Дисертації з теми "Crop price"
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1
Zhang, Xiaohua 1964. "Price expectations in perennial crop supply models." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291531.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the analysis of investment and production decisions for perennial crops, expectations play a critical role. This thesis studied three hypotheses about price expectations and reviewed five supply response models for perennial crops. An empirical model for the apple industry was developed to test alternative representations of expected prices. The naive and adaptive expectation model performed well with national data, whereas moving averages of price and the adaptive expectations model performed better with Washington data. To improve estimates of supply response for perennial crops, better data are needed to describe new plantings, removals, the age distribution of trees, production costs, and climatic conditions. Rapid technological change in the U.S. apple industry may cause producers to revise the way they form expected prices, encouraging them to use more historical information and paying more attention to projections of future demand. Rational expectations perspectives may become increasingly relevant.
2
Kantanantha, Nantachai. "Crop decision planning under yield and price uncertainties." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24676.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.Committee Co-Chair: Griffin, Paul; Committee Co-Chair: Serban, Nicoleta; Committee Member: Liang, Steven; Committee Member: Sharp, Gunter; Committee Member: Tsui, Kwok-Leung
3
Soares, Abilio Barros. "Crop Price and Land Use Change: Forecasting Response of Major Crops Acreage to Price and Economic Variables in North Dakota." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27685.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of this study is to examine land use change for cropping systems in North Dakota. Using Seemingly Unrelated Regression with full information maximum likelihood estimation method, acreage forecasting models for barley, corn, oats, soybean, and wheat were developed to examine the extent to which farmers? expectations of prices and costs affect their crop choices.
The results of the study show that farmers? decision for acreage allocation is varied across the crops depending on how responsive they are to price, cost and yield of its own and competing crops. Substitutability and complementarity relationship of crops in the production have positive effect on crops selection when facing price, cost, and yield changes. In addition, the results revealed that expected prices have little effect on acreage response compared to expected costs and yield variables in most of the crop models.IIE team Fulbright sponsorship
North Dakota State University. Department of Agribusiness and Applied Economics
National Science Foundation (NSF). Grant Number IIA-1355466
4
Amrouk, El Mamoun [Verfasser]. "Price dynamics and interaction of international cash crop and staple food markets / El Mamoun Amrouk." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1230878602/34.
Повний текст джерела
5
Oricho, George Odero. "Short run irrigation water demand : an empirical evaluation of the role of price, crop and technology choice." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14386.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bibliography: leaves 84-90.Considerable interest has arisen regarding irrigation water use in, especially, arid areas where competition for this scarce but crucial commodity is likely to intensify. The immediate implication is that user sectors, of which irrigated agriculture is the largest, must ensure efficient and conservative use of scarce water resources, using it sparingly and in high value I return economic activities. Central to the desire for efficient use, in a free market, is the role that proper pricing of water (so that its scarcity value is accurately reflected) could play in limiting farmers' derived short-run irrigation water demand, crop choices, and their choice of technology for irrigation. Using a multi- product firm framework, we have here constructed and modelled four central farm decision functions: the short-run demand function for irrigation water demand; the farmer's crop choice decision; the choice of irrigation technology; and lastly, a crop output equation. We conclude that irrigation water price does not influence short-run irrigation water demand, neither does it affect the farmer's choice of crops or technology. Our fourth equation, the crop output equation, however, demonstrates the important role water plays in irrigation agriculture. Using farm budget data from Orange Free State and Transvaal, which are collected by the Directorate of Agricultural Economics for short - term planning purposes, we conclude that the apparent inefficacy of water costs as a tool for ensuring the efficient and conservative utilisation of irrigation water is due to the relatively negligible weight water inputs have relative to the farmers' capital and operating costs. Water prices alone cannot , therefore, be relied upon as an effective tool for efficient water utilisation in irrigated agriculture in the study area.
6
Johnson, Christian J. "The effect of crop yield and feed price variability on profitability of dairy farming in Virginia: a target MOTAD approach." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41920.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dairy farming in Virginia could be more profitable if price and yield risks affecting the cost
and availability of feed inputs such as corngrain, corn silage, alfalfa and ryelage are reduced. Price
and yield risk facing dairy farmers in Virginia can be reduced through a marketing strategy like
hedging and government commodity program participation. The overall objective of this study is
to evaluate how the variability of price and yields of particular feed crops affect the variability of
expected returns in dairy farming. Specific objectives include: 1) to evaluate the relationship between feed production risk and the level and variability of net returns for a representative dairy farm
in Virginia; 2) to evaluate the relationship between price risks of purchased feed inputs and the
variability of net returns; 3) to draw implications from the results that can be used to help dairy
farmers better manage feed production risk. To accomplish these objectives, the target MOTAD
risk analysis technique is used.
The empirical model is developed in four steps. First, the model activities such as milking and feeding of cows, heifer and calf activities, crop production, harvesting, labor, and buying and selling activities were created. Second, variable yields based on probability elicitation from dairy farmers were generated. Third, variable prices based on commodity options were generated; and fourth a target income constraint was derived.
Results from the analysis indicated that the target income constraint was exceeded in every state of nature for the representative farm resulting in an efficiency frontier of a single point. Increasing the assumed debt-asset ratio and annual debt service requirement, resulted in a risk-return tradeoff with lower levels of risk (measured as mean deviation below target or MDBT) being obtained at the expense of lower levels of expected returns.
At a higher debt asset-ratio, when the mean deviation below target (MDBT) was varied over a range of values, the quantity of crops harvested also varied. The average harvested acres of alfalfa and corn silage increased as the MDBT increased while the harvested acres of corn grain and ryelage decreased. Alfalfa harvest is increased because less forage in terms of ryelage is harvested and the average quantity of corn grain decreases as the MDBT increases because more com silage is grown in place of the costlier but less risky ryelage.
The results show that hedging and participation in the government feed grain program could
lead to effective risk reduction and increases in expected returns for the dairy farmer. Government
program participation increased expected returns at all debt-asset ratios. Both government programs
and hedging reduced risks at higher debt-asset ratios. Government program participation led to
larger gains in expected returns as the availability of land increased.
Master of Science
7
Maluleke, Ikageng Martha. "Grain planting progress report : the potential benefits for the South African grain industry." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60832.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The grain and oil seed industry plays a major role in the South African economy; therefore, having access to market information is vital for this market to remain efficient and competitive. A shortage in market information causes many inefficiencies and uncertainties. Having market information allows the playing field to be level for all role players and reduces opportunities for manipulating prices. South Africa, just like most developing countries, needs to strengthen information flows, as well as institutions governing the grain and oil seed industry. In view of the major grain producing countries in the world and the amount of money and effort spent on releasing planting progress reports, the South Africa grain and oilseed sector should to take heed.
This paper considers the importance of market information and how the South African grain and oil seed industry can benefit from that, grain planting progress reports are considered to be of importance as they fill a significant gap in the production season. Taking an institutional perspective into the economics of information, the study found that actors having little financial and social resources or political influence faced high costs in accessing information and that this prevents both market development and access to existing ones. The point of discussion is on weak information flows, as well as transaction costs that come with them, and the impact they have on prices and profitability. We therefore use New Institutional Economics to emphasise the importance of information in the market and the impact thereof in the absence of perfect information. The main underlying issue for imperfect information is that the lack of perfect and freely available information leads to risk and uncertainty in transactions.
When trying to analyse the importance of information in the grain and oilseed industry, it was established that accuracy, value and market effect of information for public consumption were important. In particular, information communication technology was examined as a means of information dissemination in agriculture, especially in developing countries like South Africa. The study found that the major grain and oilseed producing countries that generate planting progress reports are the USA, Brazil, Argentina and Australia. The study looked at the methods used by these countries to compile such reports. Although they have varying methodologies, the key point is timely and frequent information which is readily available for public consumption.
After analysing developments and methodologies globally, the focus shifted to South Africa where current information sources in the South African grain and oilseed industry, and the kind of information provided, were analysed. A pilot study was conducted in the summer grain production area of NWK Ltd to gain some insight and experience. The source of communication comprised mobile phones and farmers were able to respond on their progress, as well as receive feedback using the same communication media. Lastly in order to re-emphasis the benefits of a planting progress report, we review the impact of price volatility and how information in the market can help stabilise it.Dissertation (MSc (Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
MSc (Agric)
Unrestricted
8
Dant, Madeline L. "AN ANALYSIS OF FACTORS IMPACTING HAY AUCTION PRICES AND THE POTENTIAL FOR NAP TO REDUCE ALFALFA REVENUE RISK." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/52.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hay auctions have generally been understudied due to their unique market structure. Therefore, the factors that influence the price of hay at auction markets are not well-known. The price of hay at auction markets reflects the various characteristics that differentiate each lot of hay sold. This study is aimed at analyzing the determinants of Central Kentucky hay prices. A hedonic price model is estimated using data collected from a Central Kentucky hay auction. Known hay attributes include forage species, form, bale weight, and nutritive value. An important aspect of this analysis is to determine whether the quality measures of the hay are significant factors in determining hay prices in this auction setting. While price discovery of hay is important, it is also important to know about the insurance that is available to producers. Insurance for hay production is very limited with only two insurance programs available to Kentucky producers. An evaluation of the Noninsured Crop Disaster Assistance Program is conducted by simulating yields from an alfalfa producer and alfalfa trials from University of Kentucky Agriculture Research Centers in Princeton and Lexington, Kentucky. This analysis reveals the effectiveness of the coverage levels offered through the program for alfalfa producers in Kentucky.
9
Fehervari, Gabor. "The factors affecting the timing and volume of sales in Hungarian farmers' crop marketing decisions : an alternative perspective on the theory of price of storage." Thesis, University of Reading, 2017. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/75020/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The existence of convenience yield has become an axiom in the analysis of intertemporal price relations for commodities. However, the link between the macro level convenience yield concept and the micro-level sell/store decisions of stock holders lacks empirical evidence. The main objective of the study is to establish the drivers behind timing and volume of stock holders' actual commodity sales and to establish whether the decision-making process can be linked to convenience yield. Regression analysis of intertemporal price spreads, monthly dummies and stocks for Hungarian com are performed both to establish the relevance of the convenience yield concept, and to confirm its relationship to stocks. The GSADF (Generalized Sup-ADF) method is applied on consecutive expiries of corn futures, in order to validate convenience yield related assumptions of explosiveness. An alternative explanation of the convenience yield concept formulated in the spatial-temporal interpretation of storage is also tested on a large volume of actual Hungarian com logistics data. Finally, a choice model with hypothetical sales scenarios, filled by a large sample of Hungarian farmers is performed in order to validate whether a two-step Heckman model offers a good approximation of the actual decision-making process behind stock sales. Both convenience yield's existence and its inverse relation to stocks are demonstrated for Hungarian com. However, evidence does not support the hypothesis that nearby prices show greater tendencies for bubble formation than later expiries. Contrary to expectations, spatial¬temporal storage conclusions are validated on Hungarian corn, as delivery distance to central markets does increase through the season. Some variables proposed are found to be individually significant in driving stock sales, and the expectation that selling is best explained by a two-step Heckman model is also partly confirmed. Besides testing existing models on the data of a new geography, it is the additional step taken towards real decision-makers, where this study of commodity sales is expected to contribute both to convenience yield theory and to our current knowledge of how the physical grain markets work.
10
Santos, Lana Mara Rodrigues dos. "Programação de rotação de culturas - modelos e métodos de solução." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/55/55134/tde-09062009-110129/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nas últimas décadas, diversas propostas de técnicas e de processos visando aumentar a sustentabilidade da agricultura ganharam evidência. Tais propostas geram novos modelos de planejamento em que devem ser considerados aspectos técnicos e ecológicos de produção, bem como o acesso de pequenos agricultores familiares ao mercado consumidor. Neste tipo de planejamento da produção, a rotação de culturas desempenha um papel fundamental, pois contribui para a manutenção dos recursos produtivos, para a minimização do uso de recursos não-renováveis e para o controle biológico da população de herbívoros, patógenos e plantas espontâneas. Nesta tese abordamos dois problemas de Programação de Rotação de Culturas (PRC) focados na produção de base sustentável de hortaliças: o problema de PRC com restrições de Adjacências (PRC-A) e o problema de PRC com atendimento da Demanda (PRC-D). O planejamento da produção de hortaliças é complexo pois envolve, em geral, um grande número de culturas com limitações específicas quanto à época de plantio e com períodos de cultivo e produtividades muito variáveis. A programação de rotação de culturas para as áreas de plantio é formulada como um modelo de otimização 01 e, para os dois problemas, em cada programação considera se tanto aspectos técnicos (época de plantio e colheita etc.) quanto ecológicos (adubação verde, pousio etc.). No problema PRC-A o objetivo é a maximização da ocupação das áreas produtivas em que as restrições de plantio são estendidas às áreas adjacentes. Como a formulação matemática para o problema tem, em geral, um número muito grande de restrições e variáveis, com matriz de restrições esparsa e bloco-diagonal, o modelo é reformulado com a Decomposição DantzigWolfe, o que permitiu sua resolução por procedimentos baseados em geração de colunas, heurísticos e exatos. No problema PRC-D desejase suprir a demanda de um conjunto de hortaliças tendo-se disponível um conjunto de áreas heterogêneas. As culturas passíveis de plantio, bem como as suas produtividades, dependem da área considerada. O problema foi formulado como um modelo de otimização linear em que cada variável está associada a uma programação de rotação de culturas. O modelo contém potencialmente um número grande de programações de rotação e é resolvido por geração de colunas. Experimentos computacionais usando instâncias baseadas em dados reais confirmam a eficácia dos modelos e das metodologias propostos para os problemasOver the last decades, various proposals for techniques and processes to increase agricultural sustainability have been put forward. These proposals bring new planning models in which technical and ecological production aspects must be considered, as well as the access of small farmers to the consumer market. In this type of agricultural production planning, crop rotation plays a fundamental role as it contributes to maintaining productive resources, to reducing the use of non-renewable resources, and to biologically controlling the population of herbivores, pathogens and spontaneous plants. In this thesis, two problems concerning the Crop Rotation Schedule (CRS) focusing on sustainable production vegetables are addressed: the problem of the CRS having Adjacent constraints (CRS-A) and the problem of the CRS under Demand constraints (CRS-D). Production planning of vegetables is complex as it generally involves a large number of crop species having specific limitations regarding the planting season and very varied production times and productivity. The crop rotation schedule problem is formulated as an optimization model 0-1, and for both problems, in each schedule technical (planting and harvesting season etc.) and ecological (green manure, fallow etc.) aspects are considered. Concerning the CRS-A problem, the aim is to maximize the occupation of cropping areas in which planting constraints are extended to adjacent areas. As the mathematical formulation for the problem generally has a large number of restrictions and variables and the structure of the constraint matrix of the problem is sparse and block-diagonal, the model has been reformulated using the Dantzig-Wolfe Decomposition strategy, which has enabled the use of a heuristic and exact procedures based on the column generation approach for its resolution. In the CRS-D problem, the aim is to meet the market demands for vegetables having a set of heterogeneous cropping areas available. The potential planting crops, as well as their productivity, depend on the considered cropping area. The problem is formulated as an optimization linear model in which each variable is associated to a crop rotation schedule. The model may include a large number of rotation schedules and is solved by the column generation approach. Computational experiments using instances based on real-world data confirm the efficiency of models and methodologies proposed for the problems
11
Jirků, Šárka. "Optimalizace využití zemědělských ploch - případová studie." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-81925.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study deals with analysis of the agricultural company layout. The utilization of agricultural areas is optimized with such a sowing technique that leads to the highest harvest profit. All these issues are being solved by the conversion to the linear programming model which is the most resembling to the combination of production planning and allocation problem. A case study is based on actual data given by Agrofarma Týnec, s.r.o. company. The 48 sections of field in different proportion are taken in consideration as well as five different crops. The study tries to deal with more options taking in account different trade prices of set commodities and a hectare sowing limitation. The main model anticipates pessimistic trade prices expectations and does not restrict hectare sowing with single crops. The model is followed by the price coefficient analysis that gives the price level to be kept to let the computed solution be optimal. Lingo13.0 was used as an optimization software.
12
Zhu, Jiafeng. "Futures-Based Forecasts of U.S. Crop Prices." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/79490.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Over the last decade, U.S. crop prices have become significantly more volatile. Volatile markets pose increased risks for the agricultural market participants and create a need for reliable price forecasts. Research discussed in this paper aims to find different approaches to forecast crop cash prices based on the prices of related futures contracts.
Corn, soybeans, soft red winter wheat, and cotton are the focus of this research. Since price data for these commodities is non-stationary, this paper used two approaches to solve this problem. The first approach is to forecast the difference in prices between current and future period and the second is to use the regimes. This paper considers the five-year moving average approach as the benchmark when comparing these approaches.
This research evaluated model performance using R-squared, mean errors, root mean squared errors, the modified Diebold-Mariano test, and the encompassing test. The results show that both the difference model and the regime model render better performance than the benchmark in most cases, but without a significant difference between each other. Based on these findings, the regime model was used to make forecasts of the cash prices of corn and soybeans, the difference model was used to make predictions for cotton, and the benchmark was used to forecast the SRW cash price.Master of Science
13
Marques, Patricia Angélica Alves. "Modelo computacional para determinação do risco econômico em culturas irrigadas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11143/tde-09092005-162338/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As empresas agrícolas atuam sob condições de risco, dessa maneira a utilidade de modelos determinísticos para fins de planejamento torna-se relativamente limitada. Isto implica na necessidade de não se desprezar a aleatoriedade de determinados coeficientes e introduzir o risco na análise do projeto. Com este objetivo, desenvolveu-se uma ferramenta na forma de um Modelo Computacional para Determinação do Risco Econômico em Culturas Irrigadas, para o ambiente Windows XP em linguagem Delphi 7.0, que permite simular situações de implantação e manejo da irrigação e suas conseqüências econômicas sob o horizonte de risco. Esse modelo considera, na forma de um projeto, as características agronômicas pertinentes ao solo, a cultura e ao clima, para estudar, de maneira regional, o armazenamento de água no solo, a evapotranspiração, o desenvolvimento da cultura durante as fases fenológicas e o preço de venda do produto. Para atingir o objetivo o modelo realiza simulações dos parâmetros de preço de venda do produto, taxa de manutenção do sistema de irrigação, horas de trabalho necessárias por hectare e por irrigação realizada, preço da água, vida útil do sistema de irrigação e taxa de juros; as quais são classificadas em classes, sendo: cinco classes para vida útil, taxa de manutenção, horas de trabalho necessárias por hectare e por irrigação realizada, preço da água e juros, e 10 classes para o preço de venda do produto. Com esses parâmetros o modelo computacional gera 31.250 valores de benefícios líquidos anuais combinados das classes com suas respectivas probabilidades de ocorrência, permitindo assim um estudo probabilístico dos possíveis resultados da decisão de aquisição do sistema de irrigação. Como resultados essa ferramenta simula e fornece a distribuição de probabilidades dos fatores econômicos e calcula os custos fixos, custos variáveis, custos totais e benefícios líquidos anuais da irrigação. Com os 31.250 valores de benefícios líquidos anuais e suas probabilidades realiza o teste de aderência às funções de densidade de probabilidade normal ou triangular e posteriormente exibe as probabilidades de viabilidade do projeto, a relação benefício/custo, valor esperado de benefício líquido, desvio absoluto, variância, desvio padrão e coeficiente de variação como índices econômicos envolvidos na decisão de irrigar ou não irrigar. Apresenta também uma análise de sensibilidade do benefício líquido anual em função da variação dos fatores econômicos e a participação em porcentagem dos fatores econômicos na formação do custo total da irrigação. Nas análises realizadas sobre a irrigação da cana-de-açúcar para região de Piracicaba, todos os sistemas testados apresentaram relação benefício/custo inferior a um e valores esperados de benefício líquido anual da irrigação negativos, indicando inviabilidade. A utilização do motor diesel apresentou para todos os sistemas, probabilidade nula de ocorrência de benefício líquido anual maior que zero. Dentre os sistemas analisados o pivô central apresentou a maior probabilidade de ocorrência de benefício líquido anual maior que zero (10,70%) utilizando energia elétrica. No caso da irrigação do tomate industrial na região de Piracicaba todos os sistemas testados apresentaram viabilidade, isto é, relação benefício/custo sempre maior que um e valores esperados de benefício líquido anual positivos. Dentre eles a aspersão convencional apresentou a maior relação benefício/custo (média de 4,74), o maior valor esperado de benefício líquido anual (R$ 1.582,60 ha-1 ano-1) e o menor risco com um desvio padrão de R$ 363,99 ha-1 ano-1.The agricultural companies were submitted to risky conditions, so the utility of deterministic models to planning is relatively limited. That implies in not despise the randomness of some coefficients and to introduce them in the project analysis. As a proposal of this work a Computational model for risk determination in irrigated cultures was elaborated for Windows XP® in Delphi 7.0 language, that allow the simulation of implanting and managing irrigations projects and their economical consequences under the risk conditions. This model considers, in a project form, the agronomical characteristics of the soil, of the culture and of the climate, to study, regionally, the water storage in the soil, the evapotranspiration, the culture development during the phenological phases and the selling price of the product. To reach its objectives the model accomplishes simulations in the selling price of the product, maintaining cost of the irrigation system, hours of needed work by hectare and per irrigation, water cost, useful life of the system and the welfare taxes, that were classified in classes as: five for useful live, maintain tax, hours of needed work by hectare and per irrigation, water cost and welfare taxes; and ten for selling price. With those parameters the model generated 31,250 values of annual combined liquid profits of the classes with their respective probability of occurrence, allowing a probabilistic study of the possible results in the acquisition of an irrigation system, e.g., the probability of the project viability. This tool, as its results, simulates and displays the economical factor probability and calculates the variable and the non variable costs, total costs and annual profits of irrigation. With the 31,250 values of annual profits and their probabilities, it realizes the adherence test to the density functions of normal or triangular probability and exhibits the project viability probabilities, cost/profit relation, expected value of liquid profit, absolute deviance, variance, standard deviation and coefficient of variation as economical indexes involved in the decision of or not of to irrigate. It also presents a sensibility analysis of the annual profit as a function of the economical variation factors and the participation, in percentage, of those factors in the total cost of the irrigation. In the analysis of sugarcane irrigation in the Piracicaba region, all tested systems showed a cost/profit relation inferior to one and expected annual irrigation profit values negative indicating the inviability. The use of a diesel motor, for any system, showed the null probability of the annual profit to be higher then zero. Among the tested systems the center pivot showed the highest probability of annual liquid profits higher then zero (10.7%) using electrical energy. In the case of tomato culture for industry under irrigation, in the Piracicaba region, all systems were viable, e.g., the relation cost/profit ever higher then one and expected values of annual liquid profits positive. Among them the conventional aspersion showed the higher relation between cost/profit with a mean of 4.74, the highest expected value of annual liquid profit of R$ 1,582.60 ha-1 year-1 and with the lower risk with standard deviation of R$ 363.99 ha-1 year-1.
14
Alam, Shamsul. "The effects of price and non-price factors on the production of major crops in Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315583.
Повний текст джерела
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Чижовська, Т. В. "Облік та аудит формування собівартості продукції рослинництва (на прикладі ТОВ Агрофірма «Кодима»)". Thesis, Одеський національний економічний університет, 2020. http://dspace.oneu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/12628.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
У роботі розглядаються теоретичні аспекти сутності та класифікації собівартості сільськогосподарської продукції, теоретико-методичні та практичні аспекти обліку та аудиту формування собівартості продукції рослинництва з урахуванням вимог галузевих стандартів обліку та особливостей сільськогосподарського виробництва
Проаналізовано основні економічні показники розвитку підприємства, динаміку та структуру собівартості рослинницької продукції, діючу систему обліку та методику проведення аудиту формування собівартості продукції на підприємстві, вплив факторів на ефективність аграрного виробництва.
Запропоновано напрямки поліпшення облікового забезпечення систематизації витрат, що формують собівартість продукції, на основі удосконалення документального оформлення та зведеного обліку, впровадження системи управління витратами.Thesis deals with theoretical aspects of the substance and classification of the cost of agricultural products, theoretical and methodological and practical aspects of accounting and auditing the formation of the cost of crop production according to industry standards of accounting and features of agricultural production Author analysis the main economic indicators of the enterprise development, the dynamics and structure of crop production cost, the operating accounting system and the methods for carrying out the audit of the formation of the crop production cost, the influence of factors on the efficiency of agricultural production. We have recommended the directions of improvement of accounting maintenance of systematization of the expenses forming prime cost of production, on the basis of perfection of documentary registration and the consolidated accounting, introduction of management of costs.
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Clark, Matthew Ken. "Effects of high commodity prices on western Kansas crop patterns and the Ogallala aquifer." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1136.
Повний текст джерела
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Lutey, Matthew. "Reliability of Technical Stock Price Pattern Predictability." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2019. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2672.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Academic research has shown throughout the years the ability of technical indicators to convey predictive value, informational content, and practical use. The popularity of such studies goes in and out over the years and today is being recognized widely by behavioral economists. Automated technical analysis is said to detect geometric and nonlinear shapes in prices which ordinary time series methods would be unable to detect. Previous papers use smoothing estimators to detect such patterns. Our paper uses local polynomial regressions, digital image processing, and state of the art machine learning tools to detect the patterns. Our results show that they are nonrandom, convey informational value, and have some predictive ability. We validate our results with prior works using stocks from the Dow Jones Industrial Average for a sample period from 1925-2019 using daily price observations.
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Ncube, Free P. "The impact of biofuels on food prices, lessons from the experiences of Brazil and U.S. (1995-2013)." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2150.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Using crops for fuel generates concerns over competition with food uses. As Rajagopal et al (2009) asserts, “In 2008 the world entered a food crisis amid record-high commodity and energy prices that induced hunger and political unrest in developing countries, by export restrictions in top grain-producing countries”. This took place at the same time when biofuel production, reached its pinnacle in developed countries. This paper examines the effect that biofuel prices and or production has had on food prices in Brazil and U.S. by employing the panel cointegration and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) method of analysis. In regressing food prices as a function of demand and supply factors, such as oil prices, biofuel prices, interest rates and biofuel production, the study found that the increase in biofuels production over the past eighteen years has had a significant impact on food prices. Over the period January 1995- December 2013, the study estimates that a one hundred percent increase in biofuels production across time and between countries results in the increase of food prices by 21,9%. The study therefore rejects the null hypothesis that states, biofuel production does not have a statistically significant negative impact on food prices in U.S. and Brazil. , and accepts the alternative that biofuel production does have a statistically significant negative impact on food prices in U.S. and Brazil. Other predictors of food prices that the study revealed as significant were oil and interest rates. Policy recommendations for other countries like South Africa are therefore, made based on the results obtained.
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Louis, Benjamin. "Prise en compte du rôle de la diversité microbienne dans la simulation de la dynamique de la matière organique du sol (MOS) dans un contexte de transition vers l'agro-écologie." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSARC126/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La thèse propose et évalue une méthode de prise en compte de la diversité microbienne dans un modèle mécaniste opérationnel de dynamique du carbone (C). Partant d'un modèle classique dont les flux de minéralisation sont décrits par des cinétiques d'ordre 1, nous proposons des fonctions de modulation des paramètres des équations prenant en compte des indices de diversité microbienne. Elle s’appuie sur 2 jeux de données contenant des mesures de diversité microbienne et des cinétiques de minéralisation du C sur 80 jours, en conditions contrôlées, avec et sans apport de blé marqué au 13C, issus d'échantillons de sols agricoles diversifiés.L'utilisation de modèles statistiques additifs généralisés (GAM) a permis d'identifier les indices de diversité pouvant expliquer la dynamique du C. Des fonctions de modulation ont été proposées selon les relations mises en évidence.L'ensemble a été calibré à l'aide de méthodes bayésiennes. L'ajout d'une fonction de modulation dépendante de la diversité bactérienne a permis d'améliorer la prédiction des flux issus de la minéralisation de la MOS. En revanche, l'intégration d'une fonction dépendante de la diversité fongique n'a pas permis l'amélioration des flux issus de la minéralisation du résidu ou de la MOS.La méthode proposée d'intégration de la diversité microbienne dans les modèles génériques de dynamique du C constitue une approche prometteuse pour une représentation parcimonieuse de son influence. Il s'agit d'un cadre méthodologique complémentaire à la prise en compte détaillée de cette diversité dans les modèles de dynamique du CThis thesis suggests and assesses a way to integrate microbial diversity in an operational mechanistic model of C dynamic. From a classical model where mineralisation fluxes are described by 1st order kinetics, we propose functions depending on microbial diversity indices to modulate the parameters of these kinetics. We used 2 datasets containing measures of microbial diversity and C mineralisation kinetics from controlled conditions incubations during 80 days, with and without 13C labelled wheat straw, from grassland and cropland soil samples.In a first step, based on statistical generalizes additive models (GAM), we identified the microbial diversity indices relevant to explain C dynamic. Observed relations allowed us to submit modulation functions depending on microbial diversity to adjust model parameters. The whole has been calibrated through bayesian inference.Overall, the modulation function depending on bacterial diversity led to an improvement of SOM mineralisation fluxes predictions, while fungal based modulation functions led to no improvement.To conclude, the proposed method to integrate microbial diversity was a relevant approach towards a parsimonious representation of microbial diversity influence on C dynamic in generic model. It forms a complementary methodological framework to the dominant explicit and detailed way of microbial diversity representation in C dynamic models
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Haji, Jema. "Economic efficiency and marketing performance of vegetable production in the eastern and central parts of Ethiopia /." Uppsala : Dept. of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/200817.pdf.
Повний текст джерела
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Petit-Delecourt, Elisa. "Prise en compte du travail dans les changements de pratiques vers l’agroécologie : outils et informations pour l’accompagnement des agriculteurs." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLA006/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Afin de réduire les pollutions agricoles, les agriculteurs sont invités à faire évoluer leurs pratiques. Mais ces évolutions génèrent des changements d'organisation et de temps de travail, qu'ils invoquent pour expliquer leur difficulté à changer. Notre objectif est d'étudier ces changements du travail, pour concevoir des outils facilitant les transitions agroécologiques des agriculteurs. Nous avons enquêtés des conseillers agricole et des agriculteurs pour analyser l'offre de conseil, et la nature des informations sur le travail, dont les agriculteurs ont besoin pour conduire un changement de pratiques. Constatant l'insuffisance des outils existants, nous avons organisé deux ateliers de conception d'outils avec leurs futurs utilisateurs. Nous avons identifié et décris 28 outils qui pourraient être conçu. Quatre prototypes ont été élaborés : une fiche technique informant des changements du travail, un quizz et un jeu permettant d'identifier des changements du travail pour une exploitation, et un carnet de suivi d'essai permettant de relever des informations clefs pour établir un bilan de la gestion des concurrences et des choix d'organisationIn order to reduce agricultural pollution, farmers are invited to change their practices. But these new practices can generate changes in organization and working time, which farmers assert to explain their difficulty to change. Our goal is to study these changes in the work and to design tools facilitating agroecological transitions of farmers. We have surveyed agricultural advisers and farmers to analyze the consulting service offer, and the nature of the work information that farmers need in order to implement new practices. Noting the inadequacy of the existing tools, we organized two tool design workshops with their future users. We have identified and described 28 tools that could be designed. Four prototypes were developed: a technical sheet informing about work changes, a quiz and a serious game to identify work changes for a farm, and a test logbook to record key information to establish an assessment of work competition management and organizational choices
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Vinje, Daniel Martin 1959. "The Effects of Deregulation on Rail Rates: A Study on Wheat, Barley, Corn, Oat, and Soybean." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2006. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29868.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although the original intent of this study was to do a pre-and post-deregulation assessment of rail rates per ton-mile, the results using post-deregulation data show a significant decrease in rail rates between 1981 and 2000. While accounting for changes in shipment characteristics, savings for wheat, barley, com, oat, and soybean shippers were 63.80%, 69.17%, 49.07%, 67.97%, and 59.36%, respectively. Rate savings over time for an average 1981 shipment were 45%, 55%, 38%, 45%, and 36% for wheat, barley, com, oat, and soybean shippers, respectively. Analysis regarding the effects of deregulation of rail rates on com, soybean, and wheat on a regional basis shows that rail rates not only differ across commodities, but also
among regions. In general, it was found that grain producers within regions that had higher levels of intermodal competition had lower rates than their counterparts with lower levels of intermodal competition. Distribution of benefits as a result of market-based pricing has varied among regions, and these variances are increasing over time.
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Brown, Mitic Constance Maria. "Flux associations and their relationship to the underlying heterogeneous surface characteristics." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35988.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis consists of analysis of three different data sets: (i) Aircraft-based eddy correlation data collected above irrigated and non-irrigated agricultural land in Southern California during the California Ozone Deposition Experiment (CODE) summer 1991; (ii) micrometeorological tower data, collected over grape and cotton canopies as part of CODE; (iii) aircraft-based eddy correlation flux data above two grid sites in the Canadian boreal forest during the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS), spring and summer of 1994 and 1996.Results from the CODE aircraft data document composition and size of the dominant structures, which transport heat and gases (H2O, CO 2 and ozone) over water stressed and non-water stressed surfaces, and the relative frequency with which structures carrying only a single scalar, or given combinations of scalars, were encountered along the flight paths. Interpretation of results provides further evidence for the existence of a second (nonphysiological) sink for ozone. The relative preponderance of structures that carry moisture, carbon dioxide and ozone simultaneously, particularly in the gradient-up mode, reflects the importance of vegetation as co-located source/sink for these scalars. The detrending procedures described in this study may help to define a more effective separation between local and mesoscale events in biosphere-atmosphere interaction.
Results from the CODE tower data indicates a single vegetated ozone sink for the grape site, but a vegetated as well as a non-vegetated sink for the cotton site. For both sites, structures simultaneously transporting significant flux contributions of CO2, H2O, heat and ozone dominate during unstable conditions. During stable conditions, unmixed single flux structures dominated over cotton but not over grape. The results of this study contribute empirical evidence about the relationship between ozone uptake and the physical and physiological state of vegetation, as well as the limitations placed on eddy scales in simulation models.
Results from the BOREAS aircraft data shows a decoupling between the surface and the atmosphere, where the patterns of vegetation, greenness and surface temperature may be quite dissimilar to those of the fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat and---to a lesser degree---CO2. Reasons for this lie in the extraordinary boundary layer conditions, high vapour pressure deficit, moist soil and hot canopies, and the response of the vegetation to these conditions. Analysis of the coherent structure compositions to some extent permits the characterization of the different sources and sinks. Overall, this study shows the importance of understanding the various interacting components of soil, vegetation and atmosphere when attempting to design process-based models for predictions in 'micrometeorologiacally' complex ecosystems.
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Duthoit, Sylvie. "Prise en compte de l'agrégation des cultures dans la simulation du transfert radiatif : importance pour l'estimation de l'indice foliaire (LAI), de la parcelle au paysage." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30230.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L'indice foliaire (LAI) est une variable clé pour l'étude du fonctionnement des surfaces végétales car elle conditionne les échanges de carbone et d'eau avec l'atmosphère. Les méthodes de mesures indirectes fournissent des estimations de LAI à partir de mesures de la fraction de trou in situ. Les méthodes d'estimation du LAI par inversion de modèle de réflectance à partir de données satellitaires utilisent généralement des modèles unidimensionnels car ils nécessitent peu de paramètres d'entrée. Dans les deux cas, les modèles reposent sur l'hypothèse que les éléments sont distribués de façon aléatoire au sein du couvert, ce qui est rarement le cas en réalité. Dans ce contexte, le travail réalisé a pour objectif principal d'évaluer l'apport de l'utilisation d'un coefficient d'agrégation dans la simulation du transfert radiatif de couverts végétaux hétérogènes, en vue d'améliorer les estimations de LAI par inversion de modèles turbides. Dans la première partie du travail, nous avons évalué les estimations de LAI fournies par le logiciel de traitement de photographies hémisphériques CAN_EYE, dont l'intérêt principal est d'estimer le LAI avec ou sans prise en compte de l'agrégation des feuilles. L'évaluation a été réalisée par comparaison avec des mesures destructives effectuées sur des cultures de blé, maïs et tournesol. Les résultats montrent que l'utilisation d'un coefficient d‘agrégation permet d'améliorer sensiblement les estimations de LAI. Toutefois, l'analyse suggère que le calcul du coefficient d'agrégation dans CAN_EYE avec la méthode de Lang et Xiang (1986) doit être amélioré. Dans la deuxième partie du travail, nous avons analysé si l'introduction d'un coefficient d'agrégation dans un modèle de réflectance unidimensionnel permettait d'améliorer les simulations de la réflectance bidirectionnelle (FDRB), à l'échelle de la parcelle et du paysage. Pour cela, nous avons pris comme référence des simulations de FDRB issues d'un modèle 3D, le modèle DART (Gastellu et al. , 1996). A l'échelle de la parcelle, nous avons montré l'intérêt du coefficient d'agrégation pour simuler la FDRB d'une parcelle de maïs dans la bande spectrale du rouge. Dans le PIR, l'utilisation d'un modèle unidimensionnel donne de meilleurs résultats. A l'échelle d'un paysage agricole, l'hétérogénéité sub-parcellaire semble être le facteur primordial et sa prise en compte avec un coefficient d'agrégation dans le rouge permet d'améliorer les simulations de la FDRB avec un modèle unidimensionnel. Une étude préliminaire a permis de mettre en évidence que les estimations de LAI par inversion pourraient être sensiblement améliorées si ce coefficient est introduit pour simuler la FDRB dans le visibleThe leaf area index (LAI) is a key variable involved in many biophysical processes. Indirect measurements methods provide LAI estimations from in situ gap fraction measurements. Inversion of reflectance models provides LAI estimations from satellite data with high repetitivity on large areas; the models usually used are one-dimensional because few entry parameters are needed. In both cases, these models assume that the foliage elements are randomly distributed, that is not the case in most of the canopies. The main objective of this work is to evaluate if the use of a clumping index in radiative transfer models could improve the simulations for heterogeneous canopies, in order to provide better LAI estimations. In the first part of the work, we evaluate LAI estimations provided by the analysis of hemispherical photographs with the CAN_EYE software; it provides LAI estimations assuming leaves randomly distributed or taking into account the canopy heterogeneity with a clumping index. The evaluation is done by comparison with destructive measurements carried out over wheat, maize and sunflower crops. The main results show that the LAI estimations are improved when using the clumping index, but its calculation with the Lang and Xiang method (1986) must be done with great care according to the species. Possible improvements for its calculation are discussed. The second part of the work concerns the analysis of BRDF simulations at field and landscape scales. Taking BRDF simulations with a 3D model as references (the DART model, Gastellu et al. , 1996), we show first that the use of a clumping index in a one dimensional reflectance model generally improves field BRDF simulations for a maize canopy in the red spectral band. In the near infra red, we have best results when the canopy is considered as homogeneous. At the landscape scale, the changes in agricultural land use seem to be the main factor of heterogeneity and this heterogeneity could be partially taken into account with a clumping factor used to simulate BRDF in the visible spectral band. A preliminary study allows us to conclude that LAI estimations from reflectance models could be improved
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Dequiedt, Benjamin. "Le coût de l’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre liées à la fertilisation des cultures." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L’objectif de cette thèse est d’estimer le coût de mesures d’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) liée à la fertilisation des cultures qui représente en Europe et en France respectivement 38% et 44% des émissions de GES de l’agriculture. L’étude du coût et du potentiel d’abattement est effectuée sur deux mesures clés dans l’atténuation des émissions à savoir la mise en place de plantes fixatrices d’azote (i.e. légumineuses) et la réduction de la fertilisation par hectare. Le potentiel d’atténuation des légumineuses est étudié en simulant leur augmentation dans les assolements agricoles français et dans un deuxième temps à l’échelle de rotations de cultures pouvant durer jusqu’à six ans dans cinq régions européennes. Les résultats obtenus révèlent que des réductions importantes d’émissions sont possibles, tout en augmentant le profit des agriculteurs. Le rôle de l’aversion pour le risque est aussi étudié concernant la réduction de la fertilisation des cultures par hectare. Nous montrons analytiquement les conditions conduisant à une sur-application d’engrais par hectare permettant aux agriculteurs averses au risque de minimiser le risque de perte de rendement. Les simulations numériques effectuées spécifiquement sur les agriculteurs averses au risque démontrent qu’une assurance d’atténuation des émissions peut potentiellement déclencher des réductions importantes d’émissions de gaz à effet de serreIn this thesis, we assess the mitigation cost of greenhouse gas (GHG) from fertilization which represents 38% and 44% of agricultural GHG emissions in Europe and in France. This assessment is conducted for two key measures in climate mitigation which are the implementation of legumes crops and the reduction of fertilization per hectare. The abatement potential of legume crops is computed by simulating their increase in French croplands and also by a switch of crop rotations on several years (up to 6 years) in five European regions. Results show that significant mitigation amounts can be obtained by increasing farms revenues. The role of risk aversion is studied through the reduction of fertilisation per hectare. We analytically shows the conditions leading to nitrogen over-applications on crops which allows farmers to minimize their risk of loss on crop yields. The simulations lead on risk averse farmers show that an insurance covering yield variability could be foreseen as an interesting tool to mitigate emissions
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Bouzit, Abdel Madjid. "Modélisation du comportement des agriculteurs face au risque : investigations de la théorie de l'utilité dépendant des rangs." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996DENS0024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cette thèse est consacrée à la modélisation des décisions d'assolement des agriculteurs en situation risquée. Les modèles de programmation mathématique du risque utilises en production agricole sont souvent issus de la théorie de l'utilité espérée (théorie UE). Or, la théorie UE est soumise a de nombreux paradoxes empiriques dont le plus célèbre est le paradoxe d'allais. Parmi les théories alternatives la plus prometteuse figure la théorie de l'utilite dépendant des rangs des conséquences (théorie UDR). Cette dernière postule l'existence de deux fonctions pour représenter les préférences des décideurs face au risque : une fonction d'utilite de Von-Neumann Morgenstern et une fonction de transformation des probabilités. Dans cadre de la théorie UDR, nous proposons une procédure de révélation des préférences face au risque basée sur les techniques de l'analyse de la décision (Keeney & Raiffa, 1967) et de la méthode - d'équivalent en loterie double - (Wakker & Deneffe, 1994). La procédure est appliquée pour la spécification de fonctionnelle de préférence UDR de seize agriculteurs dans la région biterroise. Les principaux résultats des estimations sont : 1) les fonctions de transformation de probabilité ne sont pas linéaires en probabilité ; 2) il existe une concordance entre les caractéristiques socio-économiques et les caractéristiques comportementales des agriculteurs interviewes. Par la suite, nous avons généralisé la formulation des modèles de programmation mathématique du risque (pmr) dans le cadre de la théorie UDR (modèle pmr-UDR). L'implémentation du modèle sur trois exploitations agricoles représentatives montre que les décisions d'assolements réelles des agriculteurs sont mieux représentées par le modèle pmr-UDR que par les modèles standards issus de la théorie UE.
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Kuo, Pei-hsuan, and 郭佩軒. "Price, Cost and Yield Risk Management for Crop Production in Taiwan." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45900150092208218130.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
風險管理與保險研究所
103
In earlier periods, Taiwan mainly focused on agriculture, and the development of agriculture is primarily affected by climate and geography. Rain amount and temperature have the most effect on agriculture, and Taiwan has a high occurrence rate of natural disasters. When farmers grow crops, they often bear major losses because of natural disasters, and this also significantly impact crop transaction prices and makes it impossible for farmers to recover their costs. In this study, pomelo was the crop chosen for study. When agriculture is faced with price risks and production quantity risks, two return risk models are established with two different production costs after taking into account the correlation of price risks that stem from the fluctuations in production cost and transaction price of pomelos in Taiwan and the production quantity and price risk that comes from loss of crops due to typhoons, droughts and torrential rain. Given these, risk models are set up separately. Meanwhile, this study considered the correlation of transaction price and production cost. In the results, pomelo of production costs and the transaction price is no absolute relationship The primary objective of this study is to use agriculture risk management analysis tools to cover loss ratio and combinations in the event of crop loss. Primary risk management tools include government subsidies, contract farming, and crop insurance. Secondary risk management tools are self-retention and disaster (use of futures, options, bonds…) risk management tools. All of these tools are used to compensate for losses borne by farmers.
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林倫瑩. "Analyzing the Relationship between the Price of Oil and Bio-Energy Crop." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50874247405859148974.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士明新科技大學
企業管理研究所
97
The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship of the prices between oil and Bio-Energy Crop. Daily future prices of New York light crude oil, Chicago corn, Chicago wheat, Chicago soybean were used as data, collected from January 4, 2000 to August 29, 2008. This thesis aims to empirically investigate the impact of the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2004 on the prices interaction among crude oil future and the above three Bio-Energy Crop futures. Unit Roots Test, Cointegration and Granger Causality Test of statistical methods were adopted to analyze the long-term balanced trend and short-term leading and backward relationship. The results show that the oil futures and the above three Bio-Energy Crop futures were not Cointegrated, and had no cause-effect relationship before 2004. However there was Single-tasking Granger causality after 2004. It was concluded that the rise in oil prices would affect the prices of corn, wheat and soybean.
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Hsieh, Chih-li, and 謝稚莉. "The Efffects of Natural Disaster, Man-made Crisis, Crop Rotation, Bio-energy, and Price to the U.S. Cron Supply." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17331308523228407718.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士南華大學
環境管理研究所
97
In recent years, the food-related questions have gradually replaced oil shock and environment crisis as the most popular agenda. On the one hand, growing food price cause protest on the street with the attention of food safety on food supply for all governments; On the other hand, food problem has also become special chip of international negotiations. Global climatic change is agreed as the major reason affecting food production. Hungry, however, is not the only bitterness from nature and man-made disasters. The food shortage is likely to cause more negative effects, such as social conflict, economic inflation, fluctuation of market price, and so on. The circulation will not be a quick end. The process of food production demonstrates a time gap between planned production and practical production. Global climate change-induced global warming, drought, and floods further suffer the food supply and delay fulfilling the gap of food shortage. Providing sufficient food and solving hunger and food supply had been the basic surviving problems to be faced from the old era. Sufficient food supply system is the most important agenda for the international society. Causes of food crisis include: 1.natural disasters that reduce food production; 2.man-made disasters such as rising unemployment rate, decreases in the amount of international trade, price of commodity, and labor productivity will reduce food production; 3.fallow or rotation to crops with high economic value; 4.development of bio-energy that will compete with food supply. This research surveys questions of global food supply and focuses on corn production in the U.S. as example. Natural disaster, man-made disaster, fallow, bio-fuel, and corn price are the selected variables to regress on dependent variables of corn cultivation, harvest, production, and stock. The possible impacts on food supply are inspected to provide deeper deliberation on balance of resource and environment. Results show that causes for the problem of food supply are: 1.bio-energy- affects corn cultivation, harvest, production, and stock; 2.fallow to tobacco-affects corn cultivation, harvest, production, and stock; 3.corn price- did not significantly affect food supply because of a relatively stable time trend. The stable corn price is due to national protection policy and international trade system. The development of bio-energy in the U.S. seems only to take advantage of corn production rather than market mechanism and production process. The resulting side effects (eg., competition between human and vehicle of energy, imbalance of food supply and distribution, green-house gas emission during production process) are significant enough to draw international concerns from environmental protection groups. Problem of food crisis is only part of agriculture-industrialization and it takes further steps to liberate abnormal climate change by reducing the dependence on fossil fuel. At the same time, agricultural production in all countries has to adopt organic production rather than chemical fertilizer and pesticide until release of global food supply is observed.
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Gamba, Paul O. "An econometric model of Manitoba crop supply response under risk aversion and price uncertainty." 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/7367.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Restricted and unrestricted distributed lag models are used to investigate and establish probable lag structures in specific crop supply response to market and Canadian wheat board prices. The identified lag structures are in some respects consistent with other studies showing different lag structures for crop yield and acreage response and also give an indication of model sensitivity to numeraire choice in normalized quadratic functional forms. Lag structures form the basis of expectation and variance proxies employed in risk neutral, linear mean-variance and non-linear mean-variance econometric model specification and estimation using duality. Linear SUR was used to estimate duality models in the cases of risk neutrality and linear mean-variance. Both a linear reduced form and an non-linear duality model was estimated in the case of non-linear mean-variance. Price variances and expected prices are more significant in the risk aversion models which imply gains in model specification. Symmetry and CRTS are rejected in all models. Homogeneity conditions corresponding to risk neutrality is rejected in all models. Constant absolute risk aversion and Constant relative risk aversion are also rejected.
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Hsin, Yu-Chen, and 辛昱辰. "CRISP-DM to The Forecasting Model of Crop Price and Yield¬－A Case Study of Cabbage." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14732816292073089644.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士輔仁大學
統計資訊學系應用統計碩士班
100
As the increase of the economy, wages and consumer price, the pressure of Inflation causes production and marketing cost to increase. In addition, after joined the WTO, Taiwan faced the trend of trade liberalization, and had to compete against the whole world, this situation lead Taiwan to be confronted with a significant challenges. Therefore, to get correct and useful information, and grasp the changes of market supply and demand are able to react the changes in market. This study took cabbage for example, under the situation that full of uncertainty in the process of agricultural produce, regarded import and export trade, origin price, trading volume, and climate information as influence variables, and used data mining techniques to establish CRISP-DM process included regression analysis, time series, neural network, SVR and Random Forests and MARS prediction methods to find out the best agricultural forecasting model of crop price and yield. The results showed that MARS is the best model in Yield and SVR is the best model in price. This study expect the results can assist the related governmental units to obtain detailed price and yield early warning system quickly, and make countermeasure in advance, to improve the ability of agricultural information and production stability.
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MURATORI, LODOVICO. "Essays on spatial and vertical price transmission." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/973119.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This is the final outcome of a three-year joint PhD programme carried out at the Sapienza University of Rome, Italy, and at the Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Germany, within the framework of a co-tutelle agreement between the two universities.
The first essay (“Vertical price transmission, geographical dispersion and the structure of the Ugandan coffee market”) extends the vertical price transmission analysis through a structural approach, which evaluates whether spatial oligopsony power is prevailing in Ugandan coffee market and in case how strong it is. The first paper tests whether in markets, such as Uganda, where infrastructure quality is poor and transport costs are relevant, geographic dispersion of smallholder farmers allows traders to exploit their market power against farmers with a large impact on market structure and reduction of farmers' welfare. By building upon (Sexton, 1990), the study brings an original contribution to the literature, since (Sexton, 1990) develops just a theoretical model and it is not interested to do any econometric exercise. (Sexton, 1990) employs a single spatial price gap equation instead of a system of well-founded behavioural equations in agricultural markets, which is indeed a major improvement delivered by this essay. Moreover, in this analysis the approach to spatial price gap determination is combined with the oligopsony modelling and SUR technique in order to produce empirically testable hypotheses. Without such transformations the approach by (Sexton, 1990) cannot be employed for any empirical exercise. Indeed, the idea of the role of distance is taken from (Sexton, 1990) and introduced in an original way in a more sophisticated model, which is micro-founded at three levels, i.e. demand and supply of agricultural commodities by traders and farmers as well as conditional demand of inputs by farmers. Since the wholesale-farmgate price spread is net of transport costs, results confirm that geographic dispersion of smallholder farmers plays a significant role on price margin and that there is room for local oligopsony, because traders exploit their market power and overcharge transport and transaction costs to farmers. Indeed, farmers are not able to skip traders in the value chain, because a significant information asymmetry is prevailing in the market. Traders exploit farmers' ignorance because the latter are small and dispersed as well as they lack information about current market prices because of villages remoteness and poor communications with marketplaces (Courtois and Subervie, 2015). Moreover, farmers are not aware of actual transport costs faced by traders, which carry larger quantities of coffee than single smallholder farmers and spread fixed costs over a larger amount of crop. The second essay (“Spatial price transmission and trade policies: new evidence from selected sub-Saharan African countries and crops with high frequency data”) assesses the impact of trade policies on spatial price transmission of maize, rice and wheat in Cameroon, Kenya and Tanzania. This paper improves the existing literature in the field (see, inter alia, Anderson and Nelgen, 2012a, Anderson and Nelgen, 2012b and Anderson and Nelgen, 2012c), because it estimates the impact of tariff and non-tariff trade policies on spatial price transmission in the agricultural markets using monthly data. Employment of monthly data allows assessing more precisely short-lived movements of the analysed series, which could disappear because of aggregation bias at lower yearly frequency, thus providing a better identification of insulation policies. Furthermore, this essay focuses on the impact of both tariff and non-tariff barriers on spatial price transmission by taking advantage of the combination of the FAO-GIEWS (Global Information and early warning system) database and trade policies information from the FAO-FADPA (Food and Agriculture Policy Decision Analysis) with the recent release of the World Bank World Integrated Trade Solutions (WITS) Database (UNCTAD, 2016) (FAO, 2016) (FAO, 2016b) (World Bank, 2016). This latest WITS release provides monthly ad-valorem equivalent tariff rates consist of tariff, para-tariff and non-tariff measures. In particular, non-tariff barriers comprises technical measures, such as sanitary or environmental protection measures, as well as others traditionally used as instruments of commercial policy, e.g. quotas, price control, exports restrictions, or contingent trade protective measures, and also other behind-the-border measures, such as competition, trade-related investment measures, government procurement or distribution restrictions (UNCTAD, 2015).
The empirical methodologies of this study, like threshold, fractional integration and panel estimation, allow to separately estimate the confounding factors and clean the estimates of the variables of interest from them. In particular, while the confounders cannot be identified, the coefficients of the variables of interest are consistent and they can be properly identified, conditional on the estimate of the confounders. An additional value added of this work is the possibility to separately estimate the impact of trade policies within the two regimes of behaviour of the domestic price series: in the first regime the trend of domestic prices is increasing, in the second one the trend is decreasing. It highlights that trade policies play a role both in case of increasing and decreasing domestic prices, but their relevance is much larger, if prices are increasing. The policy implication is that trade policies were able to insulate the country from the price shocks on the international markets during the food price spike crisis, when it was mostly needed. By presenting high frequency analyses and techniques able to detect non-linearities in the data generating process we thus provide results which are different from the standard literature (Anderson and Nelgen, 2012b and Anderson and Nelgen, 2012c). Note however that although the impact of these instruments is proved to be relevant in the short term during the food price spike crisis, these policies could not be regarded as long term solutions. The third essay ("Shocks, price transmission and Food consumption with changes in Price risk aversion) looks seriously at the issue of time variant price risk aversion parameters. This is a fundamental question to address in the investigation of both spatial and vertical price transmission in a risky environment. To this end, the essay assesses the behaviour of farm households, which consume and produce crops at the same time, and answers the following key research questions: i) whether the occurrence of exogenous shocks induces a change of price risk aversion over time and then ii) how the time-varying risk aversion parameter affects production and consumption pattern by the farm households. This research employs the risk aversion parameter introduced by (Bellemare et al., 2013), which takes into account not just the household psychological risk attitudes, but also the market imperfections and availability of institutions which facilitate risk-bearing (Mendola, 2007) (de Janvry et al., 1991). Nevertheless, unlike (Bellemare et al., 2013) the essay develops a microfounded empirical model, where the risk aversion parameter is allowed to change over time and not just across households. This empirical model is estimated within a two-stage structural approach. The results of the empirical analysis suggest that the risk aversion parameter is not constant over time and that households can become more risk averse, if they face adverse market conditions in the previous periods. Furthermore, this paper provides evidence that peasants do not aim just at need satisfaction, but they behave in an optimal way and make sure their food security in the medium term. Indeed, they prefer to increase their income instead of directly consuming the harvested crop, because the reduction of dietary energy consumption derived from the giving up the harvest for sale is more than offset by the rise of food purchasing power due to the larger profits obtained.
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KECSEIOVÁ, Klára. "Efektivnost produkce vybraných konvenčních a ekologických farem v západních Čechách." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-54932.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of the work is to analyse the production efficiency of conventional and organic farms in the Western Bohemia. Based on the data of questionnaire investigation in 2009 I selected four farms from the Pilsen Region. Evaluative criteria were as follows: the total area under cultivation, farming system (conventional or organic), type of arable crops (especially wheat, oat, potatoes). The data were extracted from terrain investigation, telephone conversations, interview with farmers, yearbook of organic farming, situational review and forecast balance of Czech Statistical Office and Ministry of Agriculture. Supporting data were extracted from ÚZEI database. Crop yields, the costs of crops and selling price in recent 10 years were investigated. From the results it can be concluded, that crop yields in organic farming are lower than crop yields in conventional farming. The yields of wheat growing in organic farming are 40 % lower than in conventional farming. The yields of potatoes growing in organic farming are 40 % lower than in conventional farming and the yields of oat growing in organic farming are 30 % lower than in conventional farming. Production efficiency of chosen crops in organic farming is comparable to conventional farming due to higher redemption price and lower costs. In some organic farms the growing of chosen crops is even more profitable than in conventional farms. Structure of costs in organic farming is the most differential component comparable to conventional farming. It is because of different spending of fertilization and crop management practice.
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Lu, Hao-wei, and 呂晧瑋. "Price-Volume Clustering on Agricultural Crops." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85637560946469249447.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
工業管理系
102
The sale prices and transaction volumes of agricultural crops are fluctuated depending on multiple factors such as seasonal effect, climate change, consumer purchasing behavior, and so on. Analyzing the dynamic between sale price and transaction volume of agricultural goods can enhance the retailers’ capability of understanding the market trend. This research developed a two-step clustering method to conduct the data clustering on agriculture crop price-volume (P-V) data. The first step, for each crop, we proposed the p-v shape characteristics including the average, largest, and smallest price and volume values, the slope of p-v distribution, and R square of p-v linear regression to represent the shape of p-v distribution. The hierarchical clustering method was applied on the developed characteristic dataset to cluster 558 crops to several groups. The second step continued to perform the hierarchical clustering method on the price and volume dataset of each group to study the p-v seasonal pattern. The experimental results show the two-stage clustering method is able to have smaller sum of square error (SEE) while comparing with one-stage method. Except the better clustering performance, the proposed two-stage method also has the managerial advantage on providing easy-to-read clustering structure. The agriculture crop p-v clustering result can be provided to either customers or retailers for better information sharing and proactive marketing strategy.
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Lo, Yu-Wen, and 羅于雯. "The Price Relationship Between Crude Oil、Crops and Bio-Energy." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/925zwq.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立中興大學
應用經濟學系所
100
The rapid growth of bio-energy production has increased derived demand on energy crops and has pushed its prices. Such development on bio-energy has functions to prevent shortage of supply of fossil fuels leads to soaring energy prices and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The main purpose of this study is applying Vector Error Correction Model to investigate the relationships between the crude oil price, corn price and ethanol price during the period January 1986 to June 2011. Structural change issue is also taken into the consideration in this study. The empirical results show that the lagged change of corn price has significant positively affected the ethanol price while the lagged change of crude oil price has significant positively affected the ethanol price too. However the relationships between the crude oil price and corn price are not found. On the other hand, recently studies have pointed out that the production of ethanol will reduce crude oil prices and the empirical result has similarly finding. The empirical results indicate the ethanol substitution elasticity on crude oil price is 3.2146, which mean when the ethanol average consumption increased by 1 gallons can reduce the crude oil price of $ 0.3111 per gallon.
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Minal. "A study of support price policy of food crops of India." Thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/3903.
Повний текст джерела
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Yau, Boling, and 姚柏齡. "The Digitization System Development About The High - Priced Crops Greenhouse – The Case Of Medicinal Mushrooms." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74690880197674481949.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士亞洲大學
資訊工程學系碩士班
100
Faced with the change of industrial structure, The policy of agriculture in Taiwan has a large adjustment. It changes the emphasis of increasing the "quantity" into the "quality", it not only adjusts the agricultural production structure, but improves the quality of agricultural products. In 1984, Taiwan proposed the slogan about the development of quality agriculture, and developed the agricultural production which was characterized by detailed operation modes, scientific production technique, and advanced product quality. In order to integrate with the future agricultural trends, we build a digital system about high-priced crops greenhouse. This system can record the process of crop growth and observe various parameters of crops growth environment such as temperature, humidity, and the concentration of carbon dioxide gas. The system uses low-power wireless transmission device (ZigBee) for reducing the system's power consumption to the minimum, then enhances the stability of operation, achieves the development of energy-saving and high-performance system. In the part of the crop growth process record, the system uses the IP Camera to record images of crop growth process. And the part of the crop growth environment detection, the system uses self-developed environmental sensing devices to collect the various environmental parameters in the growth environment. No matter which it is images of crop growth process or data about crop environment parameters, all of them will be stored in the remote server database. After a long period of record, users can quickly and easily understand the various factors how they influences crop growth through the presentation of information, further improve the high-priced crop quantity and quality. Because Our University has a greenhouse built for planting medicinal mushrooms, the research focus on medicinal mushrooms and build a digital system about high-priced crop greenhouse.
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Deshmukh, Rupa. "Private sector innovation in biofuels in the United States induced by prices or policies." 2008. http://hdl.rutgers.edu/1782.2/rucore10001600001.ETD.17456.
Повний текст джерела
39
Lanois, Derrick. "Fatherhood of God; Brotherhood of Man: Prince Hall Affiliated Freemasonry, Manhood, and Community Building in the Jim Crow South." 2014. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss/41.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The dissertation examines African American Freemasons throughout the South during the Jim Crow era. The secret nature of Prince Hall Affiliated Freemasonry (PHA) has hidden the contribution and activism of the organization and its members. I argue the organization is part of a web of networks that fought for civil and human rights for African Americans. Through PHA, members are cultivated into leaders, activists, businessmen; over the years, the members have created an initiatic identity that connected them to the African American community and humanity. The significance of my study is that I analyze PHA through a womanist lens and argue the organization has a diarchal gender relationship that allows women and men to take on leadership and activist roles that differed from the normative gender relationship of their time.
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Hsieh, Tien Lin, and 謝天霖. "The Analysis of Price Relationship between Biomass Energy Crops, Petroleum and Food Stock－Recent Evidences from U.S. and Taiwan before and after Financial Tsunami." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16191235918641678540.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士大葉大學
國際企業管理學系碩士班
101
Increasingly in recent years as soaring international crude oil prices, international issues related to energy demand day by the attention, coupled with global warming issues persistent fever, seek alternative sources of energy has become the trend of the future. Advanced countries for the use of biomass energy increased significantly, joint lead corn, sugar cane and other crops increased demand, coupled with rising international maritime transport prices fueled by the interlocking caused international grain prices. Due to various grain prices, making the relevant food stocks were affected. Therefore, this paper attempts to find out the chain of interlocking parts that can be predicted, for enterprises and related industries equity investors, as a reference for decision-making.
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Yang, Ya-Ciao, and 楊雅喬. "The Relationship among Prices of Bioethanol Stocks and Crops-- An Empirical Analysis of Impacts of 2005 U.S. Energy Policy Act." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07289978382369808936.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立臺灣大學
農業經濟學研究所
99
Crude oil prices have been rising continuously in recent years, with an especially sharp increase to 140 U.S. dollars per barrel in 2008. As a result of the depreciation of the value of U.S. dollars, crude oil prices are likely to reach historic high in 2011. This rise in crude oil prices has caused the demand for biofuels to rise sharply, and the price of bioethanol has gone up. In addition, due to climatic changes in production areas of staple crops, the bio-energy crops’ prices and their production costs are soaring. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relation between the stock prices of bioethanol manufacturers to corn prices by using GARCH (1, 1) model. Based on the empirical results, the study finds that before the Energy Policy Act of 2005 was announced, the price of corn had an uncertain relationship to the return of stocks. However, after the Energy Policy Act was announced, the price of corn had a positive effect on the stock prices, and for most of all manufacturers, the effect was significant.
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NEJEDLÁ, Michaela. "Ekonomická efektivnost pěstování vybraných plodin v konvenčním a ekologickém systému hospodaření." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-188659.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The diploma thesis compares economical effectiveness of selected crop cultivation (namely winter wheat and oats) in conventional and ecological economic systems during the years 2007 - 2014. Assessment of the economical balance was done through detected data about yield and redemption price. In addition to that, costs of both area and production unit within both mentioned types of farming were determined according to standard technological approaches. The study further deals with crop yields differences analysis within individual farming systems, the costs structure and price differentiations between ecological and conventional production. It also covers the question of the amount of subsidies and its influence on the final crop profitability.
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Li, Shih-chi, and 李世琪. "An Empirical Study of the Impact of the U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 on the Prices Interaction among Crude Oil Spots and Bio-fuel Crops Spots." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93794261262972867918.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士東海大學
管理碩士在職專班
96
With the weekly-data time series of crude oil spot price, and the spot prices of three kinds of bio-fuel crops, i.e. soybean, corn and wheat, as the endogenous variables, and the weekly-data time series of the U.S. dollar index as the exogenous variable, this thesis aims to empirically investigate the impact of the U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 on the prices interaction among crude oil spots and the above three bio-fuel crops spots. All the data collected for investigation are from 01/03/2003 to 14/03/2008. The research results show that, before 2006, the crude oil spot price and the above three bio-fuel crops spot prices were not cointegrated; however, after 2006, they were cointegrated, meaning there was a long run equilibrium relationship among them. The author thinks it was the U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 and people’s psychology of expecting the enforcement of that policy since 2006 that caused this long run equilibrium state among the above variables. By further using the Vector Error Correction Model(VECM) to analyze the short run interaction among the above variables, it is shown that, corn spot price will return to the long run equilibrium state promptly after a short run deviation from the long run equilibrium state, hinting the liquidity of corn spots seems slower than that of corn futures; while in the prices interaction among crude oil spots and bio-fuel crops spots, crude oil spot price apparently had a strong influence on the spot prices of soybean and corn, and a two-way effect between crude oil spot price and corn spot price was found; however, no evident prices interaction was found between wheat spots and crude oil spots. Interaction among the prices of soybean, corn, and wheat, was also found, whether the interaction was caused by the direct or cross effect of price variation of the previous periods of respective variables; it was found that soybean spot price has the highest effect, and next comes with wheat. In addition, the continued depreciation of U.S. dollar during the period investigated was the main reason that caused the uprising of soybean and wheat spot prices. The analysis results of impulse response functions show that after 2006, the impulse responses of the price rates of return of all the above variables descended quickly to zero within 2 to 3 periods(weeks), indicating a strong relationship of short run error correction among the price rates of return of all the above variables. Lastly, the analysis results of the forecasted variance decomposition show that after 2006, the price rates of return of soybean spots and crude oil spots had more power in self explanation, with a level of more than 90%; the exogeneity of the price rates of return of corn spots and wheat spots was relatively weaker; the price rate of return of crude oil spots was accounted by the price rates of return of soybean spots and corn spots to the extent with 1.62% and 4.28% respectively, indicating that the effect of adopting corn-based bio-fuel as an alternative of crude oil was higher than that of soybean-based bio-fuel.
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Kotzé, Derica Alba. "Die voedselparadoks : 'n ondersoek na vraagstukke rondom voedselsekuriteit in Suid-Afrika." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17124.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Text in AfrikaansSummaries in Afrikaans and English
Miljoene mense ervaar voedselonsekerheid en een uit elke 50 hanger mense is woonagtig in Suid Afrika. Daar is genoeg voedsel op ons planeet om elke mens van 'n voldoende voorraad voedsel te verseker; dit waarborg egter nie voedselsekuriteit aan almal nie. Dit is die voedselparadoks: ondanks globale surplusproduksie van voedsel, ly miljoene mense wereldwyd aan wanvoeding en honger, maar veral in die ontwikkelende lande. Suid-Afrika is geen uitsondering nie en ten spyte van selfvoorsiening in voedsel, balanseer die voedselgelykstelling nie. Daar bestaan 'n ekstreme gaping tussen die produksie en verbruik van voedsel. Gevolglik is die probleem wat nagevors is in hierdie studie die gebrek aan voedselsekuriteit binne 'n wereldkonteks met voedselsurplusse en hoe dit reflekteer in Suid-Afrika. Teen hierdie agtergrond is daar 'n studie gedoen van die oorsake van voedselonsekerheid en die teoriee en verduidelikings van hongersnood. Die fokus van hierdie navorsingstudie is drieledig van aard. Eerstens fokus dit op 'n konseptuele ondersoek na hanger, armoede, voedselsekuriteit en hongersnood in Afrika. Tweedens is ondersoek ingestel na die oorsake vir die gebrek aan voedselsekuriteit in Afrika. Derdens is daar gefokus op Suid-Afrika en is 'n ondersoek gedoen na die voorkoms van hanger, wanvoeding, armoede en die nasionale konteks van voedselsekuriteit met die doel om vraagstukke daaromheen te identifiseer. Daar is bevind dat voedselsekuriteit bepaal word deur die beskikbaarheid van voedsel (aanbod) en die vermoe van mense om dit te bekom (aanvraag). Dit blyk dat die ontwikkelingsproses, regeringsbeleid, ekologiese omgewing en tegnologie, wetenskap en navorsing 'n direkte invloed het op die voedselsekuriteit van mense, en dat Suid-Afrika nie verskil van ander Afrikalande in hierdie verband nie. Hoewel Suid-Afrika voedselselfvoorsiening bereik het, ly miljoene mense honger weens armoede en die gebrek aan aansprake wat bydra tot 'n gebrek aan voedselsekuriteit. Die studie toon dat die Suid-Afrikaanse regering verskeie beleidsmaatreels in plek het ter bevordering van voedselsekuriteit, maar dat dit nie in die praktyk verwesenlik word nie.
Millions of people in the world experience food insecurity and one out ofevery 50 hungry people lives in South Africa. There is enough food on our planet to assure every person of an adequate supply of food; however, this does not guarantee food security for all. This is the food paradox: despite a global surplus production of food, millions of people experience malnutrition and hunger all over the world, but especially in the developing countries. South Africa is no exception and despite self-sufficiency in food, the food equation is not balanced. An extreme gap exists between the production and consumption of food. Consequently, the problem researched in this study is the lack of food security in a world context with surplus food and how this is reflected in South Africa. Against this background a study was undertaken of the causes of food insecurity and the theories and explanations of famine. The focus of this research study is threefold. Firstly it focuses on a conceptual enquiry intohunger, poverty, food security and famine in Africa. Secondly there is an enquiry into the causes of the lack of food security in Africa. Thirdly it focuses on South Africa and an enquiry is done into the incidence of hunger, malnutrition and poverty, and into the national context of food security with the aim of identifying relevant problems in food security. It was found that food security is determined by the availability of food (supply) and the capability of people to obtain it (demand). It appears that the development process, government policy, ecological environment and technology, science and research directly affect the food security of people, and that South Africa does not differ from other African countries in this regard. Although South Africa has achieved food self-sufficiency, millions of people experience hunger because of poverty and the lack of entitlements. The study shows that the South African government has various policy measures for the promotion of food security in place, but that food security does not materialise in practice.
Development Studies
D.Litt. et Phil. (Ontwikkelingsadministrasie)