Дисертації: "Criminal judge"

1

Gallant, Benjamin. "Bill C-25 The Truth in Sentencing Act: An Examination of the Implementation of Criminal Law by the Canadian Judiciary under Challenging Circumstances." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34943.

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In Canada, we regularly incarcerate accused persons while they are still legally innocent. By the turn of the century, the growing number of accused held in pre-sentence custody had become a concern for provincial/territorial governments, and, by extension, the federal government. In an effort to address the problem, Bill C-25 - ‘The Truth in Sentencing Act’ - was passed into law. Adopting a quantitative as well as qualitative methodology, this study uses a randomly selected sample of 110 cases to examine the implementation of Bill C-25 as a case study of how Canadian judges respond to legislation which likely created friction between the political and judicial social spheres. Analyses suggest that there is strong evidence to support the notion that judges did not fully implement the legislation as intended by the federal government. Instead, it appears that judges may have been motivated to resist the implementation of Bill C-25 in order to protect fundamental principles of justice that were ignored in the drafting of the new law.

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2

Pidoux, Jérémy. "L'accès au juge pénal en phase sentencielle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UBFCB001.

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La thèse entend analyser de quelle manière l’accès au juge pénal en phase sentencielle a évolué. À partir d’une définition pragmatique de la notion d’« accès au juge », deux mouvements contradictoires ont été identifiés. D’un côté, l’accès formel au juge pénal tend à se renforcer. La saisine et les canaux d’échange permettant aux parties au procès – le mis en cause, la personne lésée et le ministère public – d’arriver devant le juge ont été ouverts. Cette ouverture a été accentuée par le développement d’aides extérieures, intellectuelles et pécuniaires, qui suppriment certains obstacles à la saisine et aux échanges. D’un autre côté, l’accès substantiel au juge pénal tend à s’affaiblir. Le champ matériel de l’accès au juge s’est réduit en raison de la diminution de son office. La qualité des échanges avec le juge s’est dégradée du fait de l’expansion de procédés – la visio-conférence, les box vitrés, la représentation et l’écrit – qui médiatisent lesdits échanges. La discussion ayant lieu devant le juge s’est appauvrie compte tenu du recul ou de l’insuffisance des garanties de l’effectivité du débat se tenant devant lui. L’ambivalence de l’évolution de l’accès au juge pénal démontre donc une profonde transformation de cet accès. L’accès au sens formel est très développé : les parties au procès pénal ont les moyens procéduraux et matériels d’accéder à ce juge. En parallèle, l’accès dont elles bénéficient est la plupart du temps sans substance, il n’est qu’apparent : les parties n’ont pas la faculté, dans de bonnes conditions, de faire trancher certaines questions par le juge pénal. Cette évolution n’est pas en soi critiquable. Il convient seulement de veiller pour chacune des dimensions de l’accès au juge pénal à ce que le renforcement ou l’affaiblissement ne soit pas insuffisant ou trop important. À cet égard, la détermination de l’étendue de la protection du droit d’accès audit juge dans l’ordre conventionnel et l’ordre constitutionnel a permis de proposer différentes améliorations
The thesis seeks to demonstrate how the access to a criminal judge in the sentencing phase has evolved. From a pragmatic definition of the concept of “access to a judge”, two contradictory movements have been identified. On the one hand, formal access to a criminal judge tends to increase. The referral procedure and different channels for exchanging information allowing the parties – defendant, injured person, Attorney general – to have access to a judge have been opened. They have been improved by the development of external, intellectual and pecuniary assistance; which remove obstacles that could prevent the parties to have access to a criminal judge. On the other hand, substantial access to a criminal judge tends to decline. The material scope of access to a judge has been reduced because of the lessening of his powers. The quality of the communication with the judge has decreased because some methods have been developed – videoconference, glass boxes, representation, and writing – allowing debates to be covered by Medias. The exchanges before the judge have weakened because there are less or not enough guarantees that the debate is efficient. The ambivalent evolution of access to a criminal judge demonstrates the fundamental change of this access. In the formal meaning, the access is well developed: the parties of a criminal trial have the procedural and material means to have access to this judge. Meanwhile, this access is, most of the time, not a real one because the criminal judge cannot make a decision for each criminal matter submitted by the parties. This evolution is not in itself questionable. Nevertheless, we have to make sure that the intensification or the weakening is sufficient but not too important for each aspect of this access. Regarding this, thanks to the determination of the extent of the protection of the right to have access to a judge in conventional and constitutional order, several improvements have been proposed

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3

Garcia, Alessandra Dias. "O juiz das garantias e a investigação criminal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-23092015-092831/.

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A imprescindibilidade da atuação do magistrado na fase preliminar da persecução penal como garantidor dos direitos fundamentais do investigado é inegável. A consecução desse mister acarreta, porém, o comprometimento da imparcialidade objetiva do juiz para o julgamento do mérito. A atribuição das funções de atuar na fase de investigação preliminar e durante o processo a julgadores distintos foi o caminho que muitos ordenamentos trilharam para lidar com essa problemática. A mesma solução foi adotada pelo Projeto de Código de Processo Penal brasileiro PLS nº 156/2009, ao prever a figura do juiz das garantias, responsável pelo controle da legalidade da investigação criminal e pela salvaguarda dos direitos individuais. Essa figura, consentânea ao principio acusatório consagrado pela Constituição Federal de 1988, assegura a imparcialidade de forma muito mais efetiva, preservando o distanciamento do julgador dos elementos colhidos durante a investigação criminal.
The indispensability of the judges involvement in the preliminary stage of criminal prosecution as a guarantor of the inquired person fundamentals rights is undeniable. However, this intervention compromises the impartiality of the judge on the judgment of the merits. The allocation of duties to act to different judges in the preliminary investigation phase and during the case was the way that many law systems have fallowed to handle this problem. The same solution was adopted by the Bill of the Brazilian Code of Criminal Procedure PLS nº 156/2009. The Bill provides the figure of the guarantee judge, which controls the legality of the criminal investigation and ensures the protection of individual rights. The guarantee judde, in accordance to the accusatory principle settleed in the Federal Constitution, assures a more effective impartiality preserving the distance of the judge from elements collected during criminal investigation.

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4

Souza, Raniel Nascimento de. "Conflitos agrários: a atuação do juiz numa abordagem histórico-criminal." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5178.

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Agrarian conflicts: the role of the judge in a criminal-history approach aims to address in the required depth, about what instruments the judge who militates in the criminal field of agrarian conflicts have to apply to acting with deliberation, fairness and justice required before of the case. For this, back in time and go to the time leading up to the system of appearance of land grants in Brazil. It points out that the system of land grants, as implemented in Portugal first, aimed at solving specific issues, such as a strong supply crisis that was mainly in Portugal but also in other countries. Nevertheless, Portugal decides to deploy in Cologne newfound, Brazil, the same system deployed there, this incorrectly, with bias and with great disorder, privilegiano a small class of noble people or prestige enjoyed by the Crown. This disorganized and unfairly generated, according to many historians, the latifundia in Brazil. The land issue in Brazil has its origins in the way we implemented the system of land grants in Brazil. This not only generated large estates, but, in particular, was the cause of the first conflicts existing here. From the earliest conflicts, those between sesmeiros and squatters, to the present time, there are thousands of outstanding conflicts in a state of effective action in the rush to try to contain the problems of land tenure. From these historical data concerning the origin and form of distribution of land in Brazil, as well as data on the conflict, the work seeks to bring the judge die elements more strictly criminal, as the postulate of minimal intervention so that in case Concrete related to agrarian conflicts, the judge's analysis is as comprehensive as possible, preventing, blindly, that only repressively apply strictly dogmatic criminal law. The thesis points out that the judgment and the sensitivity of the judge in everyday approach must pass necessarily by in-depth knowledge of the historical and social issues surrounding the issue of agrarian conflicts. A judgment of the Superior Court of Justice - STJ, the Habeas Corpus - HC No. 5574 / SP is taken with one of the bases for the construction of the idea that wanted to bring in the dissertation. He concluded the STJ every citizen has the right to protest and demand the implementation of agrarian reform. He concluded, though, that mister judge, it is essential that judge has a keen discernment to distinguish the crime of the right to protest Based on this, brings out the teachings of Francesco Carnelutti on some features that should have the judge what is called the act in criminal proceedings so that, in this case, especially on the theme of agrarian conflicts, acts not to criminalize conduct, but to contain them, seeking the composition of conflicts applying to a minimum, the repressive criminal law.
Conflitos Agrários: a atuação do juiz numa abordagem histórico-criminal visa a abordar, na profundidade necessária, sobre quais instrumentos o juiz que milita no campo penal dos conflitos agrários precisa se valer para que atue com a ponderação, a equidade e a justiça necessários diante do caso concreto. Para isso, volta no tempo e vai ao momento que antecedeu ao surgimento do sistema das sesmarias no Brasil. Destaca que o sistema das sesmarias, como implantado em Portugal primeiramente, visava solucionar questões pontuais, como por exemplo uma forte crise de abastecimento que acontecia principalmente em Portugal, mas também noutros países. Não obstante, Portugal resolve implantar na Colônia recém-descoberta, o Brasil, o mesmo sistema implantado lá, isso de forma equivocada, com parcialidade e com muita desordem, privilegiando uma pequena classe de gente nobre ou que gozava de prestígio junto à Coroa. Essa forma desorganizada e injusta gerou, de acordo com muitos historiadores, o latifúndio no Brasil. A questão fundiária no Brasil tem suas origens na forma como foi implantado o sistema das sesmarias no Brasil. Isso gerou não somente o latifúndio, mas, em especial, foi a causa dos primeiros conflitos existentes por aqui. Desde os primeiros conflitos existentes, aqueles entre sesmeiros e posseiros, até os tempos atuais, são milhares de conflitos ainda pendentes de uma ação efetiva do Estado no afã de tentar conter os problemas da questão fundiária. A partir desses dados históricos referentes à origem e forma de distribuição de terras no Brasil, bem como sobre os dados referentes aos conflitos, o trabalho procura trazer ao juiz elementos de cunho mais estritamente penais, como o postulado da intervenção mínima para que, no caso concreto referente aos conflitos agrários, a análise do juiz seja a mais abrangente possível, evitando que, cegamente, aquele só aplique repressivamente o direito penal estritamente dogmático. A dissertação destaca que o discernimento e a sensibilidade do juiz na abordagem do dia a dia precisa passar, necessariamente, pelo aprofundado conhecimento das questões históricas e sociais que envolvem a temática dos conflitos agrários. Um julgado do Superior Tribunal de Justiça - STJ, no Habeas Corpus – HC nº 5.574/SP é tido com uma das bases para a construção da ideia que se quis trazer na dissertação. Concluiu o STJ todo o cidadão tem direito de protestar e reclamar a implantação da reforma agrária. Concluiu, ainda que, nesse mister de julgar, é indispensável que juiz tenha um apurado discernimento para distinguir o crime do direito de protestar, Com base nisso, traz à tona ensinamentos de Francesco Carnelutti sobre algumas características que deve possuir o juiz que é chamado a atuar no processo penal para que, no caso concreto, em especial na temática dos conflitos agrários, atue não para criminalizar condutas, mas para contê-las, visando à composição dos conflitos, aplicando, no mínimo possível, o direito penal repressor.

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5

Ouabri, Layali. "L'expertise judiciaire en matière pénale en Algérie." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON10004.

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Le 21ème siècle est marqué par une évolution technologique et scientifique de très haut niveau qui permet d'accomplir toutes les investigations techniques et scientifiques pour tous les domaines de la science. Les Magistrats ont recours, dans le cadre des investigations nécessaires à la manifestation de la vérité, à des hommes de l'art. L'expert judiciaire algérien, comme toute autre expert, obéit aux principes universels inhérents à la protection et sauvegarde des libertés fondamentales et surtout à l'éthique. L'expertise, quant à elle, doit impérativement obéir aux lois et règlements qui nous gouvernent dont le résultat obtenu ne doit souffrir d'aucune irrégularité et doit être opposable aux tiers pour emporter la conviction des juges
The 21st century is marked by a very high level of technological improvements and scientific, allowing to perform all technical and scientific investigations in all science's areas. The judges are used, in the context of investigations necessary for the truth's manifestation to art's men. Algérian judicial expert, like any other expert, obeys universal principles inherent in the protection and safeguarding of fundamental freedoms and especially ethics. Expertise, about it, must imperatively obey the laws and regulations who govern us that the result should not suffer any irregularity and shall be binding on third parties to carry conviction of judges

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6

Gusman, Fabio. "A prisão preventiva de ofício: análise crítica à luz do sistema constitucional acusatório." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-08042016-162346/.

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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a análise da validade das normas infraconstitucionais que possibilitam ao julgador penal a decretação da prisão preventiva sem o requerimento do Ministério Público ou do querelante. O maior ou menor grau de atribuições de ofício ao juiz está diretamente ligado ao sistema processual penal vigente em cada jurisdição. Desta forma, importa definir os sistemas processuais penais acusatório, inquisitório e misto, os princípios que os regem, e identificar qual deles foi o escolhido pela Constituição Federal de 1988 e pelas normas supralegais. A partir da conclusão de que a Constituição Federal institui o princípio acusatório que condiciona todas as normas infraconstitucionais, identificamos as normas que não encontram sua fundamentação neste princípio e, por isso, destoam do sistema. A norma que dá ao juiz o poder de decretar de ofício a prisão preventiva é uma delas. O trabalho, então, analisa criticamente alguns dos argumentos que comumente são utilizados para fundamentar a posição da constitucionalidade ou inconstitucionalidade da norma, concluindo que as bases que sustentam o poder de ofício do juiz é o ideal inquisitório de um sistema de justiça que implementa políticas públicas em que a imparcialidade do juiz é um atributo de somenos importância. Por fim, colacionam-se algumas notas de direito comparado a respeito de como a questão é tratada em diferentes jurisdições. O trabalho conclui que o poder de decretar a prisão preventiva de ofício está em contradição com os valores processuais acusatórios típicos dos Estados Democráticos de Direito. Indica-se uma possível solução para a modernização do método de tomada de decisão de medidas cautelares consistente nas audiências prévias que oferecem um ambiente mais propício ao exercício das garantias processuais.
This study aims to analyze the validity of the infra-constitutional norms that allow the criminal judge to issue a remand without the request of the prosecutor or the plaintiff. The greater or lesser degree of power assigned to the judge is directly connected to the current actual justice system in each jurisdiction. Thus, it is relevant to define the criminal procedural systems accusatorial, inquisitorial and mixed, their governing principles, and identify which one was chosen by the Federal Constitution of 1988 and the rules that are higher in hierarchy. From the assumption that the Brazilian Constitution establishes the adversarial principle which determines norms in our law systems, the study identifies rules that do not find their justification in this principle and, therefore, diverge from the system. The rule that gives the judge the power to issue a preventive detention order is one of them. The work then critically examines some of the arguments that are commonly used to support the position of the constitutionality or unconstitutionality of this rule, concluding that the basis supporting the judge\'s power is the inquisitorial ideal of a policy implementing justice system in which the judge\'s impartiality is a minor attribute. Finally, some notes of comparative law are collected in regard to how the issue is assessed in different jurisdictions. The paper concludes that the power to issue the order is contrary to the typical values of the accusatory procedural law of Democratic States. At the end, the study indicates a possible solution to the modernization of the decision-making method for precautionary measures consistent in previous hearings that offer an environment more conducive to the exercise of procedural safeguards.

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7

Paiusco, Sara. "Nullum Crimen Sine Lege and the Role of Foreseeability in the European Human Rights Protection System. A European approach to the problem of judge-made law in Criminal Law." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/253554.

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The aim of this research is investigating nullum crimen sine lege as European principle. Therefore, the analysis focuses on the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) interpretation of this principle. The approach of this work is top-down. Since the research question is the role of foreseeability assessment in ‘Europeanised’ Criminal Law and its possible relevance at the European and national level, when and if necessary, the chosen approach is to look first at the European perspective, in order to analyse it in depth in its own specificities and then try to link it to the national perspective. With regards to ECHR law, the autonomous definition of law and the application of foreseeability (one of the ‘qualities’ of the law) as main parameter to assess legality, both in light of retroactivity and legal certainty, are investigated. In particular, special attention is given to the role of judge-made law in the interpretation of Art. 7 ECHR. Hence, the research focuses on the role of foreseeability, milestone of European legality, as a means to find a solution to the legality issues raising from judge-made law in criminal law. The origin, rationale and application of the concept of foreseeability in ECtHR case-law are scrutinised, trying to extract its main development paths. Subsequently, the current solutions that civil law States adopt to try solving the problem of case-law in criminal law are analysed, with reference to Italy and Germany, also with regards to the traditional rationales of nullum crimen and its theoretical foundations. Moreover, the role of foreseeability and legality in the European Union legal order is considered, as an example of an effectiveness-oriented and de-formalised legal order. In the end, future perspectives for the implementation of the principle of foreseeability are analysed, with particular regard to the Italian legal order.

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8

Paiusco, Sara. "Nullum Crimen Sine Lege and the Role of Foreseeability in the European Human Rights Protection System. A European approach to the problem of judge-made law in Criminal Law." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/253554.

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The aim of this research is investigating nullum crimen sine lege as European principle. Therefore, the analysis focuses on the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) interpretation of this principle. The approach of this work is top-down. Since the research question is the role of foreseeability assessment in ‘Europeanised’ Criminal Law and its possible relevance at the European and national level, when and if necessary, the chosen approach is to look first at the European perspective, in order to analyse it in depth in its own specificities and then try to link it to the national perspective. With regards to ECHR law, the autonomous definition of law and the application of foreseeability (one of the ‘qualities’ of the law) as main parameter to assess legality, both in light of retroactivity and legal certainty, are investigated. In particular, special attention is given to the role of judge-made law in the interpretation of Art. 7 ECHR. Hence, the research focuses on the role of foreseeability, milestone of European legality, as a means to find a solution to the legality issues raising from judge-made law in criminal law. The origin, rationale and application of the concept of foreseeability in ECtHR case-law are scrutinised, trying to extract its main development paths. Subsequently, the current solutions that civil law States adopt to try solving the problem of case-law in criminal law are analysed, with reference to Italy and Germany, also with regards to the traditional rationales of nullum crimen and its theoretical foundations. Moreover, the role of foreseeability and legality in the European Union legal order is considered, as an example of an effectiveness-oriented and de-formalised legal order. In the end, future perspectives for the implementation of the principle of foreseeability are analysed, with particular regard to the Italian legal order.

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9

Нос, Степан Петрович. "Кримінальна відповідальність за постановлення суддею (суддями) завідомо неправосудного вироку, рішення, ухвали або постанови". Diss., Національний університет "Львівська політехніка", 2021. https://ena.lpnu.ua/handle/ntb/56745.

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В роботі на підставі вивчення наукової літератури, законодавчих, інших нормативно-правових актів та судової практики здійснено системний аналіз питання кримінальної відповідальності за постановлення суддею (суддями) завідомо неправосудного вироку, рішення, ухвали або постанови. Під родовим об’єктом досліджуваного кримінального правопорушення потрібно вважати правосуддя, основним безпосереднім об’єктом – правосуддя в частині забезпечення права на постановлення судом правосудного рішення, предметом – будь-яке судове рішення, в тому числі й висновки та рішення Конституційного Суду України. З об’єктивної сторони кримінальне правопорушення, передбачене ч. 1 ст. 375 КК України є кримінальним правопорушенням із формальним складом, а передбачене ч. 2 ст. 375 КК України – кримінальним правопорушенням із матеріальним складом, оскільки передбачає обов’язкове настання тяжких наслідків. Суб’єктами кримінального правопорушення, передбаченого ст. 375 КК України можуть бути судді судів загальної юрисдикції, судді Конституційного Суду України та присяжні. З суб’єктивної сторони – це діяння вчиняється виключно з прямим умислом. Висловлено пропозиції щодо вдосконалення змісту ст. 375 КК України, а також щодо необхідності доповнення Кримінальний кодекс України ст. 375-1 «Прийняття третейським суддею (суддями) завідомо незаконного рішення». В работе на основе изучения научной литературы, законодательных и других нормативно-правовых актов и судебной практики осуществлен системный анализ вопросов уголовной ответственности за вынесение судьей (судьями) заведомо неправосудного приговора, решения, определения или постановления. Под родовым объектом исследуемого уголовного преступления следует считать правосудие, основным непосредственным объектом – правосудие в части обеспечения права на постановления судом правосудного решения, предметом – любое судебное решение в том числе выводы и решения Конституционного Суда Украины. С объективной стороны уголовное правонарушение, предусмотренное ч. 1 ст. 375 УК Украины является уголовным правонарушением с формальным составом, а предусмотренное ч. 2 ст. 375 УК Украины – уголовным правонарушением с материальным составом, поскольку предусматривает обязательное наступление тяжких последствий. Субъектами уголовного правонарушения, предусмотренного ст. 375 УК Украины могут быть судьи судов общей юрисдикции, судьи Конституционного Суда Украины и присяжные. С субъективной стороны это деяние совершается исключительно с прямым умыслом. Высказаны предложения по совершенствованию содержания ст. 375 УК Украины, а также о необходимости дополнения УК Украины ст. 375-1 «Принятие третейским судьей (судьями) заведомо незаконного решения». The paper provides system-based analysis of the issue of criminal liability for delivering knowingly unfair sentence, judgment, ruling or order by the judge (judges) based on the study of academic literature, legislative acts, other regulations, and case law. It has been proved that although criminal liability for unjust (dishonest) judgment of persons authorized to administer justice has been historically inherent in national law since ancient times, a separate norm that would provide punishment for delivering unfair judgment appeared only in the Hungarian Criminal Code in 1789. Historical and legal research shows that in the sources of criminal law being in force on the territory of Ukraine there was a rather clear system of crimes, which today are covered by the concept of “delivery of unfair court judgment”. That system was built taking into consideration the manner of proceeding (civil or criminal), the substance of the judgment delivered by the judge (improvement or deterioration of the convict’s position). The study of foreign Criminal Codes led to the conclusion that the Criminal Codes of foreign countries traditionally make use of two approaches towards the norm attracting criminal liability of the judge for delivering unjust judgment: 1) the relevant provision is contained in the structural part of the Criminal Code, which directly relates to criminal liability for crimes against justice; 2) liability for such acts arises according to the norms that establish liability for official crimes. Justice should be considered as the generic object of the criminal offence under study; the main direct object is justice with regard to ensuring the right to fair judgment in court; the subject is any court judgment including conclusions and judgments of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. Since the Constitution of Ukraine clearly states that justice in our country is administered only by courts, justice should be regarded as law enforcement activities of the court in terms of consideration and resolution of civil, criminal, commercial and administrative cases in the procedural order prescribed by the law to protect human and citizen rights and freedoms, the rights and legitimate interests of legal entities and the state interests. Objectively, the criminal offence covered by paragraph 1, Article 375 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is a formally defined crime, while the criminal offence covered by paragraph 2, Article 375 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is a materially defined crime as it necessarily causes heavy consequences. The delivery of the court decision has the following stages: drawing up, signing and announcing the respective judicial act. The moment when there is an absence of the elements of criminal offence covered by Article 375 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is the moment of proclamation of the operative part of the judgment. However, the following circumstances of the case should be taken into consideration when we speak of the termination of certain criminal offence covered by Article 375 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine: manner of proceeding (as a matter of fact, in civic, commercial or administrative proceedings, only introductory and operative parts may be proclaimed, whereas in criminal proceedings – the sentence is read out as a whole); peculiarities of legal proceedings (written proceedings, summary procedure); presence or absence of the parties. The judges of the Courts of General Jurisdiction, the judges of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine and the jury may be the subjects of the criminal offence under Article 375 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. From the subjective aspect, this act is done exclusively willfully and knowingly. It has been proved that the actions of an incompetent judge to make an unfair court judgment may fall under the Article 375 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine only in those cases when, in addition to being aware of his/her incompetence, he/she was also aware of the fact of making a knowingly unfair sentence, judgment, ruling or order. If there are no elements of advance awareness, precise understanding of the illegality of the decision made, then there is an absence of crime in the act under the Article 375 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine because there is no evidence of subjective aspects of the given criminal offence. It has been proved that it is inexpedient to institute criminal proceedings against the judge for negligent delivery of judgment because: the judge may be subject to disciplinary responsibility for delivering unlawful court judgment; the establishment of such liability will complicate the distinction between criminal acts and different understanding and interpretation of vaguely worded legal provisions; the establishment of such criminal liability would be an example of excessive criminalization. Delivery of knowingly unfair sentence, judgment, ruling or order should be clearly distinguished from miscarriage of justice, which is unintentional. Making an illegal decision due to miscarriage of justice usually entails disciplinary actions against the judge. In the sanctions of Part 1 and Part 2 of Art. 375 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine it is not expedient to carry the punishment in the form of a fine as an alternative punishment, as it is unlikely to achieve the main purpose of punishment – correction of a person. As a mandatory additional punishment, it would be appropriate, taking into account foreign experience, in the sanctions of Art. 375 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine to provide punishment in the form of deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or to be engaged in certain activity. Suggestions for improving the content of Art. 375 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine have been made, as well as the need to supplement the Criminal Code of Ukraine with the Art. 375-1 "Knowingly unlawful judgment delivered by an arbitrator (arbitrators)" has been pointed out.

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Valle, Dirceu Augusto da Câmara. "Bem jurídico e competência no Processo Penal Militar: efetividade da justiça e dignidade do jurisdicionado." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6665.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dirceu Augusto da Camara Valle.pdf: 749213 bytes, checksum: a2d92e860eb6e52078ba34e424a843e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-19
The research investigates the role of the legal criminal assets in setting the criminal procedural competence in the military sphere. Due to this, it is developed a relationship of implication between the substantive law and the especial instrumental law. Analyzes the constitutional legitimacy of the military criminal proceedings from an interpretive retelling of military criminal procedure code in order to establish, above all, more democratic precise contours, paying attention to the existing constitutional vectors, applying the principle of natural justice in military courts, highlighting the Inter-American court decisions of human rights. Examines the condition of allocation of criminal legal interests tied to hierarchy and discipline in order to establish whether or not the jurisdiction of special courts.It is discussed the social role of the agent as a fixation element of competence, looking away literal and isolated interpretations from the castrense repressive statute as a whole. The problems encountered throughout the text reverberate in access to criminal justice, and particularly in the context of execution of criminal due process, the constitutional guarantee, all contributing to a better assessment of the criteria involve setting the natural judge, with projections guidelines for conflicts of jurisdiction submitted to the higher courts, and also the issues that plague both the military justice courts as courts of justice
A pesquisa investiga o papel do bem jurídico-penal na fixação da competência processual penal na esfera militar. Para tanto, desenvolve-se uma relação de implicação entre o direito material e o direito instrumental especial. Analisa-se a legitimidade constitucional do processo penal castrense a partir de uma releitura interpretativa do Código de Processo Penal Militar, a fim de estabelecer contornos mais precisos e, sobretudo, democráticos, atentando aos vetores constitucionais vigentes, à aplicação do princípio do juiz natural na Justiça Militar, com destaque para decisões da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos. Examina-se a condição de afetação de bens jurídicos penais atados à hierarquia e à disciplina, a fim de estabelecer, ou não, a competência da justiça especializada. Aborda-se o papel social do agente, como elemento de fixação da competência, procurando-se afastar interpretações literais e isoladas do estatuto repressivo castrense, mas desprendidas quando cotejadas com o ordenamento como um todo. As problemáticas enfrentadas ao longo do texto repercutem no acesso à justiça penal e, particularmente, no âmbito de efetivação do devido processo legal, cara garantia constitucional, tudo a contribuir para uma melhor aferição dos critérios a envolver a fixação do juiz natural, com projeções orientadoras para os conflitos de competência submetidos às Cortes Superiores e, também, às questões que atormentam tanto os Tribunais de Justiça Militar como os Tribunais de Justiça

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11

Seck, Sellé. "La responsabilité pénale du journaliste et les délits de presse au Sénégal : une contribution à l'effectivité de la liberté de la presse." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1047.

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La constitution du 22 janvier 2001 dispose expressément que la République du Sénégal garantit la liberté de la presse et le droit à l’information plurielle. Néanmoins, le journaliste sénégalais est resté justiciable des codes pénal et de procédure pénale, adoptés dans l’élan répressif des années 1960. Ce droit pénal commun qui intègre paradoxalement la loi française spéciale du 29 juillet 1881 sur la liberté de la presse, héritée de la colonisation, apparaît comme dépassé par l’évolution de la démocratie sénégalaise et l’aspiration du peuple à l’épanouissement et au progrès social. L’activité journalistique est une activité potentiellement délinquantielle. Il peut arriver que le journaliste abuse de la liberté d’expression en foulant au pied la loi et les règles de la déontologie de sa profession. La justice du droit pénal a vocation à lui être applicable. Mais, ce constat ne doit point occulter la nécessité dans laquelle se trouve le législateur de rendre sauve la liberté de la presse dans l’exercice de sa compétence exclusive de fixation et de détermination des abus intolérables de ladite liberté. Pour ce faire, l’adoption d’une législation spéciale, détachée de l’emprise tutélaire des codes pénal et de procédure pénale, s’impose. C’est une condition nécessaire, mais non suffisante. La prévisibilité de la loi applicable à la responsabilité pénale du professionnel de l’information, l’indépendance du juge qui l’applique, la non-ingérence du pouvoir politique dans la liberté d’informer du journaliste sont autant de conditions nécessaires à la répression des abus de la liberté de la presse
Senegalese Constitution dated 22th January 2001 clearly provides that the country guarantees the freedom of the press and the right to multi-sourced information. And yet the Senegalese journalist remains subject to the Criminal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure adopted in the repressive surge of the 1960’s.The local Criminal law which paradoxically includes French special 29th July 1881 Act on the freedom of the press seems outdated and overtaken by the evolution of the Senegalese democracy and the people’s yearning for development and social progress. The journalistic activity potentially brings forth offences. The journalist may take too much advantage of the freedom of the press violating thereby the law and his own deontology. Criminal law justice must therefore be applicable to them. However this must not conceal the law-maker‘s necessity to safeguard the freedom of the press. To that end it is necessary to set up a special legislation free from the Criminal Code and from the Code of Criminal Procedure. This is a necessity though insufficient. The predictability of the law applicable to the criminal liability of the journalist, the independence of the applying judges and the non-interference of the political power in the journalist’s freedom of speech are prerequisites to the repression of the abuses of the freedom of the press. Our present thesis aims on the one hand to diagnose the criminal liability regime of the Senegalese journalist and also to prove the inadequacy of the criminal law with its legal liability. We will then suggest a particular criminal liability system more respectful of the freedom of the press

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12

Djeatsa, Fouematio Lionel. "L'efficacité de la justice répressive à l'épreuve du contradictoire." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30001.

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La sauvegarde des intérêts de la société implique une répression nécessaire mais aussi efficace. Cette dernière ne peut être pourvue que par une recherche efficiente de preuves relatives à la commission d’une infraction afin d’en connaître l’auteur. Tel est l’enjeu du procès pénal. Cependant, si la protection de la paix publique autorise et légitime une telle démarche, cette dernière ne peut s’opérer sans limitations aux dépens des droits de l’individu. Aussi, une conciliation doit être établie entre des intérêts apparemment contradictoires. La recherche d’un équilibre entre ces deux intérêts a eu des expressions multiples selon l’évolution législative, cette dernière ayant témoigné d’un balancement perpétuel entre ces impératifs. Il existe des situations de fait dans lesquelles il est nécessaire que les représentants de la justice réagissent. Ainsi se trouve justifié le recours à un corps de règles spécifiques grâce auquel la réponse pénale peut s’accomplir avec un minimum d’entrave. Le renforcement de la police judiciaire et la simplification procédurale, pour ne citer que ceux-là, semblent donc pleinement justifiés. Cependant, il est permis de se demander si l’accroissement du rôle des organes de la procédure ne doive pas être entouré de limites devant faire en sorte que l’objectif du législateur, et seulement cet objectif soit atteint. A l’occasion d’une réflexion globale de la place de la personne poursuivie pendant le procès pénal, cette étude conduit d’abord à s’interroger sur la portée des diverses réformes, puis sur le rôle de plus en plus accru des organes de la procédure, afin de constituer en parallèle une dynamique possible de l’accroissement des droits préexistants, voire la création de droits de la défense nouveaux. Le jeu de pouvoirs et de droits qui profile le procès, doit s’effacer sous l’influence de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme pour laisser apparaître un procès pénal contradictoire. Simplement contradictoire, mais pleinement contradictoire
Safeguarding the interests of society implies a necessary but also effective enforcement. The latter can be provided efficiently by a search of evidence relating to the commission of an offense in order to know the author. This is the issue of criminal proceeding. However, if the protection of public peace authorizes and legitimizes this approach, the latter can not happen without limitations at the expense of individual rights. Therefore, a compromise must be made between apparently contradictory interests. Finding a balance between these two interests has had multiple expressions by legislative developments, the latter has shown a constant swing between these imperatives. There are situations in which it is necessary that justice officials respond. Thus, is justified the use of a body of specific rules by which the criminal justice response can be accomplished with minimal interference. The strengthening of the judicial police and procedural simplification, to name but a few, seem to be fully justified. However, it is reasonable to ask whether the increased role of the organs of the procedure should not be surrounded by limits to ensure that parliament’s objective, and only that objective. On the occasion of a comprehensive reflection of the place of the defendant during the criminal trial, this study leads first to question the scope of various reforms and the role of increasingly enhanced organs the procedure to be parallel dynamics can increase the pre-existing rights or create new rights of defense. The set of powers and rights which profiles the trial to give way under influence of the European Convention on Human Rights to reveal an adversarial criminal trial. Simply contradictory, but fully contradictory

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Dornier, Orane. "Juges et membres du ministère public dans l'avant-procès, l'exemple de l'Allemagne et de la France." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D019.

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En 2009, le comité Léger alors chargé de réfléchir à l’évolution de la procédure pénale française, proposait pour l’avant-procès un nouveau modèle ressemblant, à s’y méprendre, au système germanique, et dont la mesure phare était la suppression du juge d’instruction pour en confier l’essentiel de ses attributions au parquet. Rappelée à l’ordre par une ancienne ministre de la Justice allemande dans le cadre du Conseil de l’Europe, qui craignait que cette réforme poursuive des fins essentiellement personnelles, la France abandonna finalement son projet. Mais, pourquoi cet avertissement présenté justement par une garde des Sceaux allemande alors même que l’Allemagne ne connaît pas à l’heure actuelle l’institution du magistrat instructeur et que le parquet y est toujours hiérarchiquement soumis au contrôle du pouvoir exécutif ? Existe-t-il des différences susceptibles de justifier la compatibilité́ du système allemand avec les principes directeurs fondamentaux de la procédure pénale alors même qu’était dénoncé le système proposé par le rapport Léger, s’en rapprochant étroitement ? Quels enseignements supplémentaires peut apporter le droit comparé sur la question du juge d’instruction autour de laquelle le législateur français ne cesse de tourner ? Autant d’interrogations auxquelles cette thèse souhaite apporter des réponses sans se heurter, selon la formule de Jean Carbonnier, à l’écueil du « mythe du législateur étranger ». Au moyen d’une démarche comparatiste approfondie tenant compte de l’influence capitale de l’Union européenne et du Conseil de l’Europe, une plongée est ici effectuée au cœur des cultures procédurales pénales allemandes et françaises pour les confronter de manière critique et apprécier la question délicate de l’équilibre fonctionnel de l’avant-projets au regard des principes directeurs de la procédure pénale, telles l’indépendante et l’impartialité de la justice, ainsi que des droits et libertés fondamentaux des personnes concernées. La remise en cause du juge d’instruction ne saurait être abordée sans s’interroger sur le rôle que jouent les acteurs censés le remplacer, à savoir le parquet et le juge de l’enquête ou des libertés et de la détention, leur statut, de même que leurs fonctions ainsi que leur efficacité́. Seront également analysés de manière détaillée les principes de légalité et d’opportunité qui imprègnent différemment les systèmes nationaux à l’étude et ont une incidence certaine sur l’équilibre des fonctions en place
In 2009 the “Léger Commission” proposed new guidelines for judicial criminal pre-trial which were very much like the ones found in the German judicial system. The main suggestion was to suppress investigating judges and give the Public Prosecutor Office most of their powers and trusts. However, France gave up the idea after a former German Minister of Justice launched a warning against it in the Council of Europe on the grounds that it might only serve personal interest. Yet, why should a German Minister of Justice issue such a reminder? As a matter of fact, there are currently no Investigating Judges in Germany and the Public Prosecutor as a public official is still strongly connected to the Executive Authority. Could there be differences which would explain why the German judicial system is compatible with the main principles which apply to proceedings in criminal matters, even though the French “Léger Commission” guidelines, which are very close to the German system ones, have been criticized by the Council of Europe? In what ways can comparative law help us further understand the legal issues raised by the investigating judges, source of continuing concern in France? This PhD thesis aims at providing some answers to these questions while trying to avoid an outsider’s dry approach to a country’s laws, what Jean Carbonnier referred to as le mythe du législateur étranger. The purpose is to go deep into the heart of the German and French proceedings in criminal matters by comparing them thoroughly and considering the paramount influence of the European Union and of the Council of Europe. There will be a critical approach towards the proceedings and an assessment of the pre-trial operational balance acknowledging the leading principles of penal procedure, judicial independence and neutrality, as well as the fundamental rights and freedoms of those affected. In order to decide whether there should be investigating judges, it is necessary to examine more deeply the role played by those who would replace them, namely Public Prosecutors and other pretrial judges like the liberty and custody judge in France or the judge of the investigations in Germany. Would their legal status, duties and effectiveness be different? There will also be a thorough analysis of the principles governing mandatory and discretionary prosecutions, principles which have been applied differently in Germany and in France, and which can have a real influence on the existing national judicial system balance

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Fajon, Yan-Erick. "Les représentations du juge criminel dans la pensée politique française (1748-1791)." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR0021/document.

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Cette thèse sur la fin de l’Ancien Régime s’ étend de 148 à 1791. Ce travail de recherche est une exploration de la figure judiciaire et de ses représentations savantes et populaires sur la période donnée. Ainsi Les philosophes du XVIIIème siècle contribue largement grâce à leurs théories politiques à un renouveau théorique des représentations judiciaires. Ce renouveau s’accompagne également d’une fécondité littéraire dans le genre utopique. Ceci est bien la preuve que la question pénale est une question politique à la veille de la Révolution Française. Ce travail de renouveau judiciaire se poursuit avec l’Assemblée Nationale Constituante entre 1789 et 1791. Il se poursuit sous un angle pratique. C’est probablement ici que se situe la rupture entre les députés constituants et les philosophes des Lumières. Les premiers vont mettre en place un système judiciaire où seule la logique existe. Ce système est motivé par une haine du juge pénal du XVIIIème siècle. Les second, les philosophes, critiquaient le juge dans un souci d’exigence de liberté. Ils sont à ce titre le prolongement de l’humanisme et les précurseurs du libéralisme
This thesis on the end of the Ancien Régime extends from 1748 to 1791. This research work is an exploration of the judicial figure and its scholarly and popular representations on the given period. Thus the philosophers of the eighteenth century contributes largely through their political theories to a theoretical renewal of judicial representations. This renewal is also accompanied by literary fecundity in the utopian genre. This is proof that the criminal question is a political question on the eve of the French Revolution.This work of judicial renewal continues with the National Constituent Assembly between 1789 and 1791. It continues in a practical angle. It is probably here that lies the break between the constituent deputies and the Enlightenment philosophers. The former will put in place a judicial system where only logic exists. This system is motivated by a hatred of the 18th century criminal court. The second, the philosophers, criticized the judge for the sake of the need for freedom. They are in this respect the extension of humanism and the precursors of liberalism

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Sebe, François. "Essai sur l'effectivité du droit de la représentation collective dans l'entreprise." Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020064/document.

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La question des sanctions est centrale lorsqu’est ouvert le débat relatif à l’effectivité du droit de la représentation collective des salariés dans l’entreprise. Chargée de protéger les valeurs essentielles de la société, la voie pénale doit être réservée aux atteintes portées aux prérogatives des instances de représentation du personnel lesquelles présentent un caractère fondamental. Pour le surplus, il est des sanctions, d’ordre administratif ou civil, plus efficaces. Reste que la seule restriction du champ pénal ne suffit pas à garantir l’effectivité du droit de la représentation collective. Des réponses substantielles et « organisationnelles » tenant notamment à la définition d’une politique pénale d’envergure, à la révision de la ligne de partage des responsabilités dans l’entreprise et à la recherche de sanctions pénales renouvelées s’imposent. Au-delà de la voie répressive, d’autres méritent d’être explorées. L’application des règles du droit de la représentation collective doit être garantie au moyen d’outils non plus répressifs mais préventifs en dehors de toute participation d’une quelconque autorité judiciaire. La voie extra-pénale fait une large place à la fonction préventive de l’inspection du travail laquelle doit accompagner les entreprises en recourant à de nouvelles méthodes d’accompagnement et d’évaluation. La définition d’une politique sociale d’entreprise, moyennant la conclusion d’un accord unique sur la représentation du personnel, est légalement de nature à garantir l’effectivité de la norme en tenant compte des spécificités propres à chaque entreprise
The issue of sanctions is critical when is opened the debate on the effectiveness of employee representation rules in the company. Aiming at protecting the core values of society, criminal law should be reserved for infringements of the prerogatives of employee representation bodies which are fundamental. For the rest, there are sanctions , administrative or civil, more effective. Still, the only restriction of the criminal field is not sufficient to guarantee the effectiveness of employee representation rules. Some substantial and “organizational” answers relating in particular to the definition of a major criminal policy, the revision of the division of responsibilities in the company and the search for renewed criminal sanctions seem necessary. Beyond the repressive way, others deserve to be explored. The application of employee representation rules must be guaranteed by tools rather preventive than repressive and without any involvement of any judicial authority. The extra-criminal policy leaves a large place to the preventive function of labor inspection which should help companies by using new methods of support and assessment. The definition of a corporate social policy, through the conclusion of a single agreement on staff representation, is legally adequate to ensure the effectiveness of the rule by taking into account the specificities of each company

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Volpi, Ludiane. "De l’influence réciproque du juge pénal et du juge civil." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA4040.

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Mariat, Kevin. "L'équilibre des pouvoirs dans la phase préparatoire du procès pénal : réflexions françaises à la lumière des droits allemand et italien." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE3023.

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La phase préparatoire souffre d’un déséquilibre flagrant causé par un phénomène de diffusion de la contrainte vers l’amont de la procédure. D’où une double translation de pouvoirs : du juge au procureur et du procureur à la police. Le réflexe est alors de compenser ces nouvelles prérogatives des autorités d’enquête par l’octroi de droits aux personnes privées. C’est toutefois confondre les droits des personnes privées et les pouvoirs des acteurs institutionnels.Recentrant la réflexion sur les seuls rapports de pouvoir entre le juge, le parquet et la police, cette thèse propose de s’inspirer des concepts publicistes pour réfléchir à la possibilité d’un véritable équilibre des pouvoirs dans la phase préparatoire du procès pénal.Afin de décloisonner le débat et de relativiser le droit français, la réflexion se nourrit de la comparaison avec les droits allemand et italien, ayant tous deux réformé en profondeur leur phase préparatoire il y a maintenant plusieurs décennies.Les réflexions ici proposées sur l’équilibre des pouvoirs dans la phase préparatoire du procès pénal débouchent sur des interrogations plus vastes quant à l’équilibre général de la procédure
The pretrial process suffers from a blatant imbalance due to a dissemination of coercion toward the procedure’s upstream. Hence a dual translation of powers: from the judge to the prosecutor and from the prosecutor to the police. The reflex is then to compensate these new prerogatives of the investigation authorities by granting rights to private persons. However, this confuses the rights of private persons with the powers of institutional actors. By refocusing the reflection on the power relations between the judge, the prosecutor and the police, this thesis proposes to draw inspiration from publicist concepts to reflect on the possibility of a real balance of powers in the pretrial process of the criminal trial.To relativize French law, the reflection is based on a comparison with German and Italian laws, both having thoroughly reformed their preparatory phase several decades ago. The reflections proposed here on the balance of powers in the pretrial process of the criminal trial lead to broader questions about the overall balance of the procedure

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Canale, Laura Ann. "Prosecuting Children as Adults: How do Juvenile Court Judges Decide Who Should Face that Fate?" Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1296415940.

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Xu, Yaliang. "Judicial independence in the People's Republic of China : an analysis of the historical and current role of Chinese judges." Thesis, University of West London, 2009. https://repository.uwl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1081/.

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The aim of this research is to examine the criminal justice system in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to illustrate the role of judges, and to describe the current scale of judicial independence within the realm of Chinese legal culture and the current political system. The importance of this research is to collect evidence which defines the nature of policy debate on China's judicial reform project to promote greater independence. The thesis begins with an overview of the current Chinese judicial system. Chapter One takes account of the considerable problems of the judiciary and the debate over reform which is addressed in existing literature, including the most recent policy guidelines of judicial reform announced in late 2007. According to the policy, it is clear that judicial reform is ongoing; what the Chinese Communist government requires is a mature, realistic and overarching reform program that promotes justice, ensures rule of law, and serves to engender political and social stability in China. Put simply, judicial reform towards greater independence must be compatible with the characteristics of Chinese society. Based upon such a background, the research questions and methodology are introduced in Chapter Two. This thesis focuses on two research questions:  Question One - How can ‘Chinese characteristics’ be understood in relation to judicial reform?  Question Two - What are the current factors that have limited judicial independence? Three methods were employed to obtain data relevant to my research. Firstly, I employed content analysis of secondary data, whereby I reviewed Chinese constitutional and criminal legal codes, and literature on Chinese judicial culture, independence and reform. Secondly, I generated primary empirical data, and employed a structured interview with 60 judges in order to understand judges’ feelings regarding judicial independence. Thirdly, I undertook participant observation, in which I acted as a lawyer's assistant involved in a criminal case, in which a suspect had pleaded not guilty. During this period, I conducted unstructured interviews with five lawyers and one county-level Chief-Prosecutor. Chapter Three aims to answer the first research question by illustrating ‘Chinese characteristics’ relevant to judicial reform. On considering Chinese characteristics, according to the most recent CPC guideline policy, judicial reform invokes relationships with legal culture, contemporary political and economic circumstances. Therefore, an analysis of relevant literature is made in order to understand Confucian legal traditions, Marxist and Maoist legal ideology, current political principles and economic conditions. At the end of this chapter, a brief of analysis of the significant relationship between rule of law and economic growth is made in order to explain why China needs greater judicial independence. Chapter Four, Five, Six and Seven form the core of the dissertation, and answer the second research question, intended to provide an overview of the extent of existing judicial independence in China, and highlight the major factors that could influence judges’ decisions. I have analysed judges’ responses regarding the current constitutional and institutional design, and on the recommendation of some judges, selected some additional evidence to highlight influences over the judiciary from other government bodies. In Chapter Four, findings from the interviews with judges concerning their occupational environment are analysed, to give a picture of the judge's position in China today. Chapter Five explores the Congress’ lawful power of supervising judicial decisions on individual cases. This presents one of the core Socialist constitutional configurations, whereby all state organs are answerable to the Congress. Following this, findings are given from the participant observation of a criminal trial in which a suspect pleaded not guilty. These findings are analysed in Chapter Six in order to provide a detailed examination of the links between the executive and the judicial branches. Chapter Seven analyses the relationship between the Communist Party and judges, which is the most sensitive, yet unavoidable topic regarding judicial reform in China. Chapter Eight brings the findings of the two research questions together to engage in a comprehensive debate of policy and draft possible judicial reform suggestions which may promote judicial independence within the parameters of established ‘Chinese Characteristics’.

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20

Aboubacar, Youssouf-Mdahoma. "La responsabilité pénale de l'enfant du droit romain jusqu'au code de la justice pénale des mineurs." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0511.

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« Alors la preuve vous l’abandonnez aux jurés. Et où chercheront ils la preuve du discernement ? Dans l’âme du coupable reconnu : elle est fermée à leurs yeux. Quoi de plus arbitraire, quoi de moins raisonnable. Je demande que cet article soit écarté ». C’est ainsi que Dominique Joseph Garat, député de la Constituante, s’était exclamé devant la représentation nationale pour affirmer son opposition concernant l’idée d’une irresponsabilité du mineur fondée sur le discernement. Cette insurrection ne sera pas la seule, bien au contraire. En effet, la question de l’enfance délinquante n’a cessé de revenir dans le débat public, et même très récemment avec l’ordonnance n°2019-950 du 11 septembre 2019 portant partie législative du code de la justice pénale des mineurs. Le législateur, la jurisprudence et la doctrine se sont toujours efforcés depuis le début de l’époque contemporaine de construire un régime juridique propre à l’enfant, se fondant notamment sur les notions de « âge » et de « discernement ». Toutefois, la préoccupation de la société quant à sa responsabilité civile et pénale n’est pas récente : le statut juridique de l’enfant a fait l’objet, tout au long de l’histoire, d’aménagements spécifiques et différents de celui du majeur. Du droit romain à l’ordonnance de 1945, en passant notamment par le droit canonique et de l’Ancien Régime, l’évolution de la responsabilité de celui dont la raison n'est pas encore pleinement développée apparaît certes intéressante mais surtout indispensable dans la compréhension de l’esprit des règles qui lui sont aujourd’hui applicables. En ce sens, la présente thèse traitera pleinement et chronologiquement de cette évolution
« Then the evidence you leave it to the jury. And where will they seek the proof of discernment ? In the soul of the acknowledged culprit: it is closed to them. What's more arbitrary, what's less reasonable. I ask that this article be removed ». Thus, Dominique Joseph Garat, deputy of the Constituent Assembly, exclaimed in front of the national representation to affirm his opposition concerning the idea of a miner's irresponsibility based on discernment. This insurrection will not be the only one, on the contrary. Indeed, the issue of child delinquency has continued to return to public debate, and even very recently with Ordinance No. 2019-950 of 11 September 2019 on the legislative part of the Code of Juvenile Criminal Justice. The legislator, the jurisprudence and the doctrine have always endeavored since the beginning of the contemporary era to construct a legal regime peculiar to the child, basing himself particularly on the notions of “age” and “discernment”. However, the company's concern with its civil and criminal liability is not recent: the legal status of the child has been the subject, throughout history, of specific adjustments and different from that of the major. From Roman law to the 1945 ordinance, passing in particular by canon law and the Ancien Régime, the evolution of the responsibility of the one whose reason is not yet fully developed appears certainly interesting but especially indispensable in the understanding of the spirit of the rules that are applicable today.In this sense, this thesis will deal fully and chronologically with this evolution

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21

Kuty, Franklin. "L'impartialité du juge répressif: de la confiance décrétée à la confiance justifiée." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211136.

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L’impartialité du juge est consubstantielle à l’exercice de la fonction juridictionnelle et tient aux valeurs fondamentales de la démocratie. Sa définition ne va pas sans difficulté. Il s’agit en effet d’une notion fuyante et polysémique, juridique mais aussi psychologique, voire morale.

Le législateur a entendu que la confiance soit à la base de l’impartialité du juge. Les travaux préparatoires du Code d'instruction criminelle de 1808 et du Code de procédure civile de 1806 l’illustrent. Au début du dix-neuvième siècle, l’impression qui se dégage au premier coup d’œil est plus celle d’une confiance décrétée en l’impartialité que d’une confiance justifiée. Il existait en quelque sorte un mythe du juge irréprochable. Cette impression se déduit de la circonstance que le sentiment de confiance est posé en principe malgré l’efficacité limitée des garanties juridiques de l’impartialité qui sont offertes à cette époque. Il en va de même, par analogie, de l’impartialité qui apparaît tout autant décrétée.

L’institution de l’impartialité du juge répressif présentait ainsi un sérieux paradoxe. Il apparaissait normal que la confiance attendue de la nation dans ses juges et leur impartialité soit justifiée par de sérieuses garanties. Or, en 1808, la légitimité du juge reposait essentiellement sur un sentiment de confiance décrétée, de sorte qu’il pouvait s’en déduire que la justice n’avait pour seule légitimité que la volonté du pouvoir qu’il en soit ainsi.

Dès les années quatre-vingts, les justiciables se montrèrent de plus en plus critiques envers les représentants du Pouvoir judiciaire, au point que nombreux furent ceux qui réclamèrent la restauration et la justification de la confiance dans l’impartialité du juge. C’est ainsi que des garanties objectives, concrètes, vérifiables, s’avérèrent requises. La restauration de la confiance en l’impartialité nous paraît dépendre, pour une bonne part, du renforcement des règles de procédure et d’organisation judiciaire qui contribuent à l’impartialité du juge.

La thèse s’articule en trois parties. La première s’attache à l’étude des garanties de l’exigence d’impartialité personnelle ou subjective du juge répressif. Nous envisageons, outre la définition de la notion d’impartialité personnelle (titre I), les garanties de nature procédurale qui renvoient à la notion de confiance légitimée (titre II) et les garanties instituées en cas de doute quant à l’impartialité personnelle du juge qui correspondent à la notion de confiance préservée (titre III). La seconde partie concerne les garanties de l’exigence d’impartialité fonctionnelle ou organique. Après avoir défini ce que recouvre cette notion (titre I), nous entendons définir la théorie de la séparation des fonctions de justice répressive, qui renvoie à la notion de confiance impossible (titre II). Nous clôturerons cette seconde partie par l’étude du principe du cumul d’interventions à l’occasion de l’exercice d’une même fonction de justice répressive, qui exprime un sentiment de confiance intact dans l’impartialité du juge (titre III). La troisième partie est consacrée à l’étude de trois questions de portée générale relatives à l’exigence d’impartialité :la renonciation au droit à un tribunal impartial qui dénote un sentiment de confiance indiscutable (titre I), la recevabilité du moyen qui soulève le défaut d’impartialité dans le chef du juge une fois la décision prononcée, qui renvoie à la notion de confiance protégée (titre II), et la sanction du défaut d’impartialité enfin, qui évoque la notion de confiance restaurée (titre III).

Doctorat en droit
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Araujo, Gabriela Shizue Soares de. "Interpretação da competência originária por prerrogativa de função do Supremo Tribunal Federal à luz das inconstitucionalidades presentes na negativa de desmembramento da ação penal nº 470/MG." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6233.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriela Shizue Soares de Araujo.pdf: 1515384 bytes, checksum: 2969fb4184ffe07847ea2cb5a2c4dee2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-14
This dissertation seeks to demonstrate the fragility of human rights, when our highest court forgets the principles and guidelines vectors in constitutional interpretation and hermeneutics application of the Constitution, under pressure of public opinion. We seek the best interpretation of the Supreme Court s exceptional original jurisdiction by prerogative function, making a parallel with the peculiar judgment of the Criminal Action Nº 470/MG. We demonstrate that ordinary citizens that do not hold function´s privileges should have preserved their right to natural justice, due process, and especially the double jurisdiction. At the end, we conclude that the double degree of jurisdiction is a fundamental right that can not be denied even to holders of prerogative function and we highlight the unconstitutionality regarding the latent negative of that right in the trial of Criminal Case Nº 470/MG. Wide literature was searched, manifestations of respected masters and doctors, reviews of various segments of society, slowly gathered the personal conviction of the author
Esta dissertação busca demonstrar a fragilidade a que se expõem os direitos fundamentais do homem, ao se permitir que pressões da opinião pública, movidas por interesses políticos e pessoais, levem nossa mais elevada Corte a olvidar os princípios vetores e as diretrizes hermenêuticas constitucionais na interpretação e aplicação da Constituição Federal ao caso concreto. Procuramos a melhor interpretação da excepcional competência originária por prerrogativa de função do Supremo Tribunal Federal para julgar infrações penais, fazendo um paralelo com a condução do tema no julgamento peculiar da Ação Penal n° 470/MG. Demonstramos que os cidadãos comuns não titulares de prerrogativas de função devem ter preservado seu direito ao juiz natural, ao devido processo legal, e principalmente ao duplo grau de jurisdição. Ao final, concluímos que o duplo grau de jurisdição é um direito fundamental que não pode ser negado nem mesmo aos titulares de prerrogativa de função e ressaltamos as inconstitucionalidades latentes quanto à negativa desse direito no julgamento da Ação Penal nº 470/MG. Vasta literatura foi pesquisada, manifestações de respeitáveis mestres e doutores, opiniões de segmentos variados da sociedade, amealhados à convicção pessoal da autora

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Joseph, Antony Pradeep Thomas. "Can the media make judges send more corrupt people to jail? : a longitudinal study of media agenda setting and priming." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=229421.

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This study examines if the media have an impact on the judiciary. A longitudinal dataset of media coverage is related to Supreme Court of India corruption case decisions during the time period 2001-2010. The study investigates two phenomena: media agenda setting on the issue of corruption and its impact on court decisions through priming judges to give harsher sentences and Pre-Trial Publicity (PTP) and its impact on court decisions. In the first level of analysis, agenda setting research on impact of issue salience is extended to the realm of the judiciary, looking at if increased issue salience of corruption has an impact on court decisions. The findings reveal that media coverage prior to a court decision primes judges to give harsher verdicts in corruption cases. For the second phenomena looking at PTP effects on judges, quantitative analysis centered on whether varying amount of PTP matters. The findings were statistically insignificant pointing towards no PTP impact on court decisions. The qualitative case study analysis focused on the tone of PTP coverage and provides an explanation for this result pointing towards neutral PTP. This finding further provides evidence of why PTP coverage does not have an impact on court decisions, since the media do not lobby for particular outcomes in individual corruption cases.

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Roberts, Brandon Michael. "The Impact of Gender and Focal Concerns Theory on the Treatment of White-Collar Defendants by Federal Judges." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2875.

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Previous research found gender to be a primary consideration of judges in terms of actions towards defendants. Blameworthiness, the combined effect of criminal history, offense severity, and the defendant's role in the criminal event, is also known to impact judge's actions. Little, though, is known about how gender and blameworthiness, combined, may be related to judges' actions towards white-collar defendants. The purpose of this case study, therefore, was to explore whether defendant gender and blameworthiness impact judicial actions towards defendants charged with white-collar crime(s) in a federal district court of New York. The theoretical framework was Demuth and Steffensmeier's theory of focal concerns. Research questions focused on the impacts of defendants' gender and blameworthiness in general and with regard to bail and restitution decisions. Data consisted of published court case summaries for 1,162 criminal cases heard by the US District Court for the Southern District of New York between 2009 and 2015. These data were analyzed via an inductive coding process and then subjected to content analysis. Themes that emerged revealed that all facets of blameworthiness impacted restitution while only the seriousness of the offense impacted bail decisions. Further, gender was found to impact judge's actions in subtler ways than in prior research. For example, analysis revealed slight modifications in word choice in the case summaries that appeared to be connected to the gender of the defendant, particularly related to restitution decisions. The results of this study may be used to courts and Congress to enhance existing statutes and guidelines directed at decreasing the impact of gender and blameworthiness on defendants by the justice system.

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25

Bara, Sofia. "La participation ces citoyens à la justice en France." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0407/document.

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La justice est rendue « au nom du peuple français », c’est ce qu’on peut lire en première page des décisions rendues par les juridictions françaises. Tout citoyen peut être conduit à l’œuvre de justice. Néanmoins, juger requiert des capacités et aptitudes propres aux magistrats professionnels en raison de leur formation. Pour autant, en France, le système juridique fait participer à la justice des citoyens peu accoutumés à ce qui peut sembler à un véritable métier. Ces citoyens non professionnels endossent la fonction de juge et le pouvoir de juger à leur prestation de serment à l’instar des juges de carrière. Ces juges, jurés ou juges occasionnels offrent-ils une garantie de bien juger ? Pour les premiers, les jurés, recrutés ponctuellement par tirage au sort le temps d’une session d’assises selon une obligation civique, il s’agit de « citoyens juges » qui découvrent la justice criminelle le jour de leur recrutement. Si le bon sens est utile au jugement criminel, il est loin d’être suffisant. Pour les seconds, les juges occasionnels recrutés partiellement le temps d’un mandat, il s’agit de « juges citoyens », considérés comme plus proches du « terrain », plus habitués aux usages d’une profession. Membres des tribunaux de commerce, juges de proximité ou conseillers prud’hommes statuent ainsi sans l’assistance d’un juge professionnel. Leur mode de recrutement garantit-il leur compétence ? La reconnaissance de l’expérience juridique traduit-elle l’aptitude à juger ? A l’inverse que vaut l’expérience, la pratique dans un secteur d’activité au regard d’un droit de plus en plus légiféré, réglementé, qui exige, au quotidien, de solides connaissances juridiques ?
On the front page of the decisions made by the French courts can be read « Justice is given in the name of the French people ». Every citizen may be brought to work for the justice. Nevertheless, judging requires professional skills and abilities that magistrates have acquired through their training. In France, the legal system however, uses citizens that are little accustomed to what may be considered as a real profession. These non-professional citizens take on the role of the judge and the right to judge by giving sermon in the same manner as a career judge. Do these judges, jurors or occasional judges offer the same guarantee of good judgement? First, the jurors, recruited punctually by random selection for a session of assizes according to a civic obligation, are “citizen judges” who only discover criminal justice on the day of their recruitment. If common sense is useful to criminal judgment, it is far from being sufficient. Second, occasional judges recruited partly during a mandate, are “citizen judges”, considered to be closer to be closer to their specific “field” and more accustomed to the uses of a particular profession. Members of commercial tribunals, local judges of industrial tribunal advisors decide without the assistance of a professional judge. Do their recruitment methods guarantee their competence? Does the recognition of legal experience reflect the ability to judge? Conversely, what does this experience worth, when practicing in a sector of activity with regard to an increasingly legislated, regulated law, which requires a strong legal knowledge on a daily basi?

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Clark, Brad Leavitt. "Characteristics of Contemporary Gag Order Requests in Media Law Reporter Volumes 19 Through 33." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2009. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd3042.pdf.

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Fraga, Alexandria. "Gender Disparities in Criminal Sentencing: Assessing Three Decades of Change and the Impact of Women on the Bench." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1591967868311532.

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Akers, Janna. "Sentencing Length Disparities: Assessing Why Race and Gender Influence Judges’ Decisions." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1306.

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The purpose of this study is to assess why the race and gender of defendants influence judges’ decisions using the focal concern theory. This study will require around 84 participants. Participants will be federal judges who will be recruited via email. In an online survey, participants will be randomly assigned to one of four conditions . Participants will all read a vignette which an individual was convicted for in trafficking of Xanax. The vignette will be manipulated by the name and accompanying a mugshot based on the race (Black/White) and gender (male/female) of the defendant. The expected result is that there will be a significant effect on sentencing time based on race and gender due to perceived offender characteristics (perceived culpability, perceived aggression). The judges’ prejudice (sexism, racism, and feelings of paternalism toward the defendant) will also have a significant effect on sentencing length. With more research about judges’ perceptions and biases, reforms can be implicated to reduce sentencing disparity and to make the legal system more fair.

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Diakite, Médy. "Le médecin devant le juge (pénal et civil) en droits malien et français." Thesis, Reims, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REIMD007/document.

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La République du Mali est une ancienne colonie française. De ce fait, il existe de ressemblances entre le droit français et le droit malien quant au niveau de la définition de la responsabilité, qu’elle soit pénale ou civile, applicable en matière médicale et les sanctions y afférentes. Mais dans la pratique, l'application de ces notions ne se fait pas de la même façon dans les deux pays. Cette différence dans l’application s'explique par des raisons sociales, culturelles et économiques. Pour illustrer les points de convergences et de divergences entre ces deux systèmes juridiques, nous avons analysé la responsabilité médicale dans les deux pays sur la base des dispositions pénales, civiles et déontologiques. A l’issue de cette étude, nous avons fait des suggestions pour améliorer le droit malien à l’image du droit français qui a connu d’énormes évolutions. Nous avons proposé également l’adoption d’un code qui traitera de mieux tous les aspects de la responsabilité médicale, en tenant compte de la médecine traditionnelle
The Republic of Mali is a former French colony. Consequently, there are similarities between French and Malian law as regards the level of the definition of liability, whether criminal or civil, applicable in medical matters and the corresponding penalties. But in practice, the application of these notions is not done in the same way in both countries. This difference in application is due to social, cultural and economic reasons. To illustrate the points of convergence and divergence between these two legal systems, we have analyzed medical liability in both countries on the basis of criminal, civil and ethical provisions. At the end of this study, we made suggestions to improve the Malian law in the image of French law which has undergone enormous changes. We have also proposed the adoption of a code that will better address all aspects of medical liability, taking into account traditional medicine

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Viñuales, Jorge Enrique. "Le juge face aux crimes internationaux : enquête sur la légitimité judiciaire." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008IEPP0005.

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La question centrale à laquelle l'étude cherche à répondre est celle des sources non seulement théoriques mais aussi historiques de la légitimité du juge en Occident. Le point de départ de l'enquête est le domaine de la justice pénale internationale et, plus précisément, le phénomène de la compétence universelle. A partir des problématiques épineuses que pose l'exercice de la compétence universelle en matière de légitimité judiciaire, l'auteur cherche à démontrer que cette légitimité ne peut pas être totalement ramenée, comme le voudrait le débat contemporain sur l'activisme judiciaire, à la souveraineté du peuple. La compétence universelle permet aussi de visualiser le pouvoir du juge en s'affranchissant du prisme déformant de la souveraineté populaire. Ce que l'on voit est un juge disposant d'une légitimité propre. Il ne s'agit pas d'une légitimité déléguée par le souverain, ni d'une parcelle d'une souveraineté autrement indivisible. Il s'agit, plus simplement, d'une légitimité propre, d'une image profondément enracinée dans les cultures occidentales, qui investit le prononcé judiciaire d'une aura d'infaillibilité divine, pour poursuivre des crimes qui semblent dépasser les affaires humaines. Même détachée de la souveraineté du peuple, la liturgie judiciaire reste symboliquement puissante. Voici donc la raison pour laquelle, face aux crimes internationaux, le juge peut rendre justice
The study explores the theoretical and historical sources of judicial legitimacy in the Western world. The starting point of the inquiry is provided by the current development of international criminal justice and, more specifically, the rise of the principle of universal jurisdiction. After an initial exploration of the delicate issues raised by universal jurisdiction with regard to judicial legitimacy, the author shows that, notwithstanding the myriad efforts to ground judicial legitimacy on popular sovereignty, the former cannot be utterly reduced to the latter. Universal jurisdiction thus provides a particular angle to observe the power of judges without succumbing to a democratic bias. What we see is a judiciary who benefits from a legitimacy of its own. Such legitimacy is not derived from the sovereign's, nor is it a mere portion of an indivisible sovereignty. Rather, it is a legitimacy on its own right, based upon a myth deeply rooted in Western cultures, according to which judicial pronouncements are vested with divine infaillibility. This would explain why judges are sought to decide issues that seems to be beyond human matters. Indeed, judicial legitimacy remains a powerful ressource irrespective of any link to popular sovereignty. This is why the judge can render justice over international crimes

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Yazici, Marie-Hélène. "La motivation : enjeux juridiques et de pouvoir pour le juge pénal." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D029.

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Анотація:

La dimension complexe de la motivation recèle, pour le chercheur, des zones d’exploration inépuisables. En matière pénale, la motivation intéresse tant le législateur que le juge. En multipliant à foison les obligations légales de motivation, le législateur invite les magistrats du siège et du parquet à fournir systématiquement les raisons de fait et de droit qui commandent leurs décisions. Par l’instauration de telles obligations, ce dernier ambitionne de confiner, si ce n’est réduire au plus haut point la marge de manœuvre du juge pénal chargé d’appliquer les règles de droit en vigueur. Le législateur veut croire, à l’aune d’un droit en réseau, qu’il est seul détenteur du pouvoir normatif. Cette attitude témoigne d’une volonté de monopoliser autour d’une seule entité le processus d’engendrement du droit. L’intention, aussi louable soit-elle d’un point de vue institutionnel, manque toutefois de réalisme, le législateur s’éloignant des contraintes d’efficacité et de qualité auxquelles le juge pénal est tenu. Parce que la motivation relève ancestralement et en premier lieu de la pratique, le juge pénal s’est facilement accommodé de ses multiples obligations de motivation. Bénéficiaire d’un instrument privilégié de communication, il a instauré des pratiques de motivation brèves et péremptoires, l’amenant de ce fait au mécanisme de création, épisodiquement de destruction du droit. Si la coopération du juge pénal au processus d’engendrement du droit constitue un enrichissement de la qualité du droit, il demeure que son absence de légitimité l’oblige à réfléchir sur une stratégie communicationnelle de persuasion et non plus seulement d’affirmation
For the researcher’s perspective, the complex dimension of motivation offers almost unlimited scope for investigation. In criminal matters, the question of motivation is an issue of concern for both the legislator and the judge. By constantly adding legal requirements regarding the motivation, the legislator urges judges and prosecutors to systematically provide the legal and factual reasons that are the basis of their decisions. The legislator enacts such obligations in order to confine, or even strongly reduce, the margin of discretion of the criminal judge who is in charge of normative power, even in the context of interconnected lawmaking processes. This attitude reveals a desire to monopolize the lawmaking process. However praiseworthy the intention may be from an institutional point of view, it lacks realism. The legislator is moving away from the efficiency and quality constraints that the criminal judge is subjected to. As the motivation historically and firstly derives from practice, the criminal judge easily adapted to his numerous obligations regarding this matter. Benefiting from a key communication tool, he launched his brief and peremptory practices which led him to take part to the mechanism of creation, and often, destruction of law. If the judge’s participation in the production of the law enhances its quality, the judge’s lack of democratic legitimacy remains and forces him to look for a communication strategy based on persuation instead of a purely assertive approach

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32

Poltronieri, Rossetti Luca. "Prosecutorial Discretion and its Judicial Review at the International Criminal Court: A Practice-based Analysis of the Relationship between the Prosecutor and Judges." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/369096.

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Анотація:

The permanent system of international criminal justice created through the Rome Statute envisages a wide margin of discretion for prosecutorial action, under the constraint of various forms of judicial supervision. Nevertheless, legal texts provide only very limited guidance to the Office of the Prosecution and judges as to the concrete exercise of these powers and responsibilities. For this reason, prosecutorial and judicial dynamic practice plays a fundamental creative role in integratingâ€”and sometimes transformingâ€”the ICC static legal framework. The present research has aimed at analysing the patterns of prosecutorial and judicial practice at the pre-trial stage of the proceedings of the ICC, with a view to comparing the law in the books and the law in action in this area of crucial importance for the legitimacy of the Court. The hypothesis that in this field there are areas of interpretive agreement (smooth relationship) and disagreement (open clash) between the relevant actors, as well as a certain degree of dissociation between the textual formant and the prosecutorial/judicial formant has been tested against the relevant practice. These empirical phenomena have then been assessed as to their possible institutional causes and (potentially detrimental) consequences, with a view to proposing institutional, procedural, administrative and legislative adjustments that may help fostering the predictability and consistency of the system. The conclusion is that practice in this field is a fundamental test-bench for the institutional functioning of the ICC, and that it is still in the process of establishingâ€” by means of the interplay between the OTP and judgesâ€”a satisfactory balance among the conflicting needs of flexibility and predictability; one that only pragmatic interpretive compromises can bring about in the future.

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33

Poltronieri, Rossetti Luca. "Prosecutorial Discretion and its Judicial Review at the International Criminal Court: A Practice-based Analysis of the Relationship between the Prosecutor and Judges." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2019. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/3569/1/Thesis.pdf.

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Анотація:

The permanent system of international criminal justice created through the Rome Statute envisages a wide margin of discretion for prosecutorial action, under the constraint of various forms of judicial supervision. Nevertheless, legal texts provide only very limited guidance to the Office of the Prosecution and judges as to the concrete exercise of these powers and responsibilities. For this reason, prosecutorial and judicial dynamic practice plays a fundamental creative role in integrating—and sometimes transforming—the ICC static legal framework. The present research has aimed at analysing the patterns of prosecutorial and judicial practice at the pre-trial stage of the proceedings of the ICC, with a view to comparing the law in the books and the law in action in this area of crucial importance for the legitimacy of the Court. The hypothesis that in this field there are areas of interpretive agreement (smooth relationship) and disagreement (open clash) between the relevant actors, as well as a certain degree of dissociation between the textual formant and the prosecutorial/judicial formant has been tested against the relevant practice. These empirical phenomena have then been assessed as to their possible institutional causes and (potentially detrimental) consequences, with a view to proposing institutional, procedural, administrative and legislative adjustments that may help fostering the predictability and consistency of the system. The conclusion is that practice in this field is a fundamental test-bench for the institutional functioning of the ICC, and that it is still in the process of establishing— by means of the interplay between the OTP and judges—a satisfactory balance among the conflicting needs of flexibility and predictability; one that only pragmatic interpretive compromises can bring about in the future.

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34

Pelletier, Laure. "Le rôle du juge répressif dans les mesures pénales d'enfermement." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA0003.

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Анотація:

La thèse se propose d’aborder l’enfermement strictement pénal sous l’angle des pouvoirs du juge répressif. À partir du choix d’une classification binaire des mesures pénales d’enfermement, articulée autour du critère de culpabilité, deux mouvements distincts ont pu être identifiés. Tout d’abord, la première évolution porte sur le rôle du juge répressif dans l’enfermement qui se fonde sur le critère de culpabilité, autrement dit qui se justifie par la commission certaine de l’infraction pénale et qui vise principalement à punir son auteur. L’étude s’emploie à déterminer le degré de liberté qui est accordé au juge dans le processus de la peine d’enfermement. Sa souveraineté est sujette à une double mutation. Tandis qu’elle se trouve limitée dans le processus de recours à la peine d’enfermement, tantôt par le parquet, tantôt par le législateur, elle est au contraire pleinement consacrée lorsqu’il s’agit pour le juge d’adapter son exécution, de manière prépondérante au stade post-sentenciel et de manière plus ponctuelle au stade sentenciel. Ensuite, la seconde partie de la thèse tend à démontrer que le rôle du juge, dans le cadre de l’enfermement qui n’est pas la conséquence directe de la culpabilité, car ne remplissant pas une fonction essentiellement punitive, est en construction. L’étude distingue alors les mesures privatives de liberté pré-sentencielles, destinées au bon déroulement d’une procédure pénale, qualifiées d’ « enfermement procédural », de celles qui se fondent essentiellement sur la dangerosité de l’individu auquel elles s’appliquent, qualifiées d’« enfermement-sûreté ». Pour les premières, le rôle du juge semble être en quête d’équilibre, eu égard à l’impérieuse nécessité de concilier le respect de la présomption d’innocence et les nécessités de la détention comme ultima ratio, à travers la recherche permanente de la garantie judiciaire idéale. S’agissant des secondes, on assiste à l’émergence d’un rôle original, inédit, dépassant les frontières classiques du droit de punir. Pour preuve, depuis 2008, le juge peut, d’une part, tirer les conséquences juridiques de l’irresponsabilité pénale de l’auteur de l’infraction atteint d’un trouble mental et d’autre part, prononcer un nouvel enfermement à l’encontre d’une personne ayant déjà exécuté une première condamnation. Dans ces deux situations, le fondement de la dangerosité vient se substituer à la responsabilité pénale classique. En conclusion, à la charnière du droit de la peine et de la procédure pénale, cette étude se présente comme un essai de théorisation de l’évolution du rôle du juge répressif en matière d’enfermement et s’inscrit dans une réflexion plus globale sur l’office du juge au XXIème siècle
The thesis proposes to apprehend the criminal confinement strictly in terms of the role of criminal court. From a binary classification of criminal confinement measures, centered around the culpability test, two separate movements could be identified. The first change concerns the role of the criminal court in confinement which is based on the criterion of guilt. The study then examines the freedom granted to it in the process of the sentence of imprisonment. It appears that the sovereignty of the judge is subject to a double mutation. While sovereignty appears weakened in the process of recourse to the death of confinement, due to authorities that exercise some influence on him, it is fully devoted to the contrary when it comes to the judge to adapt the execution of that sentence. This development questions more broadly about the meaning and the future of the office sanctioning the criminal courts.The second change concerns the judge's role in the custodial measures that stand in contrast to the foundation of guilt. The judge appears here under construction. The study then distinguishes the deprivation of liberty prior to sentencing, for the proper conduct of criminal proceedings, described as "entrapment-procedural ', those are mainly based on the dangerousness of the individual to whom they s'apply, described as "confinement-security". For the former, the role of the judge appears in search of balance, given the need to balance respect for the presumption of innocence and the needs of investigations. Regarding the second, we are seeing the emergence of an original role, unique, transcending the boundaries traditionally assigned

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35

Sarel, Roee [Verfasser]. "The impact of appeal systems on incentives of judges and potential criminals / Roee Sarel ; Frankfurt School of Finance & Management gGmbH." Frankfurt am Main : Frankfurt School of Finance & Management gGmbH, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1168673747/34.

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36

Trouille, Helen L. "Rights, responsibilities and reform : a study of French justice (1990-2016)." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/16020.

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Анотація:

The principal questions addressed in this portfolio of eleven publications concern the reforms to French justice at the end of the twentieth and beginning of the twenty-first centuries. The portfolio is accompanied by a supporting statement explaining the genesis and chronology of the portfolio, its originality and the nature of the submission's distinct contribution to knowledge. The thesis questions whether the reforms protect the rights of the defence adequately. It considers how the French state views its responsibility to key figures in criminal justice, be they suspected and convicted criminals, the victims of offences or the professionals who are prosecuting the offences. It reflects upon the role of the examining magistrate, the delicate relationship between justice, politics and the media, breaches of confidentiality and the catastrophic conditions in which suspects and prisoners are detained in French prisons. It then extends its scope to a case study of the prosecution of violent crimes before the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and discovers significant flaws in procedures even at international levels. In concluding, it asks whether, given the challenges facing the French criminal justice system, French courts are adequately equipped to assure justice when suspects charged with the most serious international crimes appear before them under the principle of universal jurisdiction. The research, carried out over a number of years, relies predominantly on an analysis of French-language sources and represents a unique contribution to the understanding and knowledge of French justice for an English-speaking public at the turn of the twenty-first century.

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Reggio, Ross C. "Harmless Constitutional Error: How a Minor Doctrine Meant to Improve Judicial Efficiency is Eroding America's Founding Ideals." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2253.

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Анотація:

The United States Constitution had been in existence for almost two hundred years before the Supreme Court decided that some violations of constitutional rights may be too insignificant to warrant remedial action. Known as "harmless error," this statutory doctrine allows a court to affirm a conviction when a mere technicality or minor defect did not affect the defendant's substantial rights. The doctrine aims to promote judicial efficiency and judgment finality. The Court first applied harmless error to constitutional violations by shifting the statutory test away from the error's effect on substantial rights to its impact on the jury's verdict. Over time, the test evolved even further, now allowing a court to disregard the constitutional error when a majority of justices believe that the untainted record evidence shows that the defendant is, in fact, guilty. This sacrifice of individual and institutional constitutional protections at the altar of judicial efficiency and judgment finality subverts the harmless error doctrine's purposes and strikes at the core of America's founding ideals. In particular, it allows appellate courts to invade the jury's role as the finder of fact and guilt, to sidestep their constitutional role to review and correct errors and protect the Constitution, and to incentivize government actors to commit constitutional violations with little-to-no ramifications. After conducting a comprehensive review of the harmless error doctrine and its development, this thesis traces through many substantive, theoretical, and practical problems with the doctrine's current application. It then proposes that the Constitution and the values that it protects should once again be elevated above the harmless error doctrine's pragmatic concerns of judicial efficiency and judgment finality.

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DeGeorge, Michelle. "Attitudes & Opinions of Circuit Court Judges on the Issue of Substance Abuse During Pregnancy." TopSCHOLAR®, 1992. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2248.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the attitudes and opinions of circuit court judges in Kentucky concerning the issue of pregnancy and substance abuse. A questionnaire was mailed to all 90 circuit court judges in Kentucky. The questionnaire, consisting of both a Likert scale and open-ended questions, dealt with concerns relating to the criminalization of pregnant substance abusers, fetal rights, state intervention in the case of pregnant substance abusers, and mothers rights. The ages of the judges, as well as their years of experience on the bench, were used to determine their attitudes on these issues. Results showed that older judges and more experienced judges were more likely to favor criminalization of pregnant substance abusers. Younger judges and less experienced judges, however, were less likely to favor criminalization of pregnant substance abusers.

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39

Le, Monnier de Gouville Pauline. "Le juge des libertés et de la détention." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020026.

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Анотація:

« Le juge des libertés et de la détention ». A l’oxymore de son appellation répond l’ambivalence de l’institution dans le procès pénal. Créé par la loi du 15 juin 2000 renforçant la protection de la présomption d’innocence et les droits des victimes, le magistrat s’impose, à l’origine, comme le compromis attendu entre la nécessité d’un nouveau contrôle de la détention provisoire et l’attachement français à l’institution du juge d’instruction. Investi d’un rôle central en la matière, le juge judiciaire a également vocation à intervenir dans le cadre de mesures diverses, que son contrôle irrigue les enquêtes pénales ou qu’il s’étende à d’autres contentieux, comme en matière de privation de liberté des étrangers, de visites et saisies administratives ou encore de l’hospitalisation sans consentement. La succession de modifications sporadiques de ses pouvoirs confirme sa fonction malléable, au service d’une quête pérenne : la protection des libertés, l’équilibre de l’avant-procès. Au rythme des louvoiements du législateur, le magistrat peine, pourtant, à s’identifier dans le processus pénal : hier au service des libertés, aujourd’hui de la coercition. Alors que l’institution semble poser les sédiments d’une nouvelle perception de la phase préparatoire du procès, l’évolution de son rôle préfigure d’autres mutations : de la justice pénale, des acteurs judiciaires, l’esquisse, enfin, d’une équation processuelle singulière. La présente recherche propose ainsi de situer ce magistrat au coeur de ces évolutions, comme la trame embryonnaire d'un "renouveau" de la phase préparatoire du procès
« The Judge for freedom and detention » [Le juge des libertés et de la détention]. The oxymoron of its name reflects the ambivalence of this institution in criminal matters. Founded by the June 15, 2000 statute which reinforces the protection of presumption of innocence as well as the victims’ rights, this magistrate originally imposed itself as the expected compromise between the necessity of a new control over custody and ties of the French to the institution of the investigating judge [juge d‟instruction]. Empowered with a central role in this matter, the judiciary judge must also intervene when various measures are considered, both during criminal investigations and other types of litigations, such as those depriving foreigners of their freedom, administrative search and seizures or hospitalization without consent. The succession of the sporadic modifications of its powers only confirms the flexible nature of its function to serve a never ending quest: the protection of civil liberties and the balance of the pre-trial. As the legislator hedges, the institution struggles to find its place within the criminal process. Yesterday dedicated to civil liberties, today to coercion. Whilst the institution seems to set the basis for a new perception of the pre-trial phase, the evolution of its role announces further transformations: to criminal justice, to the judiciary actors and finally, the preparation of a singular equation in the litigation process. The present paper offers to locate this magistrate within these evolutions as the embryonic plot of a “new era” in the pre-trial phase

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Payan, Philippe. "Le sursis à statuer du juge civil après mise en mouvement de l'action publique : retour sur la règle "Le criminel tient le civil en état"." Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX32051.

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Анотація:

L'article 4, alinéa 2 du Code de procédure pénale prévoit qu'il est sursis au jugement de l'action civile tant qu'il n'a pas été prononcé définitivement sur l'action publique lorsque celle-ci a été mise en mouvement. Cette disposition de procédure pénale permet de régir le cours du procès civil en réparation du préjudice causé par l'infraction. Classiquement, cette règle est exprimée par l'adage bien connu "Le criminel tient le civil en état". Mais une réforme récente, issue de la loi n°2007-291 du 5 mars 2007, lui a apporté des modifications importantes. Un alinéa 3 totalement nouveau prévoit en effet que la mise en mouvement de l'action publique n'impose pas la suspension du jugement des autres actions, c'est-à-dire des actions à fins civiles, même si la décision à intervenir au pénal est susceptible d'exercer une influence sur la solution du procès civil. Quelles sont les conséquences de la nouvelle rédaction de l'article 4 du Code de procédure pénale? D'une part, la règle "Le criminel tient le civil en état" est désormais limité à l'action civile alors qu'auparavant elle s'appliquait à toutes les actions en relation avec l'infraction. D'autre part, le juge civil n'est plus obligé mais peut néanmoins suspendre le jugement d'une action à fins civiles. Autrement dit, le sursis à statuer du juge civil après mise en mouvement de l'action publique est dorénavant tantôt obligatoire tantôt facultative. Cette dualité dans l'exception dilatoire répond à une remise en cause chronique de la règle "Le criminel tient le civil en état". Mais elle ne résout pas toutes les questions, notamment celle de sa justification et celle de son détournement. Cette étude propose donc des solutions quant au fondement du sursis à statuer (autorité du pénal) et quant à la sanction de son utilisation abusive (amende civile). Enfin, la réforme du 5 mars 2007 reste muette sur les conséquences d'une contrariété entre un jugement civil et un jugement pénal. Or la Cour de cassation a consacré récemment l'applicabilité du pourvoi en cassation pour contrariété de jugements en présence d'une contradiction inter juridictionnelle au civil et au pénal. Le "nouveau" sursis à statuer du juge civil après mise en mouvement de l'action publique bénéficie ainsi d'une justification consolidée et d'une mise en oeuvre rationalisée
The article 4, paragraph 2 of the Code of criminal procedure states that the judgment of the civil action is deferred until public action is definitely pronounced. This provision of criminal procedure aims to rule the civil trial on claim of damages repair of damage caused by a beach of law. Classically, this rule is expressed by the adage "criminal action takes precedence over civil action". But a recent reform, stemming from the law N°2007-291 of March 5th 2007, brought important amendments to this rule. Indeed, a brand new paragraph 3 states that public action does not impose suspension of other actions judgments, which means that civil actions, even if the decision to intervene on the criminal aspect may play a role on the outcome of the civil trial. What are the consequences of the new writing of article 4 of the Code of criminal procedure? On the one hand, the rule "criminal action takes precedence over civil action" is now limited to the civil action while previously it applied to any actions in connection with the breach of law. On the other hand, the civil judge is not obliged any more, but can nevertheless suspend the judgment, of civil action. In other words, the deferring of a judgment by the civil judge after stake the public action is put in movement in either compulsory or optional. This duality in the dilatory exception is an answers to a chronical debate upon the opportunity of the rule "criminal action takes precedence over civil action". But it does not solve all the questions, in particular that of its justification and that of its misuse. This study thus proposes solutions as for the base of the adjournment (authority of the penal) and as for the sanction of its abuse. Finally, the reform of March 5th, 2007 remains silent regarding the consequences of a contradiction between a civil judgment and a criminal one. However, the Supreme Court recently consecrated the applicability of the appeal for contradiction of judgments when a contradiction appears between the civil and the criminal jurisdiction. The "new" adjournment of the civil judge after public action is put in movement has now a strengthened justification and a rationalized implementation

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41

Tin, Fong, and 田芳. "An exploratory study of magistrates' responses to wife abuse." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31250725.

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Filippi, Jessica. "Droit pénal des mineurs et justice restaurative. Approche comparée franco-belge." Thesis, Pau, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PAUU2004.

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Анотація:

La présente recherche porte sur les rapports entre droit pénal des mineurs et justice restaurative dans le cadre d’une approche comparative entre la France et la Belgique. Au-delà de la révélation de similitudes et de différences entre les deux pays dans ces domaines, la recherche aborde également les difficultés présentées par la France et la Belgique dans l’acceptation de la justice restaurative en droit pénal des mineurs et de son développement au sein des institutions judiciaires. Par l’étude des raisons qui ont conduit la France à manquer le tournant restauratif et de celles ayant permis, en Belgique, l’implantation de la justice restaurative dans le droit pénal des mineurs, des points d’ancrage sont relevés de nature à permettre son épanouissement dans l’ordonnance du 2 février 1945. Une expérimentation dans un service éducatif de réparation pénale a été menée avec le souci de prendre en compte des problématiques intéressant le service lui-même (logiques actuarielles, prudentielles, financières, idéologies professionnelles, craintes diverses). L’analyse des pratiques souligne que les services de réparation pénale, inscrits dans une rationalité managériale du traitement du phénomène criminel juvénile, sont limités dans la mise en œuvre des démarches de justice restaurative. Il s’avère également que quelques prises en compte du mineur et des modalités de l’exécution de la mesure envisagée par les éducateurs facilitent (approche psycho-criminologique du passage à l’acte inscrit dans une dimension psycho-socio-éducative de la réparation) ou bien inhibent (approche criminologique de l’acte inscrit dans une dimension rétributive de la réparation) des programmes de justice restaurative. Pour autant, quand bien même la pratique facilite une telle expérimentation, lorsque les éducateurs disposent de mission de « réparation-directe » notamment, des obstacles d’ordre idéologique s’observent au niveau de l’accueil, du démarchage et de la participation de la victime. Il demeure cependant essentiel de souligner que, par la présentation des principes et des promesses de la Justice restaurative aux éducateurs rencontrés, les écueils identifiés tombent, principalement quant à la présence de la victime lors de la mise en œuvre de la réparation pénale directe. Une telle évolution des postures professionnelles augure d’une intégration harmonieuse prochaine des démarches de justice restaurative en droit pénal des mineurs
This research focuses on the juvenile criminal law and restorative justice in a comparative approach between France and Belgium. Beyond revealing the similarities and differences of these countries in these fields, the research also carters to the difficulties encountered by France and Belgium in the acceptance of restorative justice in juvenile criminal law and its development in the judicial institutions. By studying the reasons that led France to miss the “turning” of restorative justice and those enabled, in Belgium enabled, the implementation of restorative justice in the criminal law for minors, anchor points have been identified for its development in the order of 2 February 1945. Subsequently, an experiment in youth justice service on the reparation measures was led considering difficulties which concern the service itself (actuarial logic, supervisory, financial, professional ideologies and fears). Our analysis of practices in the youth justice services on the reparation measures, reveals that the experimentation of restorative justice is limited by a managerial rationality treatment of juvenile criminal phenomenon. Also, some of the minor approaches and their implementation in the measure facilitate (psycho-criminological approach to acting out part and a psycho-socio-educational dimension in reparation) or inhibit (criminological approach to act itself and a retributive dimension in reparation) restorative justice programs. However, even if the practice facilitates experimentation and that educators apply “direct reparation”, ideological barriers remain in dealing with victims. However, it remains essential to underline that, thanks to the presentation of the principles and promises of restorative justice educators met, the identified pitfalls fall, mainly with the presence of the victim during the implementation of “direct reparation”. Such a development professional postures omen a harmonious integration of next restorative justice approaches in juvenile criminal law

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Malila, Ikanyeng Stonto. "A comparative study of normative aspects of the (criminal) trial process in customary and magistrate courts in Botswana, with specific reference to the structure of discretion of judges in sentencing matters." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24890.

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Анотація:

This thesis is a comparative study of outcomes of the criminal process in customary and magistrate courts in Botswana with specific reference to sentencing outcomes. The main objective of the study was to determine whether differences in the structure of the sentencing discretion of judges of customary and magistrate courts as regards the types and combinations of punishments they may impose in respect of any offence triable in either type of court resulted in the imposition of unjustifiably dissimilar punishments for similar offences. Accordingly, the study examined and compared disposals and sentencing patterns of the customary and magistrate courts more generally, and more specifically the use and severity of multiple punishment(s) awarded by the two courts in respect of similar offences in the period 1991-2001. The primary hypothesis was substantially, if only partially supported, in so far as it assumed that differences in the use and severity of multiple punishments could be explained primarily in terms of differences in the discretion of the judges as regards combinations of punishments they may employ against any particular triable-either-way offence. The study found that, though some of the differences in types and combinations of multiple punishments deployed by the two courts could be attributed to differences in the structure of the discretion as to combination of punishments as postulated, some could not be explained in those terms despite the apparent exclusive use by one type of court as against the other of particular combinations of multiple punishments. Nevertheless, the study found that when customary courts employed multiple punishments, they tended to punish more severely than magistrate courts did similar offences. This was evident from the following general patterns: (a) the variety of punishment combinations deployed by customary courts exceeded those employed by magistrate courts, sometimes by a very wide margin (b) it was not unusual for the average number of multiple punishments used to punish a single offence in customary courts to exceed three whereas those deployed by magistrate courts rarely exceeded two (c)customary courts registered the highest severity scores across all offence groups considered (d) the severity score differentials ranged from large to very large. Taken together, these differences amounted to unjustifiable disparities between the sentencing outcomes of the two courts.

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44

Lestrade, Éric. "Les principes directeurs du procès dans la jurisprudence du Conseil Constitutionnel." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40033/document.

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Malgré le peu de fondements écrits consacrés à la justice dans le texte de la Constitution du 4 octobre 1958, le Conseil constitutionnel, en réalisant un travail d’actualisation à partir de la Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen, a permis l’émergence d’un droit constitutionnel processuel, construit autour de principes directeurs. Ceux-ci peuvent être répartis dans trois catégories : deux principales, selon que l’acteur du procès prioritairement concerné soit le juge ou les parties et une troisième, complémentaire, celle des garanties procédurales, permettant de favoriser les qualités essentielles du juge et de contrôler le respect des droits des parties. Une gradation des exigences du Conseil constitutionnel est discrètement perceptible entre les deux premières catégories de principes, plus facilement identifiable entre celles-ci et la dernière famille. Cette échelle décroissante de « densité » des principes directeurs du procès témoigne d’une véritable politique jurisprudentielle en matière de droit constitutionnel processuel, qui met l’accent sur l’accès au juge, doté des qualités indispensables à l’accomplissement de sa mission juridictionnelle. Toutefois, aussi satisfaisante que soit l’action du juge constitutionnel français à l’égard du droit du procès, celle-ci nécessiterait aujourd’hui le relais du constituant, afin de moderniser le statut constitutionnel de la justice
In spite of a relatively low number of written dispositions dedicated to justice inside of the body of the Constitution of October 1958 4th, the constitutional Council, while updating this text through the Declaration of Human Rights, contributed to the development of a procedural constitutional law, which is structured around guiding principles. Those principles can be classified within three different categories : two major categories depend on the trial actor that is primarily concerned, either the judge or the parties; a third and additional category pertaining to procedural protections, fosters the essential qualities of the judge and secure the protection of the parties’ rights. A gradation of the requirements of the constitutional Council is discreetly perceptible between the first two categories of principles, and more easily identifiable between those first two categories and the last one. This decreasing scale of “density” yoked to the trial guiding principles highlights a genuine judicial policy when it comes to procedural constitutional law, emphasizing access to the judge, whom is given essential qualities in order to achieve its judicial duty. However, the action of the French constitutional judge, as satisfactory as it is towards the rights of the trial, would easily support the intervention of the constituent power in order to update Justice’s constitutional status

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45

Rottier, Benjamin. "L'aveu en droit processuel : essai de contribution à la révélation d’un droit commun." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D008.

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La force particulière attribuée à l'aveu judiciaire civil procède, à l'origine, d'un rattachement contestable à la confessio in jure, qui constituait un acquiescement à la demande. Si l'on restitue à l'aveu sa dimension probatoire qu'avait dégagée le droit savant médiéval, il apparaît que la nature de l'aveu porte l'empreinte de la volonté alors que son régime est fortement influencé par la recherche d'une vérité par le juge. D'un côté, l'exigence d'intégrité et de liberté de la volonté d'avouer, en droit judiciaire privé comme en procédure pénale, donne à l'aveu la nature d'un acte juridique destiné à constituer une preuve, laquelle ne peut porter que sur un fait. Il est alors possible de distinguer les véritables aveux, qui procèdent d'une telle volonté, d'autres figures juridiques dans lesquelles l'aveu est retenu à titre de sanction contre le plaideur qui, en procédure civile ou en contentieux administratif, méconnaît l'imperium procédural du juge. De l'autre côté, la preuve constituée par l'aveu est toujours appréciée souverainement par les juges du fond. Si le juge judiciaire civil doit tenir le fait avoué pour acquis, c'est pour cette raison que l'aveu réalise la concordance des allégations des parties qui, en application du principe dispositif, interdit au juge de fonder sa décision sur un autre moyen de fait. L'irrévocabilité de l'aveu connait deux manifestations, l'une substantielle, par laquelle la preuve est définitivement constituée, l'autre procédurale, qui emporte l'irrecevabilité du moyen de fait contraire à l'aveu. L'indivisibilité de l'aveu peut être analysée comme procédant de la condition suspensive ou résolutoire dont cet acte juridique peul être affecté
The strength of judicial civil confession is inherited from roman confessio in jure, that was however an admission of claim. Confession being held as an evidence since the medieval law, its nature wears the seal of will whereas its regime is mostly determined by search for the truth. On the one hand, requirement of a free will, both in civil and criminal procedures, grants confession the nature of a legal act intended to prove a fact. Thus genuine confessions can be distinguished from sanctions against litigants who disregard the judge’s imperium, in civil cases as well as in administrative cases. On the other hand, the weight of evidence brought by confession is always determined by the courts in their unfettered discretion. Obligation for civil jurisdictions to state only in consideration of the confessed fact relies on the principle of party disposition. Civil judicial confession 's legal irrevocability is both substantial, as the evidence is permanently constituted, and procedural, preventing the confessor to invoke an opposite allegation of fact. Confession's indivisibility can be analyzed as a result of the suspensive or resolutive condition under which this legal act can be granted

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46

Souza, Keity Mara Ferreira de. "Ne bis in idem: limites jur?dico-constitucionais ? persecu??o penal." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2003. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13875.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:27:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KeityMFS.pdf: 1141287 bytes, checksum: 00c052907580c678aaf9fa34f505b0fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-08-18
This legal research aims to demonstrate the prohibition in the Brazilian criminal system of a multiple imputation for the same fact in a simultaneous or successive way. For that it is developed a different idea of the subject. Through comparative, eletronic and bibliographical researches, the dissertation was accomplished in a way to establish the content of the foundations of the criminal procedural emphasizing as fundamental premise the values of the Constitution. In the first section it was demonstrated the limits of the theme and the objective of the research. After that, it was analyzed the basic function of the criminal suit which has the important mission of limiting state's punitive power. In the same way, the criminal procedure corresponds to a warranty of the citizens' freedom. In the same section, it is shown how it is possible to abandon the myth of the real truth in the criminal law system. In the third section of the research, there were pointed elements and definitions about the cognition object, specially the litigious object or "thema decidendum", and also the peculiarities of the judged cases. In the fourth section the subject about origins and evolution of the criminal procedure and its objectives in the legal system is developed to demonstrate its perspectives. Some aspects of the identity's concept of the presupposition of the facts are as well demonstrated in order to relate the theme to the prohibition of multiple imputation. There are also considerations about some other important aspects as the incidence of the legal rules and the possible change on the elements of the penal type. There are several comments about legal procedural in other legal systems comparing them to Brazilian's most elevated Courts. In the end it was systematized the limits to criminal imputation, emphasizing the defende's right as a foundation of the legal system. Is was registered that the ius persequendi can be exercised once
A presente disserta??o tem por objeto o estudo da proibi??o da m?ltipla persecu??o penal, pelo mesmo fato, seja de forma simult?nea ou sucessiva. Para tanto, atrav?s do m?todo dial?tico, foram realizadas pesquisas com o objetivo de estabelecer o conte?do do princ?pio ne bis in idem, em sua vertente processual penal, sempre tendo como premissa fundamental os valores albergados nos princ?pios e regras constitucionais. Assentados, no in?cio da primeira se??o do trabalho, a delimita??o do tema e o objetivo da pesquisa, analisou-se, em seguida, a fun??o basilar do processo penal, o qual, numa vis?o garantista, tem a relevante miss?o de limitar frear - a f?ria do poder punitivo estatal, correspondendo a um efetivo instrumento de garantia da liberdade dos cidad?os, quando subjugados ao ius persequendi. Nessa mesma se??o, restaram destacadas a consagra??o do modelo acusat?rio de processo pela Constitui??o Brasileira de 1988 e a necessidade de abandonar o mito da verdade real, como princ?pio informador do processo penal constitucional. Na segunda se??o da pesquisa, foram apontados os elementos definidores do objeto de cogni??o, especialmente do objeto litigioso ou thema decidendum, havendo, tamb?m, sido abordadas as peculiaridades do instituto da coisa julgada no processo penal. Dando continuidade ? pesquisa, na terceira se??o, discorreu-se sobre a origem e evolu??o do princ?pio ne bis in idem, centrando-se no tema da pesquisa, qual seja, sua manifesta??o no processo penal e a interpreta??o que se deve atribuir aos termos que comp?em sua express?o: rela??o processual com unidade de sujeito e de fato, atrav?s de senten?a definitiva. Deu-se ?nfase, sobretudo, aos aspectos controvertidos do conceito de identidade do fato como pressuposto da proibi??o de m?ltipla persecu??o, abordando-se, dentre outros aspectos, a incid?ncia de concurso aparente de normas e a altera??o dos elementos do tipo penal. Constam, ainda, dessa se??o, lineamentos gerais acerca da aplica??o do princ?pio ne bis in idem processual no direito comparado e nas cortes brasileiras. Por ?ltimo, sistematizou-se o sentido e alcance do princ?pio ne bis in idem, como limite ? persecu??o penal, al?m de terem sido apresentadas sugest?es, inclusive, de lege ferenda, a fim de que seja efetivamente garantido o direito fundamental assegurado ? defesa, no sentido de que, pelo mesmo substrato f?tico, o ius persequendi somente poder? ser exercido uma vez

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47

Lapierre, Anne-Sophie. "La motivation du jugement pénal." Thesis, Toulon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUL0097.

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Au XIXe siècle, l’obligation de motivation du juge, conquête lente et difficile de par son lien fort avec l’autorité de la justice, est présentée comme « une des conquêtes les plus heureuses dans l’administration de la justice ». Instaurée à l’époque révolutionnaire pour lutter contre l’arbitraire, quatre mots satisfont à l’énoncer « il doit être motivé ». Entendue comme la simple justification des mobiles du juge, elle s’appréhende selon une pure logique déductive. Or, divers chamboulements au sein de notre société révèlent les multiples facettes de ce principe. L’influence de la Cour européenne fait sortir la motivation de son carcan procédural où, la simple justification se mue en explication persuasive, pour devenir un acte fort de rhétorique. Parallèlement, la loi perd de sa sacralité. Sa complexité croissante démontre ses limites à une époque où notre société en mutation revendique une justice davantage démocratique. La motivation devient ainsi une condition de légitimité des décisions de justice et un gage de légitimation du juge. Étudiée en matière pénale, elle s’avère particulièrement propice de par son rôle particulier au sein de notre société, invitant notre justice contemporaine à considérer à l’inverse, la nature subjective, relative des émotions. Simple obligation processuelle rattachée aux droits de la défense, la demande de connaissance démontre l’émergence d’une obligation autonome qui, tiraillée entre technique rédactionnelle et outil politico-social, pousse notre réflexion sur la place de la justice pénale. Apparaissant en crise, ce principe, loin de s’amenuiser, ne s’avère être que le miroir d’une justice pénale nécessitant d’être redéfinie
In the nineteenth century, the obligation to state reasons of the judge, slow and difficult conquest due to its strong link with the authority of justice, was presented as "one of the happiest conquests in the administration of justice". Introducing the revolutionary era to fight against the arbitrary, meet four words to state "it must be motivated." Understood as the simple proof of the judge’s mobile, she apréhende as a pure deductive logic. However, various upheavals in our society reveal the many facets of this principle. The influence of the European Court brings out the motivation of its procedural straitjacket where the simple justification turns into persuasive explanation, to become a strong act of speech. Parallèment, the law loses its sacredness. The increasing complexity seems to show its limits, at a time when our changing society claims a more democratic justice. Motivation becomes a condition of legitimacy of judicial decisions and judge the legitimacy of quality. Studied in criminal matters, it is particularly suitable because of its particular role within our society, inviting our contemporary Justice to consider on the contrary, the subjective nature on emotions. Simple procedural obligation attached to the defense of rights, the application for knowledge demonstrates the emergence of an autonomous obligation, editorial torn between technical and political-social tool, pushing our reflection on the role of criminal justice. Appearing in crisis, this principle far from dwindling, turns out to be not the mirror of criminal justice need to be redefined

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48

Capdepon, Yannick. "Essai d’une théorie générale des droits de la défense." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40029.

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Si l’on s’accorde à dire que les droits de la défense sont un principe fondamental du droit processuel sans lequelune procédure ne saurait être dite équitable, le sens technique de cette notion demeure aujourd’hui toujoursobscur. En effet, l’approche traditionnelle consistant à définir les droits de la défense comme un ensemble degaranties dont dispose toute partie à une procédure afin d’y défendre ses intérêts ne parvient pas à lever toutesles incertitudes et, surtout, ne permet pas de comprendre rationnellement l’ensemble des hypothèses danslesquelles on peut constater leur utilisation technique et concrète.En arrière-plan des différentes garanties, les droits de la défense semblent se présenter comme un conceptdistinct de celles-ci. Ils sont en eux-mêmes une véritable norme introduite en droit positif sous la forme d’unprincipe fondamental dont les différentes garanties assurent l’effectivité. Imposant que toute personne soumise àun pouvoir décisionnel soit mise en mesure de se défendre, c’est-à-dire de soutenir ou de contester uneprétention, cette norme irrigue concrètement le droit positif en fondant aussi bien la nullité d’une procédure quel’irresponsabilité pénale de l’auteur d’une infraction
If it is agreed that defense rights are a fundamental principle of procedural law, without which, no trial could besaid to be fair, the technical sense of this concept still remains obscure today. Traditionally defined as anensemble of guarantees, which each party to the proceedings is entitled to in order to defend its interests, thisplural approach to the concept does not however remove all uncertainties. It especially does not allow us torationally understand all the situations in which we can see its concrete and technical application.Among the different guarantees, defense rights seem to present themselves as a distinct, separate concept. Theyare in themselves a true standard introduced into the substasntive law in the form of a fundamental principlewhere the different guarantees ensure its effectiveness. Stating that any person subject to a decision-makingauthority should be able to defend her or himself, that is to say to support or to deny a claim, this legal standardencompasses, concretely, positive law by basing both the nullity of a procedure and the irresponsibility of anoffender

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49

Alphonse, Katiuscia. "L'évolution du droit pénal des mineurs délinquants en Haïti." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0006.

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La construction du droit pénal des mineurs délinquants en Haïti a débuté avec le Code pénal de 1826, avant d’évoluer considérablement au XXe siècle. La loi du 16 juillet 1952 va marquer une première étape importante dans le traitement spécifique de la délinquance des mineurs. La loi du 7 septembre 1961 sur le mineur en face de la loi pénale et des tribunaux spéciaux pour enfants, s’inspirant de l’ordonnance française n° 45-174 du 2 février 1945 va ensuite mettre en place ce qui peut être décrit comme un véritable code fondamental de la minorité pénale, démontrant sans conteste la spécificité du droit pénal des mineurs. Cette affirmation d’une réponse pénale spécifique à la délinquance des mineurs, confirmée par l’avant projet du nouveau Code pénal de 2015, caractérise l’évolution du droit pénal des mineurs en Haïti. L’évolution du droit substantiel des mineurs délinquant se caractérise par la mise en place d’une réponse pénale spécifique. Sa spécificité s’affirme tant au niveau des conditions de sa mise en œuvre, à travers les règles de la responsabilité pénale des mineurs, que dans sa nature même, marquée par un objectif éducatif incontestable tout en conservant en parallèle un aspect répressif certain. Au niveau processuel, l’émergence d’une justice pénale des mineurs spécifique en Haïti se traduit par une adaptation des institutions, notamment par la création de juridictions spécifiques, et par l’élaboration de procédures adaptées
The construction of the criminal law of the juvenile offenders in Haiti began with the penal code of 1826, before evolving considerably in the 20th century. The law of July 16, 1952 will mark an important first step in the treatment of the juvenile delinquency. The Act of 7 September 1961 on minors facing criminal charges, inspired by the French ordinance No. 45-174 of 2 february 1945 will then establish what can be described as a real fundamental code of juvenile law, unquestionably demonstrating the specificity of the penal law of the minors. This affirmation of a specific criminal response to juvenile delinquency, confirmed by the preliminary draft of the new penal code of 2015, characterizes the evolution of juvenile justice in Haiti. The evolution of the substantive law of the juvenile delinquent is characterized by the implementation of a specific law response. Its specificity is asserted both in terms of its implementation, through the rules of the criminal responsibility of minors, and in its very nature, marked by a compelling educational goal while maintaining in parallel a certain repressive aspect. At the level of procedural, the emergence of a specific juvenile law in Haiti translates by an adaptation of institutions, especially through the establishment of specific jurisdictions, and the development of procedures that were adapted

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Ngameni, Herman Blaise. "La diffusion du droit international pénal dans les ordres juridiques africains." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF10457.

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Aujourd’hui, l’Afrique est sans aucun doute la partie du monde la plus affectée par la commission des crimes internationaux les plus graves. Pourtant, depuis des décennies, il existe des mécanismes juridiques visant à sanctionner les responsables des crimes qui heurtent la conscience humaine. Seulement, l’échec relatif de ces mécanismes peut pousser l’observateur à se demander s’il est possible de garantir la diffusion du droit international pénal sur le continent africain. Cette interrogation est loin d’être incongrue, car même si un nombre important d’états africains ont ratifié le Statut de Rome qui organise la répression du génocide, des crimes contre l’humanité, des crimes de guerre et même du crime d’agression, il n’en demeure pas moins que l’application de ce Statut dans les différents ordres juridiques concernés est très souvent compromise. La principale raison à cela c'est que, le droit international pénal ne tient pas forcément compte des particularismes juridiques des états qui ont pourtant la primauté de compétence, en vertu du principe de subsidiarité, pour sanctionner la commission des crimes internationaux selon les règles classiques de dévolution des compétences. De plus, il faut préciser que l’Afrique est le terrain de prédilection du pluralisme juridique qui favorise la juxtaposition de l’ordre juridique moderne et de l’ordre juridique traditionnel. Si le premier est en principe réceptif aux normes internationales pénales, le second qu’il soit musulman ou coutumier avec l’exemple des Gacaca rwandais, repose sur une philosophie juridique différente de celle du droit international pénal. Dans tous les cas, l’articulation du droit international pénal avec les ordres juridiques africains est une des conditions de sa diffusion. Cette articulation pourrait d’ailleurs être favorisée par le dialogue entre les juges nationaux et internationaux qui doivent travailler en bonne intelligence pour édifier un système international pénal ; d’où l’intérêt pour les états africains de favoriser une coopération effective avec les juridictions pénales internationales. Il va sans dire que, tout ceci ne sera possible qu’au sein des régimes politiques démocratiques capables de renoncer aux règles et pratiques juridiques anachroniques pour s’appuyer sur une politique criminelle pouvant favoriser, dans un avenir plus ou moins lointain, un véritable universalisme du droit international pénal
Today, Africa is undoubtedly part of the world most affected by the commission of the most serious international crimes. Yet for decades, there are legal mechanisms to punish those responsible for crimes that shock the conscience of humanity. But the relative failure of these mechanisms can push the viewer to wonder if it is possible to ensure the dissemination of international criminal law on the African continent. This question is far from being incongruous, because even if a significant number of African states have ratified the Rome Statute that governs the fight against genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the crime of aggression even, the fact remains that the application of the Statute in the different legal systems involved is often compromised. The main reason for this is that international criminal law does not necessarily take into account the legal peculiarities of the states that have yet the primacy of jurisdiction under the subsidiarity principle, to sanction the commission of international crimes by the conventional rules devolution of powers. In addition, it should be noted that Africa is the stomping ground of legal pluralism that promotes juxtaposition of the modern legal system and traditional law. If the first is normally receptive to criminal international standards, the second whether Muslim or customary with the example of the Rwandan Gacaca is based on a different legal philosophy from that of international criminal law. In all cases, the articulation of international criminal law with African legal systems is one of the conditions of release. This link could also be encouraged by the dialogue between national and international judges who must work in harmony to build an international criminal system; hence the need for African states to promote effective cooperation with international criminal courts. It goes without saying that all this will be possible only in democratic political systems which can waive the rules and legal practices anachronistic to press a criminal policy that can promote in a more or less distant future, a true universalism of international criminal law

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