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Статті в журналах з теми "Cropping systems (Australia)"
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Rieger, Mary A., Chris Preston, and Stephen B. Powles. "Risks of gene flow from transgenic herbicide-resistant canola (Brassica napus) to weedy relatives in southern Australian cropping systems." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 2 (1999): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97138.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is likely that transgenic canola expressing genes encoding resistance to glyphosate and glufosinate ammonium will be introduced into the Australian cropping system in the next few years. One risk associated with the introduction of such cultivars is the release of herbicide resistance genes into weedy relatives of canola. This review examines the currently available experimental information regarding the possibility of gene flow from canola to weedy relatives. Three species are identified as having the potential to outcross with canola, Brassica juncea, B. rapa, and Raphanus raphanistrum. Two of these species are not yet widespread weeds of the southern Australian cropping zone. In contrast, R. raphanistrum is already a major weed in Australia with existing resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Information is urgently needed to determine whether successful hybrids between B. napus and R. raphanistrum can be produced under Australian conditions. Major deficiencies in the existing information are identified in relation to some other important weed species within the southern Australian cropping zone. Further studies are required to determine the out-crossing potential of canola to B. tournefortii, Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Sisymbrium officinale, and S. orientale if transgenic canola is to be safely and responsibly introduced into Australia.
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Chapman, AL, JD Sturtz, AL Cogle, WS Mollah, and RJ Bateman. "Farming systems in the Australian semi-arid tropics-a recent history." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 8 (1996): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960915.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The recent history of dryland farming in the Australian semi-arid tropics is discussed briefly against the background of national and state policies, established following World War II, aimed at increasing the population and development of northern Australia. Some reference is also made to irrigation as a means of overcoming limitations imposed by rainfall and to complement dryland farming systems. The environmental and socio-economic constraints whch have so far limited commercial agriculture in the Australian semi-arid tropics are highlighted. Efforts, particularly in north-west Australia, to develop sustainable farming systems based on legume pasture leys and livestock production in conjunction with annual cropping, as a basis for closer settlement, are reviewed. These attempts, which began in the 1960s and stemmed from earlier post-war agricultural research in the region, initially relied on a pasture legume (Stylosanthes humilis cv. Townsville stylo) and conventional tillage. Farming system development continues today using new legume species (e.g. Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano and Centrosema pascuorum cv. Cavalcade) and no-tillage cropping technology. This paper documents the history of agricultural and research development, and commercial practice in the Australian semi-arid tropics.
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Russell, JS, and PN Jones. "Continuous, alternate and double crop systems on a Vertisol in subtropical Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 7 (1996): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960823.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Three cropping systems using 5 crop species were compared over a 10-year period on a cracking clay soil (Vertisol) in the sub-humid subtropics of eastern Australia. The 3 cropping systems were continuous (the same crop every year), alternate (the same crop every second year) and double (a winter and summer crop in the one year). There were 2 cereal crops (sorghum and wheat) and 3 grain legumes (chickpea, green gram and black gram). The effect of cropping system was measured in terms of grain and protein yields and changes in soil organic carbon (surface 0-10 cm) and nitrogen concentrations. Summer and winter rainfall was below average in 8 and 5 years out of 10, respectively. Grain yield of cereal monocultures was about twice that of legume monocultures. The potential for double cropping, despite the generally below-average rainfall, was clearly shown with the highest grain and protein yields coming from the combination of green gram (summer) and wheat (winter). Averaged over 10 years, wheat yield (1460 kg/ha. year) was identical in the continuous and alternate cropping systems. Sorghum yields were marginally higher with alternate cropping (1340 kg/ha. year) than continuous cropping (1050 kg/ha. year). With double cropping, average wheat yields were 1081 and 698 kg/ha when combined with green and black gram, respectively. Black gram gave half the average yield of either green gram or chickpea (about 300 v. 600 kg/ha). This was attributed to the indeterminate nature of the crop in an environment with variable rainfall and to the detrimental effect of above-average rainfall during harvest time. Soil nitrogen and carbon levels, with initial values of 0.22 and 2.96%, were reduced at the end of 10 years by 16 and 27% respectively. Their rate of decline did not differ between cropping systems.
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Cogle, AL, RJ Bateman, and DH Heiner. "Conservation cropping systems for the semi-arid tropics of North Queensland, Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 4 (1991): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910515.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A farming systems project was commenced in the semi-arid tropics of north-eastern Australia to assess the cropping potential and reliability of a newly developing region. Emphasis was placed on evaluation of conservation cropping systems, since it was expected that these would be the most successful and protective uses of the land. This paper discusses the agronomy of peanuts, maize and sorghum grown under different conservative cropping practices (reduced tillage, no tillage, ley) on the soil (red earth) most likely to be developed for large-scale cropping in the region. Crop yields with all practices were limited by establishment difficulties including high soil temperatures, poor weed control and climatic variability. Reduced tillage was more successful than no tillage due to higher yields in dry years; however, in wet years no tillage produced similar yields. The ley cropping system may have some advantages in this environment for integrated production and resource protection.
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Thomas, Dean T., Roger A. Lawes, Katrien Descheemaeker, and Andrew D. Moore. "Selection of crop cultivars suited to the location combined with astute management can reduce crop yield penalties in pasture cropping systems." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 10 (2014): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13436.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pasture cropping is an emerging farming-systems practice of southern Australia, in which winter grain crops are sown into an established stand of a winter-dormant, summer-growing perennial pasture. There is a pressing need to define times, locations and climates that are suitable for pasture cropping. To evaluate effects of management interventions, agro-environment, and possible interactions on crop and pasture productivity associated with pasture cropping, an AusFarm® simulation model was built to describe a pasture-cropping system based on annual crop and subtropical grass. The model was parameterised using data from field research on pasture cropping with barley cv. Buloke and a C4 subtropical grass, Gatton panic (Panicum maximum cv. Gatton), conducted at Moora, Western Australia. The simulation was run over 50 years using the historical climate data of five southern Australian locations (Cunderdin, Jerdacuttup, Mingenew, and Moora in Western Australia, and Karoonda in South Australia). Two wheat cultivars and one barley crop were considered for each location, to examine the impact of crop phenology on this farming system. Jerdacuttup and Moora favoured pasture cropping, with average barley-yield penalties of 10 and 12%. These locations were characterised by colder growing seasons, more plant-available water at anthesis, and more winter–spring rain. The cereal crops did not rely on stored soil moisture, growing instead on incident rain. The winter–spring growth of the Gatton panic pasture was highest at Mingenew. This generated a high yield penalty, 38% loss under pasture cropping, compared with the other locations. Changing the efficacy of a herbicide application to the pasture when the crop was sown had a strong effect on yield. Yield penalties at Moora and Mingenew reduced to 7 and 29%, respectively, when the proportion of live biomass killed by the herbicide was doubled. Utilisation of soil moisture by the Gatton panic pasture during summer and early autumn had little effect on subsequent grain yield, whereas reduced pasture growth during the winter–spring growing period had a substantial effect on crop yield. Pasture cropping can therefore succeed in agro-climatic regions where crops can be grown on incident rain and pasture growth is suppressed through low temperature or herbicide. Perennial pasture growth should be minimised during the crop growing period through the management of crop sowing date, nitrogen fertiliser application and C4 grass suppression to minimise the effect on stored soil water at crop anthesis.
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Speirs, Simon D., Doug J. Reuter, Ken I. Peverill, and Ross F. Brennan. "Making Better Fertiliser Decisions for Cropping Systems in Australia: an overview." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 5 (2013): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13034.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Australian grain production depends on applied fertiliser, particularly nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and to a lesser extent potassium (K) and sulfur (S). Despite this dependence, soil testing is used sparingly as a tool to underpin fertiliser decisions. Some grain producers typically conduct soil tests at least once every 3 years on a selection of individual fields, but it is broadly understood that many grain producers use soil testing rarely or not at all. The choice by many grain producers not to support fertiliser decisions by soil testing relates to several factors. One key factor has been a perception that soil test interpretation criteria, previously published separately before collation by K. I. Peverill, L. A. Sparrow, and D. J. Reuter, may be biased or unreliable. The current paper provides an overview of research findings, presented in this special edition of Crop & Pasture Science, describing a national approach to the collation of all available and statistically valid N, P, K, and S response trials for cereal, oilseed, and pulse crops in Australia. It provides an overview of the process adopted to make this single national dataset available to both the grains and fertiliser industries. The process to build adoption has formed an integral component of the approach, as calibration data derived from the national database are being used to underpin soil test interpretation as part of fertiliser recommendations made through Fertcare to grain producers in Australia.
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Lefroy, Edward, and Torbjörn Rydberg. "Emergy evaluation of three cropping systems in southwestern Australia." Ecological Modelling 161, no. 3 (March 2003): 195–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(02)00341-1.
Повний текст джерела
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Rovira, AD. "Dryland mediterranean farming systems in Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 7 (1992): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920801.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The mediterranean region of Australia extends from Geraldton in Western Australia across southern Australia into western and northern Victoria. This region experiences hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters, with 300-600 mm annual rainfall. In the dryland farming zone, the cereal-livestock farming system dominates and produces 30-35% of Australia's total agricultural production. The major soils in the region are deep, coarse-textured sands and sandy loams, duplex soils with coarse-textured sands over clay (generally low in nutrients and organic matter), and fine-textured red-brown earths of low hydraulic conductivity. Major soil problems in the region include sodicity, salinity, soil structural degradation, nutrient deficiencies, boron toxicity, acidity, waterlogging, inadequate nitrogen nutrition, water-repellence, and root diseases. These problems have been exacerbated by excessive clearing of trees, increased frequency of cropping, reduced area sown to pastures, declining pasture production, and a decline in nutrient levels. With improved soil management there is potential for increased productivity from dryland farming areas of the region and improved ecological sustainability.
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Brackin, Richard, Scott Buckley, Rhys Pirie, and Francois Visser. "Predicting nitrogen mineralisation in Australian irrigated cotton cropping systems." Soil Research 57, no. 3 (2019): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr18207.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cotton cropping systems in Australia have poor nitrogen (N) use efficiency, largely due to over-application of N fertiliser. The N mineralisation from soil organic N reserves is often overlooked, or underestimated despite recent studies indicating that it may contribute the majority of N exported with the crop. Predicting N mineralisation is a major challenge for agricultural industries worldwide, as direct measurements are time-consuming and expensive, but there is considerable debate as to the most reliable methods for indirect estimation. Additionally, laboratory incubations assess potential (rather than actual) mineralisation, and may not be representative of N cycling rates in the field. We collected 177 samples from most major Australian cotton growing regions, and assessed their mineralisation potential using ex situ laboratory incubations, along with an assessment of potential indicators routinely measured in soil nutrient tests. Additionally, at three unfertilised sites we conducted in situ assessment of mineralisation by quantifying soil N at the beginning of the growing season, and soil and crop N at the end of the season. We found that Australian cotton cropping soils had substantial mineralisation potential, and that soil total N and total carbon were correlated with mineralisation, and have potential to be used for prediction. Other potential indicators such as carbon dioxide production and ammonium and nitrate concentrations were not correlated with mineralisation. In parallel studies of ex situ and in situ mineralisation, we found ex situ laboratory incubations overestimated mineralisation by 1.7 times on average. We discuss findings in terms of management implications for Australian cotton farming systems.
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Owen, Mechelle J., and Stephen B. Powles. "The frequency of herbicide-resistant wild oat (Avena spp.) populations remains stable in Western Australian cropping fields." Crop and Pasture Science 67, no. 5 (2016): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp15295.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Avena is a problematic weed of cropping regions of southern Australia and many areas of the world. In 2010, a random survey was conducted across 14 million hectares of the Western Australian grain belt to monitor the change in herbicide resistance levels by comparing resistance frequency results with a survey conducted in 2005. Screening Avena populations with herbicides commonly used to control this weed revealed that 48% of Avena populations displayed resistance to the commonly used acetyl-Co A carboxylase-inhibiting herbicides, which was lower than that found in 2005 (71%). The broad-spectrum herbicides glyphosate and paraquat provided good control of all Avena populations. Resistance to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides and to flamprop were detected for the first time in Western Australia in this survey. Therefore, a wide range of weed management options that target all phases of the cropping program are needed to sustain these cropping systems in the future.
Дисертації з теми "Cropping systems (Australia)"
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Li, Yuxia. "Traffic and tillage effects on dryland cropping systems in north-east Australia /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16335.pdf.
Повний текст джерела
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Borger, Catherine. "The biology and ecology of Salsola australis R.Br. (Chenopodiaceae) in southwest Australian cropping systems." University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0062.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Salsola australis is an introduced weed of crop and pasture systems in the Western Australian broad acre cropping and pasture region (wheat-belt). This thesis investigated the classification, biology and ecology of the genus Salsola in southwest Australia, as well as modelling the effectiveness of possible weed control practices. Prior to this research, S. tragus was the only recognised species of the Salsola genus within Australia. However, genetic analysis revealed that four genetically distinct putative taxa of the genus Salsola were found in southwest Australia, none of which were S. tragus. The taxa that is the most prevalent agricultural weed was classified as S. australis, but the other three putative taxa could not be matched to recognised species. All four taxa were diploid (2n = 18), as opposed to tetraploid (2n = 36) S. tragus. Within the agricultural system of southwest Australia, S. australis plants established throughout the year, although the majority of seed production occurred in late summer and autumn. Total seed production (138-7734 seeds per plant) and seed viability (7.6-62.8%) of S. australis were lower than that reported for other agricultural weed species of the Salsola genus. Seed dispersal occurred when the senesced plants broke free of their root system to become mobile. Wind driven plants travelled and shed seed over distances of 1.6 to 1247.2 m. Movement of approximately half the plants was restricted to less than 100 m by entanglement with other S. australis plants within the stand. Some seed was retained on the senesced plants, but the germinability of this seed fell to less than 2% in the two month period following plant senescence (i.e. a decline of 79%). Once seed shed into the soil seed bank, anywhere from 32.3 to 80.7% of the viable seeds germinated in the year following seed production, with the rest remaining dormant or degrading. A model of the life cycle of S. australis based on the population ecology data indicated that the dormant seed bank had very little effect on annual seedling recruitment, but seed dispersal from neighbouring populations had a large impact on population growth rate. Therefore, the most successful weed control measures were those that restricted seed dispersal from neighbouring populations, or those that were applied to all populations in the region rather than to a single population. Weed control techniques applied to a single population, without reducing seed dispersal, could not reduce population size.
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D'Emden, Francis Herbert. "Adoption of conservation tillage : an application of duration analysis." University of Western Australia. School of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0067.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The global adoption and diffusion of conservation tillage has made considerable progress over the last 20 years. No-till and zero-tillage could be seen as representing the current technological end-point of the conservation tillage movement. This thesis uses descriptive statistics and both logit and duration regressions to analyse the influence of cross-sectional and time-dependent factors on the probability of no-till adoption by growers in Australia’s southern grain growing regions. Cross-section and time-series data on individual adoption decisions was gathered through interviews and employed in conjunction with generic time series data from various government agencies in a duration analysis modelling framework. Descriptive statistics suggest that weed management and herbicide resistance are important considerations for growers in their tillage decisions, predominantly due to the substitution of herbicides for the physical weed control provided by cultivation. Logit and duration regressions identify a number of significant factors influencing growers’ adoption decisions. These include growers’ perceptions of herbicide efficacy and sowing timeliness in no-till systems; the declining price of glyphosate relative to diesel; average annual rainfall and growers’ proximity to other adopters and opportunities to observe the beneficial effects of no-till. The results suggest that research and development of integrated weed management practices that are compatible with no-till systems is highly important if no-till systems are to be sustained in Australia’s southern wheatbelt. Such research and development should acknowledge the high value which growers place on locally generated information and the channels used to acquire such information, namely local extension events and consulting services. This thesis shows how duration analysis, with its ability to take account of both cross sectional and time-varying factors, can provide a statistical modelling framework better suited to the study of adoption decisions than traditional cross sectional methods based on logit and tobit analyses.
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Christodoulou, Nicholas, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, and Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture. "Learning to develop participative processes to improve farming systems in the Balonne Shire, Queensland." THESIS_FEMA_XXX_Christodoulou_N.xml, 2000. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/302.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis develops two related themes.The first is that participatory approaches to agricultural research and extension can provide a sound process for all stakeholders to learn how to develop more sustainable agriculture. The second is that appropriate levels of participation can be used to link knowledge from three important sources: local knowledge, scientific knowledge and experiential knowledge.The thesis develops these two related themes by examining the inconsistencies between esposed theories of participatory approaches (i.e.intended behaviour) and theories in action (i.e. what is actually practised).The study was based upon the work of a major research, development and extension (R, D and E)project known as the Western Farming Systems Project (WSFP),which was concerned with the development of sustainable rotations and cropping practices in south western Queensland and north western N.S.W. between 1994-1999. The study was conducted in the Balonne Shire, centred on the town of St. George, Queensland, Australia.Master of Science (Hons)
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Christodoulou, Nicholas. "Learning to develop participative processes to improve farming systems in the Balonne Shire, Queensland." Thesis, View thesis View thesis, 2000. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/302.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis develops two related themes.The first is that participatory approaches to agricultural research and extension can provide a sound process for all stakeholders to learn how to develop more sustainable agriculture. The second is that appropriate levels of participation can be used to link knowledge from three important sources: local knowledge, scientific knowledge and experiential knowledge.The thesis develops these two related themes by examining the inconsistencies between esposed theories of participatory approaches (i.e.intended behaviour) and theories in action (i.e. what is actually practised).The study was based upon the work of a major research, development and extension (R, D and E)project known as the Western Farming Systems Project (WSFP),which was concerned with the development of sustainable rotations and cropping practices in south western Queensland and north western N.S.W. between 1994-1999. The study was conducted in the Balonne Shire, centred on the town of St. George, Queensland, Australia.
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Kleemann, Samuel George Lloyd. "Ecology and management of Brome grass (Bromus rigidus Roth and Bromus diandrus Roth) in cropping systems of Southern Australia." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/83274.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Brome grass species Bromus rigidus (rigid brome) and B. diandrus (great brome) are winter annual grasses that have proliferated in recent years to become serious weeds of crops and pastures in southern Australia. Until recently there had been few studies on the population ecology of B. rigidus and B. diandrus and the research that had been done tended to focus on populations that had naturalised in Western Australia. Increased knowledge of the behaviour of B. rigidus and B. diandrus under current farming systems in southern Australia and the impact of management strategies on population ecology and seedbank dynamics would facilitate development of more effective weed control programs. A field survey was undertaken in 2003 on the Yorke and Eyre Peninsulas of South Australia to determine relative distribution of these two brome grass species. Bromus rigidus was found more frequently and at higher densities in South Australian crops than B. diandrus. Field populations of both spp. were shown to possess much longer seed dormancy than what had been previously reported in Australian literature. Germination of dormant seeds of B. rigidus and B. diandrus was overcome with the addition of gibberellic acid (0.001 M GA₃) rather than upon removal of the husk (i.e. lemma and palea) protecting the seed; indicating that dormancy is most likely under hormonal control within the embryo. Dormant populations of B. diandrus from cropping fields were highly responsive to cold stratification (i.e. chilling), a process which has been shown to increase GA synthesis within the seed. Populations of B. diandrus from cropping fields also showed much longer seed dormancy than those collected from adjacent fence-lines. The large differences in germination pattern between these cropping and adjacent fence-line populations provide some evidence to suggest that management practices being used by growers in crop production are selecting for increased dormancy in B. diandrus. In cropping fields, there could be considerable adaptive value of dormancy mechanisms (i.e. cold stratification requirement, light inhibition) that delay germination and seedling emergence until after pre-sowing weed control tactics have been used. Dormant populations of both B. rigidus and B. diandrus also showed strong inhibition of seed germination when exposed to light. This is the first Australian study to report the inhibitory effect of light on seed germination of Bromus spp. and provides a possible explanation for their increasing prevalence in southern Australia since the adoption of no-till farming. Selection of greater dormancy in Bromus spp. is likely to contribute to the development of a more persistent seedbank. A 3-year field experiment undertaken at Lock on the Eyre Peninsula of South Australia from 2003 to 2005 showed that about 20% of B. rigidus seedbank can persist from one season to the next. In this field study, management strategies that combined effective herbicides (ACCase-inhibitors and imidazolinone Clearfieldtechnology) and crop competition over consecutive years provided effective control of B. rigidus population and depleted its seedbank to low levels (from 1748 to <5 seeds m⁻²) within 3 years. In field studies, metribuzin, and metribuzin plus pendimethalin incorporated by sowing provided safe and effective control of B. rigidus (>75%) in barley. Post-emergent applications of imidazolinone herbicides, imazapyr, imazapyr plus imazapic and imazapyr plus imazamox, to imidazolinone-tolerant wheat (Clearfield™) also provided consistent and high levels of B. rigidus control (≥87%). Effective management of Bromus spp. will require a major change in cropping systems used by growers in southern Australia and will involve combining effective herbicide technologies (i.e. Clearfield™) with more competitive crops and more diverse rotations, where possible.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2013
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Adcock, Damien Paul. "Soil water and nitrogen dynamics of farming systems on the upper Eyre Peninsula, South Australia." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37810.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the semi - arid Mediterranean - type environments of southern Australia, soil
and water resources largely determine crop productivity and ultimately the sustainability of farming systems within the region. The development of sustainable farming systems is a constantly evolving process, of which cropping
sequences ( rotations ) are an essential component. This thesis focused on two important soil resources, soil water and nitrogen, and studied the effects of different crop sequences on the dynamic of these resources within current farming systems practiced on the upper Eyre Peninsula of South Australia.
The hypothesis tested was that : continuous cropping may alter N dynamics but will not necessarily alter water use efficiency in semi - arid Mediterranean - type environments. Continuous cropping altered N - dynamics ; increases in inorganic N were dependent on the inclusion of a legume in the cropping sequence.
Associated with the increase in inorganic N supply was a decrease in WUE by the subsequent wheat crop. Overall, estimates of water use efficiency, a common index of the sustainability of farming systems, in this study concur with reported values for the semi - arid Murray - Mallee region of southern Australia and other
semi - arid environments worldwide.
Soil water balance and determination of WUE for a series of crop sequences in this thesis suggests that the adoption of continuous cropping may increase WUE and confer a yield benefit compared to crop sequences including a legume component in this environment. No differences in total water use ( ET ) at anthesis or maturity were measured for wheat regardless of the previous crop. Soil evaporation ( E [subscript s] ) was significantly affected by crop canopy development, measured as LAI from tillering until anthesis in 2002, however total seasonal E [subscript s] did not differ between crop sequences. Indeed in environments with infrequent
rainfall, such as the upper Eyre Peninsula, soil evaporation may be water - limited rather than energy limited and the potential benefits from greater LAI and reduced E [subscript s] are less.
Greater shoot dry matter production and LAI due to an enhanced inorganic N supply for wheat after legumes, and to a lesser degree wheat after canola, relative to continuous cereal crop sequences resulted in increases in WUE calculated at anthesis, as reported by others. Nonetheless the increase in WUE was not sustained due to limitations on available soil water capacity caused by soil physical and chemical constraints. Access to more soil water at depth ( > 0.8m ) through additional root growth was unavailable due to soil chemical limitations. More importantly, the amount of plant available water within the ' effective rooting depth ' ( 0 - 0.8m ) was significantly reduced when soil physical factors were accounted for using the integral water capacity ( IWC ) concept. The difference between the magnitude of the plant available water capacity and the integral water capacity was approximately 90mm within the ' effective rooting depth ' when measured at field capacity, suggesting that the ability of the soil to store water and buffer against periodic water deficit was severely limited. The IWC concept offers a method of evaluating the physical quality of soils and the limitations that these physical properties, viz. aeration, soil strength and hydraulic conductivity, impose on the water supply capacity of the soil.
The inability of the soil to maintain a constant supply of water to satisfy maximal transpiration efficiency combined with large amounts of N resulted in ' haying off ', and reduced grain yields. A strong negative linear relationship was established between WUE of grain production by wheat and increasing soil NO₃ - N at sowing in 2000 and 2002, which conflicts with results from experiments in
semi - arid Mediterranean climates in other regions of the world where applications of N increased water use efficiency of grain.
Estimates of proportional dependence on N₂ fixation ( % N [subscript dfa] ) for annual medics and vetch from this study ( 43 - 80 % ) are comparable to others for environments in southern Australia ( < 450mm average annual rainfall ). Such
estimates of fixation are considered low ( < 65 % ) to adequate ( 65 - 80 % ). Nevertheless, the amount of plant available N present at sowing for subsequent
wheat crops, and the occurrence of ' haying off ', suggests that WUE is not N - limited
per se, as implied by some reports, but constrained by the capacity of a soil to balance the co - limiting factors of water and nitrogen.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2005.
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Adcock, Damien Paul. "Soil water and nitrogen dynamics of farming systems on the upper Eyre Peninsula, South Australia." 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37810.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the semi - arid Mediterranean - type environments of southern Australia, soil and water resources largely determine crop productivity and ultimately the sustainability of farming systems within the region. The development of sustainable farming systems is a constantly evolving process, of which cropping sequences ( rotations ) are an essential component. This thesis focused on two important soil resources, soil water and nitrogen, and studied the effects of different crop sequences on the dynamic of these resources within current farming systems practiced on the upper Eyre Peninsula of South Australia. The hypothesis tested was that : continuous cropping may alter N dynamics but will not necessarily alter water use efficiency in semi - arid Mediterranean - type environments. Continuous cropping altered N - dynamics ; increases in inorganic N were dependent on the inclusion of a legume in the cropping sequence. Associated with the increase in inorganic N supply was a decrease in WUE by the subsequent wheat crop. Overall, estimates of water use efficiency, a common index of the sustainability of farming systems, in this study concur with reported values for the semi - arid Murray - Mallee region of southern Australia and other semi - arid environments worldwide. Soil water balance and determination of WUE for a series of crop sequences in this thesis suggests that the adoption of continuous cropping may increase WUE and confer a yield benefit compared to crop sequences including a legume component in this environment. No differences in total water use ( ET ) at anthesis or maturity were measured for wheat regardless of the previous crop. Soil evaporation ( E [subscript s] ) was significantly affected by crop canopy development, measured as LAI from tillering until anthesis in 2002, however total seasonal E [subscript s] did not differ between crop sequences. Indeed in environments with infrequent rainfall, such as the upper Eyre Peninsula, soil evaporation may be water - limited rather than energy limited and the potential benefits from greater LAI and reduced E [subscript s] are less. Greater shoot dry matter production and LAI due to an enhanced inorganic N supply for wheat after legumes, and to a lesser degree wheat after canola, relative to continuous cereal crop sequences resulted in increases in WUE calculated at anthesis, as reported by others. Nonetheless the increase in WUE was not sustained due to limitations on available soil water capacity caused by soil physical and chemical constraints. Access to more soil water at depth ( > 0.8m ) through additional root growth was unavailable due to soil chemical limitations. More importantly, the amount of plant available water within the ' effective rooting depth ' ( 0 - 0.8m ) was significantly reduced when soil physical factors were accounted for using the integral water capacity ( IWC ) concept. The difference between the magnitude of the plant available water capacity and the integral water capacity was approximately 90mm within the ' effective rooting depth ' when measured at field capacity, suggesting that the ability of the soil to store water and buffer against periodic water deficit was severely limited. The IWC concept offers a method of evaluating the physical quality of soils and the limitations that these physical properties, viz. aeration, soil strength and hydraulic conductivity, impose on the water supply capacity of the soil. The inability of the soil to maintain a constant supply of water to satisfy maximal transpiration efficiency combined with large amounts of N resulted in ' haying off ', and reduced grain yields. A strong negative linear relationship was established between WUE of grain production by wheat and increasing soil NO [subscript 3] - N at sowing in 2000 and 2002, which conflicts with results from experiments in semi - arid Mediterranean climates in other regions of the world where applications of N increased water use efficiency of grain. Estimates of proportional dependence on N [subscript 2] fixation ( % N [subscript dfa] ) for annual medics and vetch from this study ( 43 - 80 % ) are comparable to others for environments in southern Australia ( < 450mm average annual rainfall ). Such estimates of fixation are considered low ( < 65 % ) to adequate ( 65 - 80 % ). Nevertheless, the amount of plant available N present at sowing for subsequent wheat crops, and the occurrence of ' haying off ', suggests that WUE is not N - limited per se, as implied by some reports, but constrained by the capacity of a soil to balance the co - limiting factors of water and nitrogen.Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2005.
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Omokanye, Akim Tunde. "Biological and economic evaluation of maize-based cropping systems for Nigerian smallholders." Thesis, 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/797.
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Indigenous African shifting cultivation production systems, that were developed over many generations and took into account production potential as well as the constraints imposed by natural resources, are no longer practicable for Nigerian smallholder farmers. These systems relied on long fallow for fertility restoration after a period of cropping. Overpopulation has resulted in lower per capita land availability, necessitating a shift to sedentary cultivation systems. In such systems, fallow is short term (months) compared to shifting systems, where it lasted several years. This shift has resulted in overexploitation of land resources and despite intensification of agricultural production methods, non-sustainable demand on the natural resource base has increased and crop and animal production has declined. This study examined the performance of five maize-based cropping systems consisting of cereal-legume, cereal-cereal and cereal bare fallow rotations, to identify systems that have potential for increased agricultural production in the subhumid and mid-altitude zones of Nigeria. The study was conducted at Richmond, near Sydney, in NSW, Australia from 2000 to 2003. The trial investigated the effects of the combined use of legumes and N fertilizer in CSs to maintain or improve soil fertility, maize crop and maize storage silage production and yield and quality of all crop residues. This study showed that inclusion of a legume in the rotation is an important production and income generating strategy. Owing to their potential for increased maize productivity, to build up N-rich systems and to improve small holder levels of farm income, cropping systems with legumes should therefore be given more research attention in Nigeria
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Roberts, Craig Penny. "Development of a novel crop-pasture system for mixed farms in the higher rainfall zone of southern Australia." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/72860.
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The use of annual-based pasture and/or annual crops is now common practice in the higher rainfall regions of southern Australia where livestock grazing is the traditional practice. The lower water use of these annual-based systems, compared with systems based on perennial pastures, exacerbates issues of waterlogging, rising watertables and salinity in these regions. For environmental reasons farming systems used in the higher rainfall regions should target the use of more perennials in the landscape, but this should not be done at the expense of farm productivity or profitability. Intercropping, where the pasture component of the system is a perennial species, may provide the opportunity to maintain or improve farm productivity whilst delivering favourable environmental outcomes. A study of crop/perennial pasture intercrops is the core investigation undertaken in this thesis. Perennial pasture species lucerne (Medicago sativa) and chicory (Cichorium intybus) were established and maintained for three seasons with annually sown (2006-08 seasons) crop species (wheat (Triticum aestivum), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) and canola (Brassica napus)), in a double skip row arrangement. These intercrops were compared for production, resource use and farm productivity with the individual crops and pastures grown as monocultures. Yields of grain crops were reduced when grown in intercrop with lucerne and chicory. Grain yield reductions ranged from 0-46% for wheat, 45-74% for lupins and 8-83% for canola. Pasture dry matter was also reduced when intercropped, ranging from 0-78% for lucerne and 19-78% for chicory. Despite the reduction in crop and pasture production, the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) (used as a measure of the productivity of the intercropping system) ranged from 0.71-1.66, with all intercrop combinations over-yielding (LER 1.01 -1.66) in favourable growing seasons. With soil moisture becoming limited during September/October (measured using Time Domain Reflectometry), the grain yield components of wheat heads/m² , number of lupin branches/plant, pod number/plant and pasture dry matter were reduced by competition. Lucerne intercrops gave higher yield penalties to the companion species, attributed to greater competition for soil moisture between the component species. Higher soil moisture (9-25mm) for monoculture chicory, compared to monoculture lucerne, indicates chicory growing in intercrop was not likely to compete as strongly for water as lucerne. Plant height and Leaf Area Index (LAI) measurements were taken to assess light capture and showed minimal incidence of light competition in the intercrops. As a result, it was concluded that competition for water was the main resource competition responsible for yield reductions in intercrops. The Agricultural Production System Simulator (APSIM) model was used to try to assess longer-term intercrop productivity. The model was satisfactory in simulating monoculture crop production; however there was poor agreement for monoculture lucerne production and this subsequently affected the modelled agreement with intercrop production. Notwithstanding these discrepancies, some of the modelled data and extrapolated data were used to produce a medium-term productivity dataset for economic analysis. Economically, the intercrops were found to have higher gross margin returns than monoculture pastures, and lower gross margins of $39-55/ha when compared to monoculture crops. Despite yield reductions in the intercrop components, intercropping increased productivity compared to growing the components as monoculture stands. It also provided an environmental benefit of retaining perennial pastures in the system, and produced comparable economic returns to the growing of monocultures stands/swards.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2011
Книги з теми "Cropping systems (Australia)"
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Service, Myanma Agriculture, and Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research., eds. Memorandum of understanding between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Union of Myanmar relating to the ecologically-based management of rodents in rainfed cropping systems in Myanmar: Project in Myanmar. Yangon: Myanmar Agricultural Service, 2003.
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O'Leary, Garry J., James G. Nuttall, Robert J. Redden, Carlos Cantero-Martinez, and M. Inés Mínguez. "Adaptation of Cropping Systems to Drought under Climate Change (Examples from Australia and Spain)." In Food Security and Climate Change, 71–93. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119180661.ch4.
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Slattery, William J., and Keith R. Helyar. "Acidification and Its Evolution under Australian Dryland Cropping Systems." In Challenges and Strategies of Dryland Agriculture, 335–58. Madison, WI, USA: Crop Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cssaspecpub32.c21.
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Howden, S. Mark. "Potential Global Change Impacts on Australia’s Wheat Cropping Systems." In Effects of Climate Change and Variability on Agricultural Production Systems, 219–47. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0969-1_11.
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Meinke, Holger, Graeme L. Hammer, Herman van Keulen, Rudy Rabbinge, and Brian A. Keating. "Improving wheat simulation capabilities in Australia from a cropping systems perspective: water and nitrogen effects on spring wheat in a semi-arid environment." In Developments in Crop Science, 99–112. Elsevier, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-519x(97)80012-8.
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Day, Kenneth A., and Kenwyn G. Rickert. "Monitoring Agricultural Drought in Australia." In Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162349.003.0040.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since European settlement of Australia began in 1788, drought has been viewed as a major natural threat. Despite warnings by scientists (e.g., Ratcliffe, 1947) and many public inquiries, government policies have, in the past, encouraged closer land settlement and intensification of cropping and grazing during wetter periods. Not surprisingly, drought forms part of the Australian psyche and has been well described in poetry, literature (e.g., Ker Conway, 1993), art, and the contemporary media (newspapers and television). Droughts have resulted in social, economic, and environmental losses. Attitudes toward drought in Australia are changing. Government policies now consider drought to be part of the natural variability of rainfall and acknowledge that drought should be better managed both by governments and by primary producers. Nonetheless, each drought serves as a reminder of the difficult challenges facing primary producers during such times. We begin this chapter with a brief overview of drought in Australia and its impacts on agricultural production, the environment, rural communities, and the national economy. We outline some of the ways governments and primary producers plan for and respond to drought and describe in detail an operational national drought alert system. Australia has mainly an arid or semiarid climate. Only 22% of the country has rainfall in excess of 600mmper annum, confined to coastal areas to the north, east, southeast, and far southwest of the country (http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ahead/soirain.shtml). Australia also has high year-to-year and decade-to-decade variation in rainfall due, in part, to the influence of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon (http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ahead/soirain.shtml). The Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) also contributes to the rainfall variability at annual and decadal scales and modulates ENSO impacts on rainfall (Power et al., 1999). The current geographic boundaries of agricultural production were reached in the late 19th century, and the entire agricultural region has experienced drought, in some form, over the past 100 years. Protracted dry periods occurred during the period from late 1890s to 1902 in eastern Australia, during the mid to late 1920s and 1930s over most of the continent, during the 1940s in eastern Australia, during the 1960s over central and eastern Australia, and during 1991–95 in parts of central and northeastern Australia.
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"Soil and Water Sustainability Issues Related to Australian Grain Cropping Systems." In Sustainable Agriculture and the International Rice-Wheat System, 415–32. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203026472-28.
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Vanclay, Frank. "Soil and Water Sustainability Issues Related to Australian Grain Cropping Systems." In Sustainable Agriculture and the International Rice-Wheat System, 403–20. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203026472.ch25.
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Barton, L., F. C. Hoyle, P. R. Grace, G. D. Schwenke, C. A. Scanlan, R. D. Armstrong, and M. J. Bell. "Soil nitrogen supply and N fertilizer losses from Australian dryland grain cropping systems." In Advances in Agronomy. Elsevier, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2022.03.001.
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McCown, R., B. Keating, P. Carberry, Z. Hochman, and D. Hargreaves. "The Co-Evolution of the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) and Its Use in Australian dryland Cropping Research and Farm Management Intervention." In Agricultural System Models in Field Research and Technology Transfer. CRC Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420032413.ch8.
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Fitzgerald, Glenn J., Michael Tausz, Roger Armstrong, Joe Panozzo, Piotr Trębicki, Mahabubur Mollah, Sabine Tausz-Posch, et al. "Elevated CO2 in semi-arid cropping systems: A synthesis of research from the Australian Grains Free Air CO2 Enrichment (AGFACE) research program." In Advances in Agronomy, 1–73. Elsevier, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2021.08.001.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Cropping systems (Australia)"
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"Uncertainty in modelled soil organic carbon changes under various cropping systems in Australian cropland." In 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2013). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2013.h4.luo.
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Luhaib, Adnan A. A., Diogenes L. Antille, Jeff N. Tullberg, Guangnan Chen, and Mahmood A. Hussein. "<i>Effect of controlled traffic farming on energy saving in Australian grain cropping systems</i>." In 2017 Spokane, Washington July 16 - July 19, 2017. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.201700583.
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