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Статті в журналах з теми "Crassostrea gigas – Comportement animal":
1
Melo, Emílio Mateus Costa, Simone Sühnel, Francisco Carlos da Silva, and Claudio Manoel Rodrigues de Melo. "Induction to tetraploidy in Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas)." Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 44 (May 10, 2022): e55337. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v44i1.55337.
Анотація:
As an alternative to the use of cytochalasin B (CB), 6-dimethylamino-purine (6-DMAP) and thermal shock (heat shock by increasing the temperature from 25 to 36ºC) could be used to induce tetraploidy in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) diploids. Induction was performed by applying shocks after elimination of the first polar corpuscle at the end of meiosis I. Ploidy rates were verified using flow cytometry. Tetraploid larvae were obtained using all inductor (6-DMAP, thermal shock and CB) treatments. No difference in the efficiency of tetraploidy induction was noted among 6-DMAP, thermal shock and CB. The number of D-larvae and their yield, determined by calculating the percentage of well-formed D-larvae in relation to the total number of larvae, was similar (p > 0.05) among the evaluated induction methods. We suggest that 6-DMAP and thermal shock should be used in tetraploidy induction protocols, thereby avoiding the use of CB, which is a harmful agent for both humans and the environment.
2
Launey, Sophie, and Dennis Hedgecock. "High Genetic Load in the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas." Genetics 159, no. 1 (September 1, 2001): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/159.1.255.
Анотація:
Abstract The causes of inbreeding depression and the converse phenomenon of heterosis or hybrid vigor remain poorly understood despite their scientific and agricultural importance. In bivalve molluscs, related phenomena, marker-associated heterosis and distortion of marker segregation ratios, have been widely reported over the past 25 years. A large load of deleterious recessive mutations could explain both phenomena, according to the dominance hypothesis of heterosis. Using inbred lines derived from a natural population of Pacific oysters and classical crossbreeding experiments, we compare the segregation ratios of microsatellite DNA markers at 6 hr and 2–3 months postfertilization in F2 or F3 hybrid families. We find evidence for strong and widespread selection against identical-by-descent marker homozygotes. The marker segregation data, when fit to models of selection against linked deleterious recessive mutations and extrapolated to the whole genome, suggest that the wild founders of inbred lines carried a minimum of 8–14 highly deleterious recessive mutations. This evidence for a high genetic load strongly supports the dominance theory of heterosis and inbreeding depression and establishes the oyster as an animal model for understanding the genetic and physiological causes of these economically important phenomena.
3
Moal, J., J. Y. Daniel, D. Sellos, A. Van Wormhoudt, and J. F. Samain. "Amylase mRNA expression in Crassostrea gigas during feeding cycles." Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 170, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003600050003.
4
Leitão, Alexandra, Catherine Thiriot-Quiévreux, Pierre Boudry, and Isabel Malheiro. "A 'G' chromosome banding study of three cupped oyster species: Crassostrea gigas, Crassostrea angulata and Crassostrea virginica (Mollusca: Bivalvia)." Genetics Selection Evolution 31, no. 5 (1999): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1297-9686-31-5-519.
5
Kamaishi, Takashi, and Tomoyoshi Yoshinaga. "Detection of Haplosporidium nelsoni in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas in Japan." Fish Pathology 37, no. 4 (2002): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.37.193.
6
LYNCH, S. A., E. ABOLLO, A. RAMILO, A. CAO, S. C. CULLOTY, and A. VILLALBA. "Observations raise the question if the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, can act as either a carrier or a reservoir for Bonamia ostreae or Bonamia exitiosa." Parasitology 137, no. 10 (April 14, 2010): 1515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182010000326.
Анотація:
SUMMARYThis study investigated the ability of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, to act as a carrier or reservoir of the protistan Bonamia ostreae. Studies were carried out independently in Ireland and in Spain. Naïve C. gigas were exposed to B. ostreae both in the field and in the laboratory via natural exposure or experimental injection. Naïve flat oysters, Ostrea edulis, were placed in tanks with previously exposed C. gigas. Oysters were screened for B. ostreae by examination of ventricular heart smears and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening of tissue samples (gill and/or heart) and shell cavity fluid. PCR-positive oysters were further screened using histology and in situ hybridization (ISH). B. ostreae DNA was detected in the tissues and/or shell cavity fluid of a small number of C. gigas in the field and in the laboratory. B. ostreae-like cells were visualized in the haemocytes of 1 C. gigas and B. ostreae-like cells were observed extracellularly in the connective tissues of 1 other C. gigas. When C. gigas naturally exposed to B. ostreae were held with naïve O. edulis, B. ostreae DNA was detected in O. edulis; however, B. ostreae cells were not visualized. In Spain, B. exitiosa DNA was also detected in Pacific oyster tissues. The results of this study have important implications for C. gigas transfers from B. ostreae-endemic areas to uninfected areas and highlight B. ostreae and B. exitiosa's ability to survive extracellularly and in other non-typical hosts.
7
BATISTA, F. M., P. BOUDRY, A. DOS SANTOS, T. RENAULT, and F. RUANO. "Infestation of the cupped oysters Crassostrea angulata, C. gigas and their first-generation hybrids by the copepod Myicola ostreae: differences in susceptibility and host response." Parasitology 136, no. 5 (March 5, 2009): 537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009005691.
Анотація:
SUMMARYWe studied the prevalence and intensity of the parasitic copepod Myicola ostreae in 2 closely related oysters Crassostrea angulata and C. gigas and their F1 hybrids. The effects on host and host reaction were also analysed to better understand host-parasite relationships between copepods and bivalve molluscs. Full reciprocal crosses were carried out between C. angulata and C. gigas and the progenies were reared in the wild in Ria Formosa Lagoon (Portugal), allowing natural infestation by M. ostreae. Prevalence and intensity were significantly higher in C. angulata than in C. gigas. The parasite level of F1 hybrids was similar to C. angulata and significantly higher than in C. gigas. The results of our study support a hypothesis of dominantly inherited susceptibility to M. ostreae infestation. Moreover, copepods were observed on the gill surface of C. gigas engulfed by a capsule-like structure. Histological analyses revealed that the copepods were surrounded by a massive agglomerate of haemocyte-like cells encircled by a thin layer of fibroblast-like cells. This encapsulation response was not observed in C. angulata or in F1 hybrids. These results suggest that the differential susceptibility to M. ostreae between C. angulata and C. gigas may be ascribed to host defence factors.
8
Grijalva-Chon, José Manuel, Reina Castro-Longoria, Tania Lizbeth Enríquez-Espinoza, Alfonso Nivardo Maeda-Martínez, and Fernando Mendoza-Cano. "Molecular evidence of the protozoan parasite Marteilia refringens in Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea corteziensis from the Gulf of California." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 43, no. 4 (February 28, 2017): 776–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol43-issue4-fulltext-16.
Анотація:
The search for exotic pathogens related to the outbreaks and in surveillance samplings of the Mexican oyster farms, is a recent activity achieved by academic institutions and state committees for Aquatic Animal Health, with remarkable results. In samples of Crassostrea gigas collected through December 2009, January 2010 and November 2010, and of C. corteziensis in September 2011, the protozoan Marteilia refringens was detected for the first time in the Gulf of California. The carrier oysters were from cultures without abnormal mortality rates, whereby, the use of histology, in situ hybridization and transmission electron microscopy studies are necessary to determine if M. refringens has become established in the Gulf of California oyster cultures. Detection of M. refringens is of great concern to the global oyster farming industry.
9
Song, Kai. "Genomic Landscape of Mutational Biases in the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas." Genome Biology and Evolution 12, no. 11 (July 28, 2020): 1943–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa160.
Анотація:
Abstract Mutation is a driving force of evolution that has been shaped by natural selection and is universally biased. Previous studies determined genome-wide mutational patterns for several species and investigated the heterogeneity of mutational patterns at fine-scale levels. However, little evidence of the heterogeneity of mutation rates over large genomic regions was shown. Hence, the mutational patterns of different large-scale genomic regions and their association with selective pressures still need to be explored. As the second most species-rich animal phylum, little is known about the mutational patterns in Mollusca, especially oysters. In this study, the mutational bias patterns are characterized by using whole-genome resequencing data in the Crassostrea gigas genome. I studied the genome-wide relative rates of the pair mutations and found that the predominant mutation is GC -> AT, irrespective of the genomic regions. This analysis reveals that mutational biases were associated with gene expression levels across the C. gigas genome. Genes with higher expression levels and breadth expression patterns, longer coding length, and more exon numbers had relatively higher GC -> AT rates. I also found that genes with larger dN/dS values had relatively higher GC -> AT rates. This work represents the first comprehensive research on the mutational biases in Mollusca species. Here, I comprehensively investigated the relationships between mutational biases with some intrinsic genetic factors and evolutionary indicators and proposed that selective pressures are important forces shaping the mutational biases across the C. gigas genome.
10
Takahashi, Keisuke G., and Katsuyoshi Mori. "NADPH Oxidase-like Activity in Hemocytes of the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas." Fish Pathology 35, no. 1 (2000): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.35.15.
Дисертації з теми "Crassostrea gigas – Comportement animal":
1
Botté, Audrey. "Impact de la pollution lumineuse nocturne sur l’huitre creuse Crassostrea gigas : étude de la perturbation des rythmes biologiques et des conséquences physiologiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023BORD0494.
Анотація:
La lumière artificielle nocturne (LAN) masque les cycles naturels lumineux utilisés par les organismes pour synchroniser leurs rythmes biologiques avec l’environnement. En perturbant ces rythmes, LAN peut avoir de graves conséquences physiologiques. LAN touche fortement les environnements côtiers du fait de l’importante et croissante densité de population humaine. Cependant, malgré cette menace grandissante, les effets de LAN sur ces écosystèmes sont peu étudiés. L’huitre Crassostrea gigas est une espèce clé des environnements côtiers susceptible d’être exposée à LAN. Ce travail évalue les effets de LAN à des intensités faibles et realistes sur le rythme journalier comportemental et l’horloge interne de l’huitre en fonction de l’intensité, de la composition spectrale et de la modalité d’exposition. Par ailleurs, est aussi étudié l’impact de LAN sur la croissance coquillère et le microbiote branchial de l’huitre. Les résultats indiquent que LAN affecte le rythme journalier comportemental de C. gigas et son horloge moléculaire dès 0.1 lx avec les effets les plus forts en lumière bleue et les moins forts en lumière verte. De plus, cette étude suggère que couper les éclairages directs en milieu de nuit mais en présence d’éclairage indirect (« skyglow ») peut aggraver certains effets néfastes. Enfin, LAN diminue la croissance coquillère et entraine une dysbiose du microbiote branchial. Ces effets sont directement corrélés à la robustesse du rythme journalierArtificial Light At Night (ALAN) masks natural light cycles used by organisms to synchronize their biological rhythm with the environment. By disrupting these rhythms, ALAN can have harmful physiological consequences. Coastal environments are largely affected by ALAN due to the high and growing human population density. However, despite this growing threat, ALAN effects on these ecosystems are poorly studied. The oyster Crassostrea gigas is a key species of these ecosystems likely exposed to ALAN. This work evaluates ALAN effects at low and realistic intensities on the oyster’s behavioral daily rhythm and on its internal clock according to its intensity, spectral composition and exposure modality. Furthermore, the impact of ALAN is also studied on the oyster’s shell growth and gill’s microbiota. Results show that ALAN affects the oyster behavioral daily rhythm and its molecular clock, suggesting a disruption of its functioning, strating from 0.1 lx with the strongest effects in blue light and the least strong in green light. In addition, this study suggests that cutting off direct lighting in the middle of the night but in the presence of skyglow could increase harmful effects. Finally, ALAN reduces shell growth and leads to dysbiosis of the gill’s microbiota. These adverse effects are directly correlated with the daily rhythm robustness
2
La, Peyre Jerome F. "Studies on the oyster pathogen Perkinsus marinus (Apicomplexa): Interactions with host defenses of Crassostrea virginica and Crassostrea gigas, and in vitro propagation." W&M ScholarWorks, 1993. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616724.
Анотація:
The disease caused by the protozoan Perkinsus marinus has been a major source of mortality in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Variations in susceptibility to P. marinus infection among eastern oysters collected from the Chesapeake Bay and Gulf of Mexico, as well as between eastern and Pacific (Crassostrea gigas) oysters were determined. Since oyster host defense may play a role in determining susceptibility to pathogen infection, cellular and humoral defense activities of the oyster and their interactions with P. marinus were investigated. Procedures also had to be established to isolate, purify, and propagate in vitro, P. marinus. Eastern oysters from all sites were found to be highly susceptible to the pathogen. Cellular and humoral activities were significantly affected by heavy intensity of P. marinus infection. Prevalence and intensity of P. marinus infection were lower in Pacific oysters than in eastern oysters. Pacific oysters may offer a less favorable environment for the development of P. marinus compared to eastern oysters for at least two possible reasons: the elevated cellular and humoral activities may degrade the parasite more effectively, and lower plasma protein levels may limit parasite growth. Incubation of merozoites with hemocytes of eastern and Pacific oysters in vitro suggested that limited intracellular killing of P. marinus occurred but that killing was not mediated by oxygen metabolites. Perkinsus marinus was successfully propagated in vitro in a culture medium containing most of the known constituents of cell-free oyster hemolymph. Cultures of the parasite were initiated from heart fragments of infected oysters. The cultured protozoan was similar in morphology to P. marinus, enlarged in fluid thioglycollate medium, reacted with polyclonal antibodies raised against hypnospores and was infective. Continuous cultures of P. marinus could also be initiated from hypnospores. Two types of division, progressive cleavage and successive bipartition of the mother cell protoplast, were observed.
3
Cardona, Costa José. "EMBRYOLOGICAL AND MICROMANIPULATION TECHNIQUES IN ZEBRAFISH (Danio rerio) AND PACIFIC OYSTER (Crassostrea gigas)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/8326.
Анотація:
En este trabajo de tesis, se presentan diversos estudios experimentales, desarrollados prin cipalmente en pez cebra pero también en ostra del Pacífico, que persiguen la puesta a punto de técnicas relevantes para la utilización de estas dos especies en el campo de la biomedicina, la toxicogenómica y la acuicultura como modelo experimental.
En pez cebra, se han puesto a punto y testado:
Técnicas de vitrificación de tejido de aleta caudal, de blastómeras (en microvolúmenes) y de tejido gonadal.
Técnica de quimerismo de la línea germinal en estadio MBT, con una penalización previa por radiación ultravioleta de los embriones receptores.
Técnica de quimerismo larvario (larvas de 48-72 h) utilizando como donantes células testiculares obtenidas de individuos adultos y previamente criopreservadas.
Técnica de transplante nuclear utilizando como donantes núcleos de células somáticas adultas y larvarias.
Técnica de electroactivación en medio iónico de oocitos de pez cebra.
In ostra del Pacífico, se han puesto a punto y testado:
Evaluación de los cambios estacionales en la calidad oocitaria y espermática en ostra del Pacífico.
Técnica de electrofusión cigótica de cigotos obtenidos por fecundación in vitro en ostra del Pacífico.
Técnicas de vitrificación de tejido de aleta caudal, de blastómeras (en microvolúmenes) y de tejido gonadal.
En relación con este grupo de técnicas, señalar el diferente nivel de dificultad de cada una de ellas e incluso de los resultados alcanzados. Así, la vitrificación de tejido de la aleta caudal no ha supuesto problema adicional respecto a la aplicación de dicha técnica en los últimos años a tejidos epiteliales de cinco especies de mamíferos, lo que da idea de la versatilidad en el uso de dicha técnica de vitrificación básica. Por contra, la criopreservación de blastómeras ha supuesto un verdadero reto, ya que los patrones de permeabilidad celular en esta especie acuática es muy diferente a la característica en mamíferos.Cardona Costa, J. (2010). EMBRYOLOGICAL AND MICROMANIPULATION TECHNIQUES IN ZEBRAFISH (Danio rerio) AND PACIFIC OYSTER (Crassostrea gigas) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/8326
Palancia
4
Payton, Laura. "Chronobiologie moléculaire et comportementale des huîtres Crassostrea gigas diploïdes et triploïdes exposées à l'algue toxique Alexandrium minutum." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0613/document.
Анотація:
Les efflorescences de la micro-algue toxique Alexandrium minutum sont en constante augmentation au niveau mondial, accentuées par les apports anthropiques et le réchauffement global, et posent des problèmes écologiques, économiques et sanitaires. Lors d’une exposition à A. minutum, l’accumulation des phycotoxines paralysantes (PSP) dans les tissus semble être différente entre les huîtres diploïdes et triploïdes. Par ailleurs, de nombreuses fonctions physiologiques de l’huître C. gigas sont impactées. L’ensemble des fonctions physiologiques d’un organisme est régulé par des rythmes biologiques. Propriété fondamentale de la vie, les rythmes biologiques permettent aux organismes de se synchroniser et d’anticiper les variations cycliques de l’environnement. Dans mes travaux, je me suis intéressée aux rythmes biologiques des huîtres diploïdes et triploïdes C. gigas et à leurs interactions avec la contamination par les PSP. Une analyse in situ sur un an a mis en évidence une relation jusque-là inconnue entre le comportement valvaire de C. gigas et le cycle d’éclairement de la lune, ainsi qu’une relation fine et subtile des cycles comportementaux nycthéméraux et tidaux avec l’évolution annuelle de la photopériode. Cette relation est modulée par la ploïdie. Par ailleurs, la mise au point d’une approche non-invasive d’interférence par ARN a permis de mettre en évidence l’implication de l’horloge circadienne dans les processus de bioaccumulation des PSP chez C. gigas. Enfin, l’analyse du transcriptome cyclique dans les branchies de C. gigas a mis en évidence qu’au moins 42 % du transcriptome peut être exprimé de façon oscillante. Contre intuitivement, en condition d’alternance jour / nuit, une majorité de transcrits sont ultradiens, trois fois plus nombreux que les transcrits circadiens. Exposées à A. minutum, les huîtres ont montré un remodelage profond de leur transcriptome cyclique, pouvant entraîner la perte de synchronisation de l’huître avec son environnementHarmful algal blooms of Alexandrium minutum are constantly increasing at the global level, accentuated by anthropogenic contributions and global warming, causing ecological, economical and sanitary problems. During exposition to A. minutum, paralytic phycotoxins (PSP) accumulation differs between diploid and triploid oysters. Moreover, many physiological functions of the oyster C. gigas are impacted. All physiological functions of an organism are regulated by biological rhythms. As a fundamental property of life, biological rhythms allow organisms to synchronize and anticipate cyclic variations of the environment. In my work, I was interested in the biological rhythms of diploid and triploid oysters C. gigas, and their interactions with PSP contamination. A one-year in situ analysis revealed a previously unknown relationship between valve behavior of C. gigas and the lunar illumination cycle, as well as a fine and subtle relationship of the nycthemeral and tidal behavioral cycles with the annual evolution of the photoperiod. This relationship was modulated by the ploidy. Moreover, the development of a non-invasive approach of RNA interference revealed the involvement of the circadian clock in bioaccumulation processes of PSPs in C. gigas. Finally, analysis of the cyclic transcriptome in the gills of C. gigas showed that at least 42 % of the transcriptome can oscillate. Surprisingly, in day / night entrainment, most of transcripts were ultradians, three times more abundant than circadian transcripts. Exposed to A. minutum, results showed a profound remodeling of the cyclic transcriptome of C. gigas, which could lead to loss of synchronization of the oyster with its environment
5
Guévélou, Éric. "Étude fonctionnelle de l'AMP-activated protein kinase chez l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00863226.
Анотація:
L'objectif de cette thèse était de caractériser les éléments appartenant à la voie de signalisation énergétique AMP-activated protein kinase chez l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas afin de comprendre son implication dans la gestion de l'énergie, en particulier en réponse à des conditions physiologiques qui sollicitent de l'énergie telles que la reproduction, ou à des stress environnementaux comme l'hypoxie ou le jeûne. Au niveau génomique, les trois sous-unités constitutives du trimère AMPK ainsi que plusieurs éléments impliqués dans cette voie de signalisation et dans les métabolismes glucidiques et lipidiques, potentiellement cibles de l'AMPK, ont été décrits. Au niveau protéique, plusieurs anticorps hétérologues ciblant les isoformes de la sous-unité α et la phosphorylation du résidu thréonine 172 de la sous-unité α, témoin indirect de l'activité AMPK, ont été utilisés. Deux sous-unités α tronquées dans le domaine kinase ont été caractérisées principalement dans les tissus musculaires suggérant leurs implications dans la fonction musculaire. Au cours d'un stress hypoxique, une augmentation significative des quantités de sous-unités α tronquées a été observée dans le muscle lisse. Ce résultat suggère que pendant une durée d'au moins 6 h, ces protéines tronquées sont nécessaires au maintien du métabolisme aérobie dans le muscle lisse, lui permettant ainsi de remplir son rôle de fermeture statique des valves. Nous avons suggéré une hypothèse indiquant que l'accumulation in vivo de ces sous-unitésα tronquées pourrait exercer un rôle de modulation ou de transdomination négative de l'activité de la sous-unité α entière. Dans la gonade, nous avons observé une activation de l'AMPK tout au long du processus de gamétogénèse afin de supporter les processus cataboliques de création de gamètes. Une diminution de cette activation a été observée lors du stade anabolique de mise en réserve des ovocytes. Enfin, lors d'un conditionnement en milieu contrôlé, une approche physiologique par privation de nourriture et une approche pharmacologique par injection d'AICAR ont été réalisées pour provoquer une modulation de l'AMPK. Les analyses ont montré que ni le jeûne ni l'AICAR n'ont induit une augmentation de la phosphorylation de la sous-unité α. Cependant, plusieurs changements liés à l'injection de l'AICAR ont été observés sur la physiologie de l'huître : la modification du rapport AMP:ATP chez les huîtres nourries en comparaison aux huîtres à jeun, et une mortalité dépendante de la dose injectée d'AICAR chez les huîtres mises à jeun. La caractérisation de l'AMPK chez C. gigas ouvre de nombreuses perspectives exigeant des études fonctionnelles poussées afin de démontrer le rôle pivot de cette kinase dans la gestion de l'énergie, comme démontré chez de nombreuses espèces de vertébrés, et ainsi décrypter le métabolisme énergétique de l'huître.
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Béguel, Jean-Philippe. "Étude de la capacité antioxydante en lien avec la reproduction chez l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00838503.
Анотація:
Le "coût de la reproduction" est un concept qui définit qu'un investissement à la reproduction élevé a un prix qui se paye ultérieurement par une accélération de la sénescence. Cela peut notamment traduire des compromis entre la reproduction et d'autres fonctions physiologiques comme la défense antioxydante. Chez l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas, la reproduction représente une fonction physiologique majeure. Dans le cadre des études effectuées pour comprendre les mortalités estivales affectant cette espèce, une corrélation négative entre effort reproducteur et survie a été observée. D'autre part, des gènes antioxydants ont été mis en évidence comme différentiellement exprimés entre les lignées d'huîtres sélectionnées pour leur résistance ou leur sensibilité aux mortalités estivales. Certaines études proposent que la susceptibilité au stress oxydant puisse représenter un coût de la reproduction participant au processus de sénescence. Dans ce contexte, nous avons analysé la capacité antioxydante des huîtres en fonction de leur investissement reproducteur. Pour cela, la technique d'ARN interférence a été utilisée pour manipuler l'effort reproducteur des huîtres. L'expression des principales enzymes antioxydantes (taux de transcrits et activités enzymatiques) et le dosage de dommages oxydatifs ont ensuite été mesurés dans différents tissus et cellules de l'organisme (branchies, gonade, hémocytes et gamètes). Les résultats obtenus dans le cadre de cette thèse suggèrent que la capacité antioxydante de C. gigas est particulièrement efficace et que la reproduction seule n'est pas suffisante pour induire un stress oxydant. Cette capacité antioxydante apparaît comme tissu-spécifique voire cellule-spécifique et le métabolisme du glutathion semble jouer un rôle majeur dans cette protection. Cette grande résistance au stress oxydant contribuerait à faire de C. gigas une espèce particulièrement adaptée à la vie dans des environnements stressants.
7
Dudognon, Tony. "Relations entre la structure des lipides membranaires de mitochondries et l'activité d'enzymes associées chez l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00969121.
Анотація:
Tout d'abord considérés comme simples composants d'une barrière imperméable, il a été démontré que les lipides membranaires auraient en fait un rôle biologique bien plus important, pouvant modifier l'environnement des enzymes membranaires et moduler l'activité de ces dernières. Dans la thèse présentée ici, ces relations ont été étudiées dans les mitochondries de l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas. Les bivalves subissent d'importants changements environnementaux et l'adaptation à ces changements peut passer par un remodelage des membranes, ce qui fait de ces animaux des modèles intéressants pour les études des relations entre la structure des membranes et les activités d'enzymes associées. Des huîtres ont été nourries en écloserie avec deux régimes d'algues monospécifiques, T-Iso et Chaetoceros gracilis, et un mélange équilibré de ces deux algues. Malgré d'importantes modifications de composition en acides gras induites par les différents régimes alimentaires, une grande stabilité des processus membranaires mitochondriaux a été observée. D'un autre côté, la comparaison entre des huîtres élevées en écloserie et des huîtres élevées dans leur milieu naturel a révélé d'importantes modifications de capacités mitochondriales, qui pourraient être liées à une modulation des classes de phospholipides et de leur insaturation. Ces différences ne peuvent pas s'expliquer par une influence des cycles tidaux dans la mesure où, malgré un changement de production d'ATP, l'activité des mitochondries a été montrée comme étant similaire chez les huîtres collectées en émersion et en immersion. L'homéostasie mitochondriale observée dans cette étude pourrait être un moyen pour les huîtres de faire face aux variations biotiques (disponibilité en nourriture) et abiotiques (disponibilité en oxygène) de l'environnement naturel de C. gigas, et de maintenir leurs fonctions physiologiques malgré ces variations.
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Mai, Huong. "Evaluation of the deleterious effects of heavy metals and pesticides on early life stages and gametes of the Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas : application to the pollution context of the Arcachon Bay." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01053814.
Анотація:
The coastal areas are subject to multiple anthropogenic pressures including chemical pollution that can pose a real risk to the sustainability of aquatic species. The Arcachon Bay, macrotidal lagoon located on the French Atlantic coast, is the important ecosystem for oyster farming. But for several years, the oyster farms face lower recruitment and high mortality of oyster spat. Chemical contamination of the environment as a factor that may contribute to the observed effects on oysters has so far not been investigated.The present thesis aimed at evaluating through different approaches, of the potential toxicity of heavy metals and pesticides representative of the Arcachon Bay contamination on the early life stages of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Embryotoxicity, genotoxicity and expression levels of eleven targeted genes were studied. Firstly, different pesticides (S-metolachlor, irgarol, and diuron) and metals (copper and cadmium) were separately tested to determine their spectrum of effects. It were shown that exposure of gametes and embryos of oyster to environmental concentrations of pesticides and copper increased developmental abnormalities and DNA damage, and reduced fertilization success and affected offpring quality. Cadmium, meanwhile, showed no embryotoxic and genotoxic effects at the concentrations found in the Arcachon Bay. Metabolites of metolachlor, metolachlor ESA and metolachlor OA, are found in the Arcachon Bay at higher concentrations than their parent compound. The results showed that these metabolites were less embryotoxic and genotoxic on oyster embryos and spermatozoa than metolachor. Significant changes in expression of genes involved in antioxidant defense were observed for oyster larvae exposed to metolachlor and metolachlor ESA. Toxicity of mixtures of pesticides representative of the Arcachon Bay contamination with and without copper was then evaluated. Exposures of oyster embryos to these mixtures lead to development defects, DNA damage and changes in the expression of genes involved mainly in oxidative stress responses. Finally, mapping of toxicity of sediments from the Arcachon Bay was conducted for four seasons of 2011 with the oyster embryo-larvae assay. Sediments collected from Arguin exhibited low toxicity, regardless any season. In contrast, sediments from Le Tès showed higher toxicity in spring and summer seasons compared to winter season.From this work, it can be hypothesized that chemical contamination of the Arcachon Bay represents a threat for oyster reproduction and development.
Частини книг з теми "Crassostrea gigas – Comportement animal":
1
Kültz, Dietmar. "Mollusc aquaculture." In A Primer of Ecological Aquaculture, 121–37. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198850229.003.0010.
Анотація:
Abstract Mollusc aquaculture accounts for 22% of animal aquaculture and 60% of animal mariculture. Most aquaculture molluscs are bivalves, although some are gastropods, notably abalone. Bivalves develop via the trochophore, veliger, and pediveliger larval stages. After attachment, the pediveliger metamorphoses into spat. Mollusc aquaculture is divided into two major phases: 1) spat collection and juvenile development and 2) grow-out. Often the first phase is performed in intensive hatcheries while grow-out is by extensive mariculture. Extensive grow-out methods are on-bottom culture, off-bottom culture on poles or racks, and suspension culture using anchored rafts or long horizontal lines. Oysters dominate mollusc aquaculture production, and the Japanese cupped oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is the species with the highest seafood yield. Aquaculture mussels are represented by marine species of the genera Mytilus and Perna. Unlike oysters and mussels, clams prefer soft sediment substrate into which they can burrow. The Japanese carpet shell (Venerupis philippinarum) is a clam and represents the second- most produced aquaculture species of mollusc. Commercial aquaculture also produces several species of scallops, which are free-living bivalves. Commercially important pearl mussels include the freshwater triangle shell (Hyriopsis cumingii) while most marine pearl oysters belong to the genus Pinctada. Abalone are aquaculture gastropods produced for restocking declining natural populations, to process their large foot muscle as seafood, and to make jewellery. Aquaculture bivalves are filter feeders and considered extractive species. However, they are heterotrophs that generate organic waste and mollusc aquaculture approaches differ widely in their ecological sustainability.