Дисертації: "Critical Observations"

1

Das, Sashi Mohan. "Intrinsic values in nature: some critical observations." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2020. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/4330.

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HAIG, EDWARD. "Some Observations on the Critique of Critical Discourse Analysis." 名古屋大学大学院国際言語文化研究科, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/7888.

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Henriques, Karl A. "Habermas, democracy, rights, and European supranational integration, observations for North American critical theorists." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0014/NQ33533.pdf.

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Bryan, Jessica LaFern. "Teachers Observing Teachers: Factors that Contribute to Critical Thinking in Peer Coaching." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3960.

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Many university language programs draw on undergraduate as well as graduate students to conduct their courses. These student instructors do not always have adequate pedagogical preparation or experience. Past research suggests that conducting peer observations followed by a group reflection on basic teaching practice would help teachers become more aware of their own teaching. This research aims to investigate whether peer coaching followed by peer reflection meetings increases instructor effectiveness and confidence, as well as whether it is the observations or the reflections that encourage teachers to think more critically and improve their teaching.

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Swart, Ronel. "Towards a prospectus for Freirean pedagogies in South African environmental education classrooms theoretical observations and curricular reflections /." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11262009-003922.

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6

Schott, Geoffrey. "Picturing the functions of the brain : 20th century graphic illustration of brain function ; observations and critical analysis." Thesis, Royal College of Art, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262785.

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Abrahams, Patricia Annette. "Writing for learning in Home Economics." University of the Western Cape, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8349.

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Magister Educationis - MEd
This mini-thesis comprises two sections, the what and the how of writing-across-the curriculum (WAC). Section one investigates the integration of writing into content area subjects through the writing process as a project of possibility for critical pedagogy. The view is held that the writing in content area subjects makes learning more meaningful, enjoyable and also empowers students to become critical self-determined thinkers. Students no longer only fill in blanks, choose the correct answer or rely on rote learning when writing in content area subjects, but write creatively and expressively in a variety of discourse forms. In chapter two the literature on WAC is reviewed in depth. The chapter commences with some thoughts on what writing is. Then it investigates the writing process and proceeds to what writing across the curriculum is, with all its merits highlighted. The implementation of writing across the curriculum which involves the whole school as well as a proposed writing across the curriculum policy comprises the main section of the chapter. One of the objectives of this research is to show that implementing the writing process in a content area subject not only improves the standard of writing but also enhances the internalisation of subject matter. A further objective is to illustrate that writing across the curriculum can facilitate change in the classroom. Section two, starting with chapter three, is devoted to the "how" of WAC, and its practical application. Observations in classrooms where writing in content area subjects were done in Missouri schools are described and examples of work done at the schools are cited. In chapter four attention is given to the design and presentation of a writing project in Home Economics based on the standard eight Home Economics syllabus. This classroom research is based on experiential learning. A detailed description of the results is included. The last chapter starts with a dream, an outline of a Home Economics project of possibility for a standard eight Home Economics class. The project is developed around community work to convince students that they can make a difference in the world by showing care and concern for the elderly. The second part of chapter five, deals with constraints with regard to the implementation of a writing programme in Home Economics at the school where I teach. The chapter concludes with recommendations for the implementation of a writing programme in Home Economics.

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Lahiff, Ann Theresa. "Observing vocational practice : a critical investigation of the use and value of teaching observations in the training of vocational teachers." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10021654/.

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This thesis explores the use, value and practice of teaching observations conducted as part of vocational teachers’ in-service initial teacher training (ITT) in Further Education (FE) Colleges in England. The study is framed by a conceptual examination of the meanings of vocational, vocational learning and observation. This thesis emphasises the importance of understanding vocational learning as an embodied practice and as ‘learning as participation’ in the workplace and in work-related settings. It conceptualises vocational learning as part of the development of expertise along a horizontal axis, which encompasses social and cultural aspects from different disciplinary and/or vocational areas and not only cognitive dimensions. The thesis presents a conceptualisation of the observation of teaching as a contexualised and developmental process. Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) is used to both frame the research methodology and subsequent analysis. A case study approach addresses the research questions through the observation of ‘observations’ and interviews with vocational teachers, teacher educators, and vocational mentors. Two distinct activity systems are subsequently defined by their respective yet interacting objects of activity. These are identified as the development of ‘pedagogic expertise’ and the development of ‘pedagogic expertise for vocational practice’. The thesis confirms the value of ITT teaching observations to vocational teachers’ development. It concludes with some implications for practice and contributes to our understanding of vocational teachers’ learning and development.

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Ghazanfari, Nader. "Effects Of Nb2o5 Addition On The Formation And Properties Of Bi-based Superconductors." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607468/index.pdf.

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Effects of Nb2O5 addition on the formation and properties of the Bi-based superconductors were studied. The superconducting samples were synthesized by two different methods, the solid state reaction (SSR) and ammonium nitrate melt route (ANM) to obtain information about the growth techniques. Ten samples (five with each method) with the chemical compositions of Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3NbxOy, with x= 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, and 0.30 were prepared. Phase identification, structural and microstructural analysis were carried out using powder X-ray diffraction method, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The transition temperature and the critical current measurements were carried out using the electromagnetic measurement system. The critical parameters of the samples were also determined by AC susceptibility and magnetization measurements. Improvements in the formation of the Bi-2223 phase with Nb addition have been observed by both methods. The ANM method leads mixtures of Bi-2223 and Bi-2212 phases, but with the SSR method pure Bi-2223 phase was obtained. With small amounts of Nb addition the critical temperature, Tc, remains the same for ANM samples and it increases for the SSR samples. For both series of samples Tc decreases with further increase of Nb content. With Nb addition the critical currents of the ANM sample almost remain the same and those of the SSR samples increases. Observations based on AC susceptibility measurements showed that Nb addition improve inter-grain coupling. Inductive critical current densities obtained from magnetization measurements agree with the critical currents stated above and show that Jc increase with increase Nb content.

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Ssessanga, Nicholas. "Development of an ionospheric map for Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011498.

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This thesis presents research pertaining to the development of an African Ionospheric Map (AIM). An ionospheric map is a computer program that is able to display spatial and temporal representations of ionospheric parameters such as, electron density and critical plasma frequencies, for every geographical location on the map. The purpose of this development was to make the most optimum use of all available data sources, namely ionosondes, satellites and models, and to implement error minimisation techniques in order to obtain the best result at any given location on the African continent. The focus was placed on the accurate estimation of three upper atmosphere parameters which are important for radio communications: critical frequency of the F2 layer (foF2), Total Electron Content (TEC) and the maximum usable frequency over a distance of 3000 km (M3000F2). The results show that AIM provided a more accurate estimation of the three parameters than the internationally recognised and recommended ionosphere model (IRI-2012) when used on its own. Therefore, the AIM is a more accurate solution than single independent data sources for applications requiring ionospheric mapping over the African continent.

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Pike, Shane Laurence. "(Re)presenting Masculinity: A theatre director’s critical observations of, and theatrical experimentations with, (re)presentations of masculinity in selected works of contemporary Australian theatre." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2014. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1526.

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The “crisis of masculinity” has become a catchphrase synonymous with reports of alcohol-fuelled violence, depression and, even, suicide amongst Australian males, particularly young men aged between 18 and 30. This thesis explores, through the practices of theatre, the notion that there is a link between these kinds of destructive behaviours and the concept of masculinity, particularly as it may be understood in an Australian context. By analysing theatrical (re)presentations of young Australian males, onstage during performance and in the rehearsal room, this thesis seeks to generate a deeper understanding of what “masculinity” actually means in an Australian theatre context. By challenging mainstream constructions of masculinity, this study raises questions of change and subversion in identity impasses. Notions of masculinity are explored via staged (re)presentations of men in recent productions of contemporary Australian theatre: Ruben Guthrie by Brendan Cowell, Blackrock by Nick Enright and two new works created as part of this project, Yesterday’s Hero and FUCK!Dance. There is also a short foray into representations of masculinity and notions of nationhood in two Noël Coward productions, Ways and Means and Fumed Oak. The underlying argument is that masculinity is a performance, both onstage and off and, through manipulating how masculinity is (re)presented onstage, we may also begin to uncover how society more generally perceives masculinity. Such shifts begin to challenge/alter/subvert mainstream notions by encouraging critical reflection through theatre-makers and audiences about how we, as a society, may be encouraging our men to emulate an image of masculinity that could be causing them harm.

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Pike, Shane. "(Re)presenting Masculinity: A theatre director's critical observations of, and theatrical experimentation with, (re)presentations of masculinity in selected works of contemporary Australian theatre." Thesis, Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts, Edith Cowan University, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/93340/1/93340.pdf.

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Health professionals, academics, social commentators and the media are increasingly sending the same message – Australian men are in crisis. This message has been supported by documented rises in alcoholism, violence, depression, suicide and crime amongst men in Australia. A major cause of this crisis, it can be argued, is an over-reliance on the out-dated and limited model of hegemonic masculinity that all men are encouraged to imitate in their own behaviour. This paper, as part of a larger study, explores representations of masculinity in selected works of contemporary Australian theatre in order to investigate the concept of hegemonic masculinity and any influence it may have on the perceived ‘crisis of masculinity’. Theatre is but one of the artistic modes that can be used to investigate masculinity and issues associated with identity. The Australia Council for the Arts recognises theatre, along with literature, dance, film, television, inter-arts, music and visual arts, as critical to the understanding and expression of Australian culture and identity. Theatre has been chosen in this instance because of the opportunities available to this study for direct access to specific theatre performances and creators and, also, because of the researcher’s experience, as a theatre director, with the dramatic arts. Through interviews with writers, directors and actors, combined with the analysis of scripts, academic writings, reviews, articles, programmes, play rehearsals and workshops, this research utilises theatre as a medium to explore masculinity in Australia.

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Abi, Fadel Eva. "Une rencontre "philosophique" avec l'art ? Les ateliers Philosoph'art : observations, interprétations, interrogations en France et au Liban." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO20063.

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L’objet de cette thèse consiste à analyser une expérience pédagogique en maternelle sur deux ans dans le cadre d’une association lyonnaise « Philosoph’art ». Dans cette recherche, nous interrogeons le statut d’innovation de cette expérience et nous étudions, plus précisément, la posture des animateurs pendant les ateliers à visée philosophique et pendant les ateliers artistiques et nous examinons ce qui fait l’originalité d’une telle expérience mise en perspective avec des travaux déjà existants sur la philosophie avec les enfants et les pratiques artistiques. De plus, nous exposerons la mise en place de ce projet et les conditions qui ont assuré la transférabilité d’une telle expérience au Liban
The subject of this thesis consists in an analysis of an experiment that took place over the course of two years, at the kindergarten level, in association with « Philosoph’art », an organization from Lyon. In this research, we interrogate the status of innovation of this experience and we focus on the posture of the quizmaster during workshops with philosophical content as well as artistic projects. We closely examine what sets apart such experiences from those already in use in philosophy with children and artistic practices. Furthermore, we will explain the set up of this project and the conditions in which it has been made transferable for use in Lebanon

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Hurst, William. "Behavioural observation for critical infrastructure security support." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2014. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4382/.

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Critical infrastructures include sectors such as energy resources, finance, food and water distribution, health, manufacturing and government services. In recent years, critical infrastructures have become increasingly dependent on ICT; more interconnected and are often, as a result, linked to the Internet. Consequently, this makes these systems more vulnerable and increases the threat of cyber-attack. In addition, the growing use of wireless networks means that infrastructures can be more susceptible to a direct digital attack than ever before. Traditionally, protecting against environmental threats was the main focus of critical infrastructure preservation. Now, however, with the emergence of cyber-attacks, the focus has changed and infrastructures are facing a different danger with potentially debilitating consequences. Current security techniques are struggling to keep up to date with the sheer volume of innovative and emerging attacks; therefore, considering fresh and adaptive solutions to existing computer security approaches is crucial. The research presented in this thesis, details the use of behavioural observation for critical infrastructure security support. Our observer system monitors an infrastructure’s behaviour and detects abnormalities, which are the result of a cyber-attack taking place. By observing subtle changes in system behaviours, an additional level of support for critical infrastructure security is provided through a plug-in device, which operates autonomously and has no negative impact on data flow. Behaviour is evaluated using mathematical classifications to assess the data and detect changes. The subsequent results achieved during the data classification process were high and successful. Our observer approach was able to accurately classify 98.138 % of the normal and abnormal system behaviours produced by a simulation of a critical infrastructure, using nine data classifiers.

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Spross, Johan. "A Critical Review of the Observational Method." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Jord- och bergmekanik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-144207.

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Building a sustainable structure in soil or rock that satisfies all predefined technical requirements implies choosing a rational and effective construction method. An important aspect is how the performance of the structure is verified. For cases when the geotechnical behaviour is hard to predict, the existing design code for geotechnical structures, Eurocode 7, suggests the so-called “observational method” to verify that the performance is acceptable. The basic principle of the method is to accept predefined changes in the design during construction, in order to accommodate the actual ground conditions, if the current design is found unsuitable. Even though this in theory should ensure an effective design solution, formal application of the observational method is rare. It is therefore not clear which prerequisites and circumstances that must be present for the observational method to be applicable and be the more suitable method. This licentiate thesis gives a critical review of the observational method, based on, and therefore limited by, the outcome of the performed case studies. The aim is to identify and highlight the crucial aspects that make the observational method difficult to apply, thereby providing a basis for research towards a more applicable definition of the method. The main topics of discussion are (1) the apparent contradiction between the preference for advanced probabilistic calculation methods to solve complex design problems and sound, qualitative engineering judgement, (2) the limitations of measurement data in assessing the safety of a structure, (3) the fact that currently, no safety margin is required for the completed structure when the observational method is applied, and (4) the rigidity of the current definition of the observational method and the implications of deviations from its principles. Based on the review, it is argued that the observational method can be improved by linking it to a probabilistic framework. To be applicable, the method should be supported by guidelines that explain and exemplify how to make the best use of it. The engineering judgement is however not lost; no matter how elaborate probabilistic methods are used, sound judgement is still needed to define the problem correctly. How to define such a probabilistic framework is an urgent topic for future research, because this also addresses the concerns regarding safety that is raised in the other topics of discussion.
För att i berg eller jord kunna konstruera en anläggning, som uppfyller satta tekniska krav, krävs det att man väljer en rationell och effektiv konstruktionsmetod. En viktig aspekt i detta val är hur man verifierar konstruktionens funktion avseende exempelvis bärförmåga eller stadga. För fall när konstruktionens beteende svårt att förutsäga, erbjuder gällande standard (Eurokod 7) den så kallade observationsmetoden. Denna metod tillåter i förväg förberedda förändringar i designen under konstruktionstiden, om observationer av konstruktionens beteende indikerar att så behövs. På så vis anpassas konstruktionen till de faktiska förhållandena i marken. Trots att detta tillvägagångssätt i teorin borde ge en rationell design, används metoden sällan. Det råder därför oklarheter om vilka förutsättningar och omständigheter som krävs för att observationsmetoden ska kunna användas och dessutom utgöra den bästa lösningen. I denna licentiatuppsats granskas observationsmetoden och dess användbarhet. Målet med licentiatuppsatsen är att belysa de aspekter som kan utgöra svårigheter när observationsmetoden används. Dessa identifierades under arbetet med några fallstudier. Licentiatuppsatsen ger därmed en utgångspunkt för fortsatt forskning för att ta fram en mer användbar definition av observationsmetoden. De viktigaste aspekterna som diskuteras i uppsatsen är (1) den skenbara motsatsen mellan användandet av sannolikhetsbaserade beräkningsmetoder för att lösa komplexa dimensioneringsfrågor och kvalitativa ingenjörsmässiga bedömningar, (2) de begränsningar som finns när man använder mätdata för att utvärdera konstruktioners säkerhet, (3) att det för tillfället saknas krav på säkerhetsmarginal mot brott för konstruktioner som byggts med observationsmetoden, och (4) vad svårigheten att uppfylla Eurokodens strikta definition innebär för metodens användbarhet. Utifrån resultatet av granskningen dras slutsatsen att observationsmetoden kan förbättras genom att ge den ett sannolikhetsbaserat ramverk. För att förenkla användningen bör riktlinjer och anvisningar utformas. Även om metoden utvecklas mot en högre grad av beräkningskomplexitet, kommer ingenjörsmässiga bedömningar också framgent att vara viktiga, eftersom en avgörande aspekt är hur problemställningen formuleras. Med ett sannolikhetsbaserat ramverk ökar möjligheten att lösa de frågeställningar kring säkerhet som också diskuteras i uppsatsen.

QC 20140415

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Jha, Purbayan. "PRIVATE LANGUAGE ARGUMENT: A CRITICAL OBSERVATION AFTER LATER WITTGENSTEIN." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/79.

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17

Biswas, Gouranga. "Current approaches to the theory of reference: critical observation." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2018. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/4039.

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Hall, Radojković Brynhilde. "The Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) på NIVA : En enkätstudie om användbarhet." Thesis, Röda Korsets Högskola, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:rkh:diva-1596.

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Bakgrund: Smärta är för intensivvårdspatienten en unik, subjektiv, obehaglig och flerdimensionell upplevelse. Intensivvårdssjuksköterskan har ett moraliskt ansvar att lindra patienternas smärta. Verbalt icke-kommunicerandepatienter kan inte skatta sin smärta med hjälp av Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). På en neurointensivvårdsavdelning (NIVA) i Stockholm har det beteendebaserade smärtskattningsverktyget- the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT), implementerats. Intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna på NIVA använder CPOT dagligen i sitt arbete. Som en del i implementeringsprocessen har denna enkätundersökning genomförts, med fokus på CPOT och dess användbarhet. Standarden ISO 9241-11 definierar begreppet användbarhet. Ledande komponenter i definitionen är – ändamålsenlighet och måluppfyllelse, effektivitet och tillfredsställelse. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka intensivvårdssjuksköterskors uppfattningar om användbarheten av the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool – CPOT, hos verbalt icke kommunicerande patienter, på en neurointensivvårdsavdelning. Metod: Detta är en kvantitativ icke-experimentell tvärsnittsstudie. 32 intensivvårdssjuksköterskor har besvarat en enkät. Resultat och slutsats: Resultatet är en momentan mätning. Begreppet användbarhet har flera aspekter och resultatet kan tolkas på olika sätt. Intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna på NIVA har olika uppfattningar om CPOT och dess användbarhet. 84 % känner någon grad av tillfredsställelse med att använda CPOT på NIVA. De flesta uppfattar CPOT som effektiv. Respondenter har uttryckt svårigheter i att utföra smärtskattningar med hjälp av CPOT och delar av populationen ser brister i verktygets måluppfyllelse och ändamålsenlighet på NIVA. Klinisk betydelse: Implementeringsprocessen av CPOT på NIVA har en utvecklingspotential. Undersökningens resultat bör kunna användas vid fortsatt utvecklingsarbete i verksamheten.
Background: Pain for the intensive care patient is a unique, subjective, unpleasant and multidimensional experience. The critical care nurse has a moral duty to relieve the patient’s pain. Non-verbal communicative intensive care patients can´t self-report and score their pain using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). At a neurological intensive care unit (neuro-ICU) in Stockholm, one behavior based pain scale, the Critical-Care PainObservational Tool (CPOT), has been implemented. The critical care nurses at the neuro-ICU use CPOT daily in their work. As a part of to the implementation process one self-administered questionnaire has been conducted with focus on the concept usability. The European Standard ISO 9241-11 defines the concept usability. Main components in the definition are the attainment of goals, suitability, effectiveness and satisfaction. Purpose: The aim of this research was to investigate critical care nurses’ perceptions of the usability of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool – CPOT, for non-verbal communicative patients, at a neurological intensive care unit. Method: The investigation is a quantitative questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey. 32 critical care nurses answered a questionnaire. Results and conclusion: The result is a momentary measurement. The concept usability has various aspects and the result can be interpreted in different ways. The critical care nurses at the neuro-ICU express varying opinions about CPOT and its usability. 84 % experience some degree of satisfaction using CPOTat the neuro-ICU. The majority perceive CPOT as effective. The respondents have expressed difficulties in carrying out pain assessments with the CPOT at the neuro-ICU, and part of the population see deficiencies in the tools goal attainment and suitability at the neuro-ICU. Clinical Significance: The implementation process of CPOT at the neuro-ICU shows potential for further development of CPOT within the organization. The results of the investigation should be able to be used for further development.

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Ivarsson, Jörgen. "Kollegial observation av nätbaserad undervisning. : En fallstudie om reflektion och lärande hos lärare i högre utbildning." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Pedagogiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-71340.

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Studiens syfte var att bidra med kunskaper kring kollegial observation av nätbaserad undervisning genom att beskriva och analysera hur detta har använts och upplevts vid Umeå universitet. Data samlades in genom intervjuer med 6 universitetslärare som deltog i en vidareutbildning om kollegial observation på nätet. En kvalitativ analys genomfördes och resultaten visar att kollegial observation på nätet i huvudsak upplevdes som något positivt. Samtliga deltagare var positiva till kollegial observation av nätbaserade kurser och de tyckte att metoden uppmuntrade reflektion och lärande. Resultatet visade också att lärarna till stor utsträckning utgick i från egna erfarenheter när de bedömde kollegornas undervisning. Flera av informanterna upplevde rollen som observatör som mer givande än när rollen var att bli observerad. Hinder för kollegial observation upplevdes till stor del bero på organisation, tidsbrist och oförstående kollegor. Att känna trygghet med kollegan visade sig vara av central vikt för att överhuvudtaget vilja använda kollegial observation i nätbaserad undervisning.

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Barrios, Amalia da Conceicao Garrido. "A study of classroom language for critical self-observation in teacher development." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.279596.

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21

Andrae, Fredrik, and Li Haglund. "Införandet av smärtskattningsverktyget CPOT- hur påverkas intensivvårdspatienters smärt- och sederingsbehandling?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för folkhälso- och vårdvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-326272.

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Bakgrund: Smärta hos intensivvårdspatienter är vanligt förekommande och kan medföra förlängd vårdtid och leda till flera negativa konsekvenser för patienten samt bidra till ökad mortalitet. Smärtskattning med ett validerat smärtskattningsinstrument som Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) kan underlätta smärtskattningen och förbättra smärtbehandlingen samt minska översedering. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva om införandet av smärtskattningsverktyget CPOT, anpassat för patienter i ventilatorbehandling, påverkar dygnsdoserna av smärtlindrande- och sederande läkemedel samt om sederingsbehandlingen förändras. Syftet är även att undersöka hur ofta sjuksköterskorna smärtskattar patienterna med CPOT och om antalet smärtskattningar överensstämmer med gällande rekommendationer. Metod: Kvantitativ journalgranskningsstudie med retrospektiv design. Vuxna patienter som ventilatorbehandlades under minst ett dygn på en intensivvårdsavdelning i Sverige inkluderades (n=55). Resultat: Totalt 55 patienter inkluderades i två grupper, före och efter införandet av CPOT. Doserna av smärtlindrande läkemedel ökade i gruppen som undersöktes efter att CPOT infördes. Patienterna erhöll i genomsnitt 1,4 mg morfin/kg/dygn jämfört med 1,1 mg morfin/kg/dygn innan införandet. Dosen av det sederande läkemedlet Propofol® minskade efter införandet av CPOT från 48,3 mg/kg/dygn till 47,5 mg/kg/dygn. Alla patienter i studiegruppen förutom två (92 %) smärtskattades vid minst ett tillfälle under mätdygnet efter införandet av CPOT. Slutsats: Doserna av smärtlindrande läkemedel var högre och doserna av det sederande läkemedlet Propofol® var lägre efter införandet av CPOT. Skillnaderna var dock inte statistiskt signifikanta. Patienterna i studiegruppen hade en något ytligare sederingsnivå enligt RASS-skalan. Patienterna smärtskattades med CPOT i genomsnitt 1,6 gånger under mätdygnet. Studien kan bidra till en ökad medvetenhet om vikten av att skatta smärta med ett validerat bedömningsinstrument hos intensivvårdspatienter.
Background: Critically ill intensive care patients frequently experience pain and pain may lead to consequences such as prolonged length of hospital stay and increased mortality. The Critical-care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) is a validated tool for pain assessment in mechanical ventilated patients and is used to enable pain assessment, improve pain management and reduce over-sedation. Aim: The aim is to examine if the implementation of CPOT affects the doses of analgetics, sedatives administered to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients and/or the sedation levels using RASS-scores. The aim was also to study how often pain-assessments were performed by nurses. Method: A quantitative study with retrospective design, data was collected from patients’ medical records. Included were adult patients treated under mechanical ventilation >24h at an intensive care unit in Sweden (n=55). Results: For this study 55 patients were included and divided into two groups, before and after the introduction of CPOT at the intensive care unit. The amount of analgetics increased among the patients after CPOT was implemented, they were given 1,4 mg of morphine/kg/24h compared to 1,1 mg of morphine/kg/24h before the implementation. The amount of sedatives, Propofol®, given to the patients decreased from 48,3 mg/kg/24h to 47,5 mg/kg/24h after CPOT was implemented. CPOT was used to assess pain levels in all patients except for two (98%) after the implementation of CPOT. Conclusion: The doses of analgetics were higher and the doses of sedatives (Propofol®) were lower after the implementation of CPOT. However, the differences between groups were not statistically significant. Patients were less sedated, according to RASS-scores, after the implementation of CPOT. Nurses used CPOT on an average 1, 6 times/ 24 h. This study can be used to increase the awareness for the need of using a validated tool for assessing pain in ICU-patients.

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Miura, Yuichi, Shoichi Yoshihara, Mitsuru Ohnishi, Katsuya Honda, Masaaki Matsumoto, Jun Kawai, Masamichi Ishikawa, Hiroto Kobayashi, and Akira Onuki. "High-speed observation of the piston effect near the gas-liquid critical point." The American Physical Society, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/7146.

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23

Monroy, Santander Louis Francis. "The state-building-reconciliation nexus : a critical observation of peacebuilding in Bosnia-Herzegovina." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8563/.

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This thesis analyses peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina, looking at the relation between state-building and transitional justice. It relies on reconciliation, as a socially constructed term, to look at how international and civil society organizations in the country, as well as Bosnian citizens, perceive processes put in place after the 1995 Dayton Peace Accords. In doing so, it contributes to debates in literature discussing how to approach peacebuilding holistically, identifying spaces for connecting top-down and bottom-up processes, supporting the establishment of a sustainable peace. The thesis relies on a constructivist framework, seeking to understand the frameworks and mindsets shaping reconciliation as a working concept for international and civil society associations and as an experience for Bosnian citizens. Such constructions are identified through thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews. The data was gathered through ethnographic fieldwork aimed at interviewing representatives of international organizations involved in transitional justice and state-building, non-governmental organizations approaching working on reconciliation, and Bosnian citizens who have lived in the country after the war. I support the view that a holistic approach to peacebuilding requires connecting state institutions with the building of political communities on the ground to foster a legitimate and viable process of social reconstruction.

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Cash, Philip. "Characterising the relationship between practice and laboratory-based studies of designers for critical design situations." Thesis, University of Bath, 2012. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.557814.

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Experimental study of the designer plays a critical role in design research. However laboratory based study is often poorly compared and contrasted to practice, leading to a lack of uptake and subsequent research impact. The importance of addressing this issue is highlighted by its significant influence on design research and many related fields. As such the main aim of this work is to improve empirical design research by characterising the relationship between practice and laboratory-based studies for critical design situations. A review of the state of the art methods in design research and key related fields is reported. This highlights the importance and commonality of a set or core issues connected to the failure to effectively link study of practice and study in the laboratory. Further to this a technical review and scoping was carried out to establish the most efective capture strategy to be used when studying the designer empirically. Subsequently three studies are reported, forming a three point comparison between practice the laboratory (with student practitioners) and an intermediary case (a laboratory with practitioners) . Results from these studies contextualise the critical situations in practice and develop a detailed multi-level comparison between practice and the laboratory which was then validated with respect to a number of existing studies. The primary contribution of this thesis is the development of a detailed multi-level relationship between practice and the laboratory for critical design situations: information seeking, ideation and design review. The second key contribution is the development of a generic method for the empirical study of designers in varying contexts - allowing researchers to build on this work and more effectively link diverse studies together. The final key contribution of this work is the identification of a number of core methodological issues and mitigating techniques affecting both design research and its related fields.

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Whereat, Sarah. "Medical student perceptions of learning during the critical care program of Sydney Medical School: The deliberate attainment of basic airway management skills in a core rotation." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17204.

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Introduction: This thesis explores student learning in the context of the Critical Care Medicine Rotation (CCMR) during the Sydney Medical School Program (SMP). It focused on how medical students learn basic airway management skills as a means, to explore student learning in this environment. Study Design: The use of assessment was deliberately used in order, to identify both the effect of assessment and the experience of the rotation on student learning.This was explored from a interpretative/constructive theoretical approach. The mixed methods study design included a combination of pre and post testing of theory and practical skills assessment conducted by simulation and clinicial assessment of basic airway skills. Then focus groups explored student perceptions of the assessment and the components of the Critical Care rotation on their learning. Limitations: Study limitations include the conduct of the study at a single site by a single researcher, the results however, provide very useful insights into student learning and areas identified for future research. Study findings: The study found a significant change in declarative knowledge and a consistent level of student ability to manage basic airways in both simulation and clinical setting. The students identifying, that the assessments guided their learning during the rotation. The themes of ‘Goal setting’, ‘active learning’ ,’peer continuum’ and ‘conflict’ identified. Observation, questioning, guidance and participation were core features of student learning. The students’ valued time to observe peers, wanting to understand their peers ‘thought processes’ (clinical reasoning) and the ‘process of clinical activities’ as a stage before active participation, with active participation core to their learning. The students demonstrated a strong preference for clear direction from their tutors, specifically students identified questioning, being questioned and being able to teach back were important to the process of their learning. Students identified that ‘Conflict’ with curriculum requirements external to the clinical rotation, were a major problem. These requirements restricted the students’ ability to gain an adequate clinical experience, within the CCM context by reducing time spent in the clinical environment. Conclusion: The current program was found to be effective for student learning, however, opportunities exist for additional improvements.

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Neal, Peter Ross Chemical Sciences &amp Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "An examination of the nature of critical flux and membrane fouling by direct observation." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/30584.

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Securing water in the right quantities at the right quality for the right price is a major issue around the world. Membranes are making an increasingly important contribution to meeting this need; however their performance is limited by fouling. This thesis reports on an investigation into the fouling of systems related to water treatment using the Direct Observation Through the Membrane (DOTM). The investigation focused on the measurement of critical flux and observation of particle behaviour under a variety of conditions and for a number of different particles. The range of meanings attributed to critical flux in the literature was analysed and several proposals made for the improved use of the concept. In particular, critical flux determination techniques were classified by whether they measure resistance changes or particle deposition; leading to the definition of Critical Resistance and Critical Deposition Fluxes. In this thesis the deposition definition is used exclusively. The effect of Reynolds number and spacer orientation on critical flux was correlated for spacer-filled channels. The heterogeneous deposition patterns observed with regions of heavy deposition next to areas of little or no deposition. This pattern was related to the local hydrodynamics of spacer cells (a few mm2 in size). The correlations developed for critical flux in spacer-filled channels were adjusted for submicron particle size and incorporated into a SpiralWound Module (SWM) leaf model and then used to simulate the fouling of SWM leaves under a range of operating conditions and operating policies. The Mass Balance technique of critical flux determination was also briefly assessed. The applicability of critical flux criteria to SWM arrays was discussed. Fouling, particle behaviour and critical flux were also investigated in air-sparged systems. The post-cleaning water flux was found to be enhanced when the membrane is fouled in the presence of bubbles. The rate of flux decline was reduced by bubbles. Critical flux increased with air flowrate, and decreased with increased liquid flowrate and concentration. Bubbles caused particles to periodically deposit on the membrane. Particles were observed to stream past the membrane under the influence of back-diffusive forces. Video clips of particulate fouling are provided.

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Wiman, Jacob. "Observing the Observers : A critical approach of problem representations in Policy of the EU EOM Final Reports." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-429515.

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Zamouril, Jakub. "Flight Software Development for Demise Observation Capsule." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Rymdteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-64420.

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This work describes the process of the design of a flight software for a space-qualified device, outlines the development and testing of the SW, and provides a description of the final product. The flight software described in this work has been developed for the project Demise Observation Capsule (DOC). DOC is a device planned to be attached to an upper stage of a launch vehicle and observe its demise during atmospheric re-entry at the end of its mission. Due to constraint on communication time during the mission and the need to maximize the amount of transferred data, a custom communication protocol has been developed.
Demise Observation Capsule

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McKnight, Michelynn. "An Observational Investigation of On-Duty Critical Care Nurses' Information Behavior in a Nonteaching Community Hospital." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4498/.

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Critical care nurses work in an environment rich in informative interactions. Although there have been post hoc self-report survey studies of nurses' information seeking, there have been no observational studies of the patterns and content of their on-duty information behavior. This study used participant observation and in-context interviews to describe 50 hours of the observable information behavior of a representative sample of critical care nurses in a 20-bed critical care hospital unit. The researcher used open, in vivo, and axial coding to develop a grounded theory model of their consistent pattern of multimedia interactions. The resulting Nurse's Patient-Chart Cycle describes nurses' activities during the shift as centering on a regular alternation with the patient and the patient's chart (various record systems), clearly bounded with nursing "report" interactions at the beginning and the end of the shift. The nurses' demeanor markedly changed between interactions with the chart and interactions with the patient. Other informative interactions were observed with other health care workers and the patient's family, friends and visitors. The nurses' information seeking was centered on the patient. They mostly sought information from people, the patient record and other digital systems. They acted on or passed on most of the information they found. Some information they recorded for their personal use during the shift. The researcher observed the nurses using mostly patient specific information, but they also used some social and logistic information. They occasionally sought knowledge based information. Barriers to information acquisition included illegible handwriting, difficult navigation of online systems, equipment failure, unavailable people, social protocols and mistakes caused by multi-tasking people working with multiple complex systems. No formal use was observed of standardized nursing diagnoses, nursing interventions, or nursing outcomes taxonomies. While the nurses expressed respect for evidence-based practice, there clearly was no time or opportunity for reading research literature (either on paper or online) while on duty. All participants expressed frustration with the amount of redundant data entry required of them. The results of this study have significant implications for the design of clinical information systems and library services for working critical care nurses.

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Hjort, Simon. "Kritiskt tänkande i klassrummet : En studie av didaktiska val och manifesterat kritiskt tänkande i samhällskunskaps- och filosofiundervisning." Licentiate thesis, Linköpings universitet, Pedagogik och didaktik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-112594.

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Developing students’ ability to think critically is an important goal of Swedish upper secondary school education. The aim of this thesis is to describe and analyse critical thinking at the classroom level from a didactic perspective. Using participant observation and interviews, two groups of students and their two course teachers are being studied during two months. The groups study philosophy and social studies respectively. The thesis explores in what way critical thinking is manifested in the classroom and how the teachers view critical thinking in relation to their teaching. Didactic decisions and challenges are identified and discussed. The findings show that critical thinking is manifested in the classroom dialogue. Focus, relevance and precision are distinctive qualities of critical discussions. The teachers use different strategies to scaffold critical thinking, such as developing what the students say, questioning assumptions and supporting with distinctions. Some of the challenges facing the teachers are finding ways of assisting students to be independent in their thinking, disputing what they say without being perceived as biased and creating the right atmosphere in the group allowing for critical thinking to take place. It’s concluded that critical thinking at the classroom level is a highly complex phenomenon that involves more than just thinking skills which is the dominant view among researchers in the field.

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Simpson, Elaine. "The development of critical thinking in saudi nurses: an ethnographical approach." Queensland University of Technology, 2002. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15868/.

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Introduction Saudi Arabia is the largest country in the Middle East occupying the majority of the Arabia Peninsula. In 1934 the exploration of oil propelled this country from one of the poorest to one of the highest in per capita income. Islamic law forms the basis of Saudi Arabia's constitution, its civil and penal codes and guides the Saudis in their daily and family lifestyles, governing morals, dress, eating habits and business dealings. Between 1970 and 1980, there was a sharp increase in the rate of population. Currently the population is estimated at 20.8 million with a projected increase to 44.8 million by the year 2025, with approximately 49% under the age of 20. This rise in population has implications for the health care industry, of which expatriates make up more that 85% of the country's health care system. Purpose The purpose of the study was to examine the social and cultural experiences associated with living and working as a registered nurse in a major teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia and to identify and understand how to develop critical thinking skills in Saudi nurses during a nursing education/intervention program in Saudi Arabia. Methodology The researcher reviewed the literature on critical thinking, which allowed the construction of a conceptual model (Appendix 1) to guide teaching and evaluation of critical thinking skills and maintained the focus on dialogue to stimulate interaction and participation in order to promote critical thinking abilities in Saudi nurses. This study adopted ethnography as a methodology and utilised Spradley's (1979)ethnographic research cyclical tasks for data collection and analysis, which are explained in the exploratory, descriptive and explanatory phases of the research. The researcher was a participant observer and collected ethnographic data in the social situation. A variety of data collection methods were employed, which included observation of students and clinical instructors, evaluation of clinical instructors teaching techniques in utilising critical thinking strategies, evaluation of students' responses in the use of critical thinking strategies, focus group interviews of students and clinical instructors and informal interviews conducted within the hospital setting with relevant informants. The use of multi-methods provided the opportunity to examine more fully the richness and complexities of the culture, by gathering data from various sources to validate the consistency of information to reflect the multiple realities of this cultural group. Cultural domains were identified after examining field notes and interviews for terms and clues repeatedly verbalised by informants, in particular students. The researcher organised the domains to formulate taxonomies, leading to cultural themes, which are answered within the research questions in Chapter 8. The research questions for this study are as follows: Research questions 1. What are the issues related to the implementation of critical thinking in a Professional Development Program to improve critical thinking in Saudi nurses? 2. What major elements are involved in creating and sustaining the Saudi Arabian nursing profession? 3. How might Saudi culture be used to support the development of professional nursing identity? Implications for the study This study has the potential to make a significant contribution to nursing education in Saudi Arabia in promoting critical thinking in nurses and in curriculum development for the following reasons. First, didactic instruction was replaced with an interactive approach by utilising critical thinking strategies and devices to facilitate the development of critical thinking abilities. Second, working with a conceptual framework or model made it easier to manage complex multifaceted concepts, such as critical thinking. The model maintained the focus on dialogue and experiential learning thereby assisting students and staff to integrate theory and practice. This model was effective for the program and if duplicated by other programs, could create a learning environment that would allow the effective development and evaluation of critical thinking. The model is reflected in Appendix 1. Recommendations for the nursing profession in Saudi Arabia * To establish the Nursing Practice Act which subsequently leads to the formation of a National Nursing Registration Board. * To transfer nursing into the higher education sectors, to be on par with their Western counterparts. To foster career incentives for men to meet the cultural needs of the people, increase Saudi nurses in the workforce and to raise the image of nursing. * To enact Saudiisation policy. * To incorporate Islamic nursing history into diploma nursing and other nursing educational programs and implemented into the workplace, government policy and the media. * To construct separate male and female hospitals to solve the gender issues. * To systematically collect, collate and analyse nursing data. * To develop continuing education programs to meet educational needs of nurses.

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Simpson, Elaine. "The development of critical thinking in Saudi nurses : an ethnographical approach." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2002. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/15868/1/Elaine_Simpson_Thesis.pdf.

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Introduction Saudi Arabia is the largest country in the Middle East occupying the majority of the Arabia Peninsula. In 1934 the exploration of oil propelled this country from one of the poorest to one of the highest in per capita income. Islamic law forms the basis of Saudi Arabia's constitution, its civil and penal codes and guides the Saudis in their daily and family lifestyles, governing morals, dress, eating habits and business dealings. Between 1970 and 1980, there was a sharp increase in the rate of population. Currently the population is estimated at 20.8 million with a projected increase to 44.8 million by the year 2025, with approximately 49% under the age of 20. This rise in population has implications for the health care industry, of which expatriates make up more that 85% of the country's health care system. Purpose The purpose of the study was to examine the social and cultural experiences associated with living and working as a registered nurse in a major teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia and to identify and understand how to develop critical thinking skills in Saudi nurses during a nursing education/intervention program in Saudi Arabia. Methodology The researcher reviewed the literature on critical thinking, which allowed the construction of a conceptual model (Appendix 1) to guide teaching and evaluation of critical thinking skills and maintained the focus on dialogue to stimulate interaction and participation in order to promote critical thinking abilities in Saudi nurses. This study adopted ethnography as a methodology and utilised Spradley's (1979)ethnographic research cyclical tasks for data collection and analysis, which are explained in the exploratory, descriptive and explanatory phases of the research. The researcher was a participant observer and collected ethnographic data in the social situation. A variety of data collection methods were employed, which included observation of students and clinical instructors, evaluation of clinical instructors teaching techniques in utilising critical thinking strategies, evaluation of students' responses in the use of critical thinking strategies, focus group interviews of students and clinical instructors and informal interviews conducted within the hospital setting with relevant informants. The use of multi-methods provided the opportunity to examine more fully the richness and complexities of the culture, by gathering data from various sources to validate the consistency of information to reflect the multiple realities of this cultural group. Cultural domains were identified after examining field notes and interviews for terms and clues repeatedly verbalised by informants, in particular students. The researcher organised the domains to formulate taxonomies, leading to cultural themes, which are answered within the research questions in Chapter 8. The research questions for this study are as follows: Research questions 1. What are the issues related to the implementation of critical thinking in a Professional Development Program to improve critical thinking in Saudi nurses? 2. What major elements are involved in creating and sustaining the Saudi Arabian nursing profession? 3. How might Saudi culture be used to support the development of professional nursing identity? Implications for the study This study has the potential to make a significant contribution to nursing education in Saudi Arabia in promoting critical thinking in nurses and in curriculum development for the following reasons. First, didactic instruction was replaced with an interactive approach by utilising critical thinking strategies and devices to facilitate the development of critical thinking abilities. Second, working with a conceptual framework or model made it easier to manage complex multifaceted concepts, such as critical thinking. The model maintained the focus on dialogue and experiential learning thereby assisting students and staff to integrate theory and practice. This model was effective for the program and if duplicated by other programs, could create a learning environment that would allow the effective development and evaluation of critical thinking. The model is reflected in Appendix 1. Recommendations for the nursing profession in Saudi Arabia * To establish the Nursing Practice Act which subsequently leads to the formation of a National Nursing Registration Board. * To transfer nursing into the higher education sectors, to be on par with their Western counterparts. To foster career incentives for men to meet the cultural needs of the people, increase Saudi nurses in the workforce and to raise the image of nursing. * To enact Saudiisation policy. * To incorporate Islamic nursing history into diploma nursing and other nursing educational programs and implemented into the workplace, government policy and the media. * To construct separate male and female hospitals to solve the gender issues. * To systematically collect, collate and analyse nursing data. * To develop continuing education programs to meet educational needs of nurses.

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Ackerman, Kathryn R. "A Critical Review of the Procedure to Develop the State Highway Safety Plan." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1613961199444157.

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34

Ruivo, Idílio Machado. "O insucesso escolar dos alunos do terceiro ciclo do ensino básico e na disciplina de matemática: a implementação de novas estratégias." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/16075.

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Os estudos desenvolvidos procuram dar a conhecer uma parte da problemática do Insucesso Escolar, pretendendo identificar algumas razões do insucesso escolar na disciplina de Matemática no terceiro ciclo do ensino básico e tentar combatê-lo com a aplicação de estratégias para melhor podermos ajudar os nossos alunos a vencerem as suas dificuldades, enquanto lhes fizemos sentir a importância do que para eles representa em termos de vida futura possuírem bastantes e bons conhecimentos ao nível da Matemática. O Insucesso Escolar é um fenómeno complexo, uma vez que envolve um conjunto de fatores que contribuem para o crescimento do Insucesso Social. Conscientes desta realidade tentamos participar neste combate com este modesto contributo, introduzindo e testando estratégias que pudessem minimizar ou que até pudessem eliminar alguns aspetos que se apresentam como os grandes responsáveis pelo insucesso a que assistimos na área das matemáticas. Os instrumentos usados para fundamentarmos as escolhas das estratégias que melhor se aplicassem aos alunos das Escolas onde realizámos o nosso estudo, foram de várias naturezas: envolveram observações naturalistas em turmas dos três anos do terceiro ciclo de escolaridade, questionários aplicados nas comunidades envolventes, questionários aos alunos das escolas onde desenvolvemos e testámos as nossas estratégias, entrevistas semiestruturadas aos docentes dos Conselhos Executivos ou Comissões Instaladoras e entrevistas semiestruturadas aos Professores responsáveis pelos departamentos de Língua Portuguesa e de Matemática. Todas as atividades desencadeadas com vista à recolha de dados e onde ancorámos estas estratégias, tiveram lugar em doze escolas básicas e secundárias situadas na bacia hidrográfica do rio Guadiana. A quantidade de escolas visitadas deveu-se e só faz sentido por tratar-se de uma tese de dimensão regionalista. Na colaboração para a recolha de dados foram envolvidos cerca de mil e seiscentos alunos do terceiro ciclo, dezassete professores dos Conselhos Executivos ou Comissões Instaladoras e dezanove professores de Língua Portuguesa e de Matemática, chefes dos respetivos departamentos das disciplinas envolvidas. No nosso estudo não recorremos a meios sofisticados, ou seja não tivemos a preocupação de realizarmos preparações prévias ou de outra natureza, dado que os nossos objetivos não pretendem ir além de conhecer a generalidade das causas mais frequentes no campo restrito e relativo do insucesso na Matemática. Como balanço final de todo o trabalho realizado, o qual contou com a prestimosa ajuda de vários colegas especialmente aqueles que connosco constituíram os núcleos duros e dos nossos alunos que funcionaram aqui como os principais obreiros de toda esta azáfama. É de não esquecer a generosidade manifestada pelos elementos dos Conselhos Executivos das escolas com as quais trabalhámos e de considerar ainda os colegas que mais de perto participaram nestas tarefas. Os resultados obtidos são bastante satisfatórios tal como podemos observar nos valores apresentados nos quadros constantes e na rubrica Conclusões Finais. Consideramos importante o estudo realizado, porque para além de darmos uma visão holística deste problema aos que connosco colaboraram, produziu instrumentos didáticos que poderão ser utilizados por todos os que pretendam ter mais alguns elementos para combater o insucesso escolar ao nível da Matemática. Todos os intervenientes envolvidos se manifestaram satisfeitos com os resultados obtidos, prometendo manter e até melhorar estas novas estratégias. Não obstante os resultados observados no caso da Matemática em particular, este estudo é importante para todos, dado que alerta para a urgência de repensar a formação e preparação dos novos professores, dotando-os de atitudes críticas e reflexivas, viradas não apenas para uma atuação científica e pedagógica em geral, mas especialmente para uma nova visão destas matérias, visto tratar-se de uma ciência em constante evolução e que tem por objetivo responder aos grandes desafios e necessidades do mundo atual; ABSTRACT: Studies conducted by the group, are to give the knowledge of the problems of the School Failure, they seek to identify some of the reasons of the unsuccess in the subject of Maths in third cycle of basic schooling and try to fight them with the application of strategies, thought of by the group, that could help our students to better overcome their difficulties, while we make them feel the importance of what the knowledge the good mathematics skills can do for them in their future. The School failure is a complex phenomenon, as it involves a wide group of factors that contribute to the growth of the School Failure. Conscious of this reality we try to participate in this combat with our modest contribution, introducing and testing strategies that could minimize or even eliminate some of the aspects that present themselves responsible by the unsuccess of the Mathematics that we all witnessed. The instruments that helped us to base these choices of strategies that would better apply to the students of the schools on which we elaborated our research, were of many natures, and involved naturalistic observations in classes of the three years of the third cycle, quizzes applied to the surrounding communities and to the students and semisstructured interviews to the school board and to the teachers responsible by the departments of Portuguese and Mathematics. All the activities we created with the objective of information gathering and where we anchored our strategies, took place in twelve basic schools and High schools located in the catchment of the Guadiana river the quantity of schools visited was due to the regionalist character of this work. In the collaboration of the information dada we involved approximately sixteen hundred students of the third cycle, seventeen members of the boards and nineteen teachers of Portuguese and Mathematics, coordinators of the involved subjects. Our study was done in a purely academic way, since we haven’t resorted to other more sophisticated ways, on other words we didn’t have to worry on doing any previous viii preparations, since our objectives didn’t intend to go beyond of the general knowledge of the most frequent causes that we witnessed on the functions of teacher and the restricted field about the unsuccess of mathematics. As a final point of view of the work done, which counted with the helpful help of various colleagues especially those that constituted the hard cores, of our students that functioned here as the starring builders of all this work, and not forgetting the generosity demonstrated by the elements of the school boards on which we made our research, we also considered the colleagues whom closely participated in these tasks, the results obtained were quite satisfactory as we can witness in the values presented in the existing tables and in the final conclusion section. The performed study was truly important, not only because we gave a global view of this problem to all of those who collaborated with the group, but also because it produced instruments that could be used by everyone who intends to fight school failure in the subject of mathematics. All of those who intervened in the implemented strategies have manifested satisfaction with the obtained results, committing themselves to keep and even improve these new implemented strategies. Having in mind the observed results, in particular in the field of Mathematics, this study was important to all of us, since it alerts us to the urge of rethinking the preparation of the new teachers, providing them with critical and reflexive attitudes, which should not only cover a scientific and pedagogic vision but should also include a new vision of these subjects, since it is a science in constant evolution and has as an objective to answer to the great challenges and needs of the modern world.

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Fujii, Tomoko. "Human Atrial Natriuretic Peptide for Acute Kidney Injury in Adult Critically III Patients: A Multicenter Prospective Observational Study." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242410.

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Siebing, Lina, and Lisa Sandquist. "Svensklärares digitala kompetens : Undervisning i ett källkritiskt förhållningssätt i årskurs 3-4." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för svenska språket (SV), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-80133.

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Syftet med studien är att undersöka tre lärares digitala kompetens i arbetet med att utveckla ett källkritiskt förhållningssätt hos elever i årskurs 3–4. Den teoretiska ut- gångspunkten för studien är den sociokulturella teorin och studiens variant av TPACK-modellen som föreställer lärares digitala kompetens. Data samlas in genom observationer och semistrukturerade intervjuer och analyseras utifrån modellen. I analysen urskiljs lärarnas ämneskompetens, pedagogiska kompetens och tekniska kompetens. Resultaten tyder på en osäkerhet hos lärare, hur de skall tolka kursplanen i ämnet svenska i årskurs 1–3 för att utveckla elevens källkritiska förhållningssätt. För att skapa optimala förutsättningar i undervisningen för att utveckla det källkritiska förhållningssättet hos elever i årskurs 1–3, bör kunskapskraven för godtagbara kun- skaper i slutet av årskurs 3 skrivas fram tydligare i läroplanen. Studiens resultat visar också vikten av att skolorna förse lärarna med stöd och fortbildning för att de skall kunna utveckla sin digitala kompetens.

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Klein, Cristini. "Estímulo padrão para avaliação e validação das escalas Behavioral Pain Scale e Critical-care Pain Observation Tool para uso no Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/163775.

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BASE TEÓRICA: O alívio da dor é um direito do ser humano. Entretanto, atualmente a dor ainda é subidentificada e subtratada nas unidades de terapia Intensiva (UTI). O consenso para manejo de dor em pacientes adultos de UTI recomenda a avaliação rotineira de dor em todos os pacientes internados. O padrão-ouro para avaliação de dor, é o autorrelato de dor. Entretanto diversos pacientes internados em UTI não conseguem reportar verbalmente a dor, por variados motivos entre eles podemos destacar o uso de ventilação mecânica ou distúrbios de consciência. Nestes casos é recomendada a avaliação de dor através de instrumentos comportamentais. Segundo consenso são recomendados o uso das escalas Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS) ou o Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT), instrumentos estes que até o presente ainda não encontravam-se validados para uso no Brasil. Em suma CPOT e BPS são instrumentos compostos por 4 categorias de comportamentos de dor: expressão facial, movimentos corporais, simetria com a ventilação mecânica (paciente entubado) ou vocalização (paciente extubado) e tensão muscular. Nos estudos prévios, durante o processo de desenvolvimento e validação de ambas as escalas, a validade discriminante foi testada somente por meio de procedimentos dolorosos, procedimentos estes que podem ter efeitos fisiológicos secundários como tosse e assincronia com o ventilador. Dependendo do contexto estes comportamentos podem facilmente ser confundidos com comportamentos de dor. Assim mostra-se a importância em verificar a validade discriminante de ambas as escalas com uso de estímulo específico de vias nociceptivas de dor, como a algometria de pressão. OBJETIVOS: Traduzir, adaptar e validar as escalas CPOT e BPS para uso no Brasil. Secundariamente verificar as variáveis que predizem a pontuação das escalas CPOT e BPS após estímulo nociceptivo padronizado (por meio da algometria de pressão). MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte prospectivo, realizado em um hospital universitário da região Sul do Brasil. O processo de tradução consistiu da tradução da versão original do inglês para o português, síntese da tradução e novamente tradução (back translation) para o inglês, e após a avaliação das versões por um comitê de juízes. Duas enfermeiras treinadas para avaliação dos pacientes por meios das escalas CPOT e BPS versão para uso no Brasil, realizaram as seguintes avaliações: a) durante repouso, b) após estímulo nociceptivo padrão com uso da algometria de pressão (ENPAP) com pressão máxima de 14 kgf/cm2, c) durante mudança de decúbito, d) 15 minutos após mudança de decúbito. RESULTADOS: Foram triados 1019 pacientes, 844 excluídos por não preencherem os critérios de inclusão, 175 incluídos para avaliação e 7 excluídos durante o protocolo por necessidade de uso endovenosos de sedativo ou analgésico. O total de 168 pacientes clínico-cirúrgicos adultos e não comunicativos verbalmente internados em UTI foram incluídos no estudo. Confiabilidade interobservador de ambas escalas, durante todas as avaliações foi suportado por Kappa >0,7 entre as 2 enfermeiras, cegadas uma para a avaliação da outra. Validade discriminante suportada por pontuação maior das escalas CPOT e BPS durante ENPAP e mudança de decúbito quando comparadas ao repouso (p<0,001). Análise adicional foi realizada para verificar variáveis á predizer o escore das escalas CPOT e BPS, e foi verificado que a pontuação da Escala de Coma de Glasgow (Glasgow) é um preditor de ambas escalas, mostrando que quanto maior a pontuação do Glasgow maior a pontuação nas escalas CPOT e BPS. CONCLUSÃO: As versões para uso no Brasil das escalas CPOT e BPS mostraram boa confiabilidade e validade para uso em pacientes não comunicativos verbalmente internados nas UTIs do Brasil. Algometria de pressão, um método de estimulação específico das vias nociceptivas de dor parece ser um estímulo padronizado que melhora a avaliação da acurácia das escalas CPOT e BPS. Da mesma forma, mostra-se de importância a realização de estudos adicionais para verificar os benefícios do uso concomitante da escala de Glasgow com o CPOT e BPS, principalmente com vistas a diferenciação de pontos de corte das escalas CPOT e BPS considerando as diferenças no nível de consciência.
BACKGROUND: Pain relief is a Human right. However, currently unrelieved pain is very common in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients. The clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain in adult ICU patients recommends that pain be routinely monitored in all patients. The gold standard to evaluate pain is the self-reporting of pain. However, in the ICU a lot of patients cannot report their pain, because of mechanical ventilation and disturbances in consciousness. In these cases, pain assessment is recommend with the use of behavioral pain tolls. The guideline recommends the use of the Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS) or the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT), but there is a lack of translating and validating studies to use CPOT and BPS in Brazilian settings. In brief, CPOT and BPS are composed of 4 categories of distinct pain behaviors: facial expressions, body movements, synchrony with the ventilator (intubated patients) or vocalization (extubated patients) and muscle tension. The discriminant validity of both tools was tested with painful procedures, these procedures can induce other secondary physiological effects, such as coughing and asynchrony with the ventilator. Depending on the context these behaviors can easily be confused with pain behaviors. Thus, it is important to verify the discriminant validity of both scales with the use of specific stimuli of nociceptive pain pathways, such as pressure algometry. OBJECTIVE: Translate, culturally adapt, and validate a Brazilian Portuguese version of the CPOT and BPS. Secondarily to verify the variables that predict the scoring of the CPOT and BPS scales after standardized nociceptive stimuli (through pressure algometry). METHODS: A prospective cohort study, in a University hospital in the South of Brazil. The translation process consisted of an initial translation into Brazilian Portuguese, translation synthesis, back-translation into English, then an evaluation by a committee of experts. Two trained nurses used the CPOT and the BPS Brazilian Portuguese versions for the following assessments: a) rest at baseline, b) after standardized nociceptive stimulation by pressure algometry (SNSPA) with a maximum pressure of 14 kgf/cm2, c) during change of position and d) 15 minutes after change of position . RESULTS: A total of 1019 ICU patients were screened, 844 excluded, 175 patients included for assessment, seven excluded during protocol because of the requirement IV infusion of analgesic or sedative agents, and 168 medical-surgical adult non-verbal communicative intensive care unit patients were included in data analysis. Inter-rater reliability of CPOT and BPS scores during all assessments was supported by high weighted Kappa > 0.7 for all assessments between the two nurses blinded of each other’s scores. Discriminant validation was supported with higher CPOT and BPS scores during SNSPA or change of position in comparison to rest (p<0.001). An additional analysis was carried out to predict CPOT and BPS scores, and it was seen that the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was a significant predictor of both tools, as a result than higher GCS, higher were the CPOT and BPS scores. CONCLUSION: The use of the CPOT and BPS Brazilian versions showed good reliability and validity in non-verbal critically ill patients in Brazil. Pressure algometry, a specific nociceptive way of stimulation appears to be a standardized approach to improve the measurement of the accuracy of the CPOT and the BPS. Similarly, it is important to carry out studies to verify the benefits of concomitant use of the GCS with the CPOT and BPS scale, especially with a view to differentiating cut-off points of the CPOT and BPS scales for different levels of consciousness.

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Levinsson, Agnes, and Lisa-Rebecka Willén. "Kommunikation som berör : En observationsstudie om sjuksköterskans kommunikation med närstående inne på patientrummet på IVA." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen för Vårdvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-20236.

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Patients in intensive care are often intubated, and therefore unable to speak, which leads to difficulties in communication. The ICU is a very stressful environment and can be experienced as foreign and frightening by both patients and their close ones. The ICU nurse’s caring responsibilities includes both the care of the critically ill patient and the support of relatives who are often in shock. This balance is not always straightforward, and acting professionally in both instances can lead to problems. The professional competence of an ICU nurse has been described as a calm surface, beneath which rages a conflict between medical and ethical issues. As such, communicating professionally with relatives is a challenge that rivals the nurse’s medical responsibilities.The aim of the study was to describe the significance of the nurse's communication with close relatives in the ICU patient room.The study was conducted using a qualitative and inductive approach. A non-participant, semi-structured, observational method was used. Seven observations were conducted.The results of the study are presented in five categories: to prioritise attention; be available for relatives; listen, inform, be sensitive and responsive; to value the meeting and to juxtapose between compassion and objectivity. We have found that the nurse possess the power to make a difference in how the relation between the nurse and close ones turns out and also that several factors can affect their relation.
Program: Specialistsjuksköterskeutbildning med inriktning mot intensivvård

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Allanson, B. R., and D. G. Herbert. "A newly discovered population of the critically endangered false limpet Siphonaria compressa Allanson, 1958 (Pulmonata: Siphonariidae), with observations on its reproductive biology." South African Journal of Science, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007570.

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The endangered false limpet, Siphonaria compressa, originally described by Allanson in 1958 from Langebaan Lagoon, Saldanha, has been found living in intertidal eelgrass meadows in the embayment of the Knysna River estuary at Bollard Bay, Leisure Isle, Knysna, South Africa. This represents only the second known site of occurrence of the species. Although classified by the IUCN as critically endangered, the Knysna population is viable.
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Katundu, Kondwani. "Vitamin C status, oxidative stress, hyperglycaemia and endothelial function in critically ill patients with septic shock : an observational study." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13286.

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Includes bibliographical references.
Septic shock is associated with oxidative stress, reduced levels of plasma vitamin C and stress hyperglycaemia – all factors that may influence endothelial, and therefore, organ function. Vitamin C is an important antioxidant in human plasma; and it has been implicated in maintaining normal endothelial function during oxidative stress. The vitamin C status of critically ill patients in South African ICUs has not been well investigated; neither has the relationship between vitamin C status, oxidative stress, hyperglycaemia and endothelial function been studied in this patient group. In a prospective, cross-sectional study investigating these factors in critically ill patients with septic shock on inotropic support, serial blood samples from 25 patients were taken at days zero and one, following inotrope initiation, and on day seven after inotrope cessation. These samples were analysed for plasma vitamin C, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) - as a biomarker of oxidative stress - and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), and E-selectin, as markers of endothelial dysfunction. The plasma glucose to vitamin C ratios were also calculated. Daily clinical measures in the patients included Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, mean arterial blood pressure, blood glucose, fluid balance and inotropic support. The clinical outcomes were recorded.

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Mendoza, Carmen Irene Reyes. "Comparative Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA): Interplay of Discourses (D / D¹) as Third Grade Urban and Suburban Science Students Engage in Hypothesis Formulation and Observation." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1276532738.

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Bérubé-Mercier, Philippe. "Le Critical-care Pain Observation Tool et le Richmond Agitation-Sédation Scale chez les personnes incapables de communiquer en fin de vie sous sédation palliative continue : validation des qualités psychométriques." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68752.

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Les bonnes pratiques en matière d'administration d'une sédation palliative continue (SPC) suggèrent une surveillance de la douleur et de la sédation. Aucune échelle n'est actuellement disponible pour évaluer la douleur chez ces patients. Une mise à jour d'une revue systématique a conclu que l'échelle CPOT constituait une candidate prometteuse pour évaluer la douleur chez cette clientèle. L'échelle RASS a quant à elle fait l'objet d'une seule validation chez les patients recevant des soins palliatifs. But : Mesurer certaines qualités psychométriques de l'échelle CPOT et de l'échelle RASS chez les patients incapables de communiquer en fin de vie sous SPC. Méthode : Une étude de cohorte rétrospective a été menée dans un milieu de soins palliatifs de la région de Québec. Les critères d'inclusion étaient : les patients âgés de 18 ans et plus incapables de communiquer, avec un pronostic inférieur à semaines et sous SPC. Les données étaient issues d'évaluations faites par les infirmières soignantes des patients entre décembre 2016 et janvier 2019. La cohérence interne de l'échelle CPOT a été évaluée avec un alpha de Cronbach. La validité discriminante des deux échelles a été mesurée en comparant les scores totaux en pré-administration d'analgésiques avec les mêmes variables en postadministration. Résultats : 47 dossiers ont été inclus. Tous les items de l'échelle CPOT ont obtenu un alpha de Cronbach de modéré à acceptable à l'exception de l'item Mouvements corporels. L'échelle CPOT et l'échelle RASS ont une bonne validité discriminante, même pour les patients sous forte sédation (RASS -4 à -5). Conclusion : Les résultats suggèrent que l'échelle CPOT serait homogène et capable de détecter la présence de douleur chez les personnes sous forte sédation. L'échelle RASS semble être sensible aux changements du niveau de conscience chez cette même clientèle. Toutefois, d'autres études doivent être menées afin d'évaluer ses qualités psychométriques.
Background: Evidence-based practice suggests a systematic monitoring of pain and level of consciousness for patients receiving palliative sedation by healthcare professionals. There is no measurement scale available to assess pain at end-of-life among those who are unable to communicate and receiving palliative sedation. An update of a systematic review identifies the CPOT as a good candidate to assess pain in this specific population. The RASS has only been validated once among patients receiving palliative care. The purpose of this thesis is to measure the psychometric qualities of the CPOT and the RASS within this population. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in a palliative care unit of Quebec City. The inclusion criteria were patients aged over18 years, unable to communicate, at the end-of-life (prognostic less than weeks) and receiving palliative sedation. The data concerning the CPOT, the RASS, and socio-demographic data were extracted from assessments made by nurses between December 2016 and January 2019. CPOT’s internal consistency was measured with Cronbach's alpha. The discriminant validity of the CPOT and the RASS was calculated by comparing the total scores before and after the administration of an analgesic. Results: 47 files were included in the study. All CPOT items obtained a moderate-to-acceptable Cronbach's alpha, except the Body movements item. The CPOT and the RASS have good discriminant validity, even if patients were strongly sedated (RASS between -4 and -5). Conclusion: Results suggest that the CPOT is homogeneous and capable of detecting the presence of pain in highly sedated patients. The RASS appears to be able to assess changes in the level of consciousness within this same population. However, more studies are needed to measure other psychometric qualities including the inter-rater reliability and the responsiveness of these scales.

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Lord, Tanya. "Early Detection and Treatment of Acute Clinical Decline in Hospitalized Patients: An Observational Study of ICU Transfers and an Assessment of the Effectiveness of a Rapid Response Program: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2011. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/561.

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The Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) has promoted implementing a RRS to provide safer care for hospitalized patients. Additionally, the Joint Commission made implementing a RRS a 2008 National Patient Safety Goal. Although mandated, the evidence to support the effectiveness of a RRS to reduce cardiac arrests on hospital medical or surgical floors and un-anticipated ICU transfers remains inconclusive, partly because of weak study designs and partly due to a failure of published studies to report all critical aspects of their intervention. This study attempted to evaluate the effectiveness and the implementation of a RRS on the two campuses of the UMass Memorial Medical Center (UMMMC). The first study presented was an attempt to identify the preventability and timeliness of floor to ICU transfers. This was done using 3 chief residents who reviewed 100 randomly selected medical records. Using Cohen’s kappa to assess the inter-rater reliability it was determined that 13% of the cases could have possibly been preventable with earlier intervention. The second study was an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Rapid Response System. Outcomes were cardiac arrests, code calls and floor to ICU admissions. There were two study periods 24 months before the intervention and 24 months after. A Spline regression model was used to compare the two time periods. Though there was a consistent downward trend over all 4 years there were no statistically significant changes in the cardiac arrests and ICU transfers when comparing the before and after periods. There was a significant reduction in code calls to the floors on the University campus. The third study was a modified process evaluation of the Rapid Response intervention that will assess fidelity of RRS implementation, the proportion of the intended patient population that is reached by the RRS, the overall number of RRS calls implemented (dose delivered) and the perceptions of the hospital staff affected by the RRS with respect to acceptability and satisfaction with the RRS and barriers to utilization. The process evaluation showed that that the Rapid Response System was for the most part being used as it was designed, though the nurses were not using the specific triggers as a deciding factor in making the call. Staff satisfaction with the intervention was very high. Overall these studies demonstrated the difficulty in clearly defining outcomes and data collection in a large hospital system. Additionally the importance of different study designs and analysis methods are discussed.

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Jabarian, Brian. "Opérationnaliser l'incertitude morale : définir un cadre d'analyse pour l'esprit critique dans un monde incertain." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PA01H223.

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Ce doctorat en philosophie explore le problème de l'incertitude normative, c'est-à-dire le problème éthique complexe qui consiste à savoir ce que nous devrions faire lorsque nous sommes incertains de ce que nous devrions faire. Nous menons notre thèse dans la tradition oubliée de la philosophie des sciences, celle de l'opérationnalisation. Cette dernière est une approche analytique approfondie qui permet de définir un cadre d’analyse pour conduire des études appliquées d'un un concept dont les implications empiriques ne sont, à l’origine, ni prouvées ni claires. Dans notre cas d'évaluation ou de choix éthique, l'opérationnalisation comprend deux dimensions principales : (1) fournir un cadre pour le raisonnement, la comparaison des valeurs des options et la prise de décision par des individus ou des groupes ; (2) fournir des preuves empiriques pour démontrer la pertinence du concept pour la recherche appliquée et les investigations scientifiques ultérieures. Nous divisons notre thèse en deux grandes parties suivant ces dimensions. Dans une introduction préalable, nous discutons l'incertitude normative et ses relations avec d'autres concepts éthiques et méta-éthiques. La première partie fournit un cadre complet pour comparer les valeurs des options, raisonner et prendre des décisions individuelles dans un contexte d'incertitude normative, en fonction des types et de la quantité d'informations dont dispose le décideur. La deuxième partie montre comment nous pouvons utiliser l’éthique et la philosophie du langage dans les méthodes d'enquête et établir l'incertitude normative comme un fait empirique en combinant ces deux disciplines. La conclusion résume les principales contributions de notre thèse
This Ph.D. in philosophy explores the normative uncertainty problem, i.e. the complex ethical problem of what should we do when uncertain about what we should do? We conduct our thesis in the tradition of the long-forgotten philosophy of science tradition of operationalization. The latter is a thorough analytical approach that allows for applied investigations of a concept whose empirical implications are neither proven nor clear. In the case of an ethical evaluation or choice problem, operationalization includes two main dimensions: (1) providing a framework for reasoning, comparing the values of options, and decision-making by individuals or groups; (2) providing empirical evidence to demonstrate the concept’s relevance for applied research and further scientific investigations. We divide our thesis into two main parts based on these dimensions. A preceding introduction addresses normative uncertainty and its relations to other ethical and meta-ethical concepts. Part I provides a comprehensive framework for comparing the values of options, reasoning, and making individual decisions under normative uncertainty, depending on the types and amount of information available to the decision-maker. Part II demonstrates how we may employ humanities in survey methods and establish normative uncertainty as an empirical fact by combining both disciplines. The conclusion summarizes our thesis’ main contributions

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Wildfeuer, Svenja [Verfasser], and Claudia [Akademischer Betreuer] Bausewein. "Beurteilung von Schmerzen und Sedierungstiefe bei palliativ sedierten Patienten : Validierung des Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) und der Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) bei Patienten unter palliativer Sedierung im Rahmen einer prospektiven, offenen Multicenterstudie / Svenja Wildfeuer ; Betreuer: Claudia Bausewein." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1163948772/34.

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Rodriguez, Gonzalo. "Modélisation de la réponse de l'architecture au climat local." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR15226/document.

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Dans le contexte actuel de crise énergétique mondial, la consommation d'énergie et l'empreinte carbone, prennent une influence inévitable dés la conception architectonique,premier maillon du processus de construction. Les nouvelles contraintes associées aux accords internationaux tels que, le Sommet de Rio (1992), le protocole de Kyoto (1997) et,spécifiquement en France, le Grenelle Environnement (2007), diversifient le nombre des intervenants dans la conception architecturale, réservée traditionnellement aux architectes.La course pour diviser par deux la consommation énergétique des bâtiments (RT 2012),ainsi que lʼobjectif de diviser par quatre les émissions de gaz à effet serre à l'horizon 2050,mettent en péril la liberté du processus créatif architecturale. Des exigences si fortes dérivent vers des solutions techniques banalisantes et amènent à la standardisation et à la délocalisation des éléments architecturaux. L'objectif de cette recherche est de placer la démarche architectonique de nouveau au centre de la conception durable. Ceci devient possible en validant la performance de la forme de la maison en tant que réponse efficace face à des contraintes environnementales. Pour cela nous nous intéressons à la maison vernaculaire, toujours caractérisée par des formes simples et adaptées à leur contextes socioculturel et géo-climatique. Cet habitat, qui est le résultat d'une optimisation sur du long terme, est forcément durable. L'habitat vernaculaire est analysé ici à la recherche des motivations qui l'ont façonné. Pour cela sont considérés des circonstances géographiques et climatiques qui peuvent déterminer la forme de ces maisons. Nous estimons qu'il est possible d'obtenir de l'information sur l'environnement géoclimatique à partir de l'analyse de déterminants architectoniques visibles, et d'identifier des relations d'influence qui les lient. Ces relations d'influence sont modélisées suivant une approche qui s'appuie sur une représentation qualitative de la connaissance. L'établissement d'un modèle construit à partir de fonctions qualitatives, permet d'effectuer un raisonnement automatique, à partir de la connaissance recueillie sur l'environnement géo-climatique, pour établir les déterminants architectoniques visibles correspondants. Finalement l'outil proposé a une double vocation : permettre d'évaluer la performance de la forme des nouvelles constructions et structurer une démarche de conception d'habitations adaptées à un contexte local
In the context of the current energy crisis, energy consumption and the carbon trace have become a mayor influence in the architectonic conception, the first link in the construction process. Recent constrains associated with international agreements such as the Rio Summit (1992), the Kyoto Protocole and, specifically in France, Grenelle delʼEnvironnement Round Table (2007), have diversified the number of stakeholders in the architectural conception, traditionally reserved to architects. The race to reduce by hal fenergy consumption in buildings (RT 2012) as well as the goal to cut by four greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 (Grenelle de lʼEnvironnement), puts the architectural creative process in jeopardy. Such demanding requirements favor trivial technical solutions and encourage standardization and off shoring of architectural elements.This researchʼs purpose is to place the architectural approach at the center of the sustainable conception. This allows the validation of the performance of a houseʼs shape as an effective response to environmental constrains. For this, we have placed our interest in the vernacular house, usually characterized by simple forms and adapted to their sociocultural and geo-climatic context. This habitat, which has resulted from a long term optimization, is inevitably sustainable. The vernacular habitat is analyzed herein in the search of the motivations that have shaped it. In consequence, geographical and climate circumstances that could have determined the shape of houses have been considered. We claim that from the analysis of visible architectural features it is possible to obtain information on the geo-climatic environment as well as the influence relationships that connect them.These influence relationships are modeled following a qualitative approach supported by a qualitative representation of knowledge. The representation, based upon qualitative functions, enables automatic reasoning, starting from gathered awareness of geo-climatic environment, for establishing corresponding architectural features. Finally, the modeled result both allows the evaluation of the form of new houses and assist the conception of houses adapted to their local context

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47

Benhallam, Mouna. "La résistance socialement responsable à la consommation : proposition de conceptualisation et implications pour les pratiques du marketing." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC0099/document.

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Cette recherche s’intéresse aux mouvements de contestation à l’égard du système marchand et de ses dispositifs, ayant pour mobile les préoccupations sociales et environnementales. Ce travail vise à rendre compte de l’existence du phénomène de la résistance socialement responsable (RSR) à la consommation et de son intérêt, compte tenu de sa singularité et des enjeux managériaux qu’il implique. A travers une approche netnographique non participante mobilisant une méthode interprétativiste d’analyse des données, la recherche repose sur l’étude de trois communautés distinctes et représentatives du phénomène étudié, débouchant sur deux résultats majeurs. D’une part, la recherche aboutit à l’élaboration d’une conceptualisation compréhensive du phénomène, explicitant les facteurs déclencheurs, les caractéristiques, ainsi que le répertoire des manifestations de la RSR. D’une autre part, le travail de recherche met en exergue les perspectives d’évolution et de réforme des pratiques, méthodes et stratégies du marketing
This research focuses on protest movements towards market system and its devices, having for main motive the social and environmental concerns. This work aims at underlining the existence of the socially responsible resistance (SRR) and therefore its interest, considering its uniqueness and the managerial challenges that it implies. Through an observational netnography approach using an interpretativist method for data analysis, the research is based on a study of three virtual different communities’representative of the investigated phenomenon and leads to two major results. On the first hand, the research end in an understanding conceptualization of the phenomenon, stressing its initiator factors, caracteristics, but also the SRR wide range of expression forms. On the other hand, this work emphasizes evolution and reform perspectives of marketing practices, methods and strategies

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48

Bergamim, Claudia Regina. "Nove noites: o discurso do narrador e a construção do personagem na ficção contemporânea." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2006. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/14804.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:59:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Regina Bergamin.pdf: 789445 bytes, checksum: 64d70939f30099555c66dfb85d3745b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-12
We emphasize the narrator s work in the storytelling to show how contemporary fiction uses the aesthetic resource in its representation. For that end, we intend to investigate the effect of having two narrators in the novel Nove noites, by Bernardo Carvalho, published by Companhia Das Letras, in 2002. From the report of each narrator we will observe the marks that characterize their speeches in order to define the role of this fictional component. We will also consider the changes that have taken the aesthetic components to alternative positions inside the story, as a way to cunningly place in the art of telling stories. We also hope to show how this modern-day-narrator s speech can produce a text that mixes real and imaginary friends and not break up its commitment to fiction. Bernardo Carvalho presents himself as a writer who is conscious of the literary work and his work elevates lose the reader as he follows the text, or maybe this is just a way to disguise the absence of a meaning. In that aspect, the narrator is the component who shows a proposal of a story with such characteristics once he is a fictional space, in a position that is very different from that of the experienced storyteller who used to add his wisdom to the text. From an angle that allows us to identify him with the reader, for he also takes the position of a reader, the narrator highlights the importance of the character and subtracts himself from the story he told. However, his imagination and creativity do not let us fail to see his presence in the story
Ao dar ênfase ao estudo do narrador dentre os elementos da narrativa, espera-se mostrar, com esta dissertação, como a ficção contemporânea dispõe desse recurso estético e de suas formas de representação. Para isso, será investigada a importância da presença de dois narradores, no romance Nove noites, de Bernardo Carvalho, publicado pela Companhia Das Letras, em 2002. A partir do relato de cada um deles, serão observadas as marcas de expressão que caracterizam suas falas, esperando, assim, delinear o papel desse componente ficcional, tendo em vista as transformações ocorridas na arte de contar histórias. Espera-se, ainda, demonstrar como a representação do discurso do narrador na narrativa atual pode ser responsável por um texto que mistura fatos reais e imaginários, sem romper, porém, o compromisso com a ficção. Bernardo Carvalho apresenta-se como um escritor consciente do fazer literário e desenquadra, em sua narrativa, os componentes estéticos, elevando-os a posições alternativas no âmbito da história, como forma de despistar o leitor do sentido do texto, ou, talvez, da sua ausência de sentido. Nesse aspecto, o narrador é o componente que mais evidencia a proposta de uma narrativa com essas características, pois transita num espaço ficcional, numa postura bastante diversa daquela do experiente contador de histórias, que agregava sua sabedoria ao texto narrado. A partir de um ângulo que permite identificá-lo com o leitor, pois também se põe em atitude de espectador, o narrador realça a importância do personagem, subtraindo-se à ação narrada, mas sem deixar, contudo, de garantir sua participação, lançando mão da imaginação e da criatividade

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49

Weiss, Lennart. "In Wien kann man zwar nicht leben, aber anders wo kann man nicht l e b e n : Kontinuität und Veränderung bei Raoul Auernheimer." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Tyska, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-110097.

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This thesis deals with the nowadays largely unknown Austrian author Raoul Auernheimer (1876-1948). It is an attempt at a presentation of his life and work, the main part dealing with four of his works, the play Talent (1900), the long story Laurenz Hallers Praterfahrt (1913), the novel Das Kapital (1923) and the autobiographical report Die Zeit im Lager (1939). My purpose is to investigate to what extent his works reflect time, Auernheimers life and the city of Vienna. An introductory chapter on life and work deals with the most important events in his life. It is clear, that he was one of the major personalities in the field of culture in Vienna before and after World War I and an outstanding intellectual who stood for democratic values. When he was 61 the Nazis forced him to leave Austria, after first having put him into the concentration camp Dachau for five months. He was then in exile in the USA where, in spite of a heart condition, he lived on for nine more years. A section on secondary literature and an almost complete catalogue of his works show their versatility, scope and scale. In this context, his significant role as a drama critic, journalist and essayist becomes evident. The city of Vienna is a central theme in the four works I examined and each date of origin (1900, 1913, 1923, 1939) is significant for the work itself. Work and date indicate radical changes in his literary production and constitute a step in the direction of becoming a person who thinks politically. However these changes meant very little to his literary style, which shows continuity. In his works he basically remains a Feuilletonist and playwright. More and more Auernheimer shows his solidarity with the vulnerable groups of society. This is conveyed indirectly, virtually through ‘participating observation‘. By each time describing conditions accurately and exactly, he criticizes current deficiencies. Concerning language it is apparent, that irony is important to his style. Since he views his world critically, he uses it to make social conditions clear. The style of the Feuilleton, in which linguistic brilliance and harmony of text are important components, is characteristic of this author. It is the style of the journalist and critic. Keywords: Raoul Auernheimer, continuity, change, life, work, journalist, critic, Talent, Laurenz Hallers Praterfahrt, Das Kapital, Die Zeit im Lager, time influence, social conditions, participating observation, criticism of current deficiencies, city of Vienna, style of the Feuilleton, irony Lennart Weiss, Department of Modern Languages, Box 636, Uppsala University, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden © Lennart Weiss 2010

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50

Christopher, Cody. "Critical Observations for Model Based Diagnosis: Theory and Practice." Phd thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/170684.

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Diagnosis in the broadest sense is the determination of the cause and nature of behaviours or observations that deviate from the expected norm. Diagnostic processes identify, categorise, and label these deviations such that they can be addressed and ultimately corrected for. For formalisable systems, the predominant approach to this problem is the application of model-based diagnostics (MBD). Model-based diagnosis takes a simulable facsimile (the model) of a given system and, much like a doctor to a patient, determines the ways the model may have broken down that allow for the observed behaviour of the system to occur. Unlike a doctor however, MBD has not traditionally produced an explanation for the resulting diagnosis. Where a doctor might rely on specific observations (e.g. a high fever) to explain their diagnosis, computational diagnosis uses all available information to draw conclusions. With the increasing complexity of automated systems, and in turn the increasing amounts of generated data, the ability to determine an explanation for a computed diagnosis is arguably now out of reach of the humans whose job it is to take action when deviating behaviour is detected. This thesis addresses the problem of explaining computed diagnoses by introducing Critical Observations. A critical observation is the isolation of only the most relevant observable data once a diagnosis has been determined. We first introduce a mathematical framework and the necessary elements required to automate this process (the theory). Subsequently, we show how this framework can be applied in the two of the most common MBD paradigms (the practice). These two modelling paradigms are known respectively as state-based and event-based. Due to various factors, not least the difficulty in procurement, systems often have no formal model. In these cases, the diagnostic approaches used are collectively referred to as data-driven. Data-driven diagnostics are based on machine learning principles, such as pattern recognition. These approaches typically complement MBD, and we further show how the theory of critical observations can be applied in these settings. In the case of event driven systems, we can build partial discrete event models from the data. These partial models can then be used to improve pattern recognition techniques when the theory of critical observations is applied.

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