Дисертації: "Cross-cultural studies"

1

Furusa, Rutendo. "Cross cultural understanding and volunteer tourism : the role of sending organisations in fostering cross-cultural understanding." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13670.

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Volunteer tourism has become a popular phenomenon worldwide and questions have been raised about the work that international volunteers do in Third World countries. Scholars have debated the possibility of a cross-cultural ‘misunderstanding’ developing between international volunteers and local community members. This research is based on the idea that there can be a possibility for cross-cultural understanding to take place. This thesis aims to gain better insight into the role that volunteer tourism organisations (VTOs) play in fostering cross-cultural understanding between the volunteers and the local community members that they work with. A framework suggested by tourism expert Eliza Raymond (2007) was used to assess how exactly organisations play a part in encouraging this type of understanding. The research focuses on two VTOs, Projects Abroad and Coaching for Hope as case studies. Both these organisations are involved in the facilitation of development programmes in disadvantaged communities in Cape Town.

2

Sundberg, Matilda, and Sara Nilsson. "Academics Abroad : A cross cultural study." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-42830.

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This paper aims to investigate if individuals from an academic setting encounter the same types of difficulties and problems as those discussed in literature for individuals working in a business abroad. There is much literature on the most common difficulties and problems that business individuals may encounter when working overseas. We have identified three main areas which are communication, relationship to hierarchy and decision making norms. However, there is little documentation on difficulties from an academic perspective. In order to see if any similarities or differences existed within these areas, we interviewed individuals from an academic setting, to see if their experiences are similar to the business individuals or not. The sample in this paper consists of teachers and researchers at Umeå University which have experiences from working overseas. In total we interviewed ten individuals and the result point in the direction that individuals from an academic setting do not experience the same difficulties and problems as individuals from the business world do. From the three topics identified as the most common problem areas in a business setting, two (communication and relationship to hierarchy) showed a result that is not in accordance with the existing literature on the business context and one (decision making norms) was not directly related to the individuals represented in this sample .

3

張賢彬 and Yin-bun Cheung. "Size at birth and postnatal growth and development, morbidity and mortality." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31240045.

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4

Rainey, Kenneth Richard III. "Cross-Cultural Humor Through Comedy Films?" The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1525141452462223.

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5

Molapo, Mpaki. "The cross-cultural camera of Akira Kurosawa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11010.

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Bibliography: leaves 110-120.
This minor dissertation is undertaken to examine the cross-cultural similarities that are revealed by motion pictures through analyzing the work of Akira Kurosawa and contrasting it with selective mainstream cinema texts. Kurosawa is a critical case in point due to his welding of Occidental and Japanese ideas into his films, and his origin from a hybridized Japan, a society which historically has freely absorbed and embellished itself from numerous cultures, including America, Korea, China and Europe.

6

Adams, Pedro Duan. "An international marketing framework for Ford South Africa in Nigeria." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/3869.

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Africa is seen as the last investment frontier and according to literature will have a GDP of $1.5 trillion by the year 2016 and a population that is double the size of Europe. The rapid expansion of infrastructure and construction in African countries, such as Mozambique and Zambia has increased the demand for commercial vehicles. This has sparked unparalleled marketing opportunities for automotive manufacturers and the continent is fast attracting major players in this sector. The international marketing literature still lacks detailed studies and research into the marketing deliberations and trades in Africa. Therefore, according literature a greater representation of African culture within the international marketing literature would provide relevance and richness in the global market place and offer greater insight to organisations who are seeking to invest and expand their businesses in Africa. The management issue here is to comprehend the diversity and vastness of this region and putting together all spheres to ensure growth and creating brand loyalty. The key challenge here is for management to be able to grasp and understand not only the various cultures but also the way of doing business in such a vastly different region. It is therefore imperative for Ford Motor Company to fully understand these factors so as to take full advantage associated with entering a market early which is commonly referred as first-mover-advantage. A case in point is when General Motors entered the Chinese automotive industry in 1997 when the Chinese market was relatively small. General Motors’ enthusiasm and commitment back in 1997 was driven by a belief that China would ultimately become an economic powerhouse and emerge as one of the world’s largest automotive markets. By the year 2010 China was one of the world’s biggest automotive markets and General Motors was a dominant force in this market. Africa has all the key elements for the growth and development of a robust automotive market. By studying past experiences and outcomes from empirical studies on international marketing with emphasis on the automotive industry, it will be possible to draw lessons and experience about the potential growth of the automotive sector on the African continent. This study will also be of great significance to other automotive manufacturers and suppliers looking to expand their business and market share across Africa due to the increase of the middle class. Therefore creative strategies and thinking of how to circumvent challenges in the African cultural environment, creativity in managing bureaucracy and due diligence about business and investment opportunities will uncover unprecedented volumes of profitable business that lies untapped on the African continent. Data from the quantitative study suggest that culture, political environment, country-of-origin, competition and country infrastructure in Nigeria, are essential factors to the development of a successful international marketing strategy for Ford South Africa. This study therefore concludes that Ford Motor Company of South Africa can utilize this framework in order to gain greater market share and ultimately success in Nigeria. Recommendations were also made for future research studies that can contribute to the international marketing literature with emphasis on the African market.

7

Wenger, Adam P. "An examination of machismo and self-construal between adult English speaking and adult Spanish speaking populations." Virtual Press, 2006. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1355259.

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Culture is made up of numerous components that interact upon the individual to help form and shape his/her perspectives about the world. Two such components are machismo (the degree to which a population views gender roles as particularly male oriented) and self-construal (the internal attributions of individualism/collectivism). In a survey conducted among native English speaking individuals and native Spanish speaking individuals within the Midwestern United States, a measure of both of these components was used to determine whether there are differences in scores for selfconstrual and machismo between two samples. The results indicate that in the samples included, the native Spanish speaking group scored significantly higher on machismo, and the native English speaking cohort scored significantly higher on independent selfconstrual. Differences between the two groups for mean age and gender composition may explain the lack of significance for the measure of interdependent self-construal.
Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

8

Canel, Cinarbas Deniz. "A cross-cultural study of somatization." Virtual Press, 2007. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1389687.

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The purpose of the present study was to compare the factor structure of distress, comprised of depression, anxiety, and somatization, across Turkey and the U.S., and to investigate the metric invariance of the instruments used to measure distress: The Beck Depression Inventory-II, The State Trait Anxiety Inventory Trait subscale, and TheSymptom Check List 90-R Somatization subscale. Data from 778 Turkish and U.S. participants were used for the analyses. It was found that depression, somatization, and anxiety are three distinct but related constructs for both Turkish and U.S. participants. It was also found that BDI-II, STAI-Trait, and SCL-90-R-Somatization do not have metric invariance across the two cultures, and these instruments do not measure the same distress construct across Turkey and U.S. Stated differently, distress as measured by these three instruments has different meanings for Turkish and U.S. participants. According to the results of a freelist analysis, somatic, cognitive, behavioral, and affective reactions to distress were equally salient for Turkish students. In contrast, affective and somatic reactions to distress had more salience for the U.S. participants.Some of the results obtained from the current study contradicted previous findings, while some were consistent. The results were consistent with the way depression, anxiety, and somatization are conceptualized in the DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) as separate constructs, but contradicted Krueger et al.'s findings (2003) and Broom's unitary model of personhood (2000, 2003). Results from the freelist analysis contradicted the previous findings indicating that Turkish individuals are more likely to somatize compared to individuals from the U.S. (Gureje et al., 1997). The methodological differences between the current study and the previous studies (Gureje et al., 1997), such as differences in the instrumentation and the educational levels of the participants, may have caused the observed differences in the findings. The results from the current study should be interpreted in light of its limitations, such as use of convenience sampling, instrumentation, and the effect of potential response biases. Future studies are needed to further investigate the cross-cultural metric invariance and item bias of BDI-II, STAI-Trait, and SCL-90-R-Somatization individually.
Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

9

Söderlind, Eva, and Sara Kidby. "Cross cultural cooperation : a field study about India and Sweden." Thesis, Södertörn University College, Södertörn University College, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-300.

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A successful cooperation between different cultures in a global organisation depends on a good understanding about the norms and the values in the other culture. To have a good understanding about other cultures makes it easier to build good international relationships between countries without misunderstandings and misperceptions.

In this master thesis we investigate the cultural differences between Swedes and Indians that can be found in Swedish subsidiaries in India and if these cultural differences affect the cooperation between Indians and Swedes. The five cultural aspects that are in focus in this study are the following;

1. Identity – concerns if members of a business culture see themselves as individuals or as a collective (see figure 3, p.30).

2. Time – concerns how business cultures value time (see figure 4, p.32).

3. Ambiguity – concerns how business cultures react to the uncertainties and ambiguities in the daily work (see figure 5, p.34).

4. Integrative strategy – concerns if business cultures are conflict orientated or not, emphasise competitive behaviour or not, and how they value their free time (see figure 6, p.37).

5. Power and hierarchy – concerns how business cultures divide power and what they recognise as status (see figure 7, p.40).

The empirical result was gathered during a two month field study in India where we interviewed both Swedish and Indian managers and engineers about their experience in cross cultural cooperation.

The investigation revealed that there are differences in the cultures and that they affect the cooperation between Indians and Swedes in the subsidiaries. The biggest difference in identity was the informal classification in Indian business societies. The Swedish managers sometimes had problems with recognising the differences in ranks and the informal hierarchy among the Indians which could lead to Indian employees feeling bypassed and overlooked. (See 7.1.3 Conclusion of Identity, p.60)

When it comes to differences concerning time the Indians were more optimistic about time and did not have the same respect as the Swedes regarding being on time and keeping deadlines. This could lead to problem in the cooperation because Swedes believed that time and money was wasted when deadlines were not kept. (See 7.2.3 Conclusion of Time, p.64)

In the aspect of ambiguity Swedes valued safety more than taking risks when doing business. The Indians on the other hand valued risk taking more than safety. This led to problems in the cooperation because the Indians saw the Swedish way of always analysing risks before doing business as costly. Too much concern about safety led to non-competitive prices and loss of markets. (See 7.3.3 Conclusion of Ambiguity, p.68)

In the analysis of integrative strategy we found that the Indian business society was regarding the manager as someone above the regular employee. This view led to problems in the communication between the Swedish managers and the Indian employees because the employees did not dare to criticise the manager’s decisions. The Swedish manager expected the employees to correct him when he was wrong and got disappointed when they did not. (See 7.4.4 Conclusion of Integrative strategy, p. 72)

In the cultural aspect power and hierarchy we concluded that the manager in India was seen as someone with a lot of authority and as a father figure for the employees. This was not the case in Sweden where the manager was more seen as a companion. The different management styles led to confusion among the employees when the Swedish manager demanded them to be more independent and the Indian manager expected them to be more dependent on his authority. (See 7.5.4 Conclusion of Power and Hierarchy, p. 75)

The result of this study gives a knowledge and understanding about cultural differences between Indians and Swedes and can be used as guidelines when cooperating across the Indian and Swedish culture.

10

Man, Daisy Wailing. "Cross-cultural study of test-wiseness." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28772.

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The objectives of this study were to investigate the cultural differences in test-wiseness between Chinese and Canadian students; to study the impact of test-wiseness on British Columbia Grade 12 provincial examination results among Chinese students in British Columbia; and to examine the relationship of test-wiseness, and four correlates (verbal ability, achievement motivation, length of residency in Canada, multiple choice experience) among the Chinese students. The Test of Test-wiseness and Student Survey questionnaire were administered to 41 Grade 12 foreign Chinese students who wrote the provincial examinations in January 1990. Completed test data were compared with the same data from Canadian and Chinese immigrant students who wrote the provincial examination in June 1989. The data were analyzed by a linear regression model. The results indicated that ethnicity accounted for a significant amount of variance in test-wiseness. Foreign Chinese students were significantly less test-wise than both Canadian and Chinese immigrant students. Foreign Chinese students scored significantly lower than the other two groups in absurd-options, different-options, stem-options link and guessing subtests in the Test of Test-wiseness. The results also showed that test-wiseness did not account for a significant amount of variance in provincial examination scores (English 12 and Algebra 12). The four correlates together accounted for very little variance in test-wiseness. None of them significantly correlated with test-wiseness, except that length of residency in Canada correlated positively with test-wiseness. Finally, the three ethnic groups showed no significant differences in achievement motivation but foreign Chinese students scored significantly lower than Chinese immigrant students who scored in turn lower than Canadian students in verbal ability. The findings imply that language plays a crucial part in test-taking situations. With inadequate English language skills, foreign Chinese students were unable to satisfactorily comprehend the test questions, and hence their test performance were very close to what would be expected from random guessing. It is suggested that these students require examination coaching skills as well as improvement in English language skills.
Education, Faculty of
Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of
Graduate

11

Chen, Hongying. "A cross-cultural study of coping." CardinalScholar 1.0, 2009. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1536746.

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The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of cultural factors, such as self-construal, and social beliefs, on coping for U.S. and Chinese college students. Data from 325 U.S. and 321 Chinese college students were used for the analyses. It was found that independent self-construal, beliefs in reward for application and social complexity predicted task-oriented coping and self-regulation for both the U.S. and Chinese students. It was also found that beliefs in both fate control and social cynicism were associated with avoidance and emotion-focused coping in both groups. These two patterns of relationships were also observed across gender in each sample. Differences were also noted between the two countries. For the U.S. students, independent self-construal and interdependent self-construal contributed equally to task-oriented coping and self regulation, whereas for the Chinese students, only independent self-construal predicted these coping strategies. Moreover, religiosity was associated with emotion-focused coping and self regulation for the Chinese participants, while this pattern was not found in the U.S. student sample. The results of this study support the transactional model of coping. Consistent with previous findings, significant associations were found between three of the cultural variables (independent self-construal, beliefs in social complexity, and reward in application) and taskoriented coping. In contrast to prior research, the current study indicates that both independent and interdependent self-construal predicted task-oriented coping for the U.S. students. This contradicts Lam and Zane’s (2004) findings which suggested that these two dimensions of selfconstrual affect coping differently. Moreover, the current study found associations in the U.S. sample between self-construal, social beliefs, and coping dimensions which were originally identified in Chinese populations (i.e., self-regulation and help seeking). Similarly, the current research illuminated relationships in the Chinese sample between self-construal, social beliefs, and coping dimensions which were originally identified in the West (i.e., task-oriented and emotion-oriented coping). These findings suggest that current conceptualizations of coping in the West and China may not fully capture important aspects of coping in these two cultures. These results were discussed in relation to past findings in the literature, as well as the cultural contexts of the U.S. and China.
Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

12

Tan, Dih Hong. "The influence of individualistic versus collective cultural patterns on attachment patterns in adult females." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2059.

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The purpose of the present study was to examine the impact of "individualistic" vs. "collective" cultural patterns on the distribution of attachment patterns. Participants were English-speaking Anglo-American (n=70), Hispanic (n=70), and Asian (n=60) females.

13

Zhou, Ning, and 周宁. "Solving the Chinese classroom paradox: a cross-cultural comparison on teachers' controlling behaviors." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45690625.

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14

Gadir, Shakil Ahmed Ghulam. "ORGANIZATIONAL FAIRNESS IN PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL SYSTEMS: CROSS CULTURAL COMPARISON OF SAUDIS AND AMERICANS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276448.

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15

Alyami, Adel. "Cross-cultural studies among Saudi students in the United Kingdom." Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/12074.

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This is a multi-method research which consists of four studies. The first examined the influence of cultural values and ethnic identity on collective self-esteem, acculturative stress and attitudes toward seeking psychological help among 117 Saudi students living and studying in the UK, 20 of them were interviewed in the second part of the study in order to examine their acculturation strategies and their attitude toward seeking psychological help. The measures used were: Asian Values Scale (AVS), Male Arab Acculturation Scale (MAAS), Male Arabic Ethnic Identity Measure (MAEIM), Attitudes toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help-Short Form (ATSPPH-SF), and Collective Self-Esteem (CSE-R). The study sample was divided into two groups: 49 (Junior) newly arrived students and 68 (senior) students who had spent more than one year in the UK. Also, gender and marital status were considered as variables. Interviews were conducted to examine the questionnaire's findings in depth. Results supported the hypothesis that adherence to original cultural values is a positive predictor of collective self-esteem. Also it was found that there was a difference between new and senior students in the scores on the following scales: AVS, CSE, SAFE, ATSPP, and MAAS Int. Results also supported the hypothesis that ethnic identity is a positive predictor of collective self-esteem. However, no relation was observed between adherence to original cultural values and students‟ attitudes towards seeking psychological help, acculturative stress, and communication styles. Also, ethnic identity did not correlate with acculturative stress. Regarding gender and marital status, findings suggest that they are not significant predictors of the research‟s dependent variables. In the third part of the study: the researcher examined and measured the effect of providing counselling sessions for a sample of 12 Saudi students during their stay in the UK using a pre- and post- Culture Shock Questionnaire, and results were compared with a control group of 12 Saudi participants who were not engaged in the counselling sessions. Results were statistically significant for the experimental group which indicated a positive effect of providing counseling services for Saudi students. In the fourth part of the study: the researcher measured the effect of reverse culture shock on students who returned home using a modified version of the Home-comer Culture Shock Scales (HCSS) and inviting view participants to take part in un formal interview. The thesis will be concluded with an explanatory conclusion which might lead to further studies.

16

Levine, Alissa. "The social construction of female orgasm : a cross-cultural study." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38219.

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This study presents cross-cultural research into women's sexuality, and orgasm in particular. Qualitative interviews of women who have undergone excision of the clitoris and women who have not form the core of my data. My analysis indicates that female orgasm in diverse societies is problematized and controlled, causing me to postulate numerous similarities between women despite cultural and physical differences. One of the most significant findings is that similar attitudes toward the clitoris might be invoked to explain both its removal, in excising societies, and clitoral-vaginal theoretical bifurcations in non-excising ones.
The originality of my theoretical approach is to examine various types of social constructionism. I demonstrate its pertinence to an understanding of the literal construction of the body through social practices or social imperatives which determine physical reality. My use of the term constructionism as anti-essentialism also enables me to identify common components of drive theory in diverse cultures, and to demonstrate their lack of correlation with sexual behavior. Finally, constructionism is a crucial element to my analysis of subjective beliefs concerning female orgasm. Interpretation of physiological response supports a belief in clitoral-vaginal opposition in defiance of the interdependence of these two organs, thereby reflecting the constructionist insistence upon reality as socially defined.
The originality of this research lies in its comparative perspective and resulting emphasis on similarities in culturally diverse groups. Female sexuality and orgasm are filtered through social existence. A physiological response can thus be denied or substantiated by social means.

17

Mun, Jae Hong Daniel. "Transformation of cross-cultural Korean leaders in Taiwanese churches." Thesis, Biola University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3619662.

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Taiwan and Korea have been categorized in the same cluster of Confucian and hierarchical cultures. However, Korean missionary pastors in Taiwan experience significant cross-cultural differences that directly affect the effectiveness of their leadership among Taiwanese congregants.

This study discloses the four factors contributing to the effectiveness of select Korean missionary pastors: (a) personal traits, (b) interaction on cross-cultural issues, (c) trust, and (d) spirituality. Working as a whole, four key factors result in a four-fold transformation of leadership: (a) leaders responded to cross-cultural encounters with cognitive discernment, (b) which resulted in movement from authoritarian to servant leadership, (c) which fostered trust among followers, (d) which resulted in movement from servant to transformational leadership.

The theory in this study on the effectiveness of cross-cultural leaders in Taiwanese context is derived from the ground theory study using in-depth semi-structured interviews, and participant observation.

18

White, Daniel. "English, and international cross-cultural attitudes in China, Japan and South Korea." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2013. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/18036/.

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The findings of language attitude studies amongst learners of English have consistently demonstrated that native speakers of English are accorded higher evaluations in terms of status/prestige, whereas non-native speakers of English are often rated high in terms of social attractiveness/solidarity. For the majority of language attitude studies, the inclusion of native speakers of English in speech evaluation experiments has served as useful for investigating the complex attitudes towards English speech among English language learners. However, over the past two decades there has been a growing argument that the unprecedented spread of English language learning has led to questions over the ownership of the English language and the functions for its study, with many arguing that English is no longer learned primarily to communicate with native speakers of English, but as a means to communicate between those that do not share the same first language. Despite this, few studies have focused solely on attitudes held by English language learners in the expanding circle towards one another. Moreover, informants in language attitudes studies amongst English language learners have often been limited to informants of homogenous national groups, thus making direct comparisons between the multitudes of language attitude studies across national groups difficult.

19

Oakes, Ann S. (Ann Sutton). "Women in National Legislatures: A Cross-National Study." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332651/.

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Women's access to elective political office, an indicator of political inequality, was studied by surveying the percentage of women holding elective political positions in national legislatures of 74 countries. This study used a cross-sectional research design with multiple regression analysis.

20

De, Vries Tielke Anna Eveline. "Cross-cultural differences: the experiences, challenges and strengths for partners in committed interacial relationships." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1008193.

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The topic of interpersonal relationships and the factors that enhance the longevity and strength of these have been well documented. Whilst there has been a steady increase in the occurrence of interracial relationships, it has not been matched by an increase in studies on the phenomenon and indeed very little empirical attention has been given to these relationships. Leslie and Letiecq (2004) highlight that the existing research on the phenomenon focuses primarily on the reasons individuals select partners outside of their own racial group. As interracial marriages are reportedly more vulnerable to divorce than marriages among same-race individuals, it seems important to examine the dynamics and quality of interracial relationships (Leslie & Letiecq, 2004). The goal of the study was therefore to explore the cross-cultural differences that inform the experiences, challenges, and strengths for partners in committed interracial relationships. In this qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual study, the author has explored and described the specific cross-cultural differences that the couple has encountered in their relationship and the impact that these differences have had on the quality of their relationship. Furthermore the study aimed to explore and describe the strengths the couple has drawn from these cross-cultural differences to enhance the quality of their relationship. A combination of purposive and snowball sampling techniques has been utilised to identify interracial couples who have been in a committed monogamous relationship of at least one year. The sample consisted of eleven individuals. Semi-structured individual interviews were utilised as the data collection tool, and Tesch‟s model of data analysis (in Creswell, 1998) has been employed. This model of data analysis consists of eight steps that have been used to analyse the data. Five themes emerged from the study: (1) cultural difference factors, (2) negative factors that influence the couple‟s coping with cultural differences, (3) positive factors that influence the couple‟s coping with cultural differences, (4) factors relating to cultural differences that strengthen the relationship and (5) recommendations to other interracial couples. The findings of the study make a meaningful contribution to couple counselling interventions for interracial couples, and also add to the body of knowledge on this sparsely researched topic.

21

Nukaga, Yoshio. "The visual transcription of "family disease" : a comparison of the use of medical pedigrees in genetic counseling practices in Canada and Japan." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23729.

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In recent years, with the development of DNA tests and genetic knowledge, there has been a growth of genetic counseling services and research in Canada and Japan. Although the uniqueness of genetic services in medicine lies in the preliminary assessment of the entire family rather than a single patient, few attempts have been made by social scientists to examine the technical and social construction of family trees and medical pedigrees. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze how the family data taken by genetic counselors are transcribed as medical pedigrees and used by associated health care workers in different cultural settings. The comparative analysis was based on an ethnographic approach that included participant-observation in genetic counseling sessions, interviews with clinical workers, and content-analysis of medical textbooks. The findings include three major points: (1) cultural views of the family are taken for granted by genetic counselors; (2) the process of documenting family data consists of four stages: primary transcription, secondary transcriptions, combination and publications; (3) the clinical workers' use of medical pedigrees results in the construction of family history as part of the present family illness.

22

SCHLESSMAN-FROST, AMY C. "CROSS-CULTURAL COVENTURING: A MODEL, TAXONOMY, AND SOME COMPUTER IMPLICATIONS." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184119.

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Both the public and private sectors currently encounter the telescoping urgency for effective cross-cultural coventuring in business, educational and personal arenas. Existing descriptive models for organizing cultural information are either simplistic and superficial or so complex as to be inaccessible or overwhelm the user. This study uses Saunders' theory of model construction as an informing hypothesis to develop a model for cross-cultural coventuring. An integral part of this conception is a definition of culture which uses Villemain's insightful concept of qualitative meaning. Integrating this type of meaning within Saunders' Inquiry Cube allows for categories through which even the most subtle and unarticulated variables making up the human enterprise and the value base of those cherished and celebrated human ideals can be sorted, classified, and set into a taxonomic design. This hierarchical pattern provides direction and parameters for greater cross-cultural exploration. The methodological sequence of the Cultural Inquiry Cube is further translated to a psychological sequence which is more readily comprehensible to the learner. The greatest potential for widespread use of this model seems to be in microcomputer applications. Compact disc technology including CD-ROM and CD-I promises accessibility not possible heretofore.

23

Blomqvist, Klas. "Cross Cultural Management : - a comparison between IKEA Canada and IKEA Sweden." Thesis, Stockholm University, School of Business, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6378.

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There are differences among the working culture in every country. The problem is in what way this affects the way of managing an organization. The purpose of this thesis is to get a greater insight on how difficult it can be to manage a global organization. The questions I will try to answer are: Are there any differences in management between Sweden and Canada? If so how does and how should, IKEA manage to deal with them? This thesis is made using a qualitative method,.using theories about what culture really is and earlier studies about what a typical Swedish and what a typical Canadian business culture is. Further on the IKEA cooperation and its concept has been described.. Two employee managers of IKEA Sweden and two store managers of IKEA Canada have been interviewed. Additionally seven co-workers have answered a an open-questioned survey. The main differences between IKEA Canada and IKEA Sweden are that IKEA Canada is trying harder to keep the IKEA culture, norms and values in the store. The way that this is shown is that in a Canadian store; everyone is participating in team building activities, but in Sweden it is divided from department to department. The business culture in Canada compared to the business culture in Sweden is not that different though. There might even be more similarities between Canada and Sweden, then Canada and the United States. IKEA’s way in coping with culture differences is not that inspiring really. It is the way how they are working on keeping their own values and norms that are remarkable. From the day you set your foot inside IKEA you will feel the culture; if you are not feeling it you will be taught. The managers are checking if the staff is living by their norms, the staff even answers on questions regarding if the managers are working by these norms as well. You could say that IKEA fails on the aspect of taking in mind other countries’ cultures, and they way they work. But on the other hand if they did, they would get lost. No way could they be that flexible, they should know about them in order not to step on anyone’s toes, but they should stick to their concept – it is a winning concept.

24

Sciame, Michelle E. 1958. "Adolescent adjustment to parenthood: A cross-cultural perspective." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291864.

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This naturalistic research describes adjustment to parenthood in an ethnically diverse group of out-of-school adolescent mothers enrolled in an educational program. The process of adjustment was investigated, as well as what factors impede or enhance adjustment for these mothers. Ethnic differences were considered along with the role of the educational program. Implications for program planning are discussed. Data collection consisted of interviews, observations, a Life Events Checklist, and a review of program files. Difficult home lives and the frequency of stressful events prior to pregnancy led to a relatively easy adjustment to parenthood for these mothers. Adjustment was enhanced by support; most frequently provided by the program, partners, and families. Partners and families also were the most frequent cause of difficulties that impeded adjustment. The major differences between ethnic groups were in family structure and support systems. The educational program served as a major source of relational support for these mothers.

25

Avigitidou, Sofia. "Children's friendships in early schooling : cross-cultural and educational case studies." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386020.

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26

Lindborg, Alexander, and Anna-Carin Ohlsson. "Cross-cultural business negotiations : how cultural intelligence influences the business negotiation process." Thesis, Kristianstad University College, School of Health and Society, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-5833.

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Over the last 30 years, technology has made it possible for people to travel to other cultures in a cheaper and more efficient way. The increased traveling has made it possible for an increase in trade and as the trade flourishes the need for people that can handle the differences between the cultures in the world increase. Some people handle cross-cultural negotiations better than others; we want to know how Cultural Intelligence influences The Business Negotiation Process.

To find out how Cultural Intelligence influences The Business Negotiation Process we choose to conduct qualitative interviews with a few Swedish companies that have experiences of cross-cultural negotiations with China.

The findings indicate that Cultural Intelligence influences The Business Negotiation Process by different factors such as engagement, communication and understanding. The greater engagement and understanding the negotiator has of the different parts the more likely it is that the business negotiation process will have a positive outcome.

We studied as much literature as we could find about cultural intelligence and the business negotiation process. Out of our findings, we build a model, and this gave the opportunity to test the different parts of the model in our research.

Our contributions to the field are foremost the discovery of the two new dimensions: Structure and Power Dependency that can be added to both Cultural intelligence and The Business Negotiation Process. In future research, these two dimensions can be further researched and developed. In our research, statements from our respondents create a small practical guideline for cross-cultural business negotiations with China. The negotiators might have use for this guideline when negotiating with Chinese companies.

27

Long, Charles Alexander. "Cross-cultural communication of the gospel through sports (specifically soccer)." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1985. http://www.tren.com.

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28

HOLLINGSWORTH, DIANA MORENO. "THE INTERVIEW: A CROSS-CULTURAL MODEL, STRATEGIES AND EVALUATIVE MEASURES." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184112.

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The rapid telescoping of the need to communicate cross-culturally in an ever widening range of contexts sets the basic circumstances for this study. Private and public sector interviewing become more important as cultural and cross-cultural factors emerge in coventuring enterprises. Standard interviewing programs and procedures do not usually focus on cross-cultural variables. A model is necessary through which to orchestrate the interview in a generic form and into which substantive illustrations for cross-cultural interviews can be placed. The Cube model designed by Dr. T. Frank Saunders, in his Double Think book, was adapted to this purpose and provides a comprehensive and exhaustive format for this study. The advent of CD ROM, high storage and easy retrieval computer technology, makes the design presented here an effective and efficient system for the collection and collation of demographic and ethnographic data. The Cube model and procedures set forth in this study should facilitate the data collection and development of an interview manual for cross-cultural interviewing.

29

Hannula, Gustaf. "Monkey see, monkey do? An intercultural exploration of the dynamics between humans and non-human primates in a professional animal research setting." Scholarly Commons, 2007. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/677.

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This thesis is an exploration of the perceptions of a group of humans in interaction with a group of non-human primates in a professional animal research setting. The study is a novel investigation in the field of intercultural relations, exploring the values and beliefs of a group of research employees, and the intercultural competence and sensitivity these employees model in their interactions with the animals they work with. A focus group was conducted at the Oregon National Primate Research Center and 8 individuals working with non-human primates were interviewed. They were asked a series of 15 open-ended questions in order to explore their identification and appreciation of cultural differences, as well as their general strategies for adapting to cultural difference in the context of an animal research setting. The results of this meeting reflect a range of perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs relative to culture and the possibility of an intercultural relationship between species.

30

Morrell, Alicia Montana. "Assessing the development of intercultural sensitivity gained through the domestic experiences of first year students." Scholarly Commons, 2008. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/698.

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Institutions of higher education in the United States are becoming more and more diverse and nationwide efforts to provide educational access and equity to underrepresented groups of people will only help to increase that diversity. Increased diversity combined with the need for institutions to produce graduates who are capable of living and working in a global society, has created the need for students to possess a set of cognitive and behavioral skills to aide in successful intercultural interactions. Using the Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity and the theory of Cultural Intelligence as frameworks, this research attempts to assess the effect of domestic experiences on intercultural competency and cultural intelligence of first year students at the University of the Pacific. Interview participants were chosen from a sample of eighty-seven students who took the Intercultural Development Inventory and were selected for displaying a great deal or lacked of intercultural sensitivity and cultural intelligence. From these interviews, key lines of thought and experiences were determined to have had positive or negative influences on competency. These results are presented in the form of biographical sketches and supplemented with a discussion of the skills essential to developing greater competency in intercultural sensitivity and cultural intelligence through the curriculum and co-curricular involvements.

31

Stone, Raymond J. "Cultural dimensions in the cognition of negotiation style, effectiveness and trust development: the caseof Australian and Hong Kong Chinese executives." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31244762.

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32

Marczyk, Organek Katherine D. "Sleep in Early Adolescence: an Examination of Bedtime Behaviors, Nighttime Sleep Environment, and Parent-set Bedtimes Among a Racially/ethnically Diverse Sample." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc804905/.

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Early adolescence (e.g., 10-14 years old) is a time during which health habits and behaviors first develop that carry over into adulthood. This age range is also a time when changes are often first observed in typical sleep patterns, such as a delay in bedtimes, decreased total sleep times, and increased sleep problems. Electronic media and social networking have become essential to adolescent interpersonal communication and are negatively associated with adolescent sleep. Room and/or bed sharing practices and having a parent-set bedtime are still common in this age range, though no study has examined the relationship between these culturally influenced practices and the sleep of racially/ethnically diverse early adolescents. The current study examined if differences exist between 1272 Caucasian, Hispanic/Latino, and African American early adolescents (ages 10-14 years) on self-reported bedtime, SOL, TST, and sleep efficiency, and whether these differences persist when taking into account presence of electronic media in the bedroom (i.e., TV, videogame console, computer, cellphone), media use at bedtime (i.e., watching TV, playing video/computer games, social networking, texting), room sharing, and parent-set bedtimes. Preliminary results showed that females reported worse sleep than males (i.e., longer sleep onset latency, shorter TST, and lower sleep efficiency, with a trend for having a later bedtime), and that African Americans and Hispanics reported later bedtimes than Caucasians, Hispanics reported shorter sleep onset latency and longer sleep efficiency than Caucasians, and African Americans reported shorter total sleep time than Caucasians. Presence of any type of media in the bedroom or use of any type of electronic media at bedtime was associated with later bedtimes and shorter total sleep times, but not with SOL or sleep efficiency. Parent-set bedtimes were associated with earlier bedtimes, longer sleep onset latency, longer TST, and lower sleep efficiency. After controlling for significant bedtime factors, only the main effects for TST became non-significant, while the interaction became significant. Hispanic females reported shorter TST than Hispanic males, African American females reported shorter TST compared to Caucasian females, and Caucasian males reported shorter TST compared to Hispanic males. Intervention strategies such as parent education and sleep education in schools targeting the bedtime behaviors and sleeping habits of adolescents are discussed.

33

Otsuji, Emi. "Performing transculturation : between/within 'Japanese' and 'Australian' language, identities and culture /." Electronic version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2100/598.

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University of Technology, Sydney. Faculty of Education.
This thesis examines the construction processes of language, culture and identities in relation to both the macro level of society and culture, as well as the micro-individual level. It argues that there is a need to understand these constructions beyond discrete notions of language, identities and culture. The thesis mobilises performativity theory to explore how exposure to a variety of practices during the life trajectory has an impact on the construction and performance of language, identities and culture. It shows how a theory of performativity can provide a comprehensive account of the complex process of, and the relationships between, hybridisation (engagement in a range of cultural practices) and monolithication (nostalgic attachments to familiar practices). The thesis also suggests that the deployment of performativity theory with a focus on individual biography as well as larger social-cultural factors may fill a gap left in some other modes of analysis such as Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Conversation Analysis (CA). Analysing data from four workplaces in Australia, the study focuses on trans-institutional talk, namely casual conversation in which people from a variety of linguistic and cultural backgrounds work together. Following the suggestion (Pennycook 2003; Luke 2002) that there is a need to shift away from the understanding that a particular language is attached to a particular nation, territory and ethnicity, the thesis shows how discrete ethnic and linguistic labels such as ‘Japanese’ and ‘English’ as well as notions of ‘code-switching’ and ‘bi-lingualism’ become problematic in the attempt to grasp the complexity of contemporary transcultural workplaces. The thesis also explores the potential agency of subjects at the convergence of various discourses through iterative linguistic and cultural performances. In summary, the thesis provides deeper insight into transcultural performances to show the links between idiosyncratic individual performances and the construction of transcultural linguistic, cultural phenomena within globalisation.

34

Wildman, Jessica L. "Cultural differences in forgiveness fatalism, trust violations, and trust repair efforts in interpersonal collaboration." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4721.

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Mistakes and betrayals can cause developing interpersonal trust between parties to be broken, and damaged trust can have serious negative impacts on relationships, such as withdrawal from group interaction or the enactment of revenge. Research has suggested that the use of apologies helps to repair damaged trust. However, this research is almost exclusively based in westernized populations and has not begun to explore any cross-cultural differences. Therefore, the primary goal of this comparative cross-national laboratory study was to examine if, and how, the effectiveness of trust repair efforts differs across cultures. The effectiveness of three manipulated trust repair strategies (no response, apology, and account) was tested using students from universities in the United States (U.S.) and in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The results of the study indicate that fatalism, or the belief that events in life are meant to occur, was negatively related to initial trust and positively related to initial distrust toward one's collaborative partner. It was also found that higher levels of fatalism were associated with more severe trust damage after a trust violation. Regarding the trust repair strategies, accounts were more effective at repairing trust than no response for high fatalism participants whereas apologies were more effective than accounts at reducing distrust after a violation for low fatalism participants, providing partial support for the idea that trust repair strategies are more effective when matched to the cultural self-construal of the victim. Finally, initial distrust and trust directly after the violation were predictive of taking revenge on the other player. Implications are discussed along with the study limitations and suggestions for future research.
ID: 030646267; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 127-139).
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Psychology
Sciences
Psychology; Industrial and Organizational Track

35

Pick, Rachel. "Youth, sex, and the permissive society : South Wales, c. 1955 - c. 1975." Thesis, Swansea University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.668344.

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36

Makkay, Melinda. "Ethnic background and family values : attitudes of senior immigrants." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32827.

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During the last fifty years, family life has noticeably changed in industrialized countries. Among many changes, it appears that there is a shift from a "family dominated" society to a more "individualistic" society where the concept of family loses its importance, family ties weakens, and elders lose their essential roles within the family because the continuity between generations in respect to family traditions and values is stopped. Ethnic-elders have different expectations from their family members based on their ethnic-identity, family values, and the extent of their acculturation. These value differences might also influence the accessibility and provision of psycho-social services. Therefore, the purpose of the present cross-cultural study was to understand and compare different ethnic-elders' expectations from their family members and from psychosocial service providers based on their concept of perception of family values. An instrument was designed for this study implementing a 4 point-scale and vignettes. Data were collected from seniors from South Asian (Sri-Lanka), Korean, Hungarian and Jewish communities and from a group of Social Worker (N = 94). Significant differences were found between group values: overall the Social Worker group was the most individualistic/non-traditional with the Jewish group next; the South Asians and Koreans were the most family-oriented/traditional; and these attitudes were the most different from those of the Social Workers. These particularities have important implications for the delivery of social services.

37

Wang, Chongying. "A cross-cultural study of metaphoric understanding in English and Chinese children and adults from a developmental and cognitive perspective." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670038.

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38

Chimbindi, Felisia. "Strategies used to cater for students with diverse academic backgrounds in the provision of textile, clothing and design programmes: a case study of two universities of technology in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4948.

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Universities admit students from diverse backgrounds and have an obligation to accommodate all the students in various educational programmes to ensure that they acquire relevant skills and knowledge. The provision of Textile, Clothing and Design programmes to students with diverse academic backgrounds in universities of technology in Zimbabwe has led to various concerns raised by the textile and clothing stakeholders. The concerns include poor performance of students, high student failure rate, high student drop out, late completion of programmes by students, and other problems emanating from curriculum implementation approaches used by the lecturers. This study therefore, sought to find out how students with diverse academic backgrounds are catered for in the provision of TCD programmes in the two sampled universities of technology in Zimbabwe, with a view to assist the students and to enhance the quality of TCD provision. The study adopted a post-positivism paradigm and used a mixed method research approach that integrated concurrent qualitative and quantitative procedures in data collection, analysis and interpretation. A questionnaire, interviews and document analysis were used to collect data from respondents. Purposive sampling procedure was used to select 36 TCD lecturers, 2 universities’ quality assurance directors, 2 TCD faculty deans of studies, and 2 department chairpersons. Collected data were analyzed using statistical and non-statistical procedures. The study revealed that catering for students with diverse academic backgrounds was practiced in the two universities despite the absence of a curriculum implementation policy to guide the provision of TCD programmes to students with diverse academic backgrounds at university level. It emerged that catering for students with diverse academic backgrounds in implementing TCD curricular at the two sampled universities was faced with various challenges that include lack of lecturer training with regard to catering for students from diverse academic backgrounds and inadequate lecturer training in depth TCD subject content knowledge and ICT teaching technology packages. The study also revealed that there is not enough university and stakeholder participation with regards to supporting and monitoring curriculum implementation process to cater for students with diverse academic backgrounds. Although there were challenges encountered in catering for students with diverse academic backgrounds, the study reveals that there are pockets of good practice in some curriculum implementation strategies implemented by the two institutions such as use of student centered teaching and instructional approaches, university support and lecturer commitment to assist the students. The study findings conclude that although catering for TCD students with diverse academic backgrounds was being practiced in the two universities of technology, there are very critical issues observed over the programmes implementation process that include absence of curriculum implementation policy, lack of training of lecturers and inadequate participative TCD stakeholder involvement. Based on the study findings and reviewed literature, the researcher suggests an alternative curriculum implementation framework for catering for students with diverse academic backgrounds that may help improve effectiveness of university programmes implementation.

39

Beltrame, John Francis. "Vasomotor reactivity studies of small and large coronary arteries /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phb453.pdf.

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40

Fujita, Taro. "The reform of school geometry in the early 20th century in England and Japan : the design and influences of the textbooks by Godfrey and Siddons." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252223.

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41

Farooq, Khawaja Muhammad Asad, and Sana Ayubi. "A Study of Cross-Cultural Decision-Making Processes in M&A’s." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, EMM (Entreprenörskap, Marknadsföring, Management), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-14830.

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42

Liu, Wen-Ling. "Cross-cultural analysis of the effect of advertising on consumer responses." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4119.

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43

Trapp, Oliver. "TV stations in Japan and Latin America : a cross cultural comparison." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1998. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10510.

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The object of this thesis is to explore the relative importance of industry versus national context in determining the particular operation of an organisation. This is done by comparing two companies in the same industrial sector in two radically different countries. The central question is how much industry factors weigh on the shaping of management practices and business behaviour of companies (within the same industry) located in totally different cultures. For instance, the Asian culture and the Western culture? How much do industry factors count, when the national context does not only comprehend culture, but also economic and socio-political factors? The following research addresses this problem by comparing two companies of the same industry (teleVision networks) which are operating in totally different national contexts (Japan and the Dominican Republic). The analysis will encompass a comparison of industry, management, corporate culture and processes, structure and labour force, operations, competitiveness and overall strategy. Most important is the socio-economic background of both countries which will be examined in order to assess their effects on the management practices and business behaviour of the surveyed companies. This research is, therefore, intended to determine the extent to which television networks in Japan, as well as in Latin America, do abide by specific functional factors imposed by the industry (production, post-production, broadcasting, engineering, sales of commercial time) as well as the extent to which environmental factors have an impact on the actual shape of the organisations in terms of size, structure, systems, and the working of the intra-organisational processes and corporate culture.

44

Vargas-Machuca, Isabel. "Hispanic women's views on affirmative action: Self-interest, fairness, socio-political orientation, past discrimination, and acculturation." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1997. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1405.

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45

Fuse, Miyoko. "Cross-Cultural Comparison of Upward Compliance-Gaining Strategies: U.S.A. and Japan." PDXScholar, 1993. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4665.

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This study investigated cultural differences, U.S.A. and Japan, in the selection of compliance-gaining strategies by lower status people as differentiated from a group leader in a short-term, task-oriented relationship. The subjects for this study consisted of 114 (59 male and 55 female) U.S. college students and 165 (65 male and 100 female} Japanese college students. All subjects lived in Oregon. After the subjects read the hypothetical scenario which involved changing a task for a classroom project, a 21 item questionnaire was administered. The questions were taken from Kipnis, Schmidt, and Wilkinson's (1980} study, and a six-point scale was used. The 21 questions were categorized into four compliance-gaining strategies: rationalization, exchange of benefits, ingratiation, and assertion. Rationalization and exchange of benefits were used to test hypotheses regarding culture as a whole. Hypothesis one was "Japanese lower status people who are in short-term, task-oriented relationships will use more rationalization compliance-gaining strategies than U.S. people who are in short-term, task-oriented relationships," while hypothesis two was "U.S. lower status people who are in short-term, task-oriented relationships will use more exchange of benefits compliance-gaining strategies than Japanese lower status people who are in short-term, task-oriented relationships." Ingratiation and assertion were used to test the hypotheses regarding gender in different cultures. Hypothesis three was "U.S. lower status females who are in short-term, task-oriented relationships will use more ingratiation compliance-gaining strategies than Japanese lower status females who are in short-term, task-oriented relationships," and hypothesis four was "U.S. lower status males who are in short-term, task-oriented relationships use more assertion compliance-gaining strategies than Japanese lower status males who are in short-term, task-oriented relationships."

46

Lund, Scott. "Case studies in the development of sending churches for cross-cultural missionaries." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1992. http://www.tren.com.

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47

Matviyenko, Olena. "The role of culture in the translation of advertisements: a comparative investigation of selected texts with German as source language and South African English as target language." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1187.

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The globalisation of economies and trade growth have made it necessary for international companies to communicate with consumers of different languages and cultures, since a major objective is to sell a standardised product to consumers with linguistic and cultural backgrounds which are different from those to which the manufacturers are accustomed. Once brought to a foreign country, the sales of a product must be promoted by way of advertising. To begin with, the method of advertising depends on the kind of product to be marketed. In addition, persuasive texts, which are characteristic of the language of advertising, not only employ particular pragmatic strategies, but are based on the values and cultural traditions of the relevant society. In different cultures different signs, symbols, names and customs will be used in different situations. In the case of the translation or localisation of advertisements, a translator must be very sensitive to the loss and gain of cultural elements. These could include objects, historical references, customs and habits that are unique to the source culture and not present in the target culture. The main focus of the research is on the culture-specific elements in advertising texts and their depiction in translation. This treatise investigates certain aspects of translation theory (such as theories of equivalence, Skopos theory and other similar theories) to form a basis for conducting this study and then adapts them to the process of translation. In addition, two main opposite techniques known as standardisation or localisation of the advertising message are discussed. The number of source texts (original) and target texts (localised) are examined closely to reveal any misrepresentations and to identify the method of translation applicable in each case.

48

Holmqvist, Simon, and Jasmine Östlund. "THE EXPERIENCE OF LONELINESS IN YOUNG ADULTHOOD: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-167493.

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Culture has been shown to influence the experience of loneliness. Studies have shown that young adults are especially prone to experiencing loneliness. The aim of this mixed-methods study was to investigate if young adults from an individualistic culture experience loneliness differently compared to young adults from a collectivistic culture. Eighty participants from Sweden and 80 participants from India aged 18-30 answered De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (DJGLS) and Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS-R) through an online survey which together with additional demographics provided the quantitative data. Six semi-structured interviews (three from each culture) provided the qualitative data, exploring how the participants described their experiences of loneliness and its connection to culture. Young adults from India reported significantly higher levels of social isolation and social loneliness compared to young adults from Sweden. No significant difference was found in emotional loneliness. Thematic analysis of the qualitative data provided a deeper insight into these findings, and the qualitative results are discussed in light of the quantitative. Three main themes emerged: descriptions of loneliness, young adulthood as a stage in life where loneliness might be high, and cultural values that affect the experience of loneliness.
Kultur har visat sig ha en påverkan på upplevelsen av ensamhet. Studier har visat att unga vuxna är en åldersgrupp som löper särskilt hög risk för ensamhet. Syftet med denna mixed-methods-studie var att undersöka om unga vuxna från en individualistisk kultur upplever ensamhet annorlunda än unga vuxna från en kollektivistisk kultur. Åttio deltagare från Sverige och 80 deltagare från Indien svarade på De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (DJGLS) och Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS-R) genom en webb-baserad enkät, som tillsammans med kompletterande demografisk information resulterade i den kvantitativa datan. Sex semi-strukturerade intervjuer (tre från varje kultur) resulterade i den kvalitativa datan, där deltagarnas egna beskrivningar av ensamhet och dess koppling till kultur utforskades. Unga vuxna från Indien rapporterade signifikant högre nivåer av social isolering och social ensamhet jämfört med unga vuxna från Sverige. Ingen signifikant skillnad sågs i emotionell ensamhet. Tematisk analys av den kvalitativa datan gav en djupare förståelse för dessa resultat, och de kvalitativa resultaten diskuteras i relation till de kvantitativa. Tre huvudsakliga teman framkom: beskrivningar av ensamhet, ung vuxen ålder som en tid i livet där ensamheten kan vara hög och kulturella värderingar som påverkar upplevelsen av ensamhet.

49

Tsoi, Ho Keung. "The cross-cultural study of users' behavior in social network sites." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2012. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1441.

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Leung, Wing-kwan, and 梁永坤. "Gender representation in personal ads in Hong Kong and the U.S.: a linguistic investigation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42128572.

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Дисертації з теми "Cross-cultural studies"

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