study and Ageing Kinetics Proposal." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 4, 2021): 7344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217344.

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The present work deals with the study of the electrical behavior of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) used for HVDC cable insulation. The aim is to better understand the influences of electrical and thermal stresses on the insulating material in order to provide useful information for designing HVDC cables. This study was carried out on Rogowski samples made of XLPE insulation with semiconductive electrodes, aged for more than 3 years (1220 days) at three different temperatures (70, 80 and 90 °C) under two DC electric fields (30 and 60 kV/mm). Dielectric loss factor, volume resistivity and space charge accumulation were measured. Results are analyzed and cross-correlated, in order to propose possible ageing kinetics.

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7

Olasz, L., and P. Gudmundson. "Prediction of residual stresses in cross-linked polyethylene cable insulation." Polymer Engineering & Science 45, no. 8 (2005): 1132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.20376.

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8

Zhang, Wei, Zhi Wei Huang, Rong Xue, Long Zhang, Hong Jie Li, and Chong Xin Liu. "Characteristics of Partial Discharge in Cross-Linked Polyethylene Insulation Cable under Damped AC Voltage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (February 2014): 1444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.1444.

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Partial discharge (PD) diagnosis techniques are widely used in the insulation condition monitoring for power cables. In this paper, the damped AC (DAC) voltage method was used to study the PD characteristics in the heat-shrinkable cable accessories. Four different cases of artificial defects in cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cables were investigated, and these defects include termination without stress tube, incorrect use of insulation tape as the semi-conductive adhesive tape in the middle joint, void and metal particles on the surface of XLPE insulation. Furthermore, the PD inception voltage and patterns obtained under the DAC voltage are compared with the AC test results.

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9

Ramani, A. N., A. M. Ariffin, Gobinath Vijian, and Ahmad Basri Abd Ghani. "The Effects of Nano Fillers on Space Charge Distribution in Cross-Linked Polyethylene." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 3147. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i6.pp3147-3152.

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The performance of polymeric insulation will be distorted by the accumulation of space charge. This will lead to local electric field enhancement within the insulation material that can cause degradation and electrical breakdown. The introduction of nanofillers in the insulation material is expected to reduce the space charge effect. However, there is a need to analyze potential nanofillers to determine the best option. Therefore, the objective of this research work is to examine two types of nanofillers for Cross-Linked Polyethylene (XLPE); Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Acrylic (PA40). The effects of these nanofillers were measured using the Pulsed-Electro Acoustic (PEA) method. The development of space charge is observed at three different DC voltage levels in room temperature. The results show that hetero charge distribution is dominant in pure XLPE materials. The use of both nanofiller types have significant effect in decreasing the space charge accumulation. With nanofillers, the charge profile changed to homo-charge distribution, suppressing the space charge formation. Comparison between both the nanofillers show that PA40 has better suppression performance than ZnO.

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10

Li, Chang Ming, Guang Xiang Zhang, Chun Yang Li, and Bao Zhong Han. "Inhibition of Electrical Tree Initiation inside High-Voltage Cross-Linked Polyethylene Cable with Nonlinear Shielding Layer." Advanced Materials Research 873 (December 2013): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.873.406.

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Electrical tree aging is one of the leading factors causing degradation and breakdown of insulation performance of high-voltage cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable. A lot of attention has been paid to inhibiting electric tree initiation and propagation inside high-voltage cable. In this study, insulation composites with nonlinear electrical conductivity are prepared. Experimental results show that these composites are helpful for enhancing the apparent breakdown electric field strength of XLPE in the pole electrode system. A kind of high-voltage XLPE insulated cable with new structure is designed by using these composites as nonlinear shielding layer. Numerical simulation results indicate that nonlinear shielding layer can obviously improve the distribution of electrical field at the defect of insulation surface of high-voltage XLPE cable, and decrease the maximum electrical field strength at the defect. This new structure is potential for effectively inhibiting electrical tree initiation inside high-voltage XLPE insulation cable, thus increasing life span and operational reliability of the cable.

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11

Ter-Zakaryan, Karapet, Armen Grigoryan, Andrey Medvedev, Boris Efimov, and Aleksey Poserenin. "Snow insulation and conservation systems." E3S Web of Conferences 138 (2019): 01038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913801038.

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Various aspects of application of polyethylene foam implemented for roof thermal insulation within the frame of one of the sports venues and, closely, the realization of insulation systems for cold conservation on the territory of public sports facilities, particularly for snow storage conservation within ski resorts have been regarded in this article. Additional demands are placed on thermal insulating material for suchlike constructions. Apart from high thermo technical properties, the material should involve hermeticity, lightness, easy mounting and maintenance, durability, bacterial and fungal resistance and temperature differential resistance. The examination results concerning properties and particularities of application of non-cross-linked polyethylene foam within the scope of production of insulation coatings protecting the snow from melting are given in the article. It has been established that being the part of insulation system polyethylene foam preserves the accuracy of mechanical and thermo physical characteristics. Taking all functional particularities of insulation systems implementation into consideration, the principles of protection and conservation of snow covering have been developed being realized on the mountainsides and plateaus of ski resorts. Polyethylene foam rolls have been connected in a butt joint and mechanically fixed. As a result, a seamless insulating coating - thermal blanket has been formed, which covered the entire mountainside. Maintenance of insulation system is performed during the off-season between March and September in the period of stable positive temperatures.

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12

Moh Nazar, Nazatul Shiema, Noor Syazwani Mansor, Umar Khayam, Nor Asiah Muhamad, Mariatti Jaafar Mustapha, Amir Izzani Mohamed, and Mohamad Kamarol Mohd Jamil. "Effect of silica nanofiller in cross-linked polyethylene as electrical tree growth inhibitor." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 2256. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i3.pp2256-2263.

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One of the main phenomena that contributes to the non-success of cable insulation made of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) is electrical treeing. To improve the XPLE cable insulation, the use of nanofiller has been introduced. Adding the nanofiller in the based composite offers better cable lifetime and resistance to deal with the cable failure. One of the potential nanofillers that can increase the insulation performance of XLPE cable is silica nanofiller. To this extent, the studies on silica nanofiller in XLPE are focusing on the impulse breakdown strength, dielectric loss, permittivity, space charge, alternating current (AC), and partial discharge. The studies reveal that the dielectric properties of the XLPE nanocomposite have significant improvement. Therefore, this work investigates the effect of various concentrations of silica nanofiller in XLPE composite as electrical tree inhibitor. The concentrations of silica nanofiller in XLPE were 0.25 wt%, 0.5 wt%, 0.75 wt%, 1.0 wt%, 1.25 wt%, 1.5 wt%, and 1.75 wt%. The silica nanofillers have 96%-99% purity, 20-30 nm sizes and the shapes are spherical. As a result, the XLPE composite containing 1.5 wt% silica nanofiller demonstrate higher tree inception voltage and detaining the tree propagation speed, which could be considered as an inhibitor medium of electrical tree growth.

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13

Li, Zhi Wei, Ze Hua Pan, Cheng Lei Li, Peng Fei Gao, Sa Jia Liang, Nai Kui Gao, and Hai Yun Jin. "Research on Water Content and Physicochemical Properties of Insulating Materials for Water-Soaked XLPE Cable." Materials Science Forum 922 (May 2018): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.922.192.

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The buried environment of cross-linked polyethylene (XPLE) cable is relatively severe, and some ones are even immersed in water directly. In this paper, an XLPE cable was soaked in foul water to simulate the cable’s actual water area environment, lasting for three years. The water content in the insulation layers of water-soaked cable was measured by infrared spectrometer and moisture analyzer, and the crystal morphology and physicochemical properties of the insulation layers were investigated by differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and tensile testing technology. The results showed that a small amount of water did enter into the cable insulation owing to the increasing of hydroxyl (-OH) content, and followed being verified by moisture analyzer. The degree of crystallinity of water-soaked cable insulating material is also increased, and the mechanical properties were deteriorated.

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14

Diban, Bassel, and Giovanni Mazzanti. "The Effect of Insulation Characteristics on Thermal Instability in HVDC Extruded Cables." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030550.

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This paper aims at studying the effect of cable characteristics on the thermal instability of 320 kV and 500 kV Cross-Linked Polyethylene XLPE-insulated high voltage direct-current (HVDC) cables buried in soil for different values of the applied voltages, by the means of sensitivity analysis of the insulation losses to the electrical conductivity coefficients of temperature and electric field, a and b. It also finds the value of dielectric loss coefficient βd for DC cables, which allows an analytical calculation of the temperature rise as a function of insulation losses and thermal resistances. A Matlab code is used to iteratively solve Maxwell’s equations and find the electric field distribution, the insulation losses and the temperature rise inside the insulation due to insulation losses of the cable subjected to load cycles according to CIGRÉ Technical Brochure 496. Thermal stability diagrams are found to study the thermal instability and its relationship with the cable ampacity. The results show high dependency of the thermal stability on the electrical conductivity of cable insulating material, as expressed via the conductivity coefficients of temperature and electric field. The effect of insulation thickness on both the insulation losses and the thermal stability is also investigated.

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15

Chang, Yuan-Shang, and Ali Mosleh. "Reliability of cable insulation under reaction- and diffusion-controlled thermal degradation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 233, no. 4 (November 19, 2018): 639–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748006x18812212.

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Cables transmit signals and power in nuclear power plants. The primary material for the cable insulation is cross-linked polyethylene, which inevitably degrades due to thermal stress. The degradation can become a safety issue, since the brittleness of degraded cross-linked polyethylene may render the exposure of the metal core in a cable. Elongation at break is a widely accepted measurement, evaluating the degree of the brittleness of the insulation. Reaction- and diffusion-controlled kinetics are proposed in this article to quantitatively predict the decrease of the elongation at break as a function of time and temperature. The proposed approaches are based on dichotomy model and Fick’s Law to respectively define the degree of reaction- and diffusion-controlled degradation. Probabilistic techniques are developed by Bayesian parameter estimation to determine the reliability of the cable insulation. These approaches are validated by experimental data.

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16

Zhu, Zhao, Han, Wang, Wang, Liu, Xie, and Zhu. "Thermal Effect of Different Laying Modes on Cross-Linked Polyethylene (XLPE) Insulation and a New Estimation on Cable Ampacity." Energies 12, no. 15 (August 3, 2019): 2994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12152994.

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This paper verifies the fluctuation on thermal parameters and ampacity of the high-voltage cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cables with different insulation conditions and describes the results of a thermal aging experiment on the XLPE insulation with different operating years in different laying modes guided by Comsol Multiphysics modeling software. The thermal parameters of the cables applied on the models are detected by thermal parameter detection control platform and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement to assure the effectivity of the simulation. Several diagnostic measurements including Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), DSC, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and breakdown field strength were conducted on the treated and untreated specimens in order to reveal the changes of properties and the relationship between the thermal effect and the cable ampacity. Moreover, a new estimation on cable ampacity from the perspective on XLPE insulation itself has been proposed in this paper, which is also a possible way to judge the insulation condition of the cable with specific aging degree in specific laying mode for a period of time.

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17

Grigoryan, Artak A., Karapet A. Ter-Zakaryan, Alexander I. Panchenko, Nadezhda A. Galceva, and Vladislav I. Krashchenko. "Heat- and cooling systems." Stroitel stvo nauka i obrazovanie [Construction Science and Education], no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/2305-5502.2019.4.7.

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Introduction. The article discusses the various aspects of the use of foamed polyethylene, implemented at sports facilities in Armenia. Firstly, it is a roof insulation system. Secondly, the implementation of insulation systems to preserve the cold in the territory of open sports facilities, in particular, to preserve snow reserves in ski resorts. Additional requirements are imposed on the thermal insulation material for such structures. The material, in addition to high thermotechnical properties, must be airtight, lightweight, easy to install and maintain, durable, resistant to infection by bacteria and fungi, it is easy to tolerate temperature extremes. Materials and methods. The article presents the results of a study of the properties (heat conductivity density, vapor permeability, water absorption) and application features (resistance to the effects of temperature, humidity, aggressive components contained in the air, that is, its high operational stability) of rolled non-cross-linked polyethylene foam when creating insulating sheets that protect snow from melting. Results. It was found that polyethylene foam in the insulating system maintains the stability of mechanical and thermophysical properties. Taking into account all the functional features of the implementation of insulation systems, the principles of protection and preservation (conservation) of snow cover have been developed, implemented on the mountain slopes and plateau of ski facilities. Rolls of foamed polyethylene were joined end-to-end and mechanically fixed. Conclusions. Thus, a seamless insulating coating was formed, covering the entire hillside — “thermal blanket”. The insulation system is operated during the off-season between March and September, during a period of stable positive temperatures.

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18

Back, In Jae, Su Cheol Gong, Hun Seoung Lim, Ik Sub Shin, Seoung Woo Kuk, In Hoe Kim, Hyeong Tag Jeon, Hyung Ho Park, and Ho Jung Chang. "Field Effect Transistor with ZnS Active Layer on ITO/Glass Substrate." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 753–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.753.

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The organic-inorganic field effect transistors (OIFETs) with ZnS active layer were fabricated on the ITO/glass substrate using cross-linked PVP (poly-4-vinylphenol) as a gate insulator. ZnS semiconductor films were prepared by the atomic layer deposition method. In the case of cross-linked PVP film, the leakage current and capacitance were about 1× 10-8 A and 12 nF/cm2, showing good gate insulation property. The carrier concentration and mobility of ZnS film deposited on SiO2/Si wafer was found to be -9.4×1015 cm-3 and 49.0 cm2/ V·sec, respectively. For the OIFET devices with ITO/PVP/ZnS/Ti:Au structure, the carrier mobility was about 1.9 cm2/V·sec. From the AFM images, lower mobility in the OIFET device compared with ZnS film on SiO2/Si substrate may be attributed to a rough surface morphology of ZnS film.

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19

Ďurman, Vladimír, and Jaroslav Lelák. "Influence of Radiation on the Dielectric Properties of XLPE Based Insulation Systems." Journal of Electrical Engineering 61, no. 4 (July 1, 2010): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10187-010-0032-5.

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Influence of Radiation on the Dielectric Properties of XLPE Based Insulation SystemsThe paper discusses the possibilities of acquiring and processing the dielectric data in the range of very low frequency (VLF) and also design and construction of an impedance analyzer for measurements in this frequency range. The impedance measurements in the VLF range were used for investigation of the influence of radiation on the cross-linked polyethylene cable dielectric. An expressive β-type relaxation process was found in this type of cable. Most of the dielectric response parameters of the process depend significantly on the absorbed dose of radiation. The analysis of the process parameters showed that the most probable reason of the structural changes in cross-linked polyethylene was additional cross-linking. The results also proved that the impedance measurements in the VLF range could be effectively used in practice for estimation of the absorbed dose in the cross-linked polyethylene cables stressed by radiation.t data only. In order to identify or classify motion, data processing in real time is needed.

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20

Essawi, Sherif, Loai Nasrat, Hanafy Ismail, and Jeannette Asaad. "Improvement of dielectric strength and properties of cross-linked polyethylene using nano filler." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 2264. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i3.pp2264-2272.

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Power cables insulated with cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) have been utilized worldwide for distribution and transmission networks. There are several advantages for this type of insulation; it has better electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties compared to other types of insulation in medium and high voltage networks. Many studies aimed to improve the XLPE characteristics through introducing nano fillers to the XLPE matrix. Therefore, this paper investigates the AC (HV) breakdown voltage (dielectric strength) of XLPE after adding nano-sized zeolite (Z) fillers with various concentrations of 1 wt%, 3 wt%, 5 wt% and 7 wt%. The dielectric strength is tested in different temperatures of 30 ⁰C and 250 ⁰C. Additionally, it was tested in low and high salty wet conditions. The dielectric strength of the XLPE has been enhanced by inducing the Z nano filler. The results of the tests were used to train the artificial neural network (ANN) to calculate the dielectric strength of XLPE composites with different concentrations of nano Z filler under different weathering conditions. Thermogravimetric analysis, tensile strength, and elongation at break tests were applied to check the thermal and mechanical characteristics of the samples. Experimental findings show that the optimum concentration of nano Z is 3.64 wt% to enhance the electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties.

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21

Zhang, Hui, Yan Shang, Mingxia Li, Hong Zhao, Xuan Wang, and Baozhong Han. "Theoretical study on the radical reaction mechanism in the cross-linking process of polyethylene." RSC Advances 5, no. 110 (2015): 90343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra16339k.

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The mechanism of the valerophenone voltage stabilizer for increasing the electrical breakdown strength of cross-linked polyethylene is expected to provide reliable information to prepare insulation material for high voltage cables up to 500 kV.

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22

Zhang, Yuanyuan, Zongke Hou, Kangning Wu, Shihang Wang, Jianying Li, and Shengtao Li. "Influence of Oxygen Diffusion on Thermal Ageing of Cross-Linked Polyethylene Cable Insulation." Materials 13, no. 9 (April 29, 2020): 2056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13092056.

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Thermal ageing of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable insulation is an important issue threatening the safe operation of power cables. In this paper, thermal ageing of XLPE was carried out at 160 °C in air for 240 h. The influence of oxygen diffusion on thermal ageing of XLPE was investigated by Ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer (UV–Vis), tensile testing, and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was observed that the degradation degree not only depended on ageing time but also on sample positions. The thermally aged samples were more oxidized in the surface region, presented a darker color, more carbon atoms appeared in the conjugate cluster, had smaller elongation at break and tensile strength, and a larger carbonyl index. As ageing time increased, the non-uniform oxidation of the XLPE samples became more prominent. The degree of non-uniform oxidation caused by oxygen diffusion was quantitatively studied by first order oxidation kinetic. The calculated results demonstrated that carbonyl index measured by FTIR was more sensitive to non-uniform oxidation with a shape parameter in the range of 1–2. The result shown in this paper is helpful for interpreting and predicting the non-uniform ageing behavior of high voltage XLPE cables.

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23

Kim, Chonung, Pingkai Jiang, Fei Liu, Songchol Hyon, Myong-guang Ri, Yongmyong Yu, and Myongsong Ho. "Investigation on dielectric breakdown behavior of thermally aged cross-linked polyethylene cable insulation." Polymer Testing 80 (December 2019): 106045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.106045.

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24

Chen Xiang-Rong, Xu Yang, Liu Ying, and Cao Xiao-Long. "Study on conducting characteristics of electrical trees in cross-linked polyethylene cable insulation." Acta Physica Sinica 61, no. 8 (2012): 087701. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.61.087701.

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25

Chen, Xiangrong, Zelin Hong, Chao Dai, Muhammad Awais, Fan‐Bo Meng, Ashish Paramane, and Hao Li. "Voltage stabilizer and nanofiller in enhancement of insulation properties of cross‐linked polyethylene." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 139, no. 23 (March 17, 2022): 52314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.52314.

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26

Jarvid, Markus, Anette Johansson, Villgot Englund, Angelica Lundin, Stanislaw Gubanski, Christian Müller, and Mats R. Andersson. "High electron affinity: a guiding criterion for voltage stabilizer design." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 14 (2015): 7273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta04956j.

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A high electron affinity is found to correlate with the ability of voltage-stabilizer additives to improve the dielectric strength of cross-linked polyethylene, which is a highly desirable for high-voltage insulation materials.

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27

Cheng, Zhi Wan, Hong Yu, Tao Dong, and Xian Ping Zhao. "Combined Diagnosis Study for Terminal Main Insulation Hole Defect in 10kV Cross-Linked Polyethylene Cable." Advanced Materials Research 681 (April 2013): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.681.38.

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In order to study the main insulation of cable terminal hole defect, using visual detection, infrared imaging spectrometer, ultraviolet imaging instrument and pulse current method for the defects of various means such as joint detection. The experimental results show that several ways in which judge cable terminal hole defects that is feasibility, reliability and validity.

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28

Papadakis, C., Y. Yin, M. Danikas, and C. Charalambous. "Surface Discharges and Flashover Voltages in Nanocomposite XLPE Samples." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 6 (December 22, 2018): 3502–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2186.

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DC cable insulation is a field of intensive research activity. Special attention is being given to polymer nanocomposites, as promising insulation for such cables. Relatively little is known regarding surface discharges and flashover voltages for the aforementioned materials. In this paper, a comparison is made between samples of cross-linked polyethylene insulation with added MgO nanofillers and samples of pure polyethylene w.r.t. the behavior of surface discharges and flashover voltages in arrangements of water droplets of various conductivities on the said polymeric surfaces under the influence of uniform electric fields. Experimental evidence indicates that the flashover voltages of XLPE with MgO nanofillers are higher that the ones obtained with pure PE.

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29

Polyakov, D. A., G. A. Koshchuk, and K. I. Nikitin. "Definition of the remaining life of power-transmission lines with cross-linked polyethylene insulation." Russian Electrical Engineering 88, no. 5 (May 2017): 271–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068371217050091.

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30

Li, Jianying, Huan Li, Fusheng Zhou, Shihang Wang, Jiankang Zhao, and Benhong Ouyang. "Copper-catalyzed oxidation caused by copper-rich impurities in cross-linked polyethylene cable insulation." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 27, no. 1 (October 10, 2015): 806–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-015-3820-7.

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31

Morsalin, Sayidul, and Toan Phung. "Electrical field distribution on the cross-linked polyethylene insulation surface under partial discharge testing." Polymer Testing 82 (February 2020): 106311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.106311.

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32

Borisova, M. E., and Yu K. Osina. "The influence of thermal aging on absorption phenomena in cross-linked polyethylene cable insulation." Technical Physics Letters 43, no. 1 (January 2017): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063785017010163.

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33

Wang, Han, Min Cao, Hai-Bo Zhao, Jin-Xu Liu, Cheng-Zhen Geng, and Yu-Zhong Wang. "Double-cross-linked aerogels towards ultrahigh mechanical properties and thermal insulation at extreme environment." Chemical Engineering Journal 399 (November 2020): 125698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.125698.

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34

Doan, Hoan Ngoc, Shotaro Tagami, Phu Phong Vo, Masaki Negoro, Wataru Sakai, Naoto Tsutsumi, Kazuyoshi Kanamori, and Kenji Kinashi. "Scalable fabrication of cross-linked porous centrifugally spun polyimide fibers for thermal insulation application." European Polymer Journal 169 (April 2022): 111123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111123.

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35

Azizian Fard, Mehrtash, Mohamed Emad Farrag, Alistair Reid, and Faris Al-Naemi. "Electrical Treeing in Power Cable Insulation under Harmonics Superimposed on Unfiltered HVDC Voltages." Energies 12, no. 16 (August 14, 2019): 3113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163113.

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Insulation degradation is an irreversible phenomenon that can potentially lead to failure of power cable systems. This paper describes the results of an experimental investigation into the influence of direct current (DC) superimposed with harmonic voltages on both partial discharge (PD) activity and electrical tree (ET) phenomena within polymeric insulations. The test samples were prepared from a high voltage direct current (HVDC) cross linked polyethylene (XLPE) power cable. A double electrode arrangement was employed to produce divergent electric fields within the test samples that could possibly result in formation of electrical trees. The developed ETs were observed via an optical method and, at the same time, the emanating PD pulses were measured using conventional techniques. The results show a tenable relation between ETs, PD activities, and the level of harmonic voltages. An increase in harmonic levels has a marked effect on development of electrical trees as the firing angle increases, which also leads to higher activity of partial discharges. This study of the influencing operational parameters of HVDC converters on power cable insulation is predicted to contribute to enhancements in cable design and progressive advancement in condition monitoring and insulation diagnostic techniques that can lead to more effective asset management in HVDC systems.

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36

Shin, Se-Ra, Van Dung Mai, and Dai-Soo Lee. "Chemical Recycling of Used Printed Circuit Board Scraps: Recovery and Utilization of Organic Products." Processes 7, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7010022.

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The disposal of end-of-life printed circuit boards (PCBs) comprising cross-linked brominated epoxy resins, glass fiber, and metals has attracted considerable attention from the environmental aspect. In this study, valuable resources, especially organic material, were recovered by the effective chemical recycling of PCBs. Pulverized PCB was depolymerized by glycolysis using polyethylene glycol (PEG 200) with a molecular weight of 200 g/mol under basic conditions. The cross-linked epoxy resins were effectively decomposed into a low-molecular species by glycolysis with PEG 200, followed by the effective separation of the metals and glass fibers from organic materials. The organic material was modified into recycled polyol with an appropriate viscosity and a hydroxyl value for rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) by the Mannich reaction and the addition polymerization of propylene oxide. RPUFs prepared using the recycled polyol exhibited superior thermal and mechanical properties as well as thermal insulation properties compared to conventional RPUFs, indicating that the recycled polyol obtained from the used PCBs can be valuable as RPUF raw materials for heat insulation.

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37

Goto, Toshiharu, Shingo Ashihara, Takanori Yamazaki, and Kiyoshi Watanabe. "Evaluation of Recycling Technology of Insulation of Cross-linked Polyethylene Insulated Cable using Supercritical Alcohol." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 126, no. 4 (2006): 400–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes.126.400.

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38

Zhu, Wenwei, Xiangbing Wang, Aiwu Liang, Yifeng Zhao, Xinghui Fan, and Gang Liu. "Thermal Effect of Short-term Overload on High-voltage Cross-linked Polyethylene (XLPE) Cable Insulation." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 746 (March 5, 2020): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/746/1/012001.

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39

Samee, A., Z. H. Li, C. H. Zhang, and Z. P. Huang. "Influence of Silicon Carbide Composite Barrier on Electrical Tree Growth in Cross Linked Polyethylene Insulation." Information Technology Journal 8, no. 3 (March 15, 2009): 318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/itj.2009.318.325.

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40

Andjelkovic, D., and N. Rajakovic. "Influence of accelerated aging on mechanical and structural properties of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation." Electrical Engineering (Archiv fur Elektrotechnik) 83, no. 1-2 (February 15, 2001): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002020000054.

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41

Said, Abdel Rahman, Amira G. Nawar, A. E. Elsayed, M. A. Abd-Allah, and Samir Kamel. "Enhancing Electrical, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of HV Cross-Linked Polyethylene Insulation Using Silica Nanofillers." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 30, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 1796–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-05488-8.

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42

Zhang, Zhen-Peng, Chang-Ji Zheng, Mei Zheng, Hong Zhao, Jian-Kang Zhao, Wei-Feng Sun, and Jun-Qi Chen. "Interface Damages of Electrical Insulation in Factory Joints of High Voltage Submarine Cables." Energies 13, no. 15 (July 30, 2020): 3892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153892.

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As a key accessory of high-voltage (HV) insulated submarine cable, the factory joints of the cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) represent an unpredictable uncertainty in cable-connecting fabrications by means of the extruded molding joint (EMJ) technique. The electrical breakdown pathways formed at the interfaces between recovery insulation and cable body under alternative current 500 kV voltages are specifically investigated by microstructure characterizations in combination with the electric field and fractal simulations. Dielectric-defected cracks in tens of micrometers in insulation interfaces are identified as the strings of voids, which dominate insulation damages. The abnormal arrangements of XLPE lamellae from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imply that the structural micro-cracks will be formed under interface stresses. Electrical-tree inception is expedited to a faster propagation due to the poor dielectric property of interface region, manifesting as 30% lower of tree inception voltage. The longer free-paths for accelerating charge carriers in the cracks of interface region will stimulate partial discharging from needle electrodes. The carbonized discharging micro-channels arising in interface region illustrate that the partial discharging will be triggered by the electrical-trees growing preferentially along the defect cracks and could finally develop into insulation damages. The mechanism of forming cracks in the fusion processes between the molten XLPE of cable body and the molten cross-linkable PE of recovery insulation is elucidated, according to which the crack-caused degradation of insulation performance is expected to be alleviated.

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43

El-Sayed Soliman, A. Said, El-Aziz Othman El Saeed Abdul, Mohamed Reda Ezz-eldin, Galal A. M. Taha Howayda, and Abd-Elmonem El-kattan Walaa. "Modification of Cable Insulation Characteristics Using Nanocomposites for the Nuclear Power Plant." Nuclear and Radiation Safety, no. 3(83) (September 30, 2019): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32918/nrs.2019.3(83).09.

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Nowadays, the nuclear power plant (NPP) lifetime can be extended to 80 years. This allows recommending the modifications in some properties of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable insulation. This work is laboratory implementation of nanofillers such as silicon dioxide (SiO2) and clay to enhance cable insulation. The volume resistivity, capacitance, dielectric loss, tensile strength and elongation properties were tested and measured for the nanosized samples. Furthermore, these measurements were carried out for modified XLPE/SiO2 and XLPE/clay samples with additive concentration of 1, 2.5, 4 and 5 weight percentage (wt. %). The officially documented results showed much better cable electrical insulation and mechanical profile. 205% and 189% improvement in volume resistivity was observed for XLPE/SiO2 and XLPE/clay, respectively. The analytical calculations were in agreement with the experimental results.

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44

Ignatev, Nikolay, Sergey Tetiora, and Dmitry Turkin. "Apparent and True Charges in the Partial Discharge Model at Different Defective Domain Sizes." Известия высших учебных заведений. Электромеханика 64, no. 6 (2021): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17213/0136-3360-2021-6-94-100.

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A model of the partial discharges in a sample of solid insulation with air cavity is presented. The material of the insulation is cross-linked polyethylene. The model is based on an active-capacitive equivalent circuit, in which the resistance of the air cavity at the instant of a partial discharge ignition is shunted by the active resistance of the spark. The model takes into consideration the delay of the discharge development. The evaluation of the diagnostic value of the apparent and true charges is carried out. The results of the apparent and true charges relationship with the dimensions and proportions of the air cavity are presented. It is shown that the same magnitude of both true and apparent charges can correspond to the different volumes and shapes of the air cavities in the insulation.

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45

Yahya, Muhammad Bin, and Muhammad Nazrolni Azmi Bin Izani. "Cable Test and Breakdown Voltage Determination of Joysense Cable Insulation." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 8, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v8.i1.pp177-183.

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Cross-linked Polyethylene (XLPE) has been used as the insulation for polymeric power cables for its superior advantages. This type of cable insulation are famously known and used for their good dielectric properties, mechanical properties, thermal properties, and probability to be utilized at high temperature. This study is of four (4) parts; designing suitable method for cable test, accelerated testing procedures applied to XLPE insulation for high voltage cables, online partial discharge determination, and aging test. To study the insulation durability to AC high voltage operation, the breakdown strength and aging were investigated under different setting of temperature. The breakdown voltages of XLPE were measured at different temperatures of 300C, 500C and finally at 700C. Lastly, the aging effect of cable insulation was observed by conducting the AC breakdown voltage test after the aging process. Results showed that the breakdown voltage and aging of XLPE cables will decrease with increase of temperature setting.

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46

Shul’ga, R. N., A. R. Shul’ga, D. I. Kovalev, G. Z. Mirzabekyan, and V. N. Varivodov. "The possibilities offered by use of solid insulation in complete switching gears and cross-linked polyethylene insulation under direct and alternating current." Russian Electrical Engineering 87, no. 8 (August 2016): 462–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068371216080083.

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47

Fard, Mehrtash, Mohamed Farrag, Scott McMeekin, and Alistair Reid. "Electrical Treeing in Cable Insulation under Different HVDC Operational Conditions." Energies 11, no. 9 (September 12, 2018): 2406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092406.

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Electrical treeing (ET) can irreversibly deteriorate the insulation of polymeric power cables leading to a complete failure. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation into the effects of unipolar and polarity reversing DC voltages on electrical tree (ET) and partial discharge (PD) behavior within high voltage direct current (HVDC) cross linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable insulation. A double needle configuration was adopted to produce non-uniform electric fields within the insulation samples, potentially leading to electrical trees. The development of trees was monitored through an optical method and the associated partial discharge signals were measured through an electrical detection technique, simultaneously. The analysis of the results shows reasonable relation between the formation of ETs and the type of the applied voltages. The polarity reversing attribute of the test voltages has a pronounced effect on formation and growth of electrical trees. This implicates an interaction between the space charges that accumulate within polymeric materials and the operational polarity reversing electric fields, which causes insulation degradation. Therefore, study of influencing HVDC operational parameters on insulation degradations can contribute to improvements in cable design and advancement in insulation diagnostic strategies applicable in HVDC systems leading to more effective asset management.

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Al-Onazi, Yousef, Nissar Wani, Abdulrahman Al-Arainy, and Yasin Khan. "Insulation Performance Analysis of Field Aged and New MV XLPE Cables Using Various Diagnostic Techniques." E3S Web of Conferences 294 (2021): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129402008.

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Анотація:

Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cables are widely used in the distribution and transmission networks of power systems. The insulation materials of these cables are stressed by the over voltages and are also exposed to various environmental conditions. This leads the power cables to degrade during their normal life span. Therefore, it would be advantageous for the power utilities to acquire the cable’s insulation condition frequently during their operation. In this paper, experimental studies were carried out on short sections of field aged as well as un-aged medium voltage (MV) XLPE cables to investigate the insulation condition using non-destructive diagnostic techniques such as Dissipation Factor (DF), Isothermal Relaxation Current (IRC), and Partial Discharge (PD) characteristics at 60Hz. From this set of experiments, different parameters will be used to analyze the dielectric response and the insulation condition. Finally, the results show how the VLF dissipation factor works efficiently to assess cable aging.

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49

Dang, Bin, Jinliang He, Jun Hu, and Yao Zhou. "Tailored sPP/Silica Nanocomposite for Ecofriendly Insulation of Extruded HVDC Cable." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/686248.

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Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) is a thermosetting material that cannot be recycled at the end of its lifetime. This study investigated the potential of syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP)/silica as an ecofriendly extruded insulation system for HVDC cables. We investigated the morphology, Fourier transform infrared, and thermal, thermomechanical, and electrical behaviors of sPP modified with 0.5–3% nanosilica. We found that the silica/sPP nanocomposite without cross-linking offered a suitable mechanical modulus at room temperature and sufficient intensity at high temperatures, and adding nanosilica modified by a silane coupling agent to the sPP resulted in significant DC resistivity and space charge improvement. The optimal nanosilica content in the sPP was determined by balancing the mechanical and thermomechanical characteristics and the DC resistivity. The sPP/silica nanocomposite reported here shows great potential as a candidate insulation material for future ecofriendly extruded HVDC cables.

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50

Wei, Xin Lao, Bo Zhu, Bing Pang, Tong Liu, Song Wang, and Rui Hai Li. "A Synchronous Sampling System of On-Line Monitoring for Long-Distance Cable Insulation Based on DSP and GPS." Advanced Materials Research 981 (July 2014): 653–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.981.653.

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The induced voltage of the long-distance power cable will reach high value, so the metallic sheath of cable should be cross-linked to reduce the induced voltage. It is safe and economic enough but bring out problem of monitoring the situation of insulation. In order to solve the problem, a new method is provied and a monitoring system based on Digital Siganl Processor and Global Positioning System are designed. The composition of system has been introduced, includes the hardware and software design. The results show that the monitoring system can reflect the situation of cable insulation, and the mothod is proved to be validity and feasibility.

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