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Статті в журналах з теми "CP26"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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1

Friedrich, Carol, Monisha G. Scott, Nedra Karunaratne, Hong Yan, and Robert E. W. Hancock. "Salt-Resistant Alpha-Helical Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 43, no. 7 (July 1, 1999): 1542–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.43.7.1542.

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ABSTRACT Analogues based on the insect cecropin–bee melittin hybrid peptide (CEME) were studied and analyzed for activity and salt resistance. The new variants were designed to have an increase in amphipathic α-helical content (CP29 and CP26) and in overall positive charge (CP26). The α-helicity of these peptides was demonstrated by circular dichroism spectroscopy in the presence of liposomes. CP29 was shown to have activity against gram-negative bacteria that was similar to or better than those of the parent peptides, and CP26 had similar activity. CP29 had cytoplasmic membrane permeabilization activity, as assessed by the unmasking of cytoplasmic β-galactosidase, similar to that of CEME and its more positively charged derivative named CEMA, whereas CP26 was substantially less effective. The activity of the peptides was not greatly attenuated by an uncoupler of membrane potential, carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone. The tryptophan residue in position 2 was shown to be necessary for interaction with cell membranes, as demonstrated by a complete lack of activity in the peptide CP208. Peptides CP29, CEME, and CEMA were resistant to antagonism by 0.1 to 0.3 M NaCl; however, CP26 was resistant to antagonism only by up to 160 mM NaCl. The peptides were generally more antagonized by 3 and 5 mM Mg2+ and by the polyanion alginate. It appeared that the positively charged C terminus in CP26 altered its ability to permeabilize the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli, although CP26 maintained its ability to kill gram-negative bacteria. These peptides are potential candidates for future therapeutic drugs.

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2

Kang, Ho Chul, Ji Hyung Chae, Yeon Ho Lee, Mi-Ae Park, June Ho Shin, Sung-Hyun Kim, Sang-Kyu Ye, Yoon Shin Cho, Steven Fiering та Chul Geun Kim. "Erythroid Cell-Specific α-Globin Gene Regulation by the CP2 Transcription Factor Family". Molecular and Cellular Biology 25, № 14 (липень 2005): 6005–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.25.14.6005-6020.2005.

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ABSTRACT We previously demonstrated that ubiquitously expressed CP2c exerts potent erythroid-specific transactivation of α-globin through an unknown mechanism. This mechanism is reported here to involve specific CP2 splice variants and protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (PIAS1). We identify a novel murine splice isoform of CP2, CP2b, which is identical to CP2a except that it has an additional 36 amino acids encoded by an extra exon. CP2b has an erythroid cell-specific transcriptional activation domain, which requires the extra exon and can form heteromeric complexes with other CP2 isoforms, but lacks the DNA binding activity found in CP2a and CP2c. Transcriptional activation of α-globin occurred following dimerization between CP2b and CP2c in erythroid K562 and MEL cells, but this dimerization did not activate the α-globin promoter in nonerythroid 293T cells, indicating that an additional erythroid factor is missing in 293T cells. PIAS1 was confirmed as a CP2 binding protein by the yeast two-hybrid screen, and expression of CP2b, CP2c, and PIAS1 in 293T cell induced α-globin promoter activation. These results show that ubiquitously expressed CP2b exerts potent erythroid cell-specific α-globin gene expression by complexing with CP2c and PIAS1.

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3

Jackowski, Grzegorz, and Stefan Jansson. "Characterization of Photosystem II Antenna Complexes Separated by Non-Denaturing Isoelectric Focusing." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 53, no. 9-10 (October 1, 1998): 841–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1998-9-1010.

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CP26, CP29 and three different LHC II subcomplexes have been purified from a carnation photosystem II (PSII) preparation using non-denaturing isoelectric focusing in a vertical polyacrylamide slab gel. The identity of the fractions was established by absorption spectroscopy, SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. CP26 comprised a single apoprotein of 26.6 kDa and CP29 contained two apoproteins of 28.8 and 28.5 kDa. LHC II subcomplex A consisted of Lhcb1 homotrimers, and subcomplexes B and C consisted of Lhcb1/Lhcb2 and Lhcb1/Lhcb3 heterotrimers, respectively. We discuss the data in relation to the organization of the PS II antenna in vivo.

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4

Byram, Rebecca, Philip E. Stewart, and Patricia Rosa. "The Essential Nature of the Ubiquitous 26-Kilobase Circular Replicon of Borrelia burgdorferi." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 11 (June 1, 2004): 3561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.11.3561-3569.2004.

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ABSTRACT The genome of the type strain (B31) of Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, is composed of 12 linear and 9 circular plasmids and a linear chromosome. Plasmid content can vary among strains, but one 26-kb circular plasmid (cp26) is always present. The ubiquitous nature of cp26 suggests that it provides functions required for bacterial viability. We tested this hypothesis by attempting to selectively displace cp26 with an incompatible but replication-proficient vector, pBSV26. While pBSV26 transformants contained this incompatible vector, the vector coexisted with cp26, which is consistent with the hypothesis that cp26 carries essential genes. Several cp26 genes with ascribed or predicted functions may be essential. These include the BBB29 gene, which has sequence homology to a gene encoding a glucose-specific phosphotransferase system component, and the resT gene, which encodes a telomere resolvase involved in resolution of the replicated telomeres of the linear chromosome and plasmids. The BBB29 gene was successfully inactivated by allelic exchange, but attempted inactivation of resT resulted in merodiploid transformants, suggesting that resT is required for B. burgdorferi growth. To determine if resT is the only cp26 gene essential for growth, we introduced resT into B. burgdorferi on pBSV26. This did not result in displacement of cp26, suggesting that additional cp26 genes encode vital functions. We concluded that B. burgdorferi plasmid cp26 encodes functions critical for survival and thus shares some features with the chromosome.

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5

Marr, K. M., D. N. Mastronarde, and M. K. Lyon. "Two-dimensional crystals of photosystem II: biochemical characterization, cryoelectron microscopy and localization of the D1 and cytochrome b559 polypeptides." Journal of Cell Biology 132, no. 5 (March 1, 1996): 823–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.132.5.823.

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Photosystem II (PS II) is a photosynthetic reaction center found in higher plants which has the unique ability to evolve oxygen from water. Several groups have formed two-dimensional PS II crystals or have isolated PS II complexes and studied them by electron microscopy and image analysis. The majority of these specimens have not been well characterized biochemically and have yielded relatively low resolution two-dimensional projection maps with a variety of unit cell sizes. We report the characterization of the polypeptide and lipid content of tubular crystals of PS II. The crystals contain the reaction center core polypeptides D1, D2, cytochrome b559, as well as the chlorophyll-binding polypeptides (CP) CP47, CP43, CP29, CP26, CP24, and CP22. The lipid composition was similar to the lipids found in the stacked portion of thylakoids. We also report a 2.0-nm resolution projection map determined by electron microscopy and image analysis of frozen, hydrated PS II crystals. This projection map includes information on the portion of the complex buried in the lipid bilayer. The unit cell is a dimer with unit vectors of 17.0 and 11.4 nm separated by an angle of 106.6 degrees. In addition, Fab fragments against D1 and cytochrome b559 were used to localize those two polypeptides, and thus the reaction center, within the PS II complex. The results indicate that D1 and cytochrome b559 are found within one of the heaviest densities of the monomeric unit.

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6

Tilly, Kit, Lori Lubke, and Patricia Rosa. "Characterization of Circular Plasmid Dimers inBorrelia burgdorferi." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 21 (November 1, 1998): 5676–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.21.5676-5681.1998.

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ABSTRACT We have inactivated the ospC, oppAIV, andguaB genes on the 26-kb circular plasmid of Borrelia burgdorferi (cp26) by allelic exchange. On several occasions following such transformations, the cp26 of transformants had an aberrant mobility through agarose gels. Characterization of these cp26 molecules showed that the plasmid had dimerized. These dimers were quite stable during either selective or nonselective passage. Subsequent transformations with dimer DNA supported the hypothesis that in B. burgdorferi, transforming cp26 DNA most likely does not displace the resident homologous plasmid but rather must recombine in order to donate sequences that it carries. These serendipitous findings provide a mechanism for obtaining heterozygous complemented control strains when mutant phenotypes are characterized.

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7

Olszówka, Dorota, Stanisław Krawczyk, and Waldemar Maksymiec. "A study of molecular interactions in light-harvesting complexes LHCIIb, CP29, CP26 and CP24 by Stark effect spectroscopy." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1657, no. 1 (June 2004): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.04.004.

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8

Amarie, Sergiu, Laura Wilk, Tiago Barros, Werner Kühlbrandt, Andreas Dreuw, and Josef Wachtveitl. "Properties of zeaxanthin and its radical cation bound to the minor light-harvesting complexes CP24, CP26 and CP29." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1787, no. 6 (June 2009): 747–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.02.006.

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9

Branton, Margaret A., Thomas H. MacRae, Fred Lipschultz та Peter G. Wells. "Identification of a small heat shock/α-crystallin protein in the scleractinian coral Madracis mirabilis (Duch. and Mitch.)". Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, № 5 (1 жовтня 1999): 675–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-029.

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Immunological evidence is provided for the first time of a small heat shock/α-crystallin protein in the scleractinian coral Madracis mirabilis. The protein, termed cp26, had a molecular weight of 26 000; it reacted with an antibody raised to a small heat shock/α-crystallin protein fromArtemia franciscana and its production in corals was temperature sensitive. Corals collected from seawater at 25.5oC or lower lacked cp26, but the protein was produced in some of these animals when they were heat shocked experimentally. When exposed naturally to high environmental temperatures for relatively short times, corals contained cp26 and responded to heat shock in the laboratory. Corals growing at elevated temperatures tended to die when subjected to additional heat stress. Specifically, M. mirabilis died at about 31-33oC, as indicated by visual inspection of the animals, low recovery of protein in cell-free extracts, and loss of protein bands in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Death was accompanied by the appearance of a diffuse, unidentified protein band on western blots that reacted with an antibody to cp26. Madracis mirabilis clearly reacts to heat shock by production of cp26; further study is required to determine if this small heat shock/α-crystallin protein will be a useful biomarker of stress in corals.

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10

Yakushevska, Alevtyna E., Wilko Keegstra, Egbert J. Boekema, Jan P. Dekker, Jenny Andersson, Stefan Jansson, Alexander V. Ruban, and Peter Horton. "The Structure of Photosystem II inArabidopsis:Localization of the CP26 and CP29 Antenna Complexes†." Biochemistry 42, no. 3 (January 2003): 608–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi027109z.

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11

Rathod, Mithun Kumar, Sreedhar Nellaepalli, Shin-Ichiro Ozawa, Hiroshi Kuroda, Natsumi Kodama, Sandrine Bujaldon, Francis-André Wollman, and Yuichiro Takahashi. "Assembly Apparatus of Light-Harvesting Complexes: Identification of Alb3.1–cpSRP–LHCP Complexes in the Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Plant and Cell Physiology 63, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcab146.

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Abstract The unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, contains many light-harvesting complexes (LHCs) associating chlorophylls a/b and carotenoids; the major LHCIIs (types I, II, III and IV) and minor light-harvesting complexes, CP26 and CP29, for photosystem II, as well as nine LHCIs (LHCA1–9), for photosystem I. A pale green mutant BF4 exhibited impaired accumulation of LHCs due to deficiency in the Alb3.1 gene, which encodes the insertase involved in insertion, folding and assembly of LHC proteins in the thylakoid membranes. To elucidate the molecular mechanism by which ALB3.1 assists LHC assembly, we complemented BF4 to express ALB3.1 fused with no, single or triple Human influenza hemagglutinin (HA) tag at its C-terminus (cAlb3.1, cAlb3.1-HA or cAlb3.1–3HA). The resulting complemented strains accumulated most LHC proteins comparable to wild-type (WT) levels. The affinity purification of Alb3.1-HA and Alb3.1–3HA preparations showed that ALB3.1 interacts with cpSRP43 and cpSRP54 proteins of the chloroplast signal recognition particle (cpSRP) and several LHC proteins; two major LHCII proteins (types I and III), two minor LHCII proteins (CP26 and CP29) and eight LHCI proteins (LHCA1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 9). Pulse-chase labeling experiments revealed that the newly synthesized major LHCII proteins were transiently bound to the Alb3.1 complex. We propose that Alb3.1 interacts with cpSRP43 and cpSRP54 to form an assembly apparatus for most LHCs in the thylakoid membranes. Interestingly, photosystem I (PSI) proteins were also detected in the Alb3.1 preparations, suggesting that the integration of LHCIs to a PSI core complex to form a PSI–LHCI subcomplex occurs before assembled LHCIs dissociate from the Alb3.1–cpSRP complex.

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12

Plebanski, M., M. Aidoo, H. C. Whittle, and A. V. Hill. "Precursor frequency analysis of cytotoxic T lymphocytes to pre-erythrocytic antigens of Plasmodium falciparum in West Africa." Journal of Immunology 158, no. 6 (March 15, 1997): 2849–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.158.6.2849.

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Abstract Some individuals living in malaria-endemic areas have CTL to Plasmodium falciparum liver stage Ags. We have quantified these CTL responses using limiting dilution analysis studies on the peripheral blood cells of naturally exposed Gambian donors. CTL precursor frequencies were determined to a wide range of epitopes derived from different liver stage Ags (liver stage protein 1, circumsporozoite protein, thrombospondin-related anonymous protein, and sporozoite threonine/asparagine-rich protein) restricted through common HLA alleles present in this population (HLA-A2.1, -A2.2, -B7, -B8, -B35, and B53). Precursor frequencies were between 17 and 98/million PBMC and correlated with the levels of specific lysis in parallel bulk cultures. The quantitative nature of limiting dilution assay analysis revealed varying degrees of immunodominance in the CTL responses to different epitopes within single proteins (thrombospondin related anonymous protein: tr42, tr43, tr26, tr29, and tr39; circumsporozoite protein: cp6, cp26, and cp29) and within individual donors. The temporal stability of some of these CTL responses was determined over a 4-yr period. This is the first quantitative study of CTL specific for any plasmodial species or nonviral pathogen in humans and provides a basis for a multiepitope approach to malaria vaccination.

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13

Cazzaniga, Stefano, Minjae Kim, Francesco Bellamoli, Jooyoen Jeong, Sangmuk Lee, Federico Perozeni, Andrea Pompa, EonSeon Jin, and Matteo Ballottari. "Photosystem II antenna complexes CP26 and CP29 are essential for nonphotochemical quenching in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Plant, Cell & Environment 43, no. 2 (December 8, 2019): 496–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pce.13680.

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14

Kulkarni, Raveendra R., Carissa Gaghan, and Javid Mohammed. "Avian Macrophage Responses to Virulent and Avirulent Clostridium perfringens." Pathogens 11, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11010100.

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The present study evaluated the avian macrophage responses against Clostridium perfringens that varied in their ability to cause necrotic enteritis in chickens. Strains CP5 (avirulent-netB+), CP1 (virulent-netB+), and CP26 (highly virulent-netB+tpeL+) were used to evaluate their effect on macrophages (MQ-NCSU cells) and primary splenic and cecal tonsil mononuclear cells. The bacilli (whole cells) or their secretory products from all three strains induced a significant increase in the macrophage transcription of Toll-like receptor (TLR)21, TLR2, interleukin (IL)-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and CD80 genes as well as their nitric oxide (NO) production and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II surface expression compared to an unstimulated control. The CP1 and CP26-induced expression of interferon (IFN)γ, IL-6, CD40 genes, MHC-II upregulation, and NO production was significantly higher than that of CP5 and control groups. Furthermore, splenocytes and cecal tonsillocytes stimulated with bacilli or secretory products from all the strains showed a significant increase in the frequency of macrophages, their surface expression of MHC-II and NO production, while CP26-induced responses were significantly higher for the rest of the groups. In summary, macrophage interaction with C. perfringens can lead to cellular activation and, the ability of this pathogen to induce macrophage responses may depend on its level of virulence.

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15

Shen, Liangliang, Zihui Huang, Shenghai Chang, Wenda Wang, Jingfen Wang, Tingyun Kuang, Guangye Han, Jian-Ren Shen, and Xing Zhang. "Structure of a C2S2M2N2-type PSII–LHCII supercomplex from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 42 (September 30, 2019): 21246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1912462116.

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Photosystem II (PSII) in the thylakoid membranes of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria catalyzes light-induced oxidation of water by which light energy is converted to chemical energy and molecular oxygen is produced. In higher plants and most eukaryotic algae, the PSII core is surrounded by variable numbers of light-harvesting antenna complex II (LHCII), forming a PSII–LHCII supercomplex. In order to harvest energy efficiently at low–light-intensity conditions under water, a complete PSII–LHCII supercomplex (C2S2M2N2) of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Cr) contains more antenna subunits and pigments than the dominant PSII–LHCII supercomplex (C2S2M2) of plants. The detailed structure and energy transfer pathway of the Cr-PSII–LHCII remain unknown. Here we report a cryoelectron microscopy structure of a complete, C2S2M2N2-type PSII–LHCII supercomplex from C. reinhardtii at 3.37-Å resolution. The results show that the Cr-C2S2M2N2 supercomplex is organized as a dimer, with 3 LHCII trimers, 1 CP26, and 1 CP29 peripheral antenna subunits surrounding each PSII core. The N-LHCII trimer partially occupies the position of CP24, which is present in the higher-plant PSII–LHCII but absent in the green alga. The M trimer is rotated relative to the corresponding M trimer in plant PSII–LHCII. In addition, some unique features were found in the green algal PSII core. The arrangement of a huge number of pigments allowed us to deduce possible energy transfer pathways from the peripheral antennae to the PSII core.

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16

Marin, Alessandro, Francesca Passarini, Ivo H. M. van Stokkum, Rienk van Grondelle, and Roberta Croce. "Minor Complexes at Work: Light-Harvesting by Carotenoids in the Photosystem II Antenna Complexes CP24 and CP26." Biophysical Journal 100, no. 11 (June 2011): 2829–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2011.04.029.

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17

Caffarri, Stefano, Francesca Passarini, Roberto Bassi, and Roberta Croce. "A specific binding site for neoxanthin in the monomeric antenna proteins CP26 and CP29 of Photosystem II." FEBS Letters 581, no. 24 (September 4, 2007): 4704–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2007.08.066.

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18

Andersson, Jenny, Robin G. Walters, Peter Horton, and Stefan Jansson. "Antisense Inhibition of the Photosynthetic Antenna Proteins CP29 and CP26: Implications for the Mechanism of Protective Energy Dissipation." Plant Cell 13, no. 5 (May 2001): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3871373.

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19

Andersson, Jenny, Robin G. Walters, Peter Horton, and Stefan Jansson. "Antisense Inhibition of the Photosynthetic Antenna Proteins CP29 and CP26: Implications for the Mechanism of Protective Energy Dissipation." Plant Cell 13, no. 5 (May 2001): 1193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.13.5.1193.

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20

Marin, Alessandro, Francesca Passarini, Roberta Croce, and Rienk van Grondelle. "Energy Transfer Pathways in the CP24 and CP26 Antenna Complexes of Higher Plant Photosystem II: A Comparative Study." Biophysical Journal 99, no. 12 (December 2010): 4056–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2010.10.034.

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21

Khokhlov, Daniil V., Aleksandr S. Belov, and Vadim V. Eremin. "Exciton states and optical properties of the CP26 photosynthetic protein." Computational Biology and Chemistry 72 (February 2018): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2017.12.006.

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22

Croce, Roberta, Giusy Canino, Francesca Ros, and Roberto Bassi. "Chromophore Organization in the Higher-Plant Photosystem II Antenna Protein CP26." Biochemistry 41, no. 23 (June 2002): 7334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi0257437.

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23

Hou, Xin, Aigen Fu, Veder J. Garcia, Bob B. Buchanan, and Sheng Luan. "PSB27: A thylakoid protein enabling Arabidopsis to adapt to changing light intensity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 5 (January 20, 2015): 1613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1424040112.

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In earlier studies we have identified FKBP20-2 and CYP38 as soluble proteins of the chloroplast thylakoid lumen that are required for the formation of photosystem II supercomplexes (PSII SCs). Subsequent work has identified another potential candidate functional in SC formation (PSB27). We have followed up on this possibility and isolated mutants defective in the PSB27 gene. In addition to lack of PSII SCs, mutant plants were severely stunted when cultivated with light of variable intensity. The stunted growth was associated with lower PSII efficiency and defective starch accumulation. In response to high light exposure, the mutant plants also displayed enhanced ROS production, leading to decreased biosynthesis of anthocyanin. Unexpectedly, we detected a second defect in the mutant, namely in CP26, an antenna protein known to be required for the formation of PSII SCs that has been linked to state transitions. Lack of PSII SCs was found to be independent of PSB27, but was due to a mutation in the previously described cp26 gene that we found had no effect on light adaptation. The present results suggest that PSII SCs, despite being required for state transitions, are not associated with acclimation to changing light intensity. Our results are consistent with the conclusion that PSB27 plays an essential role in enabling plants to adapt to fluctuating light intensity through a mechanism distinct from photosystem II supercomplexes and state transitions.

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24

Frank, Harry A., Somes Kumar Das, James A. Bautista, Douglas Bruce, Massimo Crimi, Roberta Croce, and Roberto Bassi. "Photochemical Behavior of Xanthophylls in the Recombinant Photosystem II Antenna Complex, CP26†." Biochemistry 40, no. 5 (February 2001): 1220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi001160q.

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25

Zienkiewicz, Maksymilian, Aleksandra Ferenc, Wioleta Wasilewska, and Elżbieta Romanowska. "High light stimulates Deg1-dependent cleavage of the minor LHCII antenna proteins CP26 and CP29 and the PsbS protein in Arabidopsis thaliana." Planta 235, no. 2 (August 30, 2011): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-011-1505-x.

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26

de Bianchi, Silvia, Luca Dall'Osto, Giuseppe Tognon, Tomas Morosinotto, and Roberto Bassi. "Minor Antenna Proteins CP24 and CP26 Affect the Interactions between Photosystem II Subunits and the Electron Transport Rate in Grana Membranes of Arabidopsis." Plant Cell 20, no. 4 (April 2008): 1012–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.107.055749.

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27

Ros, Francesca, Roberto Bassi, and Harald Paulsen. "Pigment-binding properties of the recombinant photosystem II subunit CP26 reconstituted in vitro." European Journal of Biochemistry 253, no. 3 (May 1998): 653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2530653.x.

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28

Tilly, Kit, Sherwood Casjens, Brian Stevenson, James L. Bono, D. Scott Samuels, Daniel Hogan, and Patricia Rosa. "TheBorrelia burgdorfericircular plasmid cp26: conservation of plasmid structure and targeted inactivation of theospCgene." Molecular Microbiology 25, no. 02 (July 1997): 361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.4711838.x.

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29

Nguyen, Tu T., Pham Thanh Tung, and Kobir Hossain. "Evaluation of modulus of elasticity for eco-friendly concrete made with seawater and marine sand." Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (STCE) - HUCE 15, no. 4 (October 31, 2021): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31814/stce.huce(nuce)2021-15(4)-13.

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The ultimate aim of this study is to use experimental work for evaluating the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of Geopolymer concrete (GPC) using marine sand as fine aggregate and seawater for the mix. Four different groups of concrete mixtures, namely CP1a, CP1b, CP2a, CP2b were identified. While the CP1a mix was prepared using GPC with marine sand and seawater, the CP1b was made by adding sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) into the CP1a mix. The same procedure was applied for CP2a and CP2b mixtures; however, instead of using GPC, Portland Cement was used as the binder for the CP2 group (OPC). A total of 12 test samples were cast and tested to determine the development of MOE of GPC and OPC over time. The MOE of concrete was measured at 3, 7, 28, 60, and 120 days. Experimental results were then compared to the MOE obtained using the empirical equation from ACI 318 - 2008. It was found that the experimental MOE of both OPC and GPC specimens was higher than the estimated MOE values from ACI standards. The added sodium sulfate yielded a significant effect on the MOE of OPC but produced a minimal influence on the MOE of GPC.

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30

Atwoli, Lukoye, Abdullah Baqui, Thomas Benfield, Raffaella Bosurgi, Fiona Godlee, Stephen Hancocks, Richard Horton, et al. "Llamamiento a adoptar medidas urgentes para limitar los aumentos de temperatura en el mundo, restablecer la diversidad biológica y proteger la salud." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 45 (2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2021.123.

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[Extracto] En septiembre del 2021, la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas reunirá a los países en un momento crucial para organizar la acción colectiva con el propósito de hacer frente a la crisis medioambiental mundial. Se reunirán una vez más en la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre la Diversidad Biológica, en Kunming (China) y en la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CP26), en Glasgow (Escocia). Antes de la celebración de estas reuniones trascendentales, nosotros —los editores de revistas sobre salud de todo el mundo— exigimos medidas urgentes para mantener los aumentos promedio de la temperatura a nivel mundial por debajo de 1,5 °C, detener la destrucción de la naturaleza y proteger la salud.[...]

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31

Avenson, Thomas J., Tae Kyu Ahn, Krishna K. Niyogi, Matteo Ballottari, Roberto Bassi, and Graham R. Fleming. "Lutein Can Act as a Switchable Charge Transfer Quencher in the CP26 Light-harvesting Complex." Journal of Biological Chemistry 284, no. 5 (November 6, 2008): 2830–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m807192200.

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32

van Amerongen, Herbert, Bauke M. van Bolhuis, Scott Betts, Rui Mei, Rienk van Grondelle, Charles F. Yocum, and Jan P. Dekker. "Spectroscopic characterization of CP26, a chlorophyll ab binding protein of the higher plant Photosystem II complex." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1188, no. 3 (December 1994): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2728(94)90040-x.

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33

Dunahay, Terri G., Gadi Schuster, and L. Andrew Staehelin. "Phosphorylation of spinach chlorophyll-protein complexes CPII*, but not CP29, CP27, or CP24, is phosphorylated in vitro." FEBS Letters 215, no. 1 (May 4, 1987): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(87)80107-2.

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34

Hahn, Beth, Phillip Anderson, Zouyan Lu, Rebecca Danner, Zhipeng Zhou, Noorie Hyun, Lihui Gao, Tao Lin, Steven J. Norris, and Jenifer Coburn. "BBB07 contributes to, but is not essential for, Borrelia burgdorferi infection in mice." Microbiology 166, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 988–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.000972.

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Borrelia burgdorferi, a causative agent of Lyme disease, encodes a protein BBB07 on the genomic plasmid cp26. BBB07 was identified as a candidate integrin ligand based on the presence of an RGD tripeptide motif, which is present in a number of mammalian ligands for β1 and β3 integrins . Previous work demonstrated that BBB07 in recombinant form binds to β1 integrins and induces inflammatory responses in synovial cells in culture. Several transposon mutants in bbb07 were attenuated in an in vivo screen of the transposon library in mice. We therefore tested individual transposon mutant clones in single-strain infections in mice and found that they were attenuated in terms of ID50 but did not have significantly reduced tissue burdens in mice. Based on data presented here we conclude that BBB07 is not essential for, but does contribute to, B. burgdorferi infectivity in mice.

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35

Friedrich, Carol L., Dianne Moyles, Terry J. Beveridge, and Robert E. W. Hancock. "Antibacterial Action of Structurally Diverse Cationic Peptides on Gram-Positive Bacteria." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 44, no. 8 (August 1, 2000): 2086–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.44.8.2086-2092.2000.

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ABSTRACT Antimicrobial cationic peptides are ubiquitous in nature and are thought to be a component of the first line of defense against infectious agents. It is widely believed that the killing mechanism of these peptides on bacteria involves an interaction with the cytoplasmic membrane. Cationic peptides from different structural classes were used in experiments withStaphylococcus aureus and other medically important gram-positive bacteria to gain insight into the mechanism of action. The membrane potential-sensitive fluorophore dipropylthiacarbocyanine was used to assess the interactions of selected antimicrobial peptides with the cytoplasmic membrane of S. aureus. Study of the kinetics of killing and membrane depolarization showed that, at early time points, membrane depolarization was incomplete, even when 90% or more of the bacteria had been killed. CP26, a 26-amino-acid α-helical peptide with a high MIC against S. aureus, still had the ability to permeabilize the membrane. Cytoplasmic-membrane permeabilization was a widespread ability and an action that may be necessary for reaching an intracellular target but in itself did not appear to be the killing mechanism. Transmission electron microscopy of S. aureus andStaphylococcus epidermidis treated with CP29 (a 26-amino-acid α-helical peptide), CP11CN (a 13-amino-acid, proline- and tryptophan-rich peptide), and Bac2A-NH2 (a linearized version of the 12-amino-acid loop peptide bactenecin) showed variability in effects on bacterial structure. Mesosome-like structures were seen to develop in S. aureus, whereas cell wall effects and mesosomes were seen with S. epidermidis. Nuclear condensation and abherrent septation were occasionally seen in S. epidermidis. Our experiments indicated that these peptides vary in their mechanisms of action and that the mechanism of action likely does not solely involve cytoplasmic-membrane permeabilization.

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36

Rivas-Santiago, Bruno, Cesar E. Rivas Santiago, Julio E. Castañeda-Delgado, Juan C. León–Contreras, Robert E. W. Hancock, and Rogelio Hernandez-Pando. "Activity of LL-37, CRAMP and antimicrobial peptide-derived compounds E2, E6 and CP26 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 41, no. 2 (February 2013): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.09.015.

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37

Jewett, Mollie W., Kevin A. Lawrence, Aaron Bestor, Rebecca Byram, Frank Gherardini, and Patricia A. Rosa. "GuaA and GuaB Are Essential for Borrelia burgdorferi Survival in the Tick-Mouse Infection Cycle." Journal of Bacteriology 191, no. 20 (August 7, 2009): 6231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00450-09.

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ABSTRACT Pathogens lacking the enzymatic pathways for de novo purine biosynthesis are required to salvage purines and pyrimidines from the host environment for synthesis of DNA and RNA. Two key enzymes in purine salvage pathways are IMP dehydrogenase (GuaB) and GMP synthase (GuaA), encoded by the guaB and guaA genes, respectively. While these genes are typically found on the chromosome in most bacterial pathogens, the guaAB operon of B orrelia burgdorferi is present on plasmid cp26, which also harbors a number of genes critical for B. burgdorferi viability. Using molecular genetics and an experimental model of the tick-mouse infection cycle, we demonstrate that the enzymatic activities encoded by the guaAB operon are essential for B. burgdorferi mouse infectivity and provide a growth advantage to spirochetes in the tick. These data indicate that the GuaA and GuaB proteins are critical for the survival of B. burgdorferi in the infection cycle and highlight a potential difference in the requirements for purine salvage in the disparate mammalian and tick environments.

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38

Dall'Osto, Luca, Stefano Caffarri, and Roberto Bassi. "A Mechanism of Nonphotochemical Energy Dissipation, Independent from PsbS, Revealed by a Conformational Change in the Antenna Protein CP26." Plant Cell 17, no. 4 (March 4, 2005): 1217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.104.030601.

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39

Martucci, Hana, Scott E. Campit, Stephanie R. Gee, Walter M. Bray, Trevor Gokey, A. King Cada, Ten-Yang Yen, et al. "Naphthablins B and C, Meroterpenoids Identified from the Marine Sediment-Derived Streptomyces sp. CP26-58 Using HeLa Cell-Based Cytological Profiling." Journal of Natural Products 80, no. 3 (January 27, 2017): 684–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00996.

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40

Terekhova, Darya, Radha Iyer, Gary P. Wormser, and Ira Schwartz. "Comparative Genome Hybridization Reveals Substantial Variation among Clinical Isolates of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto with Different Pathogenic Properties." Journal of Bacteriology 188, no. 17 (September 1, 2006): 6124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00459-06.

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ABSTRACT Clinical and murine studies suggest that there is a differential pathogenicity of different genotypes of Borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochetal agent of Lyme disease. Comparative genome hybridization was used to explore the relationship between different genotypes. The chromosomes of all studied isolates were highly conserved (>93%) with respect to both sequence and gene order. Plasmid sequences were substantially more diverse. Plasmids lp54, cp26, and cp32 were present in all tested isolates, and their sequences and gene order were conserved. The majority of linear plasmids showed variation both in terms of presence among different isolates and in terms of sequence and gene order. The data strongly imply that all B. burgdorferi clinical isolates contain linear plasmids related to each other, but the structure of these replicons may vary substantially from isolate to isolate. These alterations include deletions and presumed rearrangements that are likely to result in unique plasmid elements in many isolates. There is a strong correlation between complete genome hybridization profiles and other typing methods, which, in turn, also correlate to differences in pathogenicity. Because there is substantially less variation in the chromosomal and circular plasmid portions of the genome, the major differences in open reading frame content and genomic diversity among isolates are linear plasmid driven.

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41

Jain, Sunny, Selina Sutchu, Patricia A. Rosa, Rebecca Byram, and Mollie W. Jewett. "Borrelia burgdorferi Harbors a Transport System Essential for Purine Salvage and Mammalian Infection." Infection and Immunity 80, no. 9 (June 18, 2012): 3086–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00514-12.

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ABSTRACTBorrelia burgdorferiis the tick-borne bacterium that causes the multistage inflammatory disease Lyme disease.B. burgdorferihas a reduced genome and lacks the enzymes required forde novosynthesis of purines for synthesis of RNA and DNA. Therefore, this obligate pathogen is dependent upon the tick vector and mammalian host environments for salvage of purine bases for nucleic acid biosynthesis. This pathway is vital forB. burgdorferisurvival throughout its infectious cycle, as key enzymes in the purine salvage pathway are essential for the ability of the spirochete to infect mice and critical for spirochete replication in the tick. The transport of preformed purines into the spirochete is the first step in the purine salvage pathway and may represent a novel therapeutic target and/or means to deliver antispirochete molecules to the pathogen. However, the transport systems critical for purine salvage byB. burgdorferihave yet to be identified. Herein, we demonstrate that the genesbbb22andbbb23, present onB. burgdorferi's essential plasmid circular plasmid 26 (cp26), encode key purine transport proteins. BBB22 and/or BBB23 is essential for hypoxanthine transport and contributes to the transport of adenine and guanine. Furthermore,B. burgdorferilackingbbb22-23was noninfectious in mice up to a dose of 1 × 107spirochetes. Together, our data establish thatbbb22-23encode purine permeases critical forB. burgdorferimammalian infectivity, suggesting that this transport system may serve as a novel antimicrobial target for the treatment of Lyme disease.

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42

Porter, JB, J. Morgan, KP Hoyes, LC Burke, ER Huehns, and RC Hider. "Relative oral efficacy and acute toxicity of hydroxypyridin-4-one iron chelators in mice [see comments]." Blood 76, no. 11 (December 1, 1990): 2389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v76.11.2389.2389.

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Abstract The relationship between the oral efficacy and the acute toxicity of hydroxypyridin-4-one iron chelators has been investigated to clarify structure-function relationships of these compounds in vivo and to identify compounds with the maximum therapeutic safety margin. By comparing 59Fe excretion following oral or intraperitoneal administration of increasing doses of each chelator to iron-overloaded mice, the most effective compounds have been identified. These have partition coefficients (Kpart) above 0.3 in the iron-free form with a trend of increasing oral efficacy with increasing Kpart values (r = .6). However, this is achieved at a cost of increasing acute toxicity, as shown by a linear correlation between 59Fe excretion increase per unit dose and 1/LD50 (r = .83). A sharp increase in the LD50 values is observed for compounds with Kpart values above 1.0, suggesting that such compounds are unlikely to possess a sufficient therapeutic safety margin. Below a Kpart of 1.0, acute toxicity is relatively independent of lipid solubility. All the compounds are less toxic by the oral route than by the intraperitoneal route, although iron excretion is not significantly different by these two routes. At least five compounds (CP51, CP94, CP93, CP96, and CP21) are more effective orally than the same dose of intraperitoneal desferrioxamine (DFO) (P less than or equal to .02) or orally administered L1(CP20) (P less than or equal to .02).

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43

Porter, JB, J. Morgan, KP Hoyes, LC Burke, ER Huehns, and RC Hider. "Relative oral efficacy and acute toxicity of hydroxypyridin-4-one iron chelators in mice [see comments]." Blood 76, no. 11 (December 1, 1990): 2389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v76.11.2389.bloodjournal76112389.

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Анотація:

The relationship between the oral efficacy and the acute toxicity of hydroxypyridin-4-one iron chelators has been investigated to clarify structure-function relationships of these compounds in vivo and to identify compounds with the maximum therapeutic safety margin. By comparing 59Fe excretion following oral or intraperitoneal administration of increasing doses of each chelator to iron-overloaded mice, the most effective compounds have been identified. These have partition coefficients (Kpart) above 0.3 in the iron-free form with a trend of increasing oral efficacy with increasing Kpart values (r = .6). However, this is achieved at a cost of increasing acute toxicity, as shown by a linear correlation between 59Fe excretion increase per unit dose and 1/LD50 (r = .83). A sharp increase in the LD50 values is observed for compounds with Kpart values above 1.0, suggesting that such compounds are unlikely to possess a sufficient therapeutic safety margin. Below a Kpart of 1.0, acute toxicity is relatively independent of lipid solubility. All the compounds are less toxic by the oral route than by the intraperitoneal route, although iron excretion is not significantly different by these two routes. At least five compounds (CP51, CP94, CP93, CP96, and CP21) are more effective orally than the same dose of intraperitoneal desferrioxamine (DFO) (P less than or equal to .02) or orally administered L1(CP20) (P less than or equal to .02).

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44

Chae, Ji Hyung, Ho Chul Kang та Chul Geun Kim. "The relative cellular levels of CP2a and CP2b potentiates erythroid cell-specific expression of the α-globin gene by regulating the nuclear localization of CP2c". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 380, № 4 (березень 2009): 813–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.01.172.

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45

Minato, Makoto, Takashi Ito та Jian-Guo Ren. "Coordination studies of 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane with di-μ-hydroxo dinuclear complexes of tungsten(IV) and molybdenum(IV)". Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 81, № 1 (2016): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc150501066m.

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The new trifluoroethoxo phosphine complexes [Cp2M(?1-dppe)(CF3CH2O)]+ and [Cp2(CF3CH2O)M(?-dppe)MCp2(CF3CH2O)]2+ (M = Mo or W, Cp = ?-C5H5 and dppe = Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2) have been prepared by reaction of cationic di-?-hydroxo dinuclear complex of molybdenocene or tungstenocene [Cp2M(?-OH)2MCp2]2+ with dppe. From the 1H and 31P NMR data, the configurations of the products could be assigned. Furtheremore, X-ray crystallography was used to definitively identify one of the product [Cp2(CF3CH2O)Mo(?-dppe)MoCp2(CF3CH2O)]2+, which crystallizes in space group P21/c(#14) with a = 12.230(5) ?, b = 11.149(5) ?, c = 28.966(7) ?, ? = 101.07(3)?, V = 3876(2) ?3, and Z = 2. It was ascertained that the amount of dppe added to the reaction mixture could influence the product distribution. A mechanism involving initial replacement of the hydroxo ligand by the alkoxo group followed by nucleophilic attack of the phosphine is proposed on the basis of the reaction profile.

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46

Salas-Moreno, Contreras-Puentes, Rodríguez-Cavallo, Jorrín-Novo, Marrugo-Negrete, and Méndez-Cuadro. "Protein Carbonylation As a Biomarker of Heavy Metal, Cd and Pb, Damage in Paspalum fasciculatum Willd. ex Flüggé." Plants 8, no. 11 (November 16, 2019): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8110513.

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Heavy metal tolerant plants have phytoremediation potential for the recovery of contaminated soils, and the characterization of their metabolic adaptation processes is an important starting point to elucidate their tolerance mechanisms at molecular, biochemical and physiological levels. In this research, the effects of Cd and Pb on growth and protein carbonylation in tissues of Paspalum fasciculatum exposed to 30 and 50 mg·Kg-1 Cd and Pb respectively were determined. P. fasciculatum seedlings exposed to metals grew more than controls until 60 days of cultivation and limited their oxidative effects to a reduced protein group. Carbonyl indexes in leaf and root proteins reached a significant increase concerning their controls in plants exposed 30 days to Cd and 60 days to Pb. From the combined approach of Western Blot with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and protein analysis by Matrix Asisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation - Time Of Flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry, chloroplastic proteins were identified into the main oxidative stress-inducible proteins to Cd and Pb, such as subunits α, γ of ATP synthetase, Chlorophyll CP26 binding protein, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase and long-chain ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCO LSU). Cd generated damage in the photosynthetic machinery of the leaves of P. fasciculatum into the first 30 days of treatment; five of the oxidized proteins are involved in photosynthesis processes. Moreover, there was a proteolytic fragmentation of the RuBisCO LSU. Results showed that intrinsic tolerance of P. fasciculatum to these metals reached 60 days in our conditions, along with the bioaccumulating appreciable quantities of metals in their roots.

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47

Pagano, A., E. Giuffra, D. Cugini, R. Croce, D. Sandonà, and R. Bassi. "In Vitro Reconstitution and Pigment Binding Properties of Recombinant CP29 and CP24." Giornale botanico italiano 129, no. 4 (January 1995): 1073–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263509509440943.

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48

Ahmad, Abdelmonim Ali, Megumi Ogawa, Takeru Kawasaki, Makoto Fujie, and Takashi Yamada. "Characterization of Bacteriophages Cp1 and Cp2, the Strain-Typing Agents for Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 1 (October 11, 2013): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02310-13.

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ABSTRACTThe strains ofXanthomonas axonopodispv. citri, the causative agent of citrus canker, are historically classified based on bacteriophage (phage) sensitivity. Nearly allX. axonopodispv. citri strains isolated from different regions in Japan are lysed by either phage Cp1 or Cp2; Cp1-sensitive (Cp1s) strains have been observed to be resistant to Cp2 (Cp2r) andvice versa. In this study, genomic and molecular characterization was performed for the typing agents Cp1 and Cp2. Morphologically, Cp1 belongs to theSiphoviridae. Genomic analysis revealed that its genome comprises 43,870-bp double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), with 10-bp 3′-extruding cohesive ends, and contains 48 open reading frames. The genomic organization was similar to that ofXanthomonasphage phiL7, but it lacked a group I intron in the DNA polymerase gene. Cp2 resembles morphologicallyEscherichia coliT7-like phages ofPodoviridae. The 42,963-bp linear dsDNA genome of Cp2 contained terminal repeats. The Cp2 genomic sequence has 40 open reading frames, many of which did not show detectable homologs in the current databases. By proteomic analysis, a gene cluster encoding structural proteins corresponding to the class III module of T7-like phages was identified on the Cp2 genome. Therefore, Cp1 and Cp2 were found to belong to completely different virus groups. In addition, we found that Cp1 and Cp2 use different molecules on the host cell surface as phage receptors and that host selection ofX. axonopodispv. citri strains by Cp1 and Cp2 is not determined at the initial stage by binding to receptors.

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Santos Pantaleón, D., FM Valenzuela, BR Morrow, CH Pameijer, and F. García-Godoy. "Effect of Cervical Lesions on Fracture Resistance and Failure Mode of Maxillary Central Incisors Restored with Fiber Posts and Complete Crowns." Operative Dentistry 46, no. 6 (November 1, 2021): 669–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/20-164-l.

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SUMMARY Purpose To investigate the effect of a cervical cavity extending 1 mm apical to the cemento–enamel junction (CEJ) on fracture resistance and failure mode of maxillary central incisors that have been treated endodontically, present with complete and incomplete ferrules, and are restored with and without a fiber post. Methods and Materials 50 intact human maxillary central incisors were divided into five groups (n=10): CG (control group) 6-mm fer-rule height, no cervical cavity, and without post; (CO) 6-mm ferrule height without post, with a cervical cavity (access to root canal and cervical cavity restored with composite resin), cervical cavity; and post with ferrule heights of 1 mm (CP1), 2 mm (CP2), and 6 mm (CP6) restored with fiberglass post and composite resin core. After complete metal crowns were cemented on all specimens, they were subjected to thermal cycling (6000 cycles, 5°C/55°C), followed by immediate testing of fracture resistance. After failure, the specimens were sectioned buccolingually to evaluate and identify the mode of failure. The data were analyzed with an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Student–Newman–Keuls multiple comparison tests (α =0.05). Results A 1-mm ferrule height (CP1) fracture resistance was significantly lower (531±125 N) compared to the 6-mm ferrule height (CP6) (769±175 N) (p<0.05). With respect to the groups with similar residual dentin, with and without a cervical cavity, CG (667±119 N) and CO (668±119 N), the presence of a post (CP6) increased the resistance to fracture, although no statistically significant difference was demonstrated. Partial decementation was observed in all specimens of CG and CP6, in nine of CP1 and CP2, and in three in CO. Root fractures occurred in 23 specimens. The root surface was exposed 2 mm below the CEJ to simulate bone level. Propagation of subosseous cracks occurred in four specimens in CG and CP2, in seven specimens in CP6, in two specimens in CP1, and in six specimens in CO. All were considered catastrophic failures. Conclusions Within the limitations of this study it is suggested that, when restoring an endodontically treated maxillary central incisor that has a cervical lesion and needs to be restored with a complete crown, a fiber post is cemented to improve fracture resistance.

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50

Holleboom, Christoph-Peter, Daniel Alexander Gacek, Pen-Nan Liao, Marco Negretti, Roberta Croce, and Peter Jomo Walla. "Carotenoid–chlorophyll coupling and fluorescence quenching in aggregated minor PSII proteins CP24 and CP29." Photosynthesis Research 124, no. 2 (March 6, 2015): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11120-015-0113-1.

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