Статті в журналах: "Covid-19 – Physiopathologie"

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Sodqi, Mustapha, and Latifa Marih. "COVID-19: epidemiology and pathophysiology." Batna Journal of Medical Sciences (BJMS) 7, S (August 26, 2020): S3—S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.48087/bjmstf.2020.s712.

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Breville, Gautier, Alice Accorroni, Gilles Allali, and Dan Adler. "Physiopathologie de l’hypoxémie silencieuse dans le Covid-19." Revue Médicale Suisse 17, no. 736 (2021): 831–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.53738/revmed.2021.17.736.0831.

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Bonny, V., A. Maillard, C. Mousseaux, L. Plaçais, and Q. Richier. "COVID-19 : physiopathologie d’une maladie à plusieurs visages." La Revue de Médecine Interne 41, no. 6 (June 2020): 375–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revmed.2020.05.003.

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Mercat, Alain, Julien Demiselle, and François Beloncle. "Support respiratoire au cours de la pneumonie Covid-19." Médecine Intensive Réanimation 30, Hors-série 1 (June 16, 2021): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37051/mir-00068.

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Анотація:

La pandémie Covid-19 a provoqué un afflux massif et brutal de patients atteints d’insuffisance respiratoire aiguë hypoxémique, ce qui a amené les réanimateurs à adapter les structures de soins critiques et à s’interroger sur les stratégies de support respiratoire les plus adaptées. Les données actuelles suggèrent que la physiopathologie du SDRA induit par le Covid-19 est, au moins en grande partie, semblable à celle du SDRA non lié au Covid-19. Des anomalies vasculaires spécifiques semblent cependant fréquentes au cours du Covid-19 et certains patients Covid-19 pourraient présenter une altération particulièrement marquée de la vasoconstriction pulmonaire hypoxique. Une stratégie de prise en charge ventilatoire conforme aux recommandations concernant le SDRA non Covid-19, incluant en particulier une étude rigoureuse des effets de la pression expiratoire positive, doit actuellement être recommandée.

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Meunier, Nicolas. "Odorat et virus respiratoires :une relation révélée par la Covid-19." médecine/sciences 39, no. 2 (February 2023): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2023007.

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L’odorat, sens pendant longtemps sous-estimé chez l’homme, a été mis sur le devant de la scène par sa soudaine disparition, survenue pendant la pandémie de Covid-19, dont l’anosmie est un des symptômes majeurs. Pourtant, depuis longtemps, les virus respiratoires ont été associés aux troubles de l’odorat, dont 25 % seraient liés à une infection virale. L’olfaction débute dans le nez, au sein d’un épithélium olfactif qui a la particularité de contenir des neurones en contact direct avec l’environnement. Plusieurs virus respiratoires sont connus pour leur capacité réplicative au sein de cet épithélium. C’est notamment le cas du virus de la grippe (influenza) et du virus de la bronchiolite (VRS, pour virus respiratoire syncytial), mais leur tropisme pour ce tissu est bien moindre que celui du SARS-CoV-2. La physiopathologie de ce virus dans la cavité nasale a permis de commencer à comprendre les liens existant entre une infection virale et les troubles de l’olfaction.

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Salinas, Sara, and Yannick Simonin. "Les atteintes neurologiques liées au SARS-CoV-2 et autres coronavirus humains." médecine/sciences 36, no. 8-9 (August 2020): 775–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2020122.

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L’émergence récente d’un nouveau coronavirus, le SARS-CoV-2, responsable de la maladie appelée COVID-19, est un nouvel avertissement du risque pour la santé publique représenté par les zoonoses virales et notamment par les coronavirus. Principalement connus pour leur capacité à infecter les voies respiratoires supérieures et inférieures, les coronavirus peuvent également affecter le système nerveux central et périphérique, comme c’est le cas pour de nombreux virus respiratoires, tels que les virus influenza ou le virus respiratoire syncytial. Les infections du système nerveux sont un problème important de santé publique car elles peuvent provoquer des atteintes dévastatrices allant jusqu’au décès du patient, en particulier lorsqu’elles surviennent chez les personnes fragilisées ou âgées plus sensibles à ce type d’infection. Les connaissances de la physiopathologie des infections par les coronavirus émergents (MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV et SARS-CoV-2) et leurs moyens d’accéder au système nerveux central sont, pour l’heure, très sommaires. Les travaux en cours visent notamment à mieux appréhender les mécanismes associés aux atteintes neurologiques observées. Dans cette revue nous aborderons l’état des connaissances actuelles sur le neurotropisme des coronavirus humains et les mécanismes associés en développant tout particulièrement les dernières données concernant le SARS-CoV-2.

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Kubiak, Jacek Z., and Malgorzata Kloc. "Dissecting Physiopathology of COVID-19." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17 (August 24, 2022): 9602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179602.

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Mateos, Edgard Alexis. "Assembling the Physiopathology Puzzle of COVID-19." Anales de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (Asunción) 53, no. 2 (August 30, 2020): 105–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18004/anales/2020.053.02.105.

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POZZETTO, B., I. BECHRI, M. DELOLME, M. VOGRIG, J. RIGAILI, P. VERHOEVEN, T. BOURLET, and S. PILET. "État des lieux du diagnostic virologique de l’infection à SARS-CoV-2." EXERCER 31, no. 163 (May 1, 2020): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.56746/exercer.2020.163.215.

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Анотація:

L’infection COVID-19 a émergé de façon soudaine en Chine, en décembre 2019 et est devenue rapidement pandémique. Le virus responsable a été identifié comme un nouveau coronavirus probablement issu d’un virus de chauve-souris, dénommé SARS-CoV-2, ce qui a permis de mettre au point des tests diagnostiques permettant l’identification de son ARN par techniques moléculaires. En plus du rappel de quelques données virologiques, l’objet de cette revue est de présenter les tests moléculaires de diagnostic direct et les tests sérologiques actuellement disponibles pour identifier cette infection. Le diagnostic repose principalement sur la détection du génome viral par RT-PCR en temps réel dans les sécrétions respiratoires (prélèvements nasopharyngés à la phase précoce et prélèvements respiratoires profonds au stade de pneumonie) ; les résultats sont disponibles dans un délai d’environ 4 heures. Le pic de l’infectiosité se situe entre le 3e jour avant et le 3e après le début des symptômes. Le virus peut également être détecté dans le sang et dans les selles, même si, à ce jour, l’infectiosité du virus dans ces prélèvements n’est pas avérée. A un stade plus tardif de l’infection, une réponse humorale anti-SARS-CoV-2 peut être mise en évidence, avec des anticorps de classes IgM et IgA à partir du 8 ou 9e jour après le début des symptômes, puis des anticorps de classe IgG qui signent un contact antérieur avec cet agent. L’apparition des anticorps peut se faire très tardivement dans les formes pauci- ou asymptomatiques. De nombreuses questions sont encore non résolues, notamment en ce qui concerne le caractère protecteur de cette réponse humorale et sa durée, ainsi que son rôle dans la physiopathologie des formes sévères.

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O. de Almeida, Juliana, Victoria Regina T. de Oliveira, João Lucas dos S. Avelar, Bruna Simões Moita, and Lídia Moreira Lima. "COVID-19: Physiopathology and Targets for Therapeutic Intervention." Revista Virtual de Química 12, no. 6 (2020): 1464–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21577/1984-6835.20200115.

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Bencheikh, Siham, Fadia Rahal, and Salima Lefkir-Tafiani. "Promising biologic therapies in COVID-19." Batna Journal of Medical Sciences (BJMS) 7, S (August 26, 2020): S34—S37. http://dx.doi.org/10.48087/bjmstf.2020.s718.

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Les progrès réalisés dans la compréhension de la physiopathologique de l'infection par le SRAS-CoV-2 ont démontré que les formes graves de la COVID-19 avec des dommages cellulaires importants sont dues à une libération excessive des cytokines comme l’IL-6, IL-2, l’IL-7, l’IL-10 et le TNF-alpha. De ce fait le contrôle de cette tempête cytokinique a été proposé comme un moyen de sauvetage. De multiples essais cliniques utilisant des biothérapies visant à neutraliser ces cytokines sont en cours avec des résultats prometteurs pour certains d’entre eux. Malheureusement, aucun traitement efficace que ce soit curatif ou préventif (vaccin) n’a encore vu le jour et ce malgré les efforts déployés par la communauté scientifique de par le monde depuis le début de cette pandémie.

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Sebastián-Martín, Alba, Belén G. Sánchez, José M. Mora-Rodríguez, Alicia Bort, and Inés Díaz-Laviada. "Role of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP4) on COVID-19 Physiopathology." Biomedicines 10, no. 8 (August 19, 2022): 2026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10082026.

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DPP4/CD26 is a single-pass transmembrane protein with multiple functions on glycemic control, cell migration and proliferation, and the immune system, among others. It has recently acquired an especial relevance due to the possibility to act as a receptor or co-receptor for SARS-CoV-2, as it has been already demonstrated for other coronaviruses. In this review, we analyze the evidence for the role of DPP4 on COVID-19 risk and clinical outcome, and its contribution to COVID-19 physiopathology. Due to the pathogenetic links between COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus and the hyperinflammatory response, with the hallmark cytokine storm developed very often during the disease, we dive deep into the functions of DPP4 on carbohydrate metabolism and immune system regulation. We show that the broad spectrum of functions regulated by DPP4 is performed both as a protease enzyme, as well as an interacting partner of other molecules on the cell surface. In addition, we provide an update of the DPP4 inhibitors approved by the EMA and/or the FDA, together with the newfangled approval of generic drugs (in 2021 and 2022). This review will also cover the effects of DPP4 inhibitors (i.e., gliptins) on the progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection, showing the role of DPP4 in this disturbing disease.

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Jayapalan, Yamini, Anusuya Baskar, Janani Priya Mohan, and Sree Mohana Preetha Maheshwaran. "Osteonecrosis-An Emerging Challenge of Post COVID-19 Sequalae." European Journal of Clinical Medicine 4, no. 3 (May 29, 2023): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/clinicmed.2023.4.3.283.

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Our case report aims to present a rare interesting case on osteonecrosis associated with COVID-19 infection. We retrospectively evaluated this case after the patient underwent surgical management. In our patient, AVN was found to be developed secondary to COVID-19 infection. Infection with coronavirus confers a hypercoagulable state leading to various systemic complications. So, we suggest proper studies should be done to understand the physiopathology of COVID-19 to prevent complications and to improve supportive care during treatment.

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Kubiak, Jacek Z., and Małgorzata Kloc. "Coronavirus Disease Pathophysiology: Biomarkers, Potential New Remedies, Comorbidities, Long COVID-19, Post Pandemic Epidemiological Surveillance." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 15 (July 31, 2023): 12236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512236.

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Abhishek Lachyan, Randhir S Gendeh a/l Jekinder Singh, Abubakar Mannir, Pooja Nilgar, Rafdzah Ahmad Zaki, Bratati Banerjee, Karan Gade, Rajashri Virge, Nitin Basole, and Neelakanthayyaswamy I Hiremath. "Nutrition role in the well-being of people during Covid 19 pandemic-A review article." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 11, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.11.2.0381.

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Анотація:

The worldwide health catastrophe caused by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has startled world health experts. Obesity and poor physical activity levels were shown to be elevated risk factors for COVID-19 affection and physiopathology, indicating that the COVID-19 lockdown encouraged harmful dietary changes and increases in body weight in the community. Furthermore, malnutrition and deficiencies in vitamin C, D, B12, selenium, iron, omega-3, and medium and long-chain fatty acids were found in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, emphasizing the potential health benefits of vitamin C and D treatments. More research is needed to determine the full function and consequences of diet in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infected individuals.

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Lansiaux, Edouard, Emmanuel Drouin, and Carsten Bolm. "Beta-Thalassemia Minor and SARS-CoV-2: Physiopathology, Prevalence, Severity, Morbidity, and Mortality." Thalassemia Reports 13, no. 1 (January 16, 2023): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/thalassrep13010003.

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Background: Since the first year of the COVID-19 global pandemic, a hypothesis concerning the possible protection/immunity of beta-thalassemia carriers has remained in abeyance. Methods: Three databases (Pubmed Central, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were screened and checked in order to extract all studies about the incidence of confirmed COVID-19 cases, mortality rate, severity assessment, or ICU admission among patients with beta-thalassemia minor, were included in this analysis. The language was limited to English. Studies such as case reports, review studies, and studies that did not have complete data for calculating incidences were excluded. Results and discussion: a total of 3 studies out of 2265 were selected. According to our systematic-review meta-analysis, beta-thalassemia carriers could be less affected by COVID-19 than the general population [IRR = 0.9250 (0.5752; 1.4877)], affected by COVID-19 with a worst severity [OR = 1.5933 (0.4884; 5.1981)], less admissible into the ICU [IRR = 0.3620 (0.0025; 51.6821)], and more susceptible to die from COVID-19 or one of its consequences [IRR = 1.8542 (0.7819; 4.3970)]. However, all of those results remain insignificant with a bad p-value (respectively 0.7479, 0.4400, 0.6881, and 0.1610). Other large case-control or registry studies are needed to confirm these trends.

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Barbosa, Adriana Aparecida de Oliveira, Gabriel Cunha Beato, Pietra Antônia Filiol Belin, and Larissa Ramos Araújo. "ASPECTOS CLÍNICOS DA MÁ NUTRIÇÃO NA COVID-19." Simbio-Logias Revista Eletrônica de Educação Filosofia e Nutrição 12, no. 16 (2020): 01–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32905/19833253.2020.12.16p01.

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The pandemic caused by the new coronavirus has sparked discussions among health professionals about the role of food and nutrition in the infectious condition caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus in different population groups. Malnutrition, including obesity, may reflect more severe outcomes in the physiopathology of infection and systemic responses caused by COVID-19. The present work aims to make considerations directed to the nutritionist about the susceptibility of COVID-19 in individuals submitted to malnutrition, highlighting possible outcomes of the disease and the importance of nutritional care in maintaining the health of these patients. Therefore, maintaining a good nutritional status of these patients, combined with an adequate level of micronutrients will not guarantee protection against infection caused by COVID-19, however, it is essential to minimize the risks of worsening this disease.

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Haque, Azizul, and Anudeep B. Pant. "Long Covid: Untangling the Complex Syndrome and the Search for Therapeutics." Viruses 15, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15010042.

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Long Covid can affect anyone who has previously had acute COVID-19. The root causes of this syndrome are still unknown, and no effective therapeutics are available. This complex syndrome, with a wide array of symptoms, is still evolving. Given the dire situation, it is important to identify the causes of Long Covid and the changes occurring within the immune system of affected patients to figure out how to treat it. The immune system intersects with the persistent viral fragments and blood clots that are implicated in this syndrome; understanding how these complex systems interact may help in untangling the puzzling physiopathology of Long Covid and identifying mitigation measures to provide patients some relief. In this paper, we discuss evidence-based findings and formulate hypotheses on the mechanisms underlying Long Covid’s physiopathology and propose potential therapeutic options.

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Lazar, Mihai, Mihai Sandulescu, Ecaterina Constanta Barbu, Cristina Emilia Chitu-Tisu, Darie Ioan Andreescu, Andreea Nicoleta Anton, Teodora Maria Erculescu, et al. "The Role of Cytokines and Molecular Pathways in Lung Fibrosis Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Physiopathologic (Re)view." Biomedicines 12, no. 3 (March 13, 2024): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12030639.

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SARS-CoV-2 infection is a significant health concern that needs to be addressed not only during the initial phase of infection but also after hospitalization. This is the consequence of the various pathologies associated with long COVID-19, which are still being studied and researched. Lung fibrosis is an important complication after COVID-19, found in up to 71% of patients after discharge. Our research is based on scientific articles indexed in PubMed; in the selection process, we used the following keywords: “lung fibrosis”, “fibrosis mediators”, “fibrosis predictors”, “COVID-19”, “SARS-CoV-2 infection”, and “long COVID-19”. In this narrative review, we aimed to discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms of initiation and progression of post-COVID-19 lung fibrosis (PC-19-LF) and the risk factors for its occurrence. The pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis involves various mediators such as TGF-β, legumain, osteopontin, IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, IL-17, TNF-α, Gal-1, Gal-3, PDGF, and FGFR-1. The key cellular effectors involved in COVID-19 lung fibrosis are macrophages, epithelial alveolar cells, neutrophils, and fibroblasts. The main fibrosis pathways in SARS-CoV-2 infection include hypoxemia-induced fibrosis, macrophage-induced fibrosis, and viral-fibroblast interaction-induced fibrosis.

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Cespedes, Mateus da Silveira, and José Carlos Rosa Pires de Souza. "Coronavirus: a clinical update of Covid-19." Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 66, no. 2 (February 2020): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.66.2.116.

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SUMMARY INTRODUCTION A covid-19 pandemic decreed by WHO has raised greater awareness of it. EPIDEMIOLOGY The infection reached the mark of 350,000 patients in 33 countries and affected as comorbidities the presence of comorbidities and advanced age. TRANSMISSIBILITY The transmissibility calculated so far is similar to the H1N1 epidemic, but with lower mortality rates. PHYSIOPATHOLOGY The SARS-CoV-2 virus, of the Coronaviridae family, has the capacity for cellular invasion through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 does not have a lower respiratory epithelium and in the cells of the small intestine mucosa. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS a presentation can be divided into mild (fever, fatigue, cough, myalgia, and sputum) and severe (cyanosis, dyspnoea, tachypnea, chest pain, hypoxemia and need for clinical measurement) and has an estimated estimate of 2%. DIAGNOSIS allows the detection of viral load in CRP-TR of patients with high clinical suspicion. TREATMENT based on supportive measures and infection control. In severe cases, the use of medications such as hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin or medication can be promising. Take care to avoid the use of corticosteroids. There are no restrictions on the use of resources and ACEIs / ARBs.

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Gómez-Moyano, Elisabeth, Javier Pavón-Morón, Jorge Rodríguez-Capitán, Daniel Bardán-Rebollar, Teresa Ramos-Carrera, Aurora Villalobos-Sánchez, Iván Pérez de Pedro, et al. "The Role of Heparin in Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome and Other Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19." Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 8 (April 20, 2024): 2405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13082405.

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The therapeutic management and short-term consequences of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are well known. However, COVID-19 post-acute sequelae are less known and represent a public health problem worldwide. Patients with COVID-19 who present post-acute sequelae may display immune dysregulation, a procoagulant state, and persistent microvascular endotheliopathy that could trigger microvascular thrombosis. These elements have also been implicated in the physiopathology of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, a frequent sequela in post-COVID-19 patients. These mechanisms, directly associated with post-acute sequelae, might determine the thrombotic consequences of COVID-19 and the need for early anticoagulation therapy. In this context, heparin has several potential benefits, including immunomodulatory, anticoagulant, antiviral, pro-endothelial, and vascular effects, that could be helpful in the treatment of COVID-19 post-acute sequelae. In this article, we review the evidence surrounding the post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 and the potential benefits of the use of heparin, with a special focus on the treatment of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome.

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Zarrilli, Giovanni, Valentina Angerilli, Gianluca Businello, Marta Sbaraglia, Giulia Traverso, Francesco Fortarezza, Stefania Rizzo, et al. "The Immunopathological and Histological Landscape of COVID-19-Mediated Lung Injury." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020974.

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A complete understanding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) physiopathology and related histopathologic lesions is necessary to improve treatment and outcome of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Many studies have focused on autopsy findings in COVID-19-related deaths to try and define any possible specific pattern. Histopathologic alterations are principally found within lungs and blood vessels, and these abnormalities also seem to have the highest clinical impact. Nevertheless, many of the morphological data collected so far are non-specific, fickle, and possibly associated with other co-existing factors. The aim of this minireview is to describe the main histopathological features related to COVID-19 and the mechanism known as “cytokine storm”.

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Pacnejer, Aliteia-Maria, Anca Butuca, Carmen Maximiliana Dobrea, Anca Maria Arseniu, Adina Frum, Felicia Gabriela Gligor, Rares Arseniu, et al. "Neuropsychiatric Burden of SARS-CoV-2: A Review of Its Physiopathology, Underlying Mechanisms, and Management Strategies." Viruses 16, no. 12 (November 21, 2024): 1811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16121811.

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Анотація:

The COVID-19 outbreak, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was linked to significant neurological and psychiatric manifestations. This review examines the physiopathological mechanisms underlying these neuropsychiatric outcomes and discusses current management strategies. Primarily a respiratory disease, COVID-19 frequently leads to neurological issues, including cephalalgia and migraines, loss of sensory perception, cerebrovascular accidents, and neurological impairment such as encephalopathy. Lasting neuropsychological effects have also been recorded in individuals following SARS-CoV-2 infection. These include anxiety, depression, and cognitive dysfunction, suggesting a lasting impact on mental health. The neuroinvasive potential of the virus, inflammatory responses, and the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in neuroinflammation are critical factors in neuropsychiatric COVID-19 manifestations. In addition, the review highlights the importance of monitoring biomarkers to assess Central Nervous System (CNS) involvement. Management strategies for these neuropsychiatric conditions include supportive therapy, antiepileptic drugs, antithrombotic therapy, and psychotropic drugs, emphasizing the need for a multidisciplinary approach. Understanding the long-term neuropsychiatric implications of COVID-19 is essential for developing effective treatment protocols and improving patient outcomes.

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Gaujac, Cristiano, and Regiane Cristina Amaral. "Neurological manifestations and pathophysiological mechanisms of Covid-19." ARCHIVES OF HEALTH INVESTIGATION 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 1040–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21270/archi.v10i7.5460.

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Background - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is a novel, highly infectious coronavirus and the etiologic agent of Covid-19. The course of Covid-19 can range from mild flu-like symptoms to severe, life-threatening symptoms, especially when comorbidities are present. Increasing studies have reinforced the association between SARS-CoV-2 and various neurological manifestations, although the pathophysiological mechanisms remain uncertain. Objective - The aim of this paper was to briefly describe current findings on the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology and major CNS and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) manifestations. Methods and Material - This work consists of a literature review based on the study of academic papers. To this end, the Pubmed platform was used to search for scientific articles, using the keywords: covid-19, coronavirus, physiopathology, neuronal symptoms. Results - out of 114,660 articles found, 94 were selected for this review. Conclusions - Periodic reviews collaborate in the constant updating and summarization of findings. Understanding the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 on the SN and the link between the systems may lead to earlier and earlier diagnoses of neurological involvement, guide therapeutic management, prevent sequelae, and preserve lives.

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Eliezer, Michael, Anne-Laurel Hamel, Emmanuel Houdart, Philippe Herman, Juliette Housset, Clement Jourdaine, Corinne Eloit, Benjamin Verillaud, and Charlotte Hautefort. "Loss of smell in patients with COVID-19." Neurology 95, no. 23 (September 11, 2020): e3145-e3152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000010806.

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ObjectiveTo assess the physiopathology of olfactory function loss (OFL) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we evaluated the olfactory clefts (OC) on MRI during the early stage of the disease and 1 month later.MethodsThis was a prospective, monocentric, case-controlled study. Twenty severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2)–infected patients with OFL were included and compared to 20 age-matched healthy controls. All infected patients underwent olfactory function assessment and 3T MRI, performed both at the early stage of the disease and at the 1-month follow-up.ResultsAt the early stage, SARS-CoV2–infected patients had a mean olfactory score of 2.8 ± 2.7 (range 0–8), and MRI displayed a complete obstruction of the OC in 19 of 20 patients. Controls had normal olfactory scores and no obstruction of the OC on MRI. At the 1 month follow-up, the olfactory score had improved to 8.3 ± 1.9 (range 4–10) in patients, and only 7 of 20 patients still had an obstruction of the OC. There was a correlation between olfactory score and obstruction of the OC (p = 0.004).ConclusionOFL in SARS-CoV2–infected patients is associated with a reversible obstruction of the OC.

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Farber, Paulo Luiz. "Can erythrocytes behavior in microcirculation help the understanding the physiopathology and improve prevention and treatment for covid-19?" Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation 78, no. 1 (June 2, 2021): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ch-201082.

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Low plasma estrogens, vitamin D deficiency, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, thromboembolism, and impaired microcirculation are linked to the severity of covid-19. Studies have suggested that these comorbidities also are related to erythrocyte factors linked to increased blood viscosity in microcirculation such as erythrocyte aggregation and erythrocyte deformability. Increased blood viscosity in microcirculation can lead to a decrease in oxygenation and nutrition of tissues. Therefore erythrocyte aggregation and erythrocyte deformability may be involved in covid-19 severity, leading to tissue hypoxia and a decrease of drug concentration in affected organs. If this relationship is demonstrated, erythrocytes factors can be used to monitor treatments for improve microcirculatory fluidity that may decrease covid-19 severity. Lifestyle improvement and treatments such as vitamin D and estrogens supplementation are some possible approaches to improve microcirculation and covid-19 prevention and treatment.

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Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier, Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo, Juan Mielgo-Ayuso, Athanasios A. Dalamitros, Pantelis A. Nikolaidis, Alberto Hormeño-Holgado, and Jose Francisco Tornero-Aguilera. "Nutrition in the Actual COVID-19 Pandemic. A Narrative Review." Nutrients 13, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13061924.

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The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has shocked world health authorities generating a global health crisis. The present study discusses the main finding in nutrition sciences associated with COVID-19 in the literature. We conducted a consensus critical review using primary sources, scientific articles, and secondary bibliographic indexes, databases, and web pages. The method was a narrative literature review of the available literature regarding nutrition interventions and nutrition-related factors during the COVID-19 pandemic. The main search engines used in the present research were PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar. We found how the COVID-19 lockdown promoted unhealthy dietary changes and increases in body weight of the population, showing obesity and low physical activity levels as increased risk factors of COVID-19 affection and physiopathology. In addition, hospitalized COVID-19 patients presented malnutrition and deficiencies in vitamin C, D, B12 selenium, iron, omega-3, and medium and long-chain fatty acids highlighting the potential health effect of vitamin C and D interventions. Further investigations are needed to show the complete role and implications of nutrition both in the prevention and in the treatment of patients with COVID-19.

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Shafiekhani, Mojtaba, Anahita Dehghani, Mina Shahisavandi, Seyed Ali Nabavizadeh, Maryam Kabiri, Amir Hossein Hassani, and Abdolreza Haghpanah. "Pharmacotherapeutic approach toward urological medications and vaccination during COVID-19: a narrative review." Therapeutic Advances in Urology 13 (January 2021): 175628722110467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17562872211046794.

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One year after the prevalence of the novel coronavirus pandemic, some aspects of the physiopathology, treatment and progression of coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) have remained unknown. Since no comprehensive study on the use of urological medications in patients with COVID-19 has been carried out, this narrative review aimed to focus on clinically important issues about the treatment of COVID-19 and urologic medications regarding efficacy, modifications, side effects and interactions in different urologic diseases. In this review, we provide information about the pharmacotherapeutic approach toward urologic medications in patients with COVID-19 infection. This study provides an overview of medications in benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, impotence and sexual dysfunction, urolithiasis, kidney transplantation and hypertension as the most frequent diseases in which the patients are on long-term medications. Also, the effect of urologic drugs on the efficacy of vaccination is briefly discussed.

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Frías-De-León, María Guadalupe, Rodolfo Pinto-Almazán, Rigoberto Hernández-Castro, Eduardo García-Salazar, Patricia Meza-Meneses, Carmen Rodríguez-Cerdeira, Roberto Arenas, Esther Conde-Cuevas, Gustavo Acosta-Altamirano, and Erick Martínez-Herrera. "Epidemiology of Systemic Mycoses in the COVID-19 Pandemic." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 7 (July 13, 2021): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7070556.

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The physiopathologic characteristics of COVID-19 (high levels of inflammatory cytokines and T-cell reduction) promote fungal colonization and infection, which can go unnoticed because the symptoms in both diseases are very similar. The objective of this work was to study the current epidemiology of systemic mycosis in COVID-19 times. A literature search on the subject (January 2020–February 2021) was performed in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and LILACS without language restrictions. Demographic data, etiological agent, risk factors, diagnostic methods, antifungal treatment, and fatality rate were considered. Eighty nine publications were found on co-infection by COVID-19 and pneumocystosis, candidiasis, aspergillosis, mucormycosis, coccidioidomycosis, or histoplasmosis. In general, the co-infections occurred in males over the age of 40 with immunosuppression caused by various conditions. Several species were identified in candidiasis and aspergillosis co-infections. For diagnosis, diverse methods were used, from microbiological to molecular. Most patients received antifungals; however, the fatality rates were 11–100%. The latter may result because the clinical picture is usually attributed exclusively to SARS-CoV-2, preventing a clinical suspicion for mycosis. Diagnostic tests also have limitations beginning with sampling. Therefore, in the remainder of the pandemic, these diagnostic limitations must be overcome to achieve a better patient prognosis.

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Zota, Ioana Mădălina, Cristian Stătescu, Radu Andy Sascău, Mihai Roca, Larisa Anghel, Alexandra Maștaleru, Maria Magdalena Leon-Constantin, et al. "Acute and Long-Term Consequences of COVID-19 on Arterial Stiffness—A Narrative Review." Life 12, no. 6 (May 25, 2022): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12060781.

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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the ongoing global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Although initially viewed as an acute respiratory illness, COVID-19 is clearly a complex multisystemic disease with extensive cardiovascular involvement. Emerging evidence shows that the endothelium plays multiple roles in COVID-19 physiopathology, as both a target organ that can be directly infected by SARS-CoV-2 and a mediator in the subsequent inflammatory and thrombotic cascades. Arterial stiffness is an established marker of cardiovascular disease. The scope of this review is to summarize available data on the acute and long-term consequences of COVID-19 on vascular function. COVID-19 causes early vascular aging and arterial stiffness. Fast, noninvasive bedside assessment of arterial stiffness could optimize risk stratification in acute COVID-19, allowing for early escalation of treatment. Vascular physiology remains impaired at least 12 months after infection with SARS-CoV-2, even in otherwise healthy adults. This raises concerns regarding the extent of arterial remodeling in patients with preexisting vascular disease and the potential development of a persistent, chronic COVID-19 vasculopathy. Long-term follow up on larger cohorts is required to investigate the reversibility of COVID-19-induced vascular changes and their associated prognostic implications.

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Ruiz-Real, José Luis, Bruno José Nievas-Soriano, and Juan Uribe-Toril. "Has Covid-19 Gone Viral? An Overview of Research by Subject Area." Health Education & Behavior 47, no. 6 (September 4, 2020): 861–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198120958368.

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When a pandemic outbreak occurs, it seems logical that related scientific production should increase substantially; however, it is important to recognize its interdisciplinary usefulness to find a solution to the problem. The main aim of this research is to analyse the main keywords of the scientific research about COVID-19, by subject area. To discover the influence of certain terms and their transferability, synergies, and future trends, a cluster analysis of the keywords was performed. The results show that Health Sciences dominate the publications with 88.23% of the total volume. As expected, the largest volume of research was dedicated to medical aspects of the disease, like experimental treatments, its physiopathology, or its respiratory syndrome. However, other fields, like Social Sciences (6.07%), Technology (2.68%), Physical Sciences (1.95%), and Arts and Humanities (1.08%), also played an important role in research on COVID-19.

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Robu, Mircea, Diana Romina Marian, Rasvan Vasile, Bogdan Radulescu, Alice Stegaru, Cristian Voica, Claudia Nica, et al. "Delayed Surgical Management of Acute Type A Aortic Dissection in a Patient with Recent COVID-19 Infection and Post-COVID-19 Bronchopneumonia—Case Report and Review of Literature." Medicina 58, no. 10 (September 27, 2022): 1357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58101357.

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Ever since it was first described in 1760, acute type A aortic dissection has created difficulties in its management. The recent COVID-19 pandemic revealed that extrapulmonary manifestations of this condition may occur, and recent reports suggested that aortic dissection may be amongst them since it shares a common physiopathology, that is, hyper-inflammatory syndrome. Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass in the setting of COVID-19-positive patients carries a high risk of postoperative respiratory failure. While the vast majority accept that management of type A aortic dissection requires urgent surgery and central aortic therapy, there are some reports that advocate for delaying surgery. In this situation, the risk of aortic rupture must be balanced with the possible benefits of delaying urgent surgery. We present a case of acute type A dissection with COVID-19-associated bronchopneumonia successfully managed after delaying surgery for 6 days.

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Cinti, Francesca, and Saverio Cinti. "The Endocrine Adipose Organ: A System Playing a Central Role in COVID-19." Cells 11, no. 13 (July 4, 2022): 2109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11132109.

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In the last 30 years the adipose cell has been object of several studies, turning its reputation from an inert cell into the main character involved in the pathophysiology of multiple diseases, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which has changed the clinical scenario of the last two years. Composed by two types of tissue (white and brown), with opposite roles, the adipose organ is now classified as a real endocrine organ whose dysfunction is involved in different diseases, mainly obesity and type 2 diabetes. In this mini-review we aim to retrace the adipose organ history from physiology to physiopathology, to provide therapeutic perspectives for the prevention and treatment of its two main related diseases (obesity and type 2 diabetes) and to summarize the most recent discoveries linking adipose tissue to COVID-19.

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Méndez-García, Lucía Angélica, Helena Solleiro-Villavicencio, Sebastián Guartazaca-Guerrero, Jahir Rodríguez-Morales, and José Damián Carrillo-Ruiz. "Neurological Diseases Define the Cytokine Profile in CFS during SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Highly Ill Patients." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 8, no. 6 (May 25, 2023): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8060290.

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Neuroinflammation is critical in developing and progressing neurological diseases. The underlying pro-inflammatory cytokine expression combined with additional mechanisms in the neuropathology, such as oxidative stress, brain–blood barrier damage, and endothelial dysfunction, could contribute to the susceptibility to developing severe COVID-19. The physiopathology of SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses (H-CoVs) has not been completely understood; however, they have all been linked to a disproportionated response of the immune system, particularly an exacerbated cytokine production and the dysregulation of total cell counts. In this article, based on the compilation of studies reported by our working group regarding COVID-19 and neurological diseases, we propose that the inflammation observed in the central nervous system, through a CSF analysis, could be conditioned by neurological disease(s) and enhanced by COVID-19. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the cytokine profile in different neurological disorders to propose adequate treatments and avoid severe forms of the disease in these patients.

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González-Villalva, Adriana, Aurora de la Peña-Díaz, Marcela Rojas-Lemus, Nelly López-Valdez, Martha Ustarroz-Cano, Isabel García-Peláez, Patricia Bizarro-Nevares, and Teresa I. Fortoul. "Fisiología de la hemostasia y su alteración por la coagulopatía en COVID-19." Revista de la Facultad de Medicina 63, no. 5 (September 10, 2020): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fm.24484865e.2020.63.5.08.

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COVID-19 global pandemic caused by Sars-CoV-2 virus, has worried to health care providers due to the high mortality rate related to coagulopathy in many patients. COVID-19 coagulopathy is mainly thrombotic, first locally in lungs but later on it becomes micro and macrovascular systemic coagulopathy. It has been associated to endothelial damage, inflammation, neutrophil-extracellular traps, monocyte and macrophage activation, cytokines storm that induce a vicious cycle of thrombosis and inflammation. The increased levels of prothrombotic factors as tissue factor, Von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen, VIII factor and the decreased levels of antithrombotic factos, such as: antithrombin and Protein S have been reported in COVID-19 patients. Insufficiency of fibrinolysis because of the increased levels of PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1) have been reported also. During this disease there are intraalveolar fibrin deposits that needs to be degraded. Fibrinolysis of thrombus and fibrin intraalveolar degradation are responsible for the high increase of D-dimers levels that are an important predictor of severity of the disease. In this report, the physiology of hemostasis, thromboinflamation secondary to Sars-CoV-2 infection are reviewed, as well as the clinical evidence and the physiopathology of COVID-19 coagulopathy from the basic sciences point of view. Keywords:Hemostasis; coagulation; thrombosis; coagulopathy; Sars-CoV-2; COVID-19.

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Correale, Michele, Lucia Tricarico, Martino Fortunato, Giuseppe Dattilo, Massimo Iacoviello, and Natale Daniele Brunetti. "Infection, atherothrombosis and thromboembolism beyond the COVID-19 disease: what similar in physiopathology and researches." Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 33, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40520-020-01775-x.

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Laste, Gabriela, and Jorge de Oliveira Mateus. "Coronavirus in Pregnancy: The Role of Melatonin." Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research 36, no. 2 (February 16, 2024): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2024/v36i25371.

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The effects of COVID-19 on pregnant individuals are unclear due to a series of physiological changes and immune system adaptations that may affect the development of the fetus. There is evidence supporting the role of melatonin in human pregnancy, and it appears that melatonin is essential for a successful pregnancy. However, in pathological conditions, such as during SARS-CoV-2 infection, melatonin levels can be significantly inhibited. In addition, melatonin, a powerful endogen antioxidant, free radical scavenger, and anti-inflammatory molecule, has been reported to exert beneficial effects on viral diseases such as COVID-19. This review focuses on the current evidence regarding the physiopathology of COVID-19 in pregnancy conditions, the role of melatonin during pregnancy, and the use of melatonin as a promising treatment. Addressing these points should help us understand the knowledge currently available about COVID-19 during pregnancy and explore the possible beneficial effects of melatonin. Physiological and immunological adaptations during pregnancy may result in systemic effects that greatly contribute to the development of acute viral infectious diseases such as COVID-19. Melatonin as an adjuvant in COVID-19 treatment has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and immune response regulatory functions. The strategy that melatonin offers is to slow the cytokine storm observed and reduce oxidative damage to enhance the resistance of individuals and provide additional survival time. Although the direct evidence of melatonin application in COVID-19 is unclear, both its use in experimental animal models and studies on humans has consistently documented its efficacy and safety, and its use by COVID-19 patients would be highly beneficial.

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Enache, Alexandra, Veronica Ciocan, Camelia Oana Muresan, Talida Georgiana Cut, Dorin Novacescu, Corina Paul, Nicoleta Andreescu, Alexandra Mihailescu, Marius Raica, and Raluca Dumache. "Postmortem Documentation of SARS-CoV-2 in Utero and Postpartum Transmission, through Amniotic Fluid, Placental, and Pulmonary Tissue RT-PCR." Applied Sciences 11, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 9505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11209505.

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The physiopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection, during pregnancy and in early childhood, is poorly understood. Unfavorable maternal outcomes, the risk of vertical/postpartum transmission, and severe, multisystem involvement in infants and children highlight the importance of developing a cohesive treatment and nuanced prophylaxis strategy. In this study, we evaluate autopsy reports, pathological findings, and SARS-CoV-2 genome expression in three distinct clinical scenarios: maternal death due to severe COVID-19 with in utero fetal demise (27 weeks); mother with moderate COVID-19 and in utero fetal demise (29 weeks); and 2-month-old infant death with confirmed COVID-19 caregivers. We report the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 genome in amniotic fluid and placental tissue in the context of in utero transmission of SARS-CoV-2, but also in postmortem infant pulmonary tissue samples in a case of late postpartum SARS-CoV-2 transmission with asymptomatic, rapidly progressive disease, resulting in infant death. Key pathological findings offer a descriptive portrayal of maternal, in utero, and infantile COVID-19 pathogenesis. Further investigations are necessary to fully comprehend the clinical implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy, a prerequisite for adequate therapeutic management and harm reduction.

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Ramos-Lopez, Omar, Rodrigo San-Cristobal, Diego Martinez-Urbistondo, Víctor Micó, Gonzalo Colmenarejo, Paula Villares-Fernandez, Lidia Daimiel, and J. Alfredo Martinez. "Proinflammatory and Hepatic Features Related to Morbidity and Fatal Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 14 (July 15, 2021): 3112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10143112.

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Objective: to screen putative associations between liver markers and proinflammatory-related features concerning infectious morbidity and fatal outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Methods: a total of 2094 COVID-19 positive patients from the COVID-DATA-SAFE-LIFES cohort (HM hospitals consortium) were classified according to median values of hepatic, inflammatory, and clinical indicators. Logistic regression models were fitted and ROC cures were generated to explain disease severity and mortality. Results: intensive care unit (ICU) assistance plus death outcomes were associated with liver dysfunction, hyperinflammation, respiratory insufficiency, and higher associated comorbidities. Four models including age, sex, neutrophils, D-dimer, oxygen saturation lower than 92%, C-reactive protein (CRP), Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), FIB-4 and interactions with CRP, neutrophils, and CCI explained ICU plus death variance in more than 28%. The predictive values of ROC curves were: FIB-4 (0.7339), AST/ALT ratio (0.7107), CRP (0.7003), CCI index (0.6778), neutrophils (0.6772), and platelets (0.5618) concerning ICU plus death outcomes. Conclusions: the results of this research revealed that liver and proinflammatory features are important determinants of COVID-19 morbidity and fatal outcomes, which could improve the current understanding of the COVID-19 physiopathology as well as to facilitate the clinical management and therapy decision-making of this disease under a personalized medicine scope.

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Gizzi, Giulia, Claudia Mazzeschi, Elisa Delvecchio, Tommaso Beccari, and Elisabetta Albi. "Possible Stress–Neuroendocrine System–Psychological Symptoms Relationship in Pregnant Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 11497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811497.

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The COVID-19 pandemic induced long-term damages that weigh on the national health systems of various countries in terms of support and care. This review aimed to highlight the mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in pregnant women. We first report data on the immune system physiopathology and the main viral infections in pregnancy, including COVID-19. Then, the attention is focused on the main factors that affect the mental health of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as (1) the fear of being infected and transmitting the infection to the fetus, (2) the cancellation of checkups and pre-child courses, and (3) confinement and the inability to have close friends or a partner at the time of delivery or in the first days after delivery, as well as family tensions. Because of all this, pregnant women find themselves in a stressful condition independent of the pregnancy, and thus experience anxiety, depression, insomnia, hostility, delirium, and an alteration of the mother–baby relationship. Several studies have shown an involvement of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis in response to the pandemic. We propose a possible involvement of the neuroendocrine system as a mediator of the psychological symptoms of pregnant women induced by COVID-19-related stress.

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Tokatli, Maria Raza, Leuconoe Grazia Sisti, Eleonora Marziali, Lorenza Nachira, Maria Francesca Rossi, Carlotta Amantea, Umberto Moscato, and Walter Malorni. "Hormones and Sex-Specific Medicine in Human Physiopathology." Biomolecules 12, no. 3 (March 7, 2022): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12030413.

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A prodigious increment of scientific evidence in both preclinical and clinical studies is narrowing a major gap in knowledge regarding sex-specific biological responses observed in numerous branches of clinical practices. Some paradigmatic examples include neurodegenerative and mental disorders, immune-related disorders such as pathogenic infections and autoimmune diseases, oncologic conditions, and cardiovascular morbidities. The male-to-female proportion in a population is expressed as sex ratio and varies eminently with respect to the pathophysiology, natural history, incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates. The factors that determine this scenario incorporate both sex-associated biological differences and gender-dependent sociocultural issues. A broad narrative review focused on the current knowledge about the role of hormone regulation in gender medicine and gender peculiarities across key clinical areas is provided. Sex differences in immune response, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, cancer, and COVID-19 are some of the hints reported. Moreover, gender implications in occupational health and health policy are offered to support the need for more personalized clinical medicine and public health approaches to achieve an ameliorated quality of life of patients and better outcomes in population health.

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Alves, Rosana, Jaciane Cardoso Leandro, Ana Matias Ferreira, Juliana Cristina Vieira Gmack, and João Victor Brincas Ramos. "Fisiopatologia da COVID-19 e da síndrome inflamatória multissistêmica na criança: Revisão de escopo." Revista Científica Faesa 19, no. 2 (December 15, 2023): 84–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5008/1809.7367.243.

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years since the first cases, the knowledge about the virus is yet very scarce. Despite that, based on the differences between the clinical course and the prevalence of the disease among children and adults, it is possible to imply that may be some distinct physiopathology mechanisms between these two groups. Objective: The aim is to present scientific evidence concerning the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and the Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C). Methodology: Scope review based on the descriptors Coronavirus and/or COVID-19, Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children and/or MIS-C, Pathophysiology and Children and their correspondents in English and Spanish, carried out in the SciELO, MEDLINE databases, BVS-LILACS and PUBCOVID19, following the proposal of the Joanna Briggs Institute, in five stages. Results: This rewiew included 28 studies published in many countries between 2020 and 2021. Conclusions: Differences in the immune and respiratory systems and receptors ECA2 that seem to be related to lower severity of COVID-19 in children were presented. Also, different immunological patterns and the involvement of other systems, like the gastrointestinal tract, had also been identified in pediatric patients who develop MIS-C.

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Moatar, Alexandra Ioana, Aimee Rodica Chis, Catalin Marian, and Ioan-Ovidiu Sirbu. "Gene Network Analysis of the Transcriptome Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Interacting MicroRNAs in COVID-19 Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 16 (August 17, 2022): 9239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169239.

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According to the World Health Organization (WHO), as of June 2022, over 536 million confirmed COVID-19 disease cases and over 6.3 million deaths had been globally reported. COVID-19 is a multiorgan disease involving multiple intricated pathological mechanisms translated into clinical, biochemical, and molecular changes, including microRNAs. MicroRNAs are essential post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, being involved in the modulation of most biological processes. In this study, we characterized the biological impact of SARS-CoV-2 interacting microRNAs differentially expressed in COVID-19 disease by analyzing their impact on five distinct tissue transcriptomes. To this end, we identified the microRNAs’ predicted targets within the list of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in tissues affected by high loads of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Next, we submitted the tissue-specific lists of the predicted microRNA-targeted DEGs to gene network functional enrichment analysis. Our data show that the upregulated microRNAs control processes such as mitochondrial respiration and cytokine and cell surface receptor signaling pathways in the heart, lymph node, and kidneys. In contrast, downregulated microRNAs are primarily involved in processes related to the mitotic cell cycle in the heart, lung, and kidneys. Our study provides the first exploratory, systematic look into the biological impact of the microRNAs associated with COVID-19, providing a new perspective for understanding its multiorgan physiopathology.

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Nadia, B., T. Mariem, B. A. Houda, C. Ghada, E. Sahar, M. Sameh, K. Sami, H. Najla, and A. Jihen. "Depressive symptoms, insomnia and dyspnea in COVID-19 survivors: a tunisian study." European Psychiatry 67, S1 (April 2024): S516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.1072.

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IntroductionThe coronavirus infection emerging in 2019 caused a plethora of physical and mental health problems around the world. Recent studies showed a persistent psychological distress even after few months of the infection.ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms, insomnia and dyspnea among covid-19 survivors.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study including 121 Tunisian COVID-19 inpatients who had been discharged alive from hospital. Each enrolled patient was asked about the period before the hospital stay, and the 6-9 month-period after hospital discharge. Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to assess depressive symptoms. We assessed insomnia via the insomnia severity index (ISI) and dyspnea through the mMRC (modified British Medical Research Council).ResultsThe median age of participants was 59 years. The prevalence of depressive symptoms and insomnia increased significantly after the pandemic (5.7% vs 57.9%, p=0.038, r=0.189; and 4.9% vs 26.4%; p<0.0001, r=0.349 respectively). Younger patients presented more depressive symptoms (p<0.0001). females were more likely to suffer from depressive symptoms (p<0.0001). Dyspnea was more prevalent among survivors with depressive symptoms (p=0.001). Patients with depressive symptoms exhibited more insomnia (p<0.0001).ConclusionsThe pandemic of covid19 emerged a wide range of physical and mental health problems with complex physiopathology. The early detection of these disorders improves the quality of life of these patients.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

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Torregiani, Chiara, Elisa Baratella, Antonio Segalotti, Barbara Ruaro, Francesco Salton, Paola Confalonieri, Stefano Tavano, et al. "Oscillometry Longitudinal Data on COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Syndrome Treated with Non-Invasive Respiratory Support." Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 7 (March 24, 2024): 1868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13071868.

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Background: Oscillometry allows for the non-invasive measurements of lung mechanics. In COVID-19 ARDS patients treated with Non-Invasive Oxygen Support (NI-OS), we aimed to (1) observe lung mechanics at the patients’ admission and their subsequent changes, (2) compare lung mechanics with clinical and imaging data, and (3) evaluate whether lung mechanics helps to predict clinical outcomes. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data from 37 consecutive patients with moderate–severe COVID-19 ARDS. Oscillometry was performed on their 1st, 4th, and 7th day of hospitalization. Resistance (R5), reactance (X5), within-breath reactance changes (ΔX5), and the frequency dependence of the resistance (R5–R19) were considered. Twenty-seven patients underwent computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA): collapsed, poorly aerated, and normally inflated areas were quantified. Adverse outcomes were defined as intubation or death. Results: Thirty-two patients were included in this study. At the first measurement, only 44% of them had an abnormal R5 or X5. In total, 23 patients had measurements performed on their 3rd day and 7 on their 7th day of hospitalization. In general, their R5, R5–R19, and ΔX decreased with time, while their X5 increased. Collapsed areas on the CTPA correlated with the X5 z-score (ρ = −0.38; p = 0.046), while poorly aerated areas did not. Seven patients had adverse outcomes but did not present different oscillometry parameters on their 1st day of hospitalization. Conclusions: Our study confirms the feasibility of oscillometry in critically ill patients with COVID-19 pneumonia undergoing NI-OS. The X5 z-scores indicates collapsed but not poorly aerated lung areas in COVID-19 pneumonia. Our data, which show a severe impairment of gas exchange despite normal reactance in most patients with COVID-19 ARDS, support the hypothesis of a composite COVID-19 ARDS physiopathology.

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Joris, Maurice, Joël Pincemail, Camille Colson, Jean Joris, Doriane Calmes, Etienne Cavalier, Benoit Misset, Julien Guiot, Grégory Minguet, and Anne-Françoise Rousseau. "Exercise Limitation after Critical Versus Mild COVID-19 Infection: A Metabolic Perspective." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 15 (July 25, 2022): 4322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11154322.

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Exercise limitation in COVID-19 survivors is poorly explained. In this retrospective study, cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) was coupled with an oxidative stress assessment in COVID-19 critically ill survivors (ICU group). Thirty-one patients were included in this group. At rest, their oxygen uptake (VO2) was elevated (8 [5.6–9.7] mL/min/kg). The maximum effort was reached at low values of workload and VO2 (66 [40.9–79.2]% and 74.5 [62.6–102.8]% of the respective predicted values). The ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide remained within normal ranges. Their metabolic efficiency was low: 15.2 [12.9–17.8]%. The 50% decrease in VO2 after maximum effort was delayed, at 130 [120–170] s, with a still-high respiratory exchange ratio (1.13 [1–1.2]). The blood myeloperoxidase was elevated (92 [75.5–106.5] ng/mL), and the OSS was altered. The CPET profile of the ICU group was compared with long COVID patients after mid-disease (MLC group) and obese patients (OB group). The MLC patients (n = 23) reached peak workload and predicted VO2 values, but their resting VO2, metabolic efficiency, and recovery profiles were similar to the ICU group to a lesser extent. In the OB group (n = 15), no hypermetabolism at rest was observed. In conclusion, the exercise limitation after a critical COVID-19 bout resulted from an altered metabolic profile in the context of persistent inflammation and oxidative stress. Altered exercise and metabolic profiles were also observed in the MLC group. The contribution of obesity on the physiopathology of exercise limitation after a critical bout of COVID-19 did not seem relevant.

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Scarcella, Antonio, Maria Vincenza Mastrolia, Edoardo Marrani, Ilaria Maccora, Ilaria Pagnini, and Gabriele Simonini. "Neuro-PIMS-TS: a single case report and review of the literature." Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease 14 (January 2022): 1759720X2211396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1759720x221139627.

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Neurological manifestations related to SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults have been largely reported since the beginning of the pandemic. Subsequent large-scale studies involving children confirmed the occurrence of neurological symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection also among paediatric patients, especially in the context of paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with COVID-19 (PIMS-TS). At this regard, we report the challenging case of a 10-month-old baby with PIMS-TS complicated by acute cerebral oedema successfully treated with intravenous immunoglobulins, corticosteroids and anakinra. Our results, combined with the evidence of larger case series suggest that higher inflammatory burden is more frequent in patients with neuro PIMS-TS. As regards neuroimaging, neuroimmune disorders are found to be more common during acute COVID-19, MERS is more frequent during PIMS-TS. Distinct immune mechanisms may underlie these different types of neurological involvement, which are yet to be understood. Further studies are required to better define the physiopathology of neuro PIMS-TS and its possible therapeutical implications.

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Lanza, Katharina, Raphael Dias, Rafaela Martins dos Santos Oliveira, Luís Belotto, Aline Silva Miranda, and Ana Cristina Simões e Silva. "Renin-Angiotensin System in Central Nervous System Diseases and its Interaction with COVID-19." Current Medicinal Chemistry 28, no. 28 (September 9, 2021): 5733–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867328666210212101854.

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Background: The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) comprises a complex molecular cascade with two counter-regulatory axes, the classical and the alternative. Angiotensin II and Angiotensin-(1-7), the main peptides of the RAS, exert opposite effects in multiple organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, renal, pulmonary, and immune systems. Strong evidence supports the hypothesis of a local RAS in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and its modulatory roles in neuroendocrinology and neurotransmission. Objective: In this narrative review, we provide a comprehensive approach to experimental and clinical data regarding RAS molecule expression and their possible roles in the physiology and physiopathology of CNS diseases. Methods: This non-systematic review summarizes evidence on RAS implications in CNS diseases and their possible relationships with COVID-19. Results: We divided the possible RAS mechanisms in distinct conditions during the lifespan, approaching from congenital infections to neurodegenerative alterations, passing through mood disorders and cerebrovascular diseases. We also gathered current evidence about the possible effects of RAS in Covid-19, particularly in cases with neurological manifestations. Conclusion: Although there are limitations and controversies, the analysis of RAS mechanisms in the CNS certainly represents an interesting field of research. However, further investigation is necessary to support the noteworthy interactions and provide a better comprehension of the cross-talk between RAS and the CNS. Investigations in this research field may shed light on the novel therapeutic targets.

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Sanchez, Belén G., Jose M. Gasalla, Manuel Sánchez-Chapado, Alicia Bort, and Inés Diaz-Laviada. "Increase in Ischemia-Modified Albumin and Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A in COVID-19 Patients." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 23 (November 23, 2021): 5474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10235474.

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This study was undertaken due to the urgent need to explore reliable biomarkers for early SARS-CoV-2 infection. We performed a retrospective study analyzing the serum levels of the cardiovascular biomarkers IL-6, TNF-α, N-terminal pro-B natriuretic peptide, cardiac troponin T (cTnT), ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) in 84 patients with COVID-19.Patients were divided into three groups according to their RT-qPCR and IgG values: acute infection (n = 35), early infection (n = 25) or control subjects (n = 24). Levels of biomarkers were analyzed in patient serum samples using commercially available ELISA kits. Results showed a significant increase in IMA and PAPP-A levels in the early infected patients. Moreover, multivariate analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that IMA and PAPP-A had excellent discrimination value for the early stage of COVID-19. For IMA, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) had a value of 0.94 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.881–0.999). Likewise, the serum level of PAPP-A was significantly higher in patients with early infection than in the control subjects (AUC = 0.801 (95% CI: 0.673–0.929)). The combined use of IMA and PAPP-A enhanced the sensitivity for total SARS-CoV-2-infected patients to 93%. These results suggest that the increased levels of PAPP-A and IMA shed light on underlying mechanisms of COVID-19 physiopathology and might be used as efficient biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity for the early stage of COVID-19. Importantly, when monitoring pregnancy and cardiovascular diseases using PAPP-A or IMA levels, a SARS-CoV-2 infection should be discarded for proper interpretation of the results.

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Chaturvedi, Pragya, and Sudhanshu Singh. "Significance of Epigenetics in Sars-CoV-2 Infection and Proposed Epi-Drugs for Covid-19." SAMRIDDHI : A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology 13, SUP 1 (June 30, 2021): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18090/samriddhi.v13is1.6.

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We frequently come in contact with animal viruses through the food which we eat, the pets which we have, and our connections with nature. The enormous majority of viruses which enter our bodies pass inoffensively through our physiological systems or eradicate by our immune systems. However, on rare circumstances, a human-encounters by a virus which begins to replicate itself, accomplishing its entire lifecycle within human cells and intensifying themselves into a large number. Replication of an animal virus inside the human body is the key instant in the zoonotic process. SARS CoV-2 is one of these viruses which cause COVID-19 disease. To enter the target cell SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the cellular protease transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). Genome stability and maintenance of cellular equilibrium are the main parameters influenced by epigenetically regulated chromatin structure. Implication of regulation by epigenetic machinery has also been found in the physiopathology of the virus infection. By varying the function of gene locus. such regulation links genotype and phenotype without changing the original DNA sequences. However antiviral drugs have been used to treat various viral diseases since long, epi-drugs are now proposed to treat these diseases due to the epigenetic implications found in these infections. Epi-drugs are small agents that are able to reverse some epigenetic changes. This review is aimed to find implication of epigenetics in infection caused due SARS C0V-2 and if there is any epi-drugs approach possible to treat this infection.

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