Статті в журналах: "Couplage hybride"

1

Bousquet, Bruno, Lionel Canioni, Jean-Paul Guillet, Stéphanie Fleck, Erwan Normand, and Martin Hachet. "HOBIT. Un concept innovant pour la transformation des pratiques pédagogiques en physique." Reflets de la physique, no. 73 (July 2022): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/refdp/202273036.

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La transformation des pratiques pédagogiques est devenue une nécessité pour faciliter l’accès au savoir d’étudiants qui ont du mal à comprendre les concepts abstraits ainsi que les modèles physiques et les outils mathématiques sous-jacents. Dans ce contexte, nous avons conçu, développé et évalué le dispositif HOBIT, destiné à soutenir l’apprentissage des connaissances fondamentales et des compétences techniques dans le domaine de l’optique, grâce au couplage d’une simulation numérique et d’une manipulation d’objets physiques dans un environnement hybride de réalité augmentée tangible. Nous présentons ici notre démarche de conception et la manière dont HOBIT, dont le concept pourrait être étendu à d’autres disciplines de la physique, a d’ores et déjà modifié nos pratiques pédagogiques.

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2

Ballouk, Houssein, Slim Belaid, and Sami Ben Jabeur. "Plateformes digitales et innovation : analyse bibliométrique et pistes de recherche futures." Innovations Pub. anticipées (June 11, 2023): I158—XXXII. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/inno.pr2.0158.

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Cette étude fournit un aperçu complet de la relation entre les plateformes digitales et l’innovation, en utilisant une revue intégrée hybride et en combinant l’analyse bibliométrique avec une revue basée sur un cadre du 4 W (quoi, où, pourquoi et quand). Nous nous appuyons sur la structure thématique de la recherche sur les plateformes digitales et l’innovation pour la période 2000-2023 en effectuant un couplage bibliométrique, une cooccurrence de mots-clés et une analyse de contenus thématiques, de réseaux sociaux et du groupement d’articles scientifiques. Les résultats indiquent que les recherches futures vont se concentrer sur 4 thématiques : (a) l’écosystème des plateformes digitales, (b) l’entrepreneuriat numérique, (c) le développement des business models et (d) les plateformes digitales et l’éthique. Cet article fournit aux chercheurs, aux entreprises et aux décideurs politiques des informations sur la relation entre les plateformes digitales et l’innovation. Codes JEL : L86, O31, O33, L26

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3

Hinteregger, Clemens, Johanna Dolensky, Werner Seebacher, Robert Saf, Pascal Mäser, Marcel Kaiser, and Robert Weis. "Synthesis and Antiprotozoal Activity of Azabicyclo-Nonane Pyrimidine Hybrids." Molecules 28, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010307.

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2,4-Diaminopyrimidines and (dialkylamino)azabicyclo-nonanes possess activity against protozoan parasites. A series of fused hybrids were synthesized and tested in vitro against pathogens of malaria tropica and sleeping sickness. The activities and selectivities of compounds strongly depended on the substitution pattern of both ring systems as well as on the position of the nitrogen atom in the bicycles. The most promising hybrids of 3-azabicyclo-nonane with 2-aminopyrimidine showed activity against P. falciparum NF54 in submicromolar concentration and high selectivity. A hybrid with pyrrolidino substitution of the 2-azabicyclo-nonane as well as of the pyrimidine moiety exhibited promising activity against the multiresistant K1 strain of P. falciparum. A couple of hybrids of 2-azabicyclo-nonanes with 2-(dialkylamino)pyrimidines possessed high activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense STIB900 and good selectivity.

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4

Duan, Luming. "A strong hybrid couple." Nature 508, no. 7495 (April 9, 2014): 195–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/508195a.

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5

B. Dhage, Janhavi, Shyam B. Dhage, and Bapurao C. Dhage. "AN ALGORITHMIC APPROACH TO LOCAL SOLUTION OF THE NONLINEAR SECOND ORDER ORDINARY HYBRID INTEGRODIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS." jnanabha 53, no. 01 (2023): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.58250/jnanabha.2023.53133.

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In this paper, we establish a couple of approximation results for local existence and uniqueness of the solution of an IVP of nonlinear second order ordinary hybrid integrodifferential equations by using the Dhage monotone iteration method based on the recent hybrid fixed point theorems of Dhage (2022) and Dhage et al. (2022). An approximation result for Ulam-Hyers stability of the local solution of the considered hybrid differential equation is also established. Finally, our main abstract results are also illustrated with a couple of numerical examples.

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6

Dhage, Janhavi, and Bapurao Dhage. "Approximating local solution of IVPs of nonlinear first order ordinary hybrid integrodifferential equations." Malaya Journal of Matematik 11, no. 04 (October 1, 2023): 344–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26637/mjm1104/002.

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In this paper, we prove a couple of approximation results for local existence and uniqueness of the solution of a IVP of nonlinear first order ordinary hybrid integrodifferential equations by using the Dhage monotone iteration method based on a hybrid fixed point theorem of Dhage (2022) and Dhage {et al.} (2022). An approximation result for the Ulam-Hyers stability of the local solution of the considered hybrid differential equation is also established. Finally, our main abstract results are also illustrated with a couple of numerical examples.

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7

Luo, Jian Guo, and Mao Yan He. "Cubic Hybrid Mechanism Based on S[T] Output Base and P/R Input Base." Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (January 2012): 1725–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.1725.

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Based on the flexibility of single couple of serial mechanism and the stability of multi couples of parallel mechanism, a new type of S[T] output base of hybrid mechanism presented, component of sphere joint run through the tiger joint, this component still the output one with the capability of rotate in three dimensional space. Add serial branch including three translation couple P or/and rotation couple R to the new type of S[T] output base, put these members on one cubic frame, twenty seven configurations obtained with 3-DOF(degree of freedom) allow of three dimensional rotation, twenty seven configurations belong to three conditions obtained with 4-DOF allow of three dimensional rotation and one dimensional translation, nine configurations belong to three conditions obtained with 5-DOF allow of three dimensional rotation and two dimensional translation, one configuration obtained with 6-DOF allow of three dimensional rotation and three dimensional translation, all those sixty four configurations have no more than six translation couple or rotation couple, and the sum of two kind of couple is equal to six. Developing new type of hybrid manipulator based on the hybrid cubic mechanism constructed with S[T] output base and P/R input base will be possible in theory and useful.

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8

Dhage, Bapurao, Janhavi Dhage, and Shyam Dhage. "Approximation results for local solution of the initial value problems of nonlinear first order ordinary hybrid integrodifferential equations." Malaya Journal of Matematik 13, no. 01 (January 1, 2025): 75–87. https://doi.org/10.26637/mjm1301/009.

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In this paper, we establish a couple of approximation results for local existence and uniqueness of the solution of a initial value problem of nonlinear first order ordinary hybrid integrodifferential equations by using the Dhage monotone iteration method based on the recent hybrid fixed point theorems of Dhage (2022) and Dhage {\em et al.} (2022). An approximation result for Ulam-Hyers stability of the local solution of the considered hybrid differential equation is also established. Finally, our main abstract results are also illustrated with the help of a couple of numerical examples.

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9

Zhou, Weibing, Lilong Sun, Kang Li, and Shouqin Tian. "Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of V2C MXene-Coupled ZnO Porous Nanosheets with Increased Surface Area and Effective Charge Transfer." Materials 17, no. 11 (May 24, 2024): 2529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17112529.

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Photocatalysis performs excellently when degrading organic pollutants, but the photocatalytic degradation rate is not high for most photocatalysts due to their narrow sunlight adsorption range and high recombination rate of electron hole pairs. Herein, we use V2C-MXene with a wide sunlight adsorption range to couple ZnO porous nanosheets and form ZnO/MXene hybrids using a facile electrostatic self-assembly method. The ZnO/MXene hybrids acquired demonstrated improved photochemical efficiency in breaking down methylene blue (MB) when contrasted with porous ZnO nanosheets. The degradation rate of MB reached 99.8% under UV irradiation for 120 min after the ZnO/MXene hybrid formation, while 38.6% was attained by the ZnO porous nanosheets. Moreover, photodegradation rate constants (k) were calculated as 3.05 × 10−3 and 5.42 × 10−2 min−1 for ZnO porous nanosheets and ZnO/MXene hybrids, respectively, indicating that the photodegradation performance was enhanced by 17.8 times after the modification of V2C. This was probably because the modification of V2C can increase the specific surface area to provide more sites for MB adsorption, widen the sunlight adsorption range to produce good photothermal effect, and facilitate the transfer of photogenerated carriers in ZnO to promote the reaction of more photogenerated carriers with MB. Hence, this work offers a simple approach to creating effective photocatalysts for breaking down organic contaminants.

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10

Khatri, Chandra B., and Satish C. Sharma. "Influence of couple stress lubricant on the performance of textured two-lobe slot-entry hybrid journal bearing system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 231, no. 3 (August 5, 2016): 366–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650116658377.

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This paper concerns with theoretical investigation to predict the combined influence of textured surface and couple stress lubricant behavior on the performance of circular/two-lobe slot-entry hybrid journal bearing. The flow of incompressible couple stress lubricant through the clearance of a textured journal bearing system is governed by the modified Reynolds equation. The modified Reynolds equation has been derived on the basis of Stokes micro-continuum theory and is solved using a finite element method technique for computing the bearing performance characteristics parameters. The static and dynamic characteristics of circular/two-lobe slot-entry hybrid journal bearing have been computed for textured and non-textured bearings with influence of couple stress lubricant. The present study indicates that the influence of couple stress lubricant behavior is significantly more on the values of fluid film stiffness coefficients [Formula: see text], critical mass of journal [Formula: see text], and stability threshold speed margin [Formula: see text] for textured surface than that of non-textured surface in case of a slot-entry hybrid journal bearing system.

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11

-TNANI, Slim. "Compensation active des pulsations de couple dans un véhicule hybride." Revue de l'Electricité et de l'Electronique -, no. 01 (2005): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3845/ree.2005.010.

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12

Zubair, Muhammad, Muhammad Jawad, Ebenezer Bonyah, and Rashid Jan. "MHD Analysis of Couple Stress Hybrid Nanofluid Free Stream over a Spinning Darcy-Forchheimer Porous Disc under the Effect of Thermal Radiation." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2021 (December 11, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2522155.

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This article develops the semianalytical analysis of couple stress hybrid nanofluid free stream past a rotating disc by applying the magnetic flux effects and radiation of thermal energy. The analysis of such kind of mixed convective flow is most important due to numerous industrial applications such as electronic devices, atomic reactors, central solar energy equipment, and heat transferring devices. The impact of variable permeability is also considered in the study. The permeability of the disc obeys the Darcy-Forchheimer model. The hybrid nanofluid is composed of water, titanium dioxide, and aluminum oxide. The set of governing equations in the PDE form are transformed to couple ODEs by applying similarity transformations. The ODE set are solved by applying the technique of HAM. The graphs of impacts of numerous physical parameters over momentum, energy, and concentration profiles are drawn in computer-based application Mathematica 11.0.1. In the sundry physical parameters, the porosity parameter, Reynolds number, inertial parameter, Prandtl number, Schmidt number, couple stress, and quotient of rotational momentum to elongating rate are included. During the analysis, it is found that the momentum profile of the couple stress hybrid nanofluid enhances with local inertial parameter, couple stress parameter, porosity parameter, and Reynolds number but declines for the growth in Hartmann number. Heat transfer rate enhances for radiation parameter but decreases in variable for temperature, thermal stratification parameter, thermophoresis parameter, and Brownian parameter.

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13

AULCHENKO, YU S., S. I. ODA, M. B. ROGATCHEVA, P. M. BORODIN, and T. I. AXENOVICH. "Inheritance of litter size at birth in the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus, Insectivora, Soricidae)." Genetical Research 71, no. 1 (February 1998): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672397003108.

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In this research we estimated the contribution of a major-gene effect to the control of litter size in hybrids between two local populations of the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus). Segregation analysis was performed on the basis of a mixed polygene and major-gene model. The model presumes that two parental populations may differ from each other in gene frequencies and in the values of polygenic effects but not in the major-gene contribution of the trait. Moreover, the peculiarity of the trait – litter size – is taken into account. This trait is not an individual attribute. It characterizes the parental couple and may depend on the genotypes of both parents. Results of segregation analysis of a large hybrid pedigree of Suncus murinus indicate that the parental populations differ in the allele frequency of the major gene (one population is homozygous, while the other contains the two alleles in approximately equal proportions) and in the values of average polygenic effects. Both major-gene and polygenic components are necessary for the correct description of litter size inheritance in interracial hybrids of S. murinus, inasmuch as the exclusion of either of them leads to a significant drop in likelihood. The Elston–Stewart criterion also confirms the Mendelian inheritance of the major gene.

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14

O’Sullivan, Jo. "Hybrid mediation and Zoom." Mediation Theory and Practice 5 (December 23, 2020): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/mtp.18584.

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This case study will consider the application of hybrid mediation, which is a combination of the civil and family models of mediation, relational mediation, and the wonders of working virtually on Zoom (video). We will look at how these processes operate with a vulnerable separating couple and their solicitors.

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15

B. Dhage, Janhavi, Shyam B. Dhage, and Bapurao C. Dhage. "AN ALGORITHMIC APPROACH TO LOCAL SOLUTION OF THE NONLINEAR HIGHER ORDER ORDINARY HYBRID DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS." jnanabha 54, no. 01 (2024): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.58250/jnanabha.2024.54104.

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In this paper, we introduce a new notion of local or neighborhood solutions and establish a couple of approximation results for local existence and uniqueness of the solution of an IVP of nonlinear higher order ordinary hybrid differential equations by using the Dhage monotone iteration method based on the recent hybrid fixed point theorems of Dhage (2023). An approximation result for Ulam-Hyers stability of the local solution of the considered hybrid differential equation is also established. Our main abstract results of this paper are also illustrated with a couple of numerical examples. Finally, we compare our existence and uniqueness results with those existing in the literature via other operator theoretic methods from nonlinear functional analysis. We claim that the method and the results of this paper are new to the literature.

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16

Jain, Trang, Ankur Jain, and Rakhi Saxena. "USING LEARNING ABILITIES OF COMPUTATION IN COUNTING." jnanabha 54, no. 01 (2024): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.58250/jnanabha.2024.54105.

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In this paper, we introduce a new notion of local or neighborhood solutions and establish a couple of approximation results for local existence and uniqueness of the solution of an IVP of nonlinear higher order ordinary hybrid differential equations by using the Dhage monotone iteration method based on the recent hybrid fixed point theorems of Dhage (2023). An approximation result for Ulam-Hyers stability of the local solution of the considered hybrid differential equation is also established. Our main abstract results of this paper are also illustrated with a couple of numerical examples. Finally, we compare our existence and uniqueness results with those existing in the literature via other operator theoretic methods from nonlinear functional analysis. We claim that the method and the results of this paper are new to the literature.

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17

Iskandar Waini, Najiyah Safwa Khashi’ie, Nurul Amira Zainal, Khairum Hamzah, Abdul Rahman Mohd Kasim, Anuar Ishak, and Ioan Pop. "Flow and Thermal Characteristics of Couple Stress Fluid over a Stretching Surface with Hybrid Nanoparticles." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 111, no. 2 (January 8, 2024): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.111.2.107115.

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In the current research, a mathematical analysis of couple stress fluid flow and heat characteristics through a stretchable permeable surface with hybrid nanoparticles is conducted. The solid nanoparticles of the aluminium alloys (AA7072 and AA7075) are suspended in methanol to create the hybrid nanofluid. The similarity approach is used to reduce the governing equations into the similarity equations. Then, MATLAB's bvp4c function is employed to solve the resulting equations. The solutions for the flow and temperature fields, as well as the skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number are presented in table and graphical forms. The results demonstrate that hybrid nanofluids excel as thermal conductors, significantly augmenting the heat transfer rate. The heat transfer rate is increased by 0.38% for the nanofluid, while 0.89% increment for the hybrid nanofluid compared to the base fluid. Furthermore, a larger couple stress parameter is found to be associated with a decrease in the fluid temperature and an enhancement in fluid velocity.

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18

Xie, Qing, Yucai Hu, Yexin Zhou, and Wanshui Han. "Improving the bending response of four-node quadrilateral and eight-node hexahedral elements for Cosserat elasticity problems." Engineering Computations 36, no. 6 (July 8, 2019): 1950–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-08-2018-0380.

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Purpose Poor bending response is a major shortcoming of lower-order elements due to excessive representation of shear stress/strain field. Advanced finite element (FE) formulations for classical elasticity enhance the bending response by either nullifying or filtering some of the symmetric shear stress/strain modes. Nevertheless, the stress/strain field in Cosserat elasticity is asymmetric; consequently any attempt to nullify or filter the anti-symmetric shear stress/strain modes may lead to failure in the constant couple-stress patch test where the anti-symmetric shear stress/strain field is linear. This paper aims at enhancing the bending response of lower-order elements for Cosserat elasticity problems. Design/methodology/approach A four-node quadrilateral and an eight-node hexahedron are formulated by hybrid-stress approach. The symmetric stress is assumed as those of Pian and Sumihara and Pian and Tong. The anti-symmetric stress components are first assumed to be completely linear in order to pass the constant couple-stress patch test. The linear modes are then constrained with respect to the prescribed body-couple via the equilibrium conditions. Findings Numerical tests show that the hybrid elements can strictly pass the constant couple-stress patch test and are markedly more accurate than the conventional elements as well as the incompatible elements for bending problems in Cosserat elasticity. Originality/value This paper proposes a hybrid FE formulation to improve the bending response of four-node quadrilateral and eight-node hexahedral elements for Cosserat elasticity problems without compromising the constant couple-stress patch test.

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19

Amar, Hanan, and Dan Givoli. "Mixed-Dimensional Modeling of Time-Dependent Wave Problems Using the Panasenko Construction." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Acoustics 26, no. 03 (September 2018): 1850034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2591728518500342.

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We consider the coupling of two-dimensional (2D) and one-dimensional (1D) models to form a single hybrid 2D–1D model for time-dependent linear wave problems. The 1D model is used to represent a 2D computational domain where the solution behaves approximately in a 1D way. This hybrid model, if designed properly, is a more efficient way to solve the full 2D model over the entire problem. Two important issues related to such hybrid 2D–1D models are (a) the design of the hybrid model and its validation (with respect to the original problem) and (b) the way the 2D–1D coupling is done, and the coupling error generated. This paper focuses on the second issue. The method used in this paper to couple the 1D and 2D models is the one proposed by Panasenko. This method has been used for mixed-dimensional coupling in many steady-state problems, and here it is being used for the first time for time-dependent problems. The hybrid formulation is derived, and the numerical accuracy and efficiency of the method are explored for a couple of basic problems.

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20

Rajamani, Somasundaram, and Anala Subramanyam Reddy. "Effects of Joule heating, thermal radiation on MHD pulsating flow of a couple stress hybrid nanofluid in a permeable channel." Nonlinear Analysis: Modelling and Control 27 (April 13, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/namc.2022.27.26741.

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The current work deals with the pulsatile hydromagnetic flow of blood-based couple stress hybrid nanofluid in a porous channel. For hybrid nanofluid, the fusion of gold (Au) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles are suspended to the blood (base fluid). In this model, the employment of viscous dissipation, radiative heat, and Ohmic heating is incorporated. The governing flow equations (set of partial differential equations) are modernized to set of ordinary differential equations by using the perturbation technique. The nondimensional governing equations are solved by adopting the shooting procedure with the help of the Runge–Kutta fourth-order approach. Temperature distributions of hybrid nanofluid and conventional mono nanofluids are portrayed via pictorial results to claim that the hybrid nanofluid has better temperature distribution than mono nanofluids. Temperature is raising for the magnifying viscous dissipation, whereas the reverse behavior can be found with a rise in couple stress parameter. The heat transfer rate is getting high for the higher values of the Eckert number, and the same behavior is noticed with the uplifting magnetic field.

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21

Palanivel, Lakshmanan, and Vasuki Gnanasambandam. "Diversity oriented multi-component reaction (DOS–MCR) approach to access natural product analogues: regio- and chemo-selective synthesis of polyheterocyclic scaffolds via one-pot cascade reactions." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 18, no. 16 (2020): 3082–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ob00368a.

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22

Peng, Xiyue, Jiangying Qu, Shuo Tian, Yanwei Ding, Xi Hai, Bo Jiang, Mingbo Wu, and Jieshan Qiu. "Green fabrication of magnetic recoverable graphene/MnFe2O4hybrids for efficient decomposition of methylene blue and the Mn/Fe redox synergetic mechanism." RSC Advances 6, no. 106 (2016): 104549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra24320g.

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23

Ullah, Malik Zaka, Dina Abuzaid, M. Asma, and Abdul Bariq. "Couple Stress Hybrid Nanofluid Flow through a Converging-Diverging Channel." Journal of Nanomaterials 2021 (November 10, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2355258.

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This research work is aimed at scrutinizing the mathematical model for the hybrid nanofluid flow in a converging and diverging channel. Titanium dioxide and silver are considered solid nanoparticles while blood is considered as a base solvent. The couple stress fluid model is essentially used to describe the blood flow. The radiation terminology is also included in the energy equation for the sustainability of drug delivery. The aim is to link the recent study with the applications of drug delivery. It is well-known from the available literature that the combination of TiO 2 with any other metal can vanish more cancer cells than TiO 2 separately. Governing equations are altered into the system of nonlinear coupled equations the similarity variables. The Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) analytical approach is applied to obtain the preferred solution. The influence of the modeled parameters has been calculated and displayed. The confrontation to wall shear stress and hybrid nanofluid flow growth as the couple stress parameter rises which improves the stability of the base fluid (blood). The percentage (%) increase in the heat transfer rate with the variation of nanoparticle volume fraction is also calculated numerically and discussed.

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24

Ma, Xu, and Wanji Chen. "24-DOF quadrilateral hybrid stress element for couple stress theory." Computational Mechanics 53, no. 1 (July 20, 2013): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00466-013-0899-7.

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25

Panigrahy, Bharati, Prasanta Kumar Sahoo, and Bibhuti Bhusan Sahoo. "Construction of CdSe–AuPd quantum dot 0D/0D hybrid photocatalysts: charge transfer dynamic study with electrochemical analysis for improved photocatalytic activity." Dalton Transactions 51, no. 2 (2022): 664–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1dt02761a.

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The integration of semiconductor quantum dots and noble metal nanoparticles can efficiently couple numerous effects corresponding to the individual domains of the hybrid system for a variety of applications.

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26

Sneha, Kolkar Nanjappa, Gadabanahalli Puttasiddappa Vanitha, Ulavathi Shettar Mahabaleshwar, and David Laroze. "Effect of Couple Stress and Mass Transpiration on Ternary Hybrid Nanoliquid over a Stretching/Shrinking Sheet with Heat Transfer." Micromachines 13, no. 10 (October 9, 2022): 1694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13101694.

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The present article describes the unsteady flow of a couple stress via a ternary hybrid nanofluid on a stretching surface with porous media. The nanofluid exhibits important properties for increasing heat transmission, and it is widely used in manufacturing and industrial applications. The basic similarity equations have been discovered to accommodate both stretching/shrinking surfaces. Ternary hybrid nanofluid is a colloidal combination of three types of microspheres: Al2O3, single wall carbon nanotubes, and graphene. For investigating spherical, cylindrical, and platelet nanoparticles, the governing partial differential equations are converted into ordinary differential equations, expending appropriate transformations. The analytical solution can then be carried out using various forms of nanoparticles, such as spherical, cylindrical, and platelet, to obtain the solution domain. Heat transfer is used in an electrically conducting fluid and also including thermal radiation, as calculated with the Biot number. The focus of the present effort is the evaluation of the flow of ternary hybrid nanofluid over a porous media via thermal radiation, with couple stress, using an analytical process. For various physical parameters, the velocity and temperature conditions are shown graphically.

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27

Park, Wan Shin, Jeong Eun Kim, Sun Woong Kim, Song Hee Yun, Nam Young Eom, and Hyun Do Yun. "Panel Shear Strength of Steel Coupling Beam-Pseudo Strain Hardening Cementitious Composite Wall Connection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 328 (June 2013): 965–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.328.965.

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Hybrid coupled wall systems, where steel coupling beams couple two or more pseudo strain hardening cementitious composite (PSH2C) shear wall can be used in medium and high-rise construction subjected to earthquake. This paper addresses the panel shear strength of steel coupling beams - PSH2C shear wall connection. Test variables included the connection detail in hybrid coupled shear wall system. The results show that Specimens PSH2C-PSFF and PSH2C-PSFFT exhibits greater panel shears strength than Specimen PSH2C-PSF.

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28

Yudo, Hartono, Ocid Mursid, Wilma Amiruddin, and Imam Pujo Mulyatno. "Feasibility Study of 7.8 m Fiberglass Boat Using Longitudinal Hollow Steel on Sagging and Hogging Condition." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1081, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1081/1/012030.

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Abstract The longitudinal structure is needed to hold the boat, especially in sagging and hogging conditions. Modifying a longitudinal system using laminating steel and fiber is required to increase strength and reduce weight. This study uses a 7.8 m ship modified from conventional to hybrid construction. The finite element method compared the conventional and hybrid ship structures under sagging and hogging conditions to evaluate ship strength. In sagging conditions, the maximum stress in conventional boats is 16.68 MPa, reduced up to 13.65 MPa in hybrid boats. In hogging condition indicate that conventional has maximum stress is 11.18, which is higher than in conventional structure, as much as 10.38 MPa. The keel stress distribution in a couple of conditions of sagging and hogging indicates that the hybrid structure has lower stress than conventional vessels. The simulation shows that a longitudinal hybrid frame makes the ship stiffer in sagging and hogging conditions. The weight of conventional and hybrid boats is similar and affordable to more developing hybrid ships.

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Ma, Xu, and Wanji Chen. "Refined 18-DOF triangular hybrid stress element for couple stress theory." Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 75 (November 2013): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.finel.2013.06.006.

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30

Kloetzl, Svitlana. "ENGLISH WITH THE “MARRIED” NAME: THE CASE OF LINGUISTIC HYBRIDITY IN ELF COUPLE TALK." Discourse and Interaction 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2013): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/di2013-2-29.

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This paper aims at extending the analysis of ELF discourse to the domain of intimate interactions and to explore how partners with different linguacultural backgrounds accomplish their “coupleness” through English as a lingua franca with a focus on the hybrid features of couples’ ELF. For this purpose fi ve European couples with different fi rst languages were asked to audio-record their ELF home interactions and comment on selected excerpts of their recordings so as to gain some insights about how these interactions were perceived from a participant viewpoint. The investigation of the data suggests that ELF partners use hybrid forms to activate and ratify particular contexts (schematic constructs), and to achieve a particular pretext (an interactive purpose) of domestic intimacy and togetherness.

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31

Matrane, A., G. Anguezomo, G. El Mghari, and N. El Ansari. "Insulinome : apport de l’imagerie hybride par tomographie d’émission monophotonique couplée à la tomodensitométrie (TEMP/TDM)." Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques 13, no. 3 (May 2019): 268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1957-2557(19)30073-2.

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32

Kamakshi, S., and S. K. Vinu. "Structural Behavior of Hybrid Reinforced Concrete Exterior Beam Column Joint." Applied Mechanics and Materials 877 (February 2018): 254–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.877.254.

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The introduction of wide range of novel raw materials and composites are tuning exceptionally the construction industry on its head. The recent research trends majorly intensified on hybrid concept using the varied materials collectively. This study primarily aims at experimentally investigating the response of concrete exterior beam column joint with Hybrid Reinforcement Technique (HRT) for reverse cyclic load conditions. The on-site fabricated, Hand Layup Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP-HL) stirrups and the conventional steel main reinforcements form a hybrid reinforcement system in this study. The on-site constructed CFRP-HL reinforcement serves as a substitute for pre-fabricated CFRP rebars which has limitations and inflexibility in adapting the construction alterations. In total six types of specimens, a couple of test specimens are strengthened with HRT and another with external bond CFRP fibre wrap. In the remaining three specimens, one with non-conventional steel detailing and a couple of conventional joints that are designed according to IS 456:2000 and IS 13920:1993 respectively. In addition, the influence of varied spacing of stirrups in specimens is studied separately. Further, the test results on overall strength, stiffness, load deflection characteristics, dissipated energy and ductility of test specimens is evaluated and discussed. The use of CFRP-HL with steel as hybrid combination enables to comprehend the benefit from their distinctive characteristics. This proposal strongly improves the greater flexibility of using CFRP-HL in field as needed.

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33

Park, Byungkyu “Brian.” "Hybrid Neuro-Fuzzy Application in Short-Term Freeway Traffic Volume Forecasting." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1802, no. 1 (January 2002): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1802-21.

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A hybrid neuro-fuzzy application for short-term freeway traffic volume forecasting was developed. The hybrid model consists of two components: a fuzzy C-means (FCM) method, which classifies traffic flow patterns into a couple of clusters, and a radial-basis-function (RBF) neural network, which develops forecasting models associated with each cluster. The new hybrid model was compared with previously developed clustering-based RBF models. In addition, the dynamic linear model was studied for comparison. The study results showed that the clustering-based hybrid method did not produce time-lag phenomena, whereas the dynamic linear model and the RBF model without clustering revealed apparent time-lag phenomena. The forecasting performance for freeway traffic volumes from the San Antonio, Texas, TransGuide system shows that even though the hybrid of the FCM and RBF models appears to be promising, additional research efforts should be devoted to achieving more reliable traffic forecasting.

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34

Ali, Nasir, Muhammad Asif Javed, and Hafiz Muhammad Atif. "Non-isothermal analysis of calendering using couple stress fluid." Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting 34, no. 4 (December 12, 2017): 358–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756087917746454.

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The non-isothermal flow inside a calender is modeled and analyzed for a couple stress fluid. The governing flow equations are developed using conservation laws of mass, momentum and energy. An order of magnitude analysis is performed and leading terms in momentum and energy equations are retained. The reduced momentum equation is solved to obtain the exact expression for velocity and pressure gradient. The reduced energy equation is solved numerically using a hybrid numerical method. The significant effects of the involved parameters on the pressure, pressure gradient velocity profile, roll-separating force, power input, exiting sheet thickness and temperature are examined through various plots. The pressure inside the calender significantly increases with increased couple stress effects. For larger couple stress parameters, the power function and roll-separating function show steady state behavior. The two maxima are distinctly observed in temperature distribution near the roll surfaces for small couple stress effects [Formula: see text]. In contrast, the temperature achieves maximum at center for strong couple stress effects [Formula: see text]

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35

Yao, Kai, Huifeng Jiao, Yun-Xiang Xu, Qiqi He, Fan Li, and Xiaofeng Wang. "Nano-bio hybrids of plasmonic metals/photosynthetic proteins for broad-band light absorption enhancement in organic solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 35 (2016): 13400–13406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta04356a.

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We prepare novel nano-bio hybrids by employing Ag nanoprisms as surface plasmons to couple with light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) for broad-band optical enhancement in organic photovoltaics. The results open the possibility to use metal nanoparticles for tuning the photophysical properties of integral biomolecules in a well-defined way.

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36

Song, Jisheng, Bingkun Huang, Yinyingjie Xu, Kunjie Yang, Yingfan Li, Yuqi Mu, Lingyu Du, Shan Yun, and Litao Kang. "A Low Driving-Voltage Hybrid-Electrolyte Electrochromic Window with Only Ferreous Redox Couples." Nanomaterials 13, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13010213.

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Even after decades of development, the widespread application of electrochromic windows (ECW) is still seriously restricted by their high price and inadequate performance associated with structural/fabrication complexity and electrochemical instability. Herein, a simple hybrid electrochromic system based on PFSA (perfluorosulfonic acid)-coated Prussian blue (PB, Fe4III [FeII(CN)6]3) film and Ferricyanide–Ferrocyanide ([Fe(CN)6]4−/[Fe(CN)6]3−)-containing hybrid electrolyte is reported. The PB film and the [Fe(CN)6]4−/[Fe(CN)6]3− couple show near redox potentials well inside the electrochemical window of water, resulting in a low driven voltage (0.4 V for coloring and −0.6 V for bleaching) and a relatively long lifespan (300 cycles with 76.9% transmittance contrast retained). The PFSA layer, as a cation-exchange structure, significantly improves the transmittance modulation amplitude (ΔT: 23.3% vs. 71.9% at a wavelength of 633 nm) and optical memory abilities (ΔT retention: 10.1% vs. 67.0% after 300 s open-circuit rest increases) of the device, by means of preventing the direct contact and charge transfer between the PB film and the [Fe(CN)6]4−/[Fe(CN)6]3− couple. This “hybrid electrolyte + electron barrier layer” design provides an effective way for the construction of simple structured electrochromic devices.

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37

Syrrokostas, George, Sarantis Tsamoglou, and George Leftheriotis. "Limitations Imposed Using an Iodide/Triiodide Redox Couple in Solar-Powered Electrochromic Devices." Energies 16, no. 20 (October 13, 2023): 7084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16207084.

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In the present study, an iodide/triiodide (I−/I3−) redox couple is used in hybrid electrochromic devices (ECDs), and the effects of the applied bias potential and bias time on device performance are studied. An applied bias potential of ~1 V is sufficient to achieve an initial contrast ratio of 8:1 in less than 5 min. Increasing both the bias potential and bias time results in an enhancement in loss reactions at the WO3/electrolyte interface, rather than improving optical performance. Moreover, long-term performance depends on the testing procedure (regularly cycling or after storage), while the formation of iodine (I2) decreases the initial transparency of the ECDs and affects their overall performance. However, its formation cannot be avoided, even without cycling the ECDs, and the restoration of the optical performance can take place only when the electrolyte is replaced with a fresh one. Finally, a new methodology is applied for calculating the loss current, and a suggestion is made to avoid a common mistake in calculating the coloration efficiency of these hybrid ECDs.

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38

Ahmad Basri, Muhamad Afdal, Shazlyn Milleana Shaharudin, Kismiantini, Mou Leong Tan, Sumayyah Aimi Mohd Najib, Nurul Hila Zainuddin, and Sri Andayani. "Regionalization of Rainfall Regimes Using Hybrid RF-Bs Couple with Multivariate Approaches." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 10 (October 14, 2021): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100689.

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Monthly precipitation data during the period of 1970 to 2019 obtained from the Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysical Agency database were used to analyze regionalized precipitation regimes in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. There were missing values in 52.6% of the data, which were handled by a hybrid random forest approach and bootstrap method (RF-Bs). The present approach addresses large missing values and also reduces the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) in the search for the optimum minimal value. Cluster analysis was used to classify stations or grid points into different rainfall regimes. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) of rainfall data reveal the pattern of behavior of the rainfall regime in a specific region by identifying homogeneous clusters. According to the HCA, four distinct and homogenous regions were recognized. Then, the principal component analysis (PCA) technique was used to homogenize the rainfall series and optimally reduce the long-term rainfall records into a few variables. Moreover, PCA was applied to monthly rainfall data in order to validate the results of the HCA analysis. On the basis of the 75% of cumulative variation, 14 factors for the Dry season and the Rainy season, and 12 factors for the Inter-monsoon season, were extracted among the components using varimax rotation. Consideration of different groupings into these approaches opens up new advanced early warning systems in developing recommendations on how to differentiate climate change adaptation- and mitigation-related policies in order to minimize the largest economic damage and taking necessary precautions when multiple hazard events occur.

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39

Ahmad Basri, Muhamad Afdal, Shazlyn Milleana Shaharudin, Kismiantini, Mou Leong Tan, Sumayyah Aimi Mohd Najib, Nurul Hila Zainuddin, and Sri Andayani. "Regionalization of Rainfall Regimes Using Hybrid RF-Bs Couple with Multivariate Approaches." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 10 (October 14, 2021): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100689.

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Анотація:

Monthly precipitation data during the period of 1970 to 2019 obtained from the Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysical Agency database were used to analyze regionalized precipitation regimes in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. There were missing values in 52.6% of the data, which were handled by a hybrid random forest approach and bootstrap method (RF-Bs). The present approach addresses large missing values and also reduces the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) in the search for the optimum minimal value. Cluster analysis was used to classify stations or grid points into different rainfall regimes. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) of rainfall data reveal the pattern of behavior of the rainfall regime in a specific region by identifying homogeneous clusters. According to the HCA, four distinct and homogenous regions were recognized. Then, the principal component analysis (PCA) technique was used to homogenize the rainfall series and optimally reduce the long-term rainfall records into a few variables. Moreover, PCA was applied to monthly rainfall data in order to validate the results of the HCA analysis. On the basis of the 75% of cumulative variation, 14 factors for the Dry season and the Rainy season, and 12 factors for the Inter-monsoon season, were extracted among the components using varimax rotation. Consideration of different groupings into these approaches opens up new advanced early warning systems in developing recommendations on how to differentiate climate change adaptation- and mitigation-related policies in order to minimize the largest economic damage and taking necessary precautions when multiple hazard events occur.

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40

Gutmann, Günter. "Hybrid electric vehicles and electrochemical storage systems — a technology push–pull couple." Journal of Power Sources 84, no. 2 (December 1999): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(99)00328-6.

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41

Ram, Nathi. "Effect of Couple Stress Lubrication on Symmetric Hole-Entry Hybrid Journal Bearing." Tribology Online 12, no. 2 (2017): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2474/trol.12.58.

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42

Garcia-Vidal, Francisco J., Cristiano Ciuti, and Thomas W. Ebbesen. "Manipulating matter by strong coupling to vacuum fields." Science 373, no. 6551 (July 8, 2021): eabd0336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abd0336.

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Over the past decade, there has been a surge of interest in the ability of hybrid light-matter states to control the properties of matter and chemical reactivity. Such hybrid states can be generated by simply placing a material in the spatially confined electromagnetic field of an optical resonator, such as that provided by two parallel mirrors. This occurs even in the dark because it is electromagnetic fluctuations of the cavity (the vacuum field) that strongly couple with the material. Experimental and theoretical studies have shown that the mere presence of these hybrid states can enhance properties such as transport, magnetism, and superconductivity and modify (bio)chemical reactivity. This emerging field is highly multidisciplinary, and much of its potential has yet to be explored.

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43

Martín-García, Beatriz, Anatolii Polovitsyn, Mirko Prato, and Iwan Moreels. "Efficient charge transfer in solution-processed PbS quantum dot–reduced graphene oxide hybrid materials." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 3, no. 27 (2015): 7088–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tc01137j.

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44

Rahaeifard, Masoud, Mohammad Taghi Ahmadian, and Keikhosrow Firoozbakhsh. "Size-dependent dynamic behavior of microcantilevers under suddenly applied DC voltage." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 228, no. 5 (May 21, 2013): 896–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406213490376.

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This paper investigates the dynamic behavior of microcantilevers under suddenly applied DC voltage based on the modified couple stress theory. The cantilever is modeled based on the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory and equation of motion is derived using Hamilton’s principle. Both analytical and numerical methods are utilized to predict the dynamic behavior of the microbeam. Multiple scales method is used for analytical analysis and the numerical approach is based on a hybrid finite element/finite difference method. The results of the modified couple stress theory are compared with those from the literature as well as the results predicted by the classical theory. It is shown that the modified couple stress theory predicts size-dependent normalized dynamic behavior for the microbeam while according to the classical theory the normalized behavior of the microbeam is independent of its size. When the thickness of the beam is in order of its material length scale, the difference between the results given by the modified couple stress theory and those predicted by the classical theory is considerable. As the beam thickness increases, the results of the modified couple stress theory converge to those of the classical theory.

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45

Costa, Ulisses Oliveira, Fabio da Costa Garcia Filho, Teresa Gómez-del Río, João Gabriel Passos Rodrigues, Noan Tonini Simonassi, Sergio Neves Monteiro, and Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento. "Mechanical Properties Optimization of Hybrid Aramid and Jute Fabrics-Reinforced Graphene Nanoplatelets in Functionalized HDPE Matrix Nanocomposites." Polymers 15, no. 11 (May 26, 2023): 2460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15112460.

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Natural lignocellulosic fibers (NLFs) have been used as a reinforcement for polymer matrix composites in the past couple of decades. Their biodegradability, renewability, and abundance make them appealing for sustainable materials. However, synthetic fibers surpass NLFs in mechanical and thermal properties. Combining these fibers as a hybrid reinforcement in polymeric materials shows promise for multifunctional materials and structures. Functionalizing these composites with graphene-based materials could lead to superior properties. This research optimized the tensile and impact resistance of a jute/aramid/HDPE hybrid nanocomposite by the addition of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP). The hybrid structure with 10 jute/10 aramid layers and 0.10 wt.% GNP exhibited a 2433% increase in mechanical toughness, a 591% increase in tensile strength, and a 462% reduction in ductility compared to neat jute/HDPE composites. A SEM analysis revealed the influence of GNP nano-functionalization on the failure mechanisms of these hybrid nanocomposites.

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46

Diab, Momen, Aline N. Dinkelaker, John Davenport, Kalaga Madhav, and Martin M. Roth. "Starlight coupling through atmospheric turbulence into few-mode fibres and photonic lanterns in the presence of partial adaptive optics correction." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 501, no. 2 (December 3, 2020): 1557–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3752.

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ABSTRACT Starlight corrupted by atmospheric turbulence cannot couple efficiently into astronomical instruments based on integrated optics as they require light of high spatial coherence to couple into their single-mode waveguides. Low-order adaptive optics in combination with photonic lanterns offer a practical approach to achieve efficient coupling into multiplexed astrophotonic devices. We investigate, aided by simulations and an experimental testbed, the trade-off between the degrees of freedom of the adaptive optics system and those of the input waveguide of an integrated optic component leading to a cost-effective hybrid system that achieves a signal-to-noise ratio higher than a standalone device fed by a single-mode fibre.

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47

Zhou, Cun, Jian Li Cheng, and Yu Sun. "Preparation and Property of Epoxy Based Nano-SiO₂/TiO₂/Polyimide Hybrid Enhanced Sizing." Advanced Materials Research 335-336 (September 2011): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.335-336.96.

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Abstract: An epoxy based nano-SiO2/TiO2/polyimide hybrid enhanced sizing for carbon fiber was prepared by modified SiO2/TiO2precursor in PAA collosol with silane couple agent(WD-50) and eligibility surfactant via sol-gel reaction, and both ultrasonic cavitation and multi-complex technology were used during the process. The properties of PAA-SiO2-TiO2hybrid sizing and micro-morphology of carbon fiber surface were analyzed by FTIR, DSC, Particle Size Analyzer and STM. The results indicated that nanoscale SiO2•TiO2particles dispersed in the hybrid sizing film homogeneously, and a layer with nano particles was formed on carbon fiber surface after treated by the hybrid enhanceing sizing. The roughness was increased and interface properties of carbon fiber would be improved. At the same time both tensile strength and the interlaminar shear strength were increased obviously.

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48

Halliday, P. J., and K. Grosh. "Dynamic Response of Complex Structural Intersections Using Hybrid Methods." Journal of Applied Mechanics 66, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2791518.

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A novel application of Lagrange multipliers to couple domains modeled independently with linear elastodynamic and reduced-order theories is presented herein. This method is developed from a variational formulation of the continuous problem and is easily implemented within a finite element code. Applications include, but are not limited to, modeling of inhomogeneities such as joints, cracks, holes, and welds within a frame-like structure. Results from this method compare well with a full elastodynamic discretization and existing methods for modeling such problems.

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49

Lim, Seung, Juyoung Moon, Uoon Baek, Jae Lee, Youngjin Chae, and Jung Park. "Shape-Controlled TiO2 Nanomaterials-Based Hybrid Solid-State Electrolytes for Solar Energy Conversion with a Mesoporous Carbon Electrocatalyst." Nanomaterials 11, no. 4 (April 3, 2021): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11040913.

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One-dimensional (1D) titanium dioxide (TiO2) is prepared by hydrothermal method and incorporated as nanofiller into a hybrid polymer matrix of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and employed as a solid-electrolyte in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Mesoporous carbon electrocatalyst with a high surface area is obtained by the carbonization of the PVDC-g-POEM double comb copolymer. The 1D TiO2 nanofiller is found to increase the photoelectrochemical performance. As a result, for the mesoporous carbon-based DSSCs, 1D TiO2 hybrid solid-state electrolyte yielded the highest efficiencies, with 6.1% under 1 sun illumination, in comparison with the efficiencies of 3.9% for quasi solid-state electrolyte and 4.8% for commercial TiO2 hybrid solid-state electrolyte, respectively. The excellent photovoltaic performance is attributed to the improved ion diffusion, scattering effect, effective path for redox couple transfer, and sufficient penetration of 1D TiO2 hybrid solid-state electrolyte into the electrode, which results in improved light-harvesting, enhanced electron transport, decreased charge recombination, and decreased resistance at the electrode/electrolyte interface.

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50

Dong, Chunhua, Yingdan Wang, and Hailin Wang. "Optomechanical interfaces for hybrid quantum networks." National Science Review 2, no. 4 (August 4, 2015): 510–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwv048.

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Abstract Recent advances on optical control of mechanical motion in an optomechanical resonator have stimulated strong interests in exploring quantum behaviors of otherwise classical, macroscopic mechanical systems and especially in exploiting mechanical degrees of freedom for applications in quantum information processing. In an optomechanical resonator, an optically- active mechanical mode can couple to any of the optical resonances supported by the resonator via radiation pressure. This unique property leads to a remarkable phenomenon: mechanically-mediated conversion of optical fields between vastly different wavelengths. The resulting optomechanical interfaces can play a special role in a hybrid quantum network, enabling quantum communication between disparate quantum systems. In this review, we introduce the basic concepts of optomechanical interactions and discuss recent theoretical and experimental progresses in this field. A particular emphasis is on taking advantage of mechanical degrees of freedom, while avoiding detrimental effects of thermal mechanical motion.

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