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1
Harris, Steve. "Industrial Symbiosis in the Kwinana Industrial Area (Western Australia)." Measurement and Control 40, no. 8 (October 2007): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002029400704000802.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Kwinana Industrial Area of Western Australia has emerged as a world leading example of industrial symbiosis. This involves businesses in close proximity exchanging by-product material, water and energy. Utilisation of a previously discarded resource as an alternative input to another company can help improve both business and sustainability performance of the participating companies. For example, the exchange can reduce disposal costs and provide a cheaper input for the receiving company. The environmental benefits can include reduced collective resource consumption and waste generation, whilst the social benefits may include new employment opportunities and reduction of emission (e.g. water or traffic) to the local community. This article presents the integrated research programme undertaken at the Centre of Excellence in Cleaner Production, Curtin University of Technology which seeks to enhance the uptake of industrial symbiosis in Australian heavy industrial areas. The case of Kwinana is discussed with illustrative case studies of industrial symbiosis exchanges. International interest in the creation of industrial symbiosis continues to grow and the article concludes with a discussion on the emerging role of measurement and control technolo
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Marklund, Matti, Miaobing Zheng, J. Lennert Veerman, and Jason H. Y. Wu. "Estimated Health Benefits, Costs, and Cost-Effectiveness of Eliminating Industrial Trans-Fatty acids in Australia." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa064_010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Objectives To assess the potential cost-effectiveness, health gains, and effects on health equality of eliminating industrial trans-fatty acids (TFAs) from the Australian food supply. Methods Markov cohort models were used to estimate the cost-effectiveness and policy impact on (ischemic heart disease) IHD burden and health equity of a national ban of industrial TFAs in Australia. Intake of TFA was assessed using the 2011–2012 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. The IHD burden attributable to TFA was calculated by comparing the current level of TFA intake to a counterfactual setting (0.5% energy per day from TFA; corresponding to TFA intake only from non-industrial sources, e.g., dairy foods). Policy costs, avoided IHD events and deaths, health-adjusted life years (HALYs) gained, and IHD-related healthcare costs saved were estimated over 10 years and lifetime of the adult Australian population. Cost-effectiveness was assessed by calculation of incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) using net policy cost and HALYs gained. Health benefits and health care cost changes were also assessed in subgroups based on socioeconomic status and remoteness. Results Elimination of industrial TFA was estimated to prevent 2,294 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 1,765; 2,851) IHD deaths and 9,931 (95% UI: 8,429; 11,532) IHD events over the first 10 years. The greatest health benefits were accrued to the most socioeconomically disadvantaged quintiles and among Australians living outside of major cities. The intervention was estimated to be cost-saving or cost-effective (i.e., ICER < 169,361 AUD/HALY) regardless of the time horizon, with ICERs of 1,073 (95% UI: dominant; 3,503) and 1,956 (95% UI: 1,010; 2,750) AUD/HALY over 10 years and life time, respectively. The TFA ban was estimated to be cost-saving or highly cost-effective in sensitivity analyses altering assumptions of post-intervention TFA intake, abundance of TFA-containing products, or discount rate. Conclusions A ban of industrial TFAs could avert substantial numbers of IHD events and deaths in Australia and will likely be a highly cost-effective strategy to reduce social-economic and urban-rural inequalities in health. Funding Sources National Health and Medical Research Council; and UNSW.
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Sgrò, Silvana. "Health workforce policy and industrial relations in Australia: ministerial insights into challenges and opportunities for reform." Australian Health Review 38, no. 4 (2014): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah14027.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since the Productivity Commission released its research report Australia’s Health Workforce in 2005, there has been a significant increase in government funding and policy capacity aimed at health workforce reform and innovation in Australia. This research paper presents the results of semistructured interviews with three key stakeholders in health policy formation in Australia: (1) The Honourable Lindsay Tanner, former Federal Minister for Finance and therefore 100% shareholder of Medibank Private on behalf of the Commonwealth; (2) The Honourable Daniel Andrews, former Victorian Minister for Health and current Victorian Opposition Leader; and (3) The Honourable Jim McGinty, former Minister for Health and Attorney General of Western Australia and current inaugural Chair of Health Workforce Australia. The paper examines key issues they identified in relation to health workforce policy in Australia, particularly where it intersects with industrial relations, and conducts a comparative analysis between their responses and theoretical methodologies of policy formation as a means of informing a reform process. What is known about the topic? Australia is experiencing an increasing demand for ever-improving health services and outcomes from an increasingly health-literate public, coupled with significant workforce shortages across some key categories of healthcare professionals. Health costs are also increasing. As a result governments in all nine jurisdictions in Australia are seeking to rein in those costs without negatively impacting on quality, safety or continued improvements in health outcomes. They are simultaneously seeking to minimise any political controversy or negative electoral repercussions associated with health reform. What does this paper add? This paper further informs an understanding of how health workforce policy is formulated and implemented by presenting the results of interviews with two former Ministers for Health and the former Federal Finance Minister on health workforce policy reform in Australia. It analyses their responses and their decision-making processes against theoretical frameworks of health policy formation, including agenda setting, and the political reality of policy formation at a ministerial level. What are the implications for practitioners? This paper provides a unique and original analysis for practitioners of policy formation. It also illustrates and analyses ministerial insights into the current health workforce reform agenda being developed and implemented by the Council of Australian Governments and contributes to an evidence base of the reform process going forward.
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Westcott, Mark. "Private Equity in Australia." Journal of Industrial Relations 51, no. 4 (September 2009): 529–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185609339517.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Private equity investment in Australia has changed in both extent and nature over the last few years. In particular, transactions where a private equity fund buys out a mature publicly listed company have increased. The targeting of ‘iconic’ companies such as Qantas by private equity heightened the concerns held in some quarters of the possible impact of private equity ownership on corporate stability and employment conditions in these companies. This article provides an overview of private equity transactions in Australia. It also reviews the major concerns with the private equity business model, which were presented by various parties to a senate enquiry in 2007. It argues that a window of opportunity was open during 2006 and 2007 for private equity owners to extract returns on their investment by reducing employment costs using the Work Choices legislation. That such an approach was not pursued suggests that private equity funds realize returns through a number of avenues, not just by reducing running costs or rationalizing productive assets.
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Burrow, Sharan. "Australia's Social and Commercial Engagement with China: What Direction for the Relationship?" Journal of Industrial Relations 49, no. 5 (November 2007): 615–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185607082211.
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This article suggests four criteria that any Australian Government should satisfy in promoting new forms of social and commercial engagement in the Australia—China economic and trading relationship. Any Free Trade Agreement (FTA) should require a high level of commitment to meet four standards. First, the inclusion of a labour clause within the agreement. Second, the government must now ensure that there is no disadvantage to Australian industry particularly for the purpose of applying anti-dumping provisions. Third, an Australia—China FTA would need to demonstrate how the economic and trading relationship would become more balanced and why a bilateral FTA will not further compromise the multilateral system. Fourth, the government must demonstrate its commitment to make Australia free trade ready so the nation can maximize the benefits and minimize the costs of commercial engagement with China and other counties. Ultimately corporate globalization will only work for the world's workers and their families when it is underpinned by a fair set of global rules including labour rights.
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Allinson, W. G., D. N. Nguyen, and J. Bradshaw. "THE ECONOMICS OF GEOLOGICAL STORAGE OF CO2 IN AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 43, no. 1 (2003): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj02035.
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The economics of the storage of CO2 in underground reservoirs in Australia have been analysed as part of the Australian Petroleum Cooperative Research Centre’s GEODISC program. The economic analyses in the paper are based on cost estimates generated by a CO2 storage technical/economic model developed at the beginning of the GEODISC project. The estimates rely on data concerning the characteristics of geological reservoirs in Australia. The uncertainties involved in estimating the costs of such projects are discussed and the economics of storing CO2 for a range of CO2 sources and potential storage sites across Australia are presented.The key elements of the CO2 storage process and the methods involved in estimating the costs of CO2 storage are described and the CO2 storage costs for a hypothetical, but representative storage project in Australia are derived. The effects of uncertainties inherent in estimating the costs of storing CO2 are shown.The analyses show that the costs are particularly sensitive to parameters such as the CO2 flow rate, the distance between the source and the storage site, the physical properties of the reservoir and the market prices of equipment and services. Therefore, variations in any one of these inputs can lead to significant variation in the costs of CO2 storage. Allowing for reasonable variations in all the inputs together in a Monte Carlo simulation of any particular site, then a large range of total CO2 storage costs is possible. The effect of uncertainty for the hypothetical representative storage site is illustrated.The impact of storing other gases together with CO2 is analysed. These gases include methane, hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen, nitrous oxides and oxides of sulphur, all of which potentially could be captured together with CO2. The effect on storage costs when varying quantities of other gases are injected with the CO2 is shown.Based on the CO2 storage cost estimates and the published costs capturing CO2 from industrial processes, the economics are shown of combined capture and storage (that is, the sequestration process as a whole) for the major CO2 generation sites across Australia combined with potential compatible storage sites. Examples are shown of the volumes of CO2 that could be sequestered economically depending on the level of the carbon credit in a hypothetical carbon credit trading regime. Purely as an illustration, assuming hypothetically that a real carbon credit of US$50 per tonne applied and that the cost of capture was US$40 per tonne across the board, then preliminary indications are that, ignoring tax considerations, it would be economic to store about 180 million tonnes per year of CO2. This is equivalent to about 70% of the annual CO2 emissions from stationary sources in Australia in 2000.
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McCrystal, Shae. "Why is it so hard to take lawful strike action in Australia?" Journal of Industrial Relations 61, no. 1 (January 16, 2019): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185618806949.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This current controversy analyses the legal impediments to taking lawful strike action for workers in Australia, reviewing the components of the regulatory system that combine to restrict access to strike action for Australian workers. The discussion explores the flaws underlying the enactment of the right to strike, the limitations surrounding the definition of industrial action, the prerequisites to lawful strike action including the problems that arise from the pre-strike ballots regime, the grounds on which lawful strike action can be stopped, and the consequences of getting it wrong. The picture presented by the legal regime for strike action is that the impact of the regime is greater than the sum of its parts – making it very difficult to strike even for the most seasoned industrial players. It is possible that strike regulation in Australia has reached a tipping point whereby the costs associated with getting it right may now be so high that simply abandoning the lawful path and engaging in unlawful strike action may be more appealing than complying with the law.
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McBean, Brad, and Matt Guthridge. "The important role of productivity in Australia's long-run competitive position in LNG." APPEA Journal 53, no. 2 (2013): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12062.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With significant number of LNG projects on stream (or in various stages along the pre-feasibility to project completion continuum), world LNG markets will experience pricing pressure. This will push more customers into the spot market, doing only longer-term offtake deals where pricing is favourable to the buyer. While Australia is positioned favourably to import markets in Asia, it will be at a competitive disadvantage given lower labour productivity (impacting both construction and maintenance activities), industrial conditions (impacting the option value of being able to ramp production up and down), higher asset costs, and a higher dollar. Long-run returns on existing and planned LNG projects will need to focus on continuously improving productivity, particularly upstream in exploration/delineation and development, faster than overseas competitors. This will require Australian companies to take a lead role in incubating and developing drilling, completion, and workover technologies. Australia lags behind other countries, but it can catch up and overtake them if it acts now. This extended abstract discusses Australia’s likely/potential long-run position in LNG to global sink markets; the operating constraints on LNG operations relative to overseas competitors; and, the implications for productivity improvement in LNG given potential medium-term improvements in extraction, processing, and shipping costs for LNG operations more broadly (considering relationships between commodity pricing and exchange rate). The options for Australian LNG operations in closing any productivity gap are also discussed.
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Corkish, Richard, Martin A. Green, Andrew W. Blakers, Paul L. Burn, Yi-Bing Cheng, Renate Egan, Kenneth P. Ghiggino, Paul Meredith, Fiona H. Scholes, and Gerry Wilson. "An overview of the Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics and the Australia-US Institute for Advanced Photovoltaics." MRS Proceedings 1771 (2015): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.364.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACTThe Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP) co-ordinates the activities of the six Australian research institutions and a group of industrial partners in the Australia-US Institute for Advanced Photovoltaics (AUSIAPV) to develop the next generations of photovoltaic device technology and to provide a pipeline of opportunities for performance increase and cost reduction. AUSIAPV links ACAP with US-based partners. These national and international research collaborations provide a pathway for highly visible, structured photovoltaic research collaboration between Australian and US researchers, institutes and agencies with significant joint programs based on the clear synergies between the participating organizations. The research program is organized in five collaborative Program Packages (PPs). PP1 deals with silicon wafer-based cells, focusing on three main areas: cells from solar grade silicon, rear contact and silicon-based tandem cells. PP2 involves research into a range of organic solar cells, organic/inorganic hybrid cells, "earth abundant" thin-film materials and "third generation" approaches. PP3 is concerned with optics and characterization. PP4 will deliver a substantiated methodology for assessing manufacturing costs of the different technologies and PP5 involves education, training and outreach. The main research topics, results and plans for the future are presented.
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Marklund, Matti, Miaobing Zheng, J. Lennert Veerman, and Jason H. Y. Wu. "Estimated health benefits, costs, and cost-effectiveness of eliminating industrial trans-fatty acids in Australia: A modelling study." PLOS Medicine 17, no. 11 (November 2, 2020): e1003407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003407.
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Campbell, Ian. "Fact or Fraud?" Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 5, no. 2 (June 5, 2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/ajtde.v5n2.107.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Epidemic - a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time - outbreak, scourge, plague.About 1976 concerns emerged in Australia about the potential for new technologies to seriously reduce employment. The debate reached a peak in 1978 when industrial action taken by the Australian Telecommunications Employees Association (ATEA) threatened to shut down the Australian telecommunications network.From 1975 growth in calls to the directory assistance service rocketed as did the related operating costs. To maintain the quality of customer service and contain operating costs, Telecom began to deploy a nation-wide computer- based directory assistance system (DAS/C) from 1982. In 1983 an unexpected medical syndrome arose in one of Telecom's directory assistance centres.Over the next three years, the syndrome rapidly spread through other directory assistance centres, other areas of Telecom and some areas of the public service. The media, academia, legal practitioners and others attracted to the "problem" generally accepted the union view that the DAS/C system was the cause and the syndrome was labelled Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI). Medical costs and compensation claims mounted reaching $130 million in 1989.While RSI has become a well-known syndrome over the last 40 years, no outbreaks of the extent and severity experienced in Telecom appear to have been recorded over that period anywhere in the world. There still appears to be little scientific evidence of the link between the injury of the reported scale and the workplace.This is the story of the rise of the RSI phenomena in Telecom over the period 1983-86.
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Campbell, Ian. "Fact or Fraud?" Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 5, no. 2 (June 5, 2017): 75–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v5n2.107.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Epidemic - a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time - outbreak, scourge, plague.About 1976 concerns emerged in Australia about the potential for new technologies to seriously reduce employment. The debate reached a peak in 1978 when industrial action taken by the Australian Telecommunications Employees Association (ATEA) threatened to shut down the Australian telecommunications network.From 1975 growth in calls to the directory assistance service rocketed as did the related operating costs. To maintain the quality of customer service and contain operating costs, Telecom began to deploy a nation-wide computer- based directory assistance system (DAS/C) from 1982. In 1983 an unexpected medical syndrome arose in one of Telecom's directory assistance centres.Over the next three years, the syndrome rapidly spread through other directory assistance centres, other areas of Telecom and some areas of the public service. The media, academia, legal practitioners and others attracted to the "problem" generally accepted the union view that the DAS/C system was the cause and the syndrome was labelled Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI). Medical costs and compensation claims mounted reaching $130 million in 1989.While RSI has become a well-known syndrome over the last 40 years, no outbreaks of the extent and severity experienced in Telecom appear to have been recorded over that period anywhere in the world. There still appears to be little scientific evidence of the link between the injury of the reported scale and the workplace.This is the story of the rise of the RSI phenomena in Telecom over the period 1983-86.
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Kelley, Jonathan, and Richard Wanner. "Consequences of Divorce for Childhood Education: Australia, Canada, and the USA, 1940–1990." Comparative Sociology 8, no. 1 (2009): 105–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156913308x375568.
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AbstractParental divorce imposes a small but significant educational disadvantage on American children. Does this generalize across nations and over time? We analyze representative national samples from Australia (n=29,443) and Canada (n=28,266), together with US General Social Survey data (n=32,380). Using OLS and logistic regression with robust standard errors, we estimate models controlling many potentially confounding variables. Divorce costs seven-tenths of a year of education, mainly by reducing secondary school completion. Importantly, it has become more damaging in recent cohorts. Because this holds in all three nations, the explanation probably lies in common circumstances of, and parallel changes in, modern industrial societies.
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Fells, R. E., and J. R. Weaver. "Computer-Assisted Instruction in Industrial Relations Teaching." Journal of Industrial Relations 30, no. 2 (June 1988): 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218568803000202.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The teaching of industrial relations in Australia is a fairly recent phenomenon, principally developing over the last twenty years. Consequently it is only recently that the 'academic infrastructure'—viable industrial relations departments, a range of literature, a choice of texts and journals—has developed to enable the subject to become an identifiable area of teaching. As a result it is not surprising that the use of computers in teaching industrial relations is not well developed when compared with other disciplines, such as economics, management and accounting where games, simulations and question testing banks are available. However, the use of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is not confined to academic institutions: it has the potential to be a low-cost delivery system for training within other organizations. Employers, employer organizations and unions all engage in training and, therefore, all have a potential use for CAI. A number of government agencies are examining the use of computer- assisted instruction in training staff in, for example, occupational health and safety, and it has potential as a tool in professional development programmes. With the development of microcomputers the costs of using CAI are declining.
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Beck, Douglas, and John Lord. "Design and Production of ANZAC Frigates for the RAN and RNZN: Progress Towards International Competitiveness." Journal of Ship Production 14, no. 02 (May 1, 1998): 85–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.1998.14.2.85.
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ANZAC, the acronym of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, is the name given to a new class often frigates under construction for the Royal Australian and Royal New Zealand Navies. The prime contract was awarded in November 1989, and a separate design sub-contract was awarded concurrently. HMAS ANZAC, the first of eight ships for the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), was delivered in March 1996. HMNZS Te Kaha, the first of two ships for the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN), was delivered in May 1997. The paper describes the collaborative process, involving the Australian Department of Defence, the New Zealand Ministry of Defence, and Defence Industry in Australia, New Zealand and overseas, for the design and production of the ships. The need to maximise the level of Australian and New Zealand industrial involvement, led to a process of international competition between prospective suppliers, and significant configuration changes from the contract design baseline. Delivery of the first ship was extended to accommodate the revised approach, and in the event only five months additional time proved necessary. Although formal acceptance of HMAS ANZAC is not due until the completion of operational test and evaluation, the contractor's sea trials have successfully demonstrated the performance exceeding the requirements and the expectations of the RAN. The paper also describes the growing maturity of Australia's naval shipbuilding industry. It suggests some lessons learned from the project, and identifies issues important for the further development and sustainability of the industry. It advocates the need for agreed methodologies to evaluate the productivity of the various elements of the shipbuilding process, and to help ensure the establishment and maintenance of world competitive costs and quality.
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Austen, Siobhan, and Astghik Mavisakalyan. "Gender gaps in long-term earnings and retirement wealth: The effects of education and parenthood." Journal of Industrial Relations 60, no. 4 (May 1, 2018): 492–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185618767474.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We measure gender gaps in long-term earnings and retirement wealth over the 15-year period from 2001 to 2015. Our analysis of data from the Housing, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey generates new estimates of the effects of education on men’s and women’s long-term earnings. These show that whilst university qualifications improve women’s long-term earnings, university education does not, on average, lift women’s earnings above those attained by men with a high school qualification. The increment in long-term earnings associated with parenthood also shows a large gender gap favouring men. Parenthood is associated with higher long-term earnings for men but on average this factor has a strong negative association with women’s earnings. The article also maps the consequences of the gender gap in long-term earnings for retirement wealth in the form of superannuation. The results show how the large gender gaps in retirement wealth reflect in large part the economic costs arising from the gendered division of roles associated with parenthood in many Australian households.
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Barad, Miryam. "Some cultural/geographical styles in quality strategies and quality costs (P.R. China versus Australia)." International Journal of Production Economics 41, no. 1-3 (October 1995): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-5273(94)00096-4.
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Podbornova, Ekaterina S. "Strategic planning in energy saving at industrial enterprises of Russia." Vestnik of Samara University. Economics and Management 13, no. 3 (November 22, 2022): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0461-2022-13-3-44-49.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Our country has been and remains one of the leaders in the world's energy industry. Russia's energy needs are fully met by its own resources. Annual export volume of mineral fuel, oil and petroleum products is about 600700 million tons in conventional terms. Currently, the situation with exports is complicated by sanctions and the geopolitical situation in Russia and in the world. Only taking into account the embargo imposed by the U.S., Britain, Australia and Canada, export losses are more than 40 million tons. In addition, Russia is the world leader in proven reserves of natural gas, its volume more than 50 billion cubic meters. At the same time, it should be noted that such high indicators and sufficient resource potential are present at an extremely low level of energy efficiency. Thus, the volume of energy costs for the production of the average Russian producer is about twice as much as the global average. On this basis, the need to improve the quality of strategic planning and to promote targeted activities in the field of energy conservation in industry in the Russian Federation becomes obvious. Such activities will have not only positive economic, but also social, political, environmental and other types of effects. The most energy-consuming branch of industry in Russia is the processing industry, which is about 30 % of all final energy consumption. Another 70% of the energy saving potential is represented by metallurgy, chemical and oil refining and other industries.
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Deery, Stephen J., and Andrea Mahony. "Temporal Flexibility: Management Strategies and Employee Preferences in the Retail Industry." Journal of Industrial Relations 36, no. 3 (September 1994): 332–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569403600302.
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The introduction of more flexible working time arrangements has become an important managerial objective in Australia. This is particularly the case in the retail services sector where management has sought to obtain greater freedom to match staffing levels more closely to fluctuations in the volume of customer demand. Such arrangements may not, however, be in accordance with employee preferences. The aim of this paper is to examine the issue of temporal flexibility by looking at the employment policies of a large retailing firm as well as the attitudes of its employees to the introduction of flexible working hours. Contradictions are identified in the company's labour utilization strategy, which have attendant costs for both the employees and the organization.
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Schrale, G., R. Boardman, and M. J. Blaskett. "Investigating Land Based Disposal of Bolivar Reclaimed Water, South Australia." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0022.
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The Bolivar Sewage Treatment Works (STW) processes the urban and industrial sewage from the northern and eastern suburbs of Adelaide. The treatment capacity is equivalent to the sewage production of 1.1 million people. The disposal of more than 40 000 ML of reclaimed water into the sea has caused a progressive degradation of about 950 ha of seagrass beds which threatens the sustainability of the fisheries and marine ecosystems of Gulf St. Vincent. The current practice will no longer be viable to achieve compliance with the SA Marine Environment Protection Act, 1990. A Inter-Departmental Working Party recommmended that the Bolivar reclaimed water be disposed by irrigation of suitable land on the coastal plains north of Adelaide. They proposed the construction of two pipelines: a 12 km long pipeline to extend the distribution of reclaimed water in the most intense portion of the 3 500 hectares of irrigated horticulture on the Northern Adelaide Plains, and a second, 18 km long pipeline to deliver the remainder to a more northerly site for irrigation of an estimated 4 000 hectares of hardwood plantations. The paper summarizes the findings as they relate to public health, environmental, technical and financial aspects of land based disposal. Land based disposal would completely eliminate the marine degradation and also arrest the over-use of the NAP underground water resources for horticulture. The total net costs over thirty years for land based disposal are about $ 21.8 million. The ‘horticultural' pipeline of the land based disposal scheme is expected to be commercially viable. A shortfall in revenue from the afforestation component is expected and may need to be considered as an environmental cost of ceasing marine disposal.
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Reidy, B. L., and G. W. Samson. "An Assessment of a Low-Cost Wastewater Disposal System after Twenty-Five Years of Operation." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 5-6 (May 1, 1987): 701–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0249.
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A low-cost wastewater disposal system was commissioned in 1959 to treat domestic and industrial wastewaters generated in the Latrobe River valley in the province of Gippsland, within the State of Victoria, Australia (Figure 1). The Latrobe Valley is the centre for large-scale generation of electricity and for the production of pulp and paper. In addition other industries have utilized the brown coal resource of the region e.g. gasification process and char production. Consequently, industrial wastewaters have been dominant in the disposal system for the past twenty-five years. The mixed industrial-domestic wastewaters were to be transported some eighty kilometres to be treated and disposed of by irrigation to land. Several important lessons have been learnt during twenty-five years of operating this system. Firstly the composition of the mixed waste stream has varied significantly with the passage of time and the development of the industrial base in the Valley, so that what was appropriate treatment in 1959 is not necessarily acceptable in 1985. Secondly the magnitude of adverse environmental impacts engendered by this low-cost disposal procedure was not imagined when the proposal was implemented. As a consequence, clean-up procedures which could remedy the adverse effects of twenty-five years of impact are likely to be costly. The question then may be asked - when the total costs including rehabilitation are considered, is there really a low-cost solution for environmentally safe disposal of complex wastewater streams?
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Varshavsky, A. E., and V. V. Dubinina. "Global Trends and Directions of Development of Industrial Robots." MIR (Modernization. Innovation. Research) 11, no. 3 (October 27, 2020): 294–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.18184/2079-4665.2020.11.3.294-319.
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Purpose: the main purpose of this article is to analyze the main trends and directions of development of industrial robots, as well as the problems associated with their distribution. To achieve these goals, the following tasks were solved: analysis of the dynamics of the stock of industrial robots, the structure of the stock of robots by region (Europe, America, Asia / Australia), as well as the annual volumes and structure of world sales of robots by key industries; analysis of the main tasks of industrial robots, performed by them in these industries, and the directions of their use; analyze the dynamics of the robot fleet by industry in different countries (Japan, USA, South Korea, China, Germany, etc.); analysis of indicators and problems of using industrial robots in Russia.Methods: the research methodology consists in a comparative analysis of the use of industrial robots in different industries (automotive, food, chemical, electronic, etc.) based on statistical data by country. A systematic approach, tabular and graphical interpretation of information was applied, analysis of the dynamics of the levels of the time series, the calculation of growth indices of indicators.Results: the analysis showed that the use of industrial robots reduces injuries at the workplace, production costs and improves the quality of the final product, productivity, flexibility and safety, which contributes to a significant increase in their use in both developed and developing countries.Conclusions and Relevance: recently, robotization has become available even in non-industrial countries. The introduction of robotization into production processes increases the competitiveness of the economy. The acceleration of digitalization and automation, as well as the ease of use of industrial robots, are driving their proliferation. In Russia, the wider use of industrial robots, the development of the industrial Internet of things and the implementation of digitalization are possible only on the basis of the restoration and further development of mechanical engineering, electronic and other manufacturing industries.
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Schwartz, Herman. "Small States in Big Trouble: State Reorganization in Australia, Denmark, New Zealand, and Sweden in the 1980s." World Politics 46, no. 4 (July 1994): 527–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2950717.
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In Australia, Denmark, New Zealand, and Sweden in the 1980s, coalitions of politicians, fiscal bureaucrats, and capital and labor in sectors exposed to international competition allied to transform the largest single nontradables sector in their society: the state, particularly the welfare state. They exposed state personnel and agencies to market pressures and competition to reduce the cost of welfare and other state services. The impetus for change came from rising foreign public and private debt. Rising public debt levels and expensive welfare states interacted to create a tax wedge between employers' wage costs and workers' received wages. This undercut international competitiveness, worsening current account deficits and leading to more foreign debt accumulation. Two factors explain variation in the degree of reorganization in each country: differences in their electoral and constitutional regimes; and the willingness of left parties to risk splitting their core constituencies. Introduction of market pressures is an effort to go beyond the liberalization of the economy common in industrial countries during the 1980s, and both to institutionalize limits to welfare spending and to change the nature of statesociety relations, away from corporatist forms of interest intermediation. In short, not just less state, but a different state.
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Sharma, Prakash, Flor Lucia De la Cruz, and Jonathan Sultoon. "Finding winners in the hydrogen hype." APPEA Journal 62, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): S67—S71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21168.
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The global energy trade is set for its greatest transformation since the 1970s and the rise of OPEC (The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries). Electrification is central to this as countries plough money into renewables to reduce emissions and enhance energy security. But electrification can take the world only so far. With higher carbon prices looming on the horizon, fossil fuel exporters and industrial sectors – as well as heavy-duty trucking, shipping and aviation – need alternatives to decarbonise. Most are looking to electricity-based fuels and feedstocks such as hydrogen, ammonia and methanol to replace hydrocarbons. This will revolutionise energy trade, with total trade declining by as much as 50% and virtually all remaining traded oil gas and coal being either completely decarbonised or backed by offsets. With 147 GWel (giga‐watts electrolyser capacity) in announced projects, green hydrogen produced from renewable electricity is ahead of the game. And while its export supply chains are complex, requiring conversion into a ‘product’ to allow delivery, there is no exploration risk as in oil and gas projects. Worldwide, national hydrogen roadmaps are being passed, with virtually all oil and gas companies, utilities and industrials backing at least one hydrogen project. Focus is now shifting to future sources of hydrogen supply. Lenders will be drawn to locations with a proven track record of exporting natural resources, suitable conditions for low-cost renewable electricity and the potential for large-scale carbon capture. A few countries already stand out, but none more so than Australia. Using our proprietary research, we will present a case study evaluating hydrogen supply options from Australia, Saudi Arabia and Canada – delivered into key markets like Japan for different applications. We will also assess when costs will fall across the value chain – production, midstream and downstream – and reach parity to incumbent fuels.
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Boxall, Naomi J., Peter D. Franzmann, Amanda L. Tilbury, Hugh J. Nyeboer, Anthony J. McKinnon, David C. Sutton, and Anna H. Kaksonen. "Characterisation of a Novel Genus of Oxalate-Degrading Beta-Proteobacteria Isolated from a Full-Scale Bioreactor Treating Bayer Liquor Organic Wastes." Advanced Materials Research 825 (October 2013): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.825.79.
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A novel industrial-scale bioreactor was implemented by Alcoa of Australia (Alcoa) at its Kwinana alumina refinery (Western Australia) for the degradation of oxalate, an organic byproduct of the Bayer alumina refining process. At the Kwinana refinery oxalate is removed from the Bayer Liquor via a separate side-stream as it increases the operating costs associated with the process and, at sufficiently high levels, may adversely affect the quality and yield of the final alumina product. The bioreactor process provides a more economic and environmentally friendly method for the treatment of removed oxalate compared with chemical conversion or storage of the solid by-product. In previous studies, the microbial community composition of the bioreactor was investigated and was found to be largely dominated by microorganisms of the α-, β- and γ-Proteobacteriasubgroups. During the present study, two bacteria that had the ability to use oxalate as a sole source of carbon and energy were isolated from samples obtained from the bioreactor. Phylogenetic and physiological analyses indicated that the two isolates were probably strains of a novel species of a novel genus within the β-Proteobacteriasubgroup. Isolation and characterisation of the microbial communities within the bioreactor system has the potential to improve process operation, which may have a positive impact on the biological oxalate destruction process and the footprint of alumina production.
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Zou, Qian, Chenggao Yi, Keming Wang, Xiuling Yin, and Yongwei Zhang. "Global LNG market: supply-demand and economic analysis." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 983, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/983/1/012051.
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Abstract The transition to clean and low-carbon energy is an irresistible trend globally that drives the scale of trade in the global LNG market to grow continuously. The paper reviews the global LNG trade in 2020 and forecasts the future LNG supply and demand. On this basis, the costs in segments of a LNG project are analysed from the perspective of the LNG industry chain. The feasibility of export from LNG projects and the preferred target markets are determined by calculating the economic index of projects. It is concluded that the possibility of future rebound in oil prices and the demand growth in the incremental market in emerging Asian countries are most likely to determine the capacity scales of new LNG projects around the world and contribute to a dynamic balance in the LNG market in the medium- and longterm. The costs in different segments of the LNG industry chain vary greatly with the availability of resources and markets. The economics of LNG export depend on the demand for LNG imports in end markets, the cost plus in different segments of the industrial chain, and the affordability of end consumers. Through the cost and economic analysis on typical LNG Projects, Qatar is found still the most economical and highly profitable country in the global LNG export market nowadays. Unsatisfactory economic performance is a common reason for delayed investments in many large LNG projects in Australia and other countries.
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Alves de Lima, Araken, Patricia Carvalho dos Reis, Julio César Moreira Reis Castelo Branco, Rodrigo Danieli, Cibele Cristina Osawa, Eduardo Winter, and Douglas Alves Santos. "Scenario-Patent Protection Compared to Climate Change." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 4, no. 3 (July 2013): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jsesd.2013070105.
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The United Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC) took effect as a treaty in 1994 to promote international cooperation in the fight against global warming. Currently, nearly 190 countries are signatories of the UNFCCC, which has had successive additions as the Kyoto Protocol (1997). In 1995, the Climate Technology Initiative was established within the UNFCCC to encourage international cooperation in the accelerated development and diffusion of environmentally Sound Technologies - EST. Such technologies are also capable of protection provided by patents, and this kind of protection is a valuable tool for the industrial production inventions to become a worthwhile investment, contributing to economic development. Many patent applications claim advantages relative to efficiency, waste reduction, or even the costs of operation/manufacturing. However, the difficulty of accurately distinguishing the EST’s technologies among others, which are those that only claim environmental benefits, compared to those who actually have a higher potential to promote a more positive impact on the environment directed. This study aims to report some performance initiatives in relations between technologies, focusing on the so-called “GREEN”, and the effects of climate change. Some initiatives have already been started in countries such as Australia, Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Spain, Japan, South Korea and Israel. These nations are constituted in the form of their industrial property offices, as entities that have implemented regulations regarding the patentability of requests for green technologies or EST’s such requests are known as “green patents” applications. In this context, it is highlighted that the definition of “green patents” differs from country to country and this leads to greater uncertainty in this designation, with the codes of the International Patent Classification (IPC) should be prioritized. This study observed that, in the case of South Korea, green patents are technologies classified in accordance with the interests of the Government, or, according to designations of environmental laws. Moreover, it still shows that South Korea, Australia, United States, Japan, Israel already have programs to promote accelerated examination of “green patents” applications with different criteria.
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Chavan, Sachin G., Zhong-Hua Chen, Oula Ghannoum, Christopher I. Cazzonelli, and David T. Tissue. "Current Technologies and Target Crops: A Review on Australian Protected Cropping." Crops 2, no. 2 (June 8, 2022): 172–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/crops2020013.
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Protected cropping offers a way to bolster food production in the face of climate change and deliver healthy food sustainably with fewer resources. However, to make this way of farming economically viable, we need to consider the status of protected cropping in the context of available technologies and corresponding target horticultural crops. This review outlines existing opportunities and challenges that must be addressed by ongoing research and innovation in this exciting but complex field in Australia. Indoor farm facilities are broadly categorised into the following three levels of technological advancement: low-, medium- and high-tech with corresponding challenges that require innovative solutions. Furthermore, limitations on indoor plant growth and protected cropping systems (e.g., high energy costs) have restricted the use of indoor agriculture to relatively few, high value crops. Hence, we need to develop new crop cultivars suitable for indoor agriculture that may differ from those required for open field production. In addition, protected cropping requires high start-up costs, expensive skilled labour, high energy consumption, and significant pest and disease management and quality control. Overall, protected cropping offers promising solutions for food security, while reducing the carbon footprint of food production. However, for indoor cropping production to have a substantial positive impact on global food security and nutritional security, the economical production of diverse crops will be essential.
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Tamanna, Nafisa, and Rabin Tuladhar. "Sustainable Use of Recycled Glass Powder as Cement Replacement in Concrete." Open Waste Management Journal 13, no. 1 (March 20, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874347102013010001.
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Aims: This paper introduces a sustainable way of using Recycled Glass Powder (RGP) as a cement replacement in concrete. Background: In Australia, almost one million tons of glass waste is collected annually for recycling purpose. However, the inconsistency in chemical composition and the presence of impurities make glass recycling process difficult. Besides, the lack of local recycling plants coupled with high transportation costs makes the recycling process expensive. Objective: For the successful use of recycled glass in concrete for industrial applications, it is therefore, important to characterize the physical and chemical properties of recycled glass collected by the local councils. Furthermore, the effects of replacement levels of cement with recycled glass on the strength and durability properties of concrete need to be assessed as well. Methods: Mechanical strength and durability properties of concrete with 10%, 20% and 30% of RGP as a partial cement replacement were tested and compared with typical concrete and fly ash blend concrete. The relative strength test of mortar was conducted to assess the reactivity of glass powder with the cement. Results: RGP concrete showed an improvement in strength over time like fly ash. Using RGP significantly improved the resistance against chloride penetration with increasing glass powder content. Furthermore, RGP also met the relative strength requirement as per Australian Standard requirement to be considered as a supplementary cementitious material. Conclusion: This research showed that the use of RGP as cement replacement is feasible for replacement level up to 10%. The outcome of this research aims to contribute towards sustainable development by reducing the consumption of cement, as well as reduction of glass waste going into landfill.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Natural Gas Has Role in Decarbonizing the Australian Electricity Supply." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 07 (July 1, 2021): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0721-0069-jpt.
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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 202210, “Future Roles for Natural Gas in Decarbonizing the Australian Electricity Supply Within the NEM: Total System Costs Are Key,” by Stephanie Byrom, University of Queensland; Geoffrey Bongers, Gamma Energy Technology; and Andy Boston, Red Vector, et al., prepared for the 2020 SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, originally scheduled to be held in Perth, Australia, 20–22 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Electricity systems around the world are changing, with the Paris Agreement of 2015 a catalyst for much current change. The Australian government ratified the agreement by committing to 26–28% emissions reductions below 2005 levels by 2030. Reduction in emissions from electricity generation has become the focus of these targets. To decarbonize the grid to meet targets while building firm, dispatchable generation capacity to support the system, a new metric is required to measure success. The complete paper explores the outputs of the model of energy and grid services (MEGS), illustrating outcomes if a single technology group is favored. Introduction The majority of electricity in the Australian National Energy Market (NEM) is provided by synchronous thermal power generation, which also has delivered services required for grid stability such as inertia and frequency control. The NEM commenced operation in December 1998 and includes five regional market jurisdictions: Queensland, New South Wales (including the Australian Capital Territory), Victoria, South Australia, and Tasmania. In 2020, the NEM incorporated approximately 40,000 km of transmission lines and cables, connecting approximately 57 GW of generation capacity to consumers. This thermal generation mostly has consisted of coal- and gas-based technologies. Electricity grids are also changing from largely centralized electricity generation systems to more decentralized ones and from unidirectional electricity flows to bidirectional flows as part of the effort to reduce emissions. However, with increasing penetration of variable renewable energy (VRE) generation, it is important to plan for and manage generation-asset investment to track the lowest possible total system cost and highest reliability path to a low-emissions future. A Competent, Diverse Grid A competent electricity grid is one that can keep the lights on, so to speak, within the legislated tolerance for outages and performance. A competent grid is adequate, reliable, secure, operable, and robust against externally driven disruptions. In practice, the reliability of the electricity grid often seems to be taken for granted; however, it is an essential element of the modern economy, and, with a changing grid, reliability is increasingly important. When a decision must be made to build or replace an individual power plant, stakeholders (individual investors) have traditionally considered the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of the alternative generation options, which di-vides the total cost of an installation or plant by the kilowatt-hours it produces over its lifetime. However, metrics such as LCOE, based on grid-independent formulae to help power plant investors to maximize returns, are inappropriate for comparing technologies that deliver and demand a complex menu of services specific to the grid. A different metric is required to evaluate each technology’s contribution to the grid.
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Zaman, Atiq. "Waste Management 4.0: An Application of a Machine Learning Model to Identify and Measure Household Waste Contamination—A Case Study in Australia." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (March 6, 2022): 3061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14053061.
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Waste management directly and indirectly contributes to all sustainable development goals. Hence, the modernisation of the current ineffective management system through Industry 4.0-compatible technologies is urgently needed. Inspired by the fourth industrial revaluation, this study explores the potential application of waste management 4.0 in a local government area in Perth, Western Australia. The study considers a systematic literature review as part of an exploratory investigation of the current applications and practices of Industry 4.0 in the waste industry. Moreover, the study develops and tests a machine learning model to identify and measure household waste contamination as a waste management 4.0 case study application. The study reveals that waste management 4.0 offers various opportunities and sustainability benefits in reducing costs, improving efficiency in the supply chain and material flow, and reducing as well as eliminating waste by achieving holistic circular economy goals. The significant barriers and challenges involve initial investments in developing and maintaining waste management 4.0 technology, platform and data acquisition. The proof-of-concept case study on the machine learning model detects selected waste with considerable precision (over 70% for selected items). The number and quality of the labelled data significantly influences the model’s accuracy. The data on waste contamination are essential for local governments to explore household waste recycling practices besides developing effective waste education and communication methods. The study concludes that waste management 4.0 can be an effective tool for acquiring real-time data; however, overcoming the current limitations needs to be addressed before applying waste management 4.0 into practice.
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Wai Foon, Shyong, and Milé Terziovski. "The impact of operations and maintenance practices on power plant performance." Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management 25, no. 8 (September 30, 2014): 1148–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmtm-12-2012-0122.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of operations and maintenance (O&M) practices, individually and collectively, on power plant performance. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from more than 100 power plants in Australia and Malaysia. The reliability and validity (content, construct, and criterion) of the practice and performance measures were evaluated. Findings – Committed leadership and maintenance-oriented practices as part of a total productive maintenance (TPM) philosophy were found to be the main differentiators between high and low performing plants. Research limitations/implications – The research is cross-sectional in nature, therefore, it does not permit us to account for the lag between implementation and performance. Second, the performance measures are subjective and may be subject to response bias. Practical implications – The implication of the research findings for plant managers is that they need to allocate more “softer” resources to the O&M function if they expect high plant availability. Social implications – Apart from capacity and fuel cost, operating costs are an important source of differentiation for power plants. The implication is that reduction in operating costs is directly related to the reduction of consumer power bills. Originality/value – The reader will learn from this paper that committed leadership and maintenance-oriented practices have greater explanatory power in the regression models than employee involvement, customer focus, strategic planning, and knowledge management. This knowledge is important because it emphasises that in addition to quality management practices, which are focussed on the development of the people aspects of the organization, the plant equipment and physical assets should also be given equal emphasis, in order to improve operational performance of power plants.
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Oruganti, Yagna. "Technology Focus: Data Analytics (October 2021)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1021-0060-jpt.
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With a moderate- to low-oil-price environment being the new normal, improving process efficiency, thereby leading to hydrocarbon recovery at reduced costs, is becoming the need of the hour. The oil and gas industry generates vast amounts of data that, if properly leveraged, can generate insights that lead to recovering hydrocarbons with reduced costs, better safety records, lower costs associated with equipment downtime, and reduced environmental footprint. Data analytics and machine-learning techniques offer tremendous potential in leveraging the data. An analysis of papers in OnePetro from 2014 to 2020 illustrates the steep increase in the number of machine-learning-related papers year after year. The analysis also reveals reservoir characterization, formation evaluation, and drilling as domains that have seen the highest number of papers on the application of machine-learning techniques. Reservoir characterization in particular is a field that has seen an explosion of papers on machine learning, with the use of convolutional neural networks for fault detection, seismic imaging and inversion, and the use of classical machine-learning algorithms such as random forests for lithofacies classification. Formation evaluation is another area that has gained a lot of traction with applications such as the use of classical machine-learning techniques such as support vector regression to predict rock mechanical properties and the use of deep-learning techniques such as long short-term memory to predict synthetic logs in unconventional reservoirs. Drilling is another domain where a tremendous amount of work has been done with papers on optimizing drilling parameters using techniques such as genetic algorithms, using automated machine-learning frameworks for bit dull grade prediction, and application of natural language processing for stuck-pipe prevention and reduction of nonproductive time. As the application of machine learning toward solving various problems in the upstream oil and gas industry proliferates, explainable artificial intelligence or machine-learning interpretability becomes critical for data scientists and business decision-makers alike. Data scientists need the ability to explain machine-learning models to executives and stakeholders to verify hypotheses and build trust in the models. One of the three highlighted papers used Shapley additive explanations, which is a game-theory-based approach to explain machine-learning outputs, to provide a layer of interpretability to their machine-learning model for identification of identification of geomechanical facies along horizontal wells. A cautionary note: While there is significant promise in applying these techniques, there remain many challenges in capitalizing on the data—lack of common data models in the industry, data silos, data stored in on-premises resources, slow migration of data to the cloud, legacy databases and systems, lack of digitization of older/legacy reports, well logs, and lack of standardization in data-collection methodologies across different facilities and geomarkets, to name a few. I would like to invite readers to review the selection of papers to get an idea of various applications in the upstream oil and gas space where machine-learning methods have been leveraged. The highlighted papers cover the topics of fatigue dam-age of marine risers and well performance optimization and identification of frackable, brittle, and producible rock along horizontal wells using drilling data. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 201597 - Improved Robustness in Long-Term Pressure-Data Analysis Using Wavelets and Deep Learning by Dante Orta Alemán, Stanford University, et al. SPE 202379 - A Network Data Analytics Approach to Assessing Reservoir Uncertainty and Identification of Characteristic Reservoir Models by Eugene Tan, the University of Western Australia, et al. OTC 30936 - Data-Driven Performance Optimization in Section Milling by Shantanu Neema, Chevron, et al.
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GALIEV, Zhaken Kakitaevich, and Nadezhda Valentinovna GALIEVA. "Coal industry development strategy in domestic and foreign markets." NEWS of the Ural State Mining University, no. 4 (December 20, 2020): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/2307-2091-2020-4-212-217.
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Relevance. In the current context, the cost of coal products is growing. Labor productivity in coal mines and open-pit mines is significantly lower than the corresponding indicator in North America and Australia, a significant proportion of unprofitable enterprises, despite the fact that a third of the world’s coal resources and a fifth of the proven reserves are concentrated in the Russian Federation. In these circumstances, the substantiation of the strategic development of the coal industry on the basis of a SWOT analysis is of great importance. Purpose of the study is to substantiate the strategic vision for the development of the coal industry, priorities for the functioning of coal mining enterprises. Research methods are scientific generalization, method of system analysis and analogies. Results. In the course of the study, the possibilities of functioning of coal mining enterprises, threats to the coal industry, strengths and weaknesses of their activities were identified. The ability to function is determined by the presence of huge coal reserves in Russia, the leadership in its production and export, and a significant share of coking coal grades. The identified threats include: a significant decrease in prices on the world market and coal consumption in the domestic market, an increase in the average transportation distance and the risks of introducing environmental restrictions. The weaknesses in the activities of coal mining enterprises, requiring appropriate measures to be taken to liquidate them, come down to the following: increased operating costs, low labor productivity, a significant number of small mines and open-pit mines that hinder the effective development of the industry as a whole. At the same time, the strategy for further development should focus on the strengths of the coal mining enterprises. These include lower capital investments based on conventional fuel, significantly lower than in the oil and gas industry, therefore, during the period of ensuring sustainable development of the economy as a whole, the development of the coal industry will require lower costs, which creates conditions for the development of other related industries, the possibility of introducing an economic mechanism of inter-fuel competition, as well as the effective functioning of the market structure within the “free” oligopoly. Increasing the competitiveness of coal mining enterprises requires the use of accelerated depreciation methods at export-oriented enterprises, the introduction of problem-solving technology at large coal mining enterprises, the establishment of a rational ratio of the used imported and Russian equipment, and the containment of the growth in the cost of railway transport services. The focus on the implementation of the concept of creating a digital industrial enterprise in the industry plays a special role. A number of measures should be taken to improve financial stability. Conclusions. The identified opportunities and threats, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the activities of coal mining enterprises, serve as the basis for substantiating the “Strategy for the development of the coal industry”, determine promising directions for the future of coal mining enterprises.
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Davis, Aiark. "Is Bigger Better? Union Size and Expenditure on Members." Journal of Industrial Relations 41, no. 1 (March 1999): 3–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569904100101.
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From the late 1980s to the mid-1990s Australian trade unions engaged in a series of amalgamations. One of the main rationales for these mergers was that larger unions would benefit from economies of scale. But this proposition has been contested in debates sparked by the Australian union amalgamation round. Research literature on union mergers and the economics of union administration is reviewed to identify factors affecting the costs incurred by unions in servicing their membership. Multivariate allalysis of data from a sample of thirty-four Australian unions suggests that larger unions incur lower costs in servicing their members when other factors thought to affect union cost structures are held constant. But methodological and conceptual issues meau that the findings do not provide unambiguous evidence for the existence of economies of scale.
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Dixon, Peter B., David A. Prentice, and Lynne S. Williams. "Wages and On-Costs in Australian Industries: 1968-69 to 1985-86." Journal of Industrial Relations 30, no. 2 (June 1988): 294–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218568803000207.
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In the study summarized here, estimates were made of the costs of employing labour in Australian industries for the years 1968-69 to 1985-86. The estimates include wages and five types of on-costs. They imply that the on-cost share in labour costs increased sharply in each industry over the period 1968-69 to 1974-75. Since 1974-75, on-cost shares have continued to grow but at moderate rates. The estimates rely on a wide variety of data sources and involve numerous interpolations and extrapolations. They are suitable for the analysis of medium-term trends rather than annual movements. It is to be hoped that the ABS continues its surveys of labour costs started in 1987. These surveys would then provide satisfactory time-series data for investigating the relationship between labour costs and other variables such as employment and inflation. They would also obviate the need for further studies of the type reported in this paper.
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Peck, J. A. "‘Invisible Threads’: Homeworking, Labour-Market Relations, and Industrial Restructuring in the Australian Clothing Trade." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 10, no. 6 (December 1992): 671–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d100671.
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By way of an examination of the contemporary reemergence of homeworking in the Australian clothing industry, some of the links between industrial and labour-market restructuring are explored. The growth of homeworking reflects not only the pressures placed on clothing firms to reduce costs and enhance production flexibility (increasingly, the ‘conventional wisdom’ explanations), but also represents an attempt on the part of these firms to reconstruct their urban labour-market relations. It is argued that labour-market considerations warrant attention alongside those considerations pertaining to the labour process which are usually prioritised in the literature on industrial restructuring. The case of homeworking reveals some of the ways in which labour-market processes (such as the gendered nature of labour supplies, the ethnic segmentation of the labour force, and the contours of interindustry competition for labour) exert a powerful influence upon the nature of industrial change. Moreover, questions about the development, by firms and by industries, of characteristic urban labour-market relations are also raised.
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Feder, Judy. "How to Make Better Investment Decisions in Unconventional Projects." Journal of Petroleum Technology 72, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1220-0041-jpt.
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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Judy Feder, contains highlights of paper URTEC 198318, “How Not to Squander Billions on Your Next Unconventional Venture,” by Creties Jenkins, SPE, and Mark McLane, SPE, Rose and Associates, prepared for the 2019 SPE/AAPG/SEG Asia Pacific Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, Brisbane, Australia, 18-19 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed. During the past decade, hundreds of unconventional oil and gas projects have failed to deliver the value sought by shareholders. Two common mistakes have been focusing on production attainment instead of value creation, and incorrectly thinking that enough was understood about a given reservoir to proceed with development. Companies must implement a staged approach that exposes capital incrementally in a responsible fashion and an assurance process that provides a framework for conducting and reviewing work so that mistakes may be analyzed to influence future decisions. The complete paper provides a work flow for making better decisions about investing in unconventional projects. Introduction In 2019, an analysis of 16,000 unconventional wells operated by 29 of the largest producers in Texas and North Dakota revealed that these companies spent $112 billion more in cash over the past 10 years than they generated from operations. A primary contributor to this shortfall was optimistic production forecasts based on a small number of early wells. These types of projections lead companies to commit to development projects before they understand the true variability in well performance and, most importantly, whether the average well will be commercial (i.e., able to pay for the cost to drill, complete, and tie in). Commercial is defined here as attaining a present value greater than zero at the corporate discount rate. If this is 10%, a net present value (NPV) of zero equates to a 10% rate of return. The Challenge More than 50 shale plays across North America have been tested for their production potential. Of these, only a dozen or so (approximately 25%) have been commercially developed. Thus, the first order of business is to focus on the right play in the right basin. But even within a productive basin, operators need to be in the commercial fairway, which is commonly a fraction of the total basin area regardless of play type. The probability of commercializing a new unconventional play in a frontier basin is low. Although a well can be drilled practically anywhere in the basin and encounter mobile hydrocarbons, this does not reduce the commercial risk relative to conventional plays. Instead, it transfers the risk (threat of fiscal loss) to later stages, in which it must be shown that unconventional wells can produce at sufficient rates, costs can be reduced to make these wells commercially viable, and results are repeatable.
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Chileshe, Nicholas, Raufdeen Rameezdeen, M. Reza Hosseini, and Steffen Lehmann. "Barriers to implementing reverse logistics in South Australian construction organisations." Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 20, no. 2 (March 9, 2015): 179–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scm-10-2014-0325.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose – This paper aims to present a survey of the perceptions of the barriers to implementing reverse logistics (RL) practices in South Australian (SA) construction organisations. Despite the extensive research on forward logistics and RL, there is a paucity of studies that examine the barriers to implementing RL particularly within the Australian construction industry. This study builds on the ongoing research being undertaken by the authors, entitled “Designing for reverse logistics (DfRL) within the building life cycle: practices, drivers and barriers”, which is examining the best practices and drivers that could be used as a “road map” for developing appropriate solutions for the successful implementation of RL. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected by utilising a triangulated data collection approach, a literature review and 49 questionnaires. The review of the literature identified 16 barriers to implementing RL. The quantitative survey data were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics with correlation analysis to examine the relationships between different pairs of variables comprising RL’s critical barriers. Findings – The following barriers were indicated as most significant: lack of incorporation of salvaged materials by designers; regulation restrictions to usage of recovered materials and components; potential legal liabilities; higher costs; and longer-time association with deconstructing buildings. The least ranked barriers were mostly drawn from the operational and industrial categories as being: organisational lack of support for deconstruction due to incompatible design; lack of organisational support for deconstructing buildings due to higher health and safety risks; and inadequate skills and experience for deconstruction (operational). The industrial barrier was related to “higher costs of salvaged materials in comparison to virgin products”. Research limitations/implications – First, the reported findings are focussed on one study that used questionnaire surveys within the construction industry; therefore, the results may not be generalisable to other contexts. Further, studies should be conducted and extended to other industrial sectors beyond the construction industry. Second, the quantitative study (n = 49) used a smaller sample, and the survey items were based on the review of the literature. Practical implications – The identified barriers could be used as a “road map” for the development of appropriate solutions for the successful implementation of RL, and to improve the environment-related decision-making processes of contractors. Originality/value – This study makes a contribution to the body of knowledge on the subject of RL within a previously unexplored SA context. In addition, the study provides some insights on the contributory effects of the barriers to the implementation of RL. It is the first work undertaken to determine the barriers to the adoption of RL within the SA construction industry.
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Ellem, Bradon. "Solidarity in the Nineties? An Analysis of the ACTU Blueprint and the Costa/Duffy Critique." Economic and Labour Relations Review 2, no. 2 (December 1991): 90–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469100200205.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plans to restructure the trade union movement have received little critical analysis. The most striking exception to this appeared in the first issue of this journal where Costa and Duffy argued that amalgamation plans were ‘fatally flawed’. This perspective, although drawing out some problems with the ACTU's program, is itself unsatisfactory because too much of its argument remains implicit and it relies on highly debatable assumptions. Like so much industrial relations debate in Australia, the arguments in and about union strategies are made more difficult because they proceed without reference to theory or history. The main burden of this article is, after a detailed analysis of the Costa and Duffy prescription, to show why this matters and to suggest some areas of detailed research.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Flow-Assurance-Management Strategy Considerations for a Deepwater Gas Field." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 05 (May 1, 2021): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0521-0049-jpt.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 202254, “Flow-Assurance Challenges for China’s First Deepwater Gasfield Development in South China Sea,” by Lawrence Khin Leong Lau, Kun An, and Xian Di Tang, CNOOC, et al., prepared for the 2020 SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, originally scheduled to be held in Perth, Australia, 20–22 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed. The complete paper describes the key flow-assurance challenges for a deepwater gasfield development in the South China Sea and the considerations and steps taken to achieve an overall flow-assurance-management strategy. The discussion covers early-stage feasibility studies through the stage of project execution at the time of writing. In addition, flow-assurance analysis is highlighted as a key input for startup and commissioning guidelines as well as operating procedures. Project Background This gasfield development consists of a semisubmersible more than 100 km offshore in the South China Sea. The water depth is approximately 1500 m, with a minimum seabed temperature of less than 4°C. The design incorporates Eastern and Western production loops spanning more than 40 km of the subsea production system (SPS) in total. Line size for the Eastern and the Western production loops are selected according to the total of production wells located in respective areas. The entire production system, including topsides facilities, subsea flowlines, risers, and other key SPS elements such as subsea manifolds, is designed with potential future development tie-ins in mind. Long subsea tiebacks, coupled with typical deepwater characteristics, require a robust flow-assurance- management strategy. A dedicated flow-assurance team was assembled across sectors such as subsurface, drilling and completion (D&C); subsea umbilicals, risers, and flowlines (SURF); control and instrumentation; and topsides process engineering. During the feasibility-study stage, more than 10 deepwater subsea production wells were grouped by characteristics. Analysis was performed for the most-representative wells selected from each group during this development stage to determine the range of the operating envelope and to identify all related risks. As development progressed into the detailed engineering-design stage, a detailed flow-assurance-scope analysis was completed for each well to ensure full coverage. This analysis considered scenarios including well unloading, well testing, precommissioning, first gas, steady-state production, planned and unplanned shutdowns, and hot and cold restarts. Any risks identified were assigned mitigation strategies and then were incorporated into design philosophy and operating guidelines or were specifically detailed in operating procedures. Primary Flow-Assurance Challenges Region-Specific Flow-Assurance Challenges. Flow Assurance as an Independent and Integrated Discipline. The creation of a cross-disciplinary flow-assurance team differs significantly from previous management approaches in which flow-assurance scopes were embedded in different disciplines and managed separately by teams such as subsurface, D&C, SURF, and topsides. The team described in the paper had the goal of implementing flow-assurance design and strategy with a truly integrated approach to maximize efficiency, optimize costs, and minimize impact on the environment.
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Sheridan, Tom. "Shoring up the System: The ALP and Arbitration in the 1940s." Journal of Industrial Relations 31, no. 1 (March 1989): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218568903100101.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The years immediately after the Second World War witnessed over-full employment in the Australian economy. The workforce, backed by public opinion, sought to reap gains in employment conditions after years of restraint. High on the unions' official agenda was reform of the federal arbitration system, which dominated the wage-fixing process. In 1947 the ALP government amended the Conciliation and Arbitration Act. Although endowed with unprecedented constitutional and political authority, the Chifley government failed to meet the main expectations of its union constituents. The system remained centralized and dominated by a small bench of judges. Chifley's appointments to the bench failed to depart from the conservative norm. The Labor government's overwhelming motivation was to hold down wage costs and cushion the economy from the shock of industrial labour's newfound bargaining power.
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Hurley, Jenny, Elizabeth Dabars, and Rob Bonner. "Experiencia en el programa: Las mejores prácticas de las organizaciones más destacadas (BPSO) en Australia." MedUNAB 20, no. 2 (August 4, 2017): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29375/01237047.3244.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introducción: La asociación de enfermeras registradas de Ontario y su programa principal de mejores prácticas de las organizaciones más destacadas está ampliando su implementación alrededor del mundo. La Federación Australiana de Enfermería y Obstetricia se ha asociado exitosamente con la asociación de enfermeras registradas de Ontario para convertirse en anfitriona de Las mejores prácticas de las organizaciones más destacadas y establecer una cultura basada en la evidencia en Australia del Sur. Federación Australiana de Enfermería y Obstetricia es el sindicato y la organización profesional más grande para enfermeras, parteras y asistentes en enfermería en Australia, con un compromiso con altos estándares de práctica profesional, negociación efectiva y representación industrial de sus miembros, así como un enfoque progresivo basado en la justicia social a los problemas políticos que enfrentan el sistema de salud (Federación Australiana de Enfermería y Obstetricia 2017). Objetivo: Reflexionar sobre la experiencia de la Federación Australiana de Enfermería y Obstetricia en la implementación del Programa Las mejores prácticas de las organizaciones más destacadas en enfermería en el sur de Australia. Metodología: Describir el proceso de escalamiento en el programa, Guía para las Buenas Prácticas de la asociación de enfermeras registradas de Ontario en el sur de Australia a través de las mejores prácticas de las organizaciones más destacadas y de renombre mundial, características, barreras y oportunidades para su adopción y su evaluación. Conclusiones: La evaluación del programa Las mejores prácticas de las organizaciones más destacadas demuestra el valor de las reformas en la práctica, las cuales fueron implementadas y los resultados para los pacientes/clientes mejoraron; al igual que la satisfacción y la capacidad profesional mejoraron, y la creación de eficiencias en los costos de los sitios piloto también. [Hurley J, Dabars E, Bonner R. Experiencia en el programa: Las mejores prácticas de las organizaciones más destacadas (BPSO) en Australia. MedUNAB 2017; 20(2): 215-223]
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Luo, Le, and Qingliang Tang. "Carbon tax, corporate carbon profile and financial return." Pacific Accounting Review 26, no. 3 (November 10, 2014): 351–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/par-09-2012-0046.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the impact of the proposed carbon tax on the financial market return of Australian firms. It also considers the differential tax effect on individual firms with different carbon profiles, including factors such as emissions costs, carbon disclosure and climate-change policies. Design/methodology/approach – Utilising the event-study method, the authors examine the market reaction to seven key carbon legislative information events that occurred from February 2011 to November 2011. The sample includes 48 different firms whose emissions-related data are available from Carbon Disclosure Project reports; thus, 336 firm-event observations are used for the cross-sectional analysis. Findings – The paper documents evidence that the proposed tax has an overall negative impact on shareholder wealth as measured by abnormal returns. The negative impact varies across sectors, with the most significant effect found in the materials, industrial and financial sectors. It was also found that a firm’s direct carbon exposure (as measured by Scope 1 emissions) is significantly associated with abnormal returns, whereas the indirect exposure (as measured by Scope 2 emissions) is not, because Scope 2 emissions are not covered by the tax. In addition, the findings suggest that the information content of the events is more notable during the early stages of the development of the carbon tax. Research limitations/implications – The sample is restricted to the largest firms with relevant carbon profile information. Thus, caution should be exercised when generalising the inferences. Practical implications – The introduction of the carbon tax was largely unexpected and most firms were unprepared for it; thus, their carbon policy appears inadequate and does not impress investors. An understanding of how the carbon tax affects shareholder value and welfare will encourage management to take proactive actions to mitigate the compliance costs of carbon legislation. Originality/value – The enactment of the Australian carbon tax perhaps represents one of the biggest social and economic restructuring events in the country’s history. Our results offer initial insight into its impact and suggest that investors would penalise firms with heavy direct operational emissions. In addition, Australian corporate carbon policy seems inadequate, so does not reverse the negative effect of the tax on the value of a firm.
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Gahan, Peter. "Did Arbitration Make for Dependent Unionism? Evidence from Historical Case Studies." Journal of Industrial Relations 38, no. 4 (December 1996): 648–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569603800407.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The analysis of Australian union behaviour, growth and structure has centred on the relationship between unions and arbitration. To varying degrees it has been assumed that Australian unions are dependent on arbitration for the supply of resources critical to their functions. The nature and extent of this dependency have, however, remained empirically unexplored. Yet it is clear that if this depend ency relationship were a valid description of the relationship between unions and arbitration, its implications for the survial of unions under a different labour law regime would be profound. This paper, through the investigation of four historical case studies. questions the validity of the dependency hypothesis as a useful explanation of Australian union behaviour. A number of concerns emerge from the case analysis. To begin with, the general interpretation of key historical moments that the dependency hypothesis relies on does not capture the diversity of experience evident in these four cases. While arbitration played an important role in influencing union behav iour by altering the costs and incentives of pursuing particular strategies, the evidence suggests that a range of other factors account for this diversity. Moreo ver, arbitration was not only an institutional structure that unions faced. Rather, part of their strategic interplay with it was concerned with shaping the system to further their own goals through the use of different 'bundles' of political and industrial resources at the disposal of individual unions. Most importantly, to the extent that these unions were dependent organizations, they were dependent on a range of institutional and organizational mechanisms for the supply of critical resources. Arguably, this study also has profound implications for how more generalized accounts of union development are constructed and theorized. A localized analysis, which focuses on individual unions and their own micro- contexts, is advanced as a more appropriate starting point for union theory.
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JPT staff, _. "E&P Notes (August 2022)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 74, no. 08 (August 1, 2022): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0822-0012-jpt.
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Valaris Adds Fresh Rig Contracts to Backlog Valaris has scooped a number of new contracts and contract extensions, adding an associated $466 million to its contract backlog. The company received a 540-day contract with Equinor offshore Brazil for use of drillship Valaris DS-17. The rig will be reactivated for this contract, which is expected to begin in mid-2023. The total contract value is around $327 million, including an upfront payment totaling $86 million for mobilization costs, a contribution toward reactivation costs, and capital upgrades. The remaining contract value relates to the operating day rate and additional services. Also in Brazil, Valaris received a contract extension with TotalEnergies EP Brasil offshore Brazil for the use of drillship Valaris DS-15. The option is in direct continuation of the current firm program. “We are particularly pleased to have been awarded another contract for one of our preservation stacked drillships, Valaris DS-17, and look forward to partnering with Equinor on their flagship Bacalhau project in Brazil,” said Valaris Chief Executive Anton Dibowitz. “We expect Brazil to be a significant growth market for high-specification floaters over the next several years, and we are well positioned to benefit by now adding a third rig to this strategic basin.” The contractor also was awarded a two-well contract extension with Woodside offshore Australia for semisubmersible Valaris DPS-1. The two-well extension has an estimated duration of 38 days and will be in direct continuation of the existing firm program for Woodside’s Enfield plug-and-abandonment (P&A) campaign. The P&A work covers 18 wells in total. Woodside also awarded Valaris a separate one-well extension for the rig. The work has an estimated duration of 60 days with Woodside’s Scarborough development campaign. Elsewhere, Shell awarded a 4-year contract for heavy-duty modern jackup Valaris 115 offshore Brunei. The $159-million contract is expected to begin in April 2023. The contract was also awarded various short-term deals for jackups with Shell in the UK, an undisclosed operator in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), Cantium in the GOM, and GB Energy offshore Australia. Shell Joins Equinor in GOM Sparta Development Shell has agreed to purchase 51% of Equinor’s interest in the North Platte deepwater development project in the US Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Equinor will retain 49% interest in the project, and Shell will become the new operator of the field. The new partners also have agreed to rename North Platte to Sparta. Sparta straddles four blocks of the Garden Banks area, 275 km off the coast of Louisiana in approximately 1300 m of water depth. Front-end engineering and design has been matured for the project. Equinor and Shell will review the work that has been completed and update the development plan. Shell said that Sparta aligns with its strategy to pursue upstream investments that can remain competitive over time, both from a financial and environmental-intensity perspective. North Platte was discovered by Cobalt Energy and Total in 2012. The partners said the Wilcox-aged discovery would require 20K-psi technology to develop. Cobalt went bankrupt in 2017 and its stake in the asset was sold to Equinor and Total. In early 2022, TotalEnergies walked away from the project and its operatorship to focus on other projects, leaving Equinor with 100% interest. BP Awarded King Mariout Block in Egypt’s West Med BP has been awarded the King Mariout exploration block offshore Egypt following its participation last year in the limited bid round organized by the Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company. The King Mariout Offshore area is located 20 km west of the Raven field in the Mediterranean Sea and covers 2600 km2 with water depths ranging between 500 and 2100 m. The block is within the West Nile Delta area, for which material gas discoveries could be developed using existing infrastructure. BP holds a 100% stake in the block. BP is a major player in Egypt investing more than $35 billion in the area over the past 60 years. LLOG Begins Production From Spruance in GOM LLOG has kicked off production from its operated Spruance Field located in Ewing Bank Blocks 877 and 921 in the US GOM. The two-well subsea development is producing, in combination, approximately 16,000 B/D of oil and 13 MMcf/D via a 14-mile subsea tieback to the EnVen-operated Lobster platform in nearby Block 873. The Spruance Field was initially discovered by LLOG and its partners in mid-2019 via a subsalt exploratory well, the Ewing Bank 877 #1, which was drilled in 1,570 ft to a total depth of 17,000 ft and logged around 150 net ft of oil pay in multiple high-quality Miocene sands. A second well, the Ewing Bank 921 #1, was drilled from the same surface location as the discovery well to a total depth of 16,600 ft in early October 2020. The well delineated the main field pays and logged additional oil pay in the exploratory portion of the well, finding a total of more than 200 net ft of oil. LLOG is the operator of the Spruance Field and owns a 22.64% working interest with partners Ridgewood Energy (23.89%), EnVen (13.5%), Beacon Asset Holdings (11.61%), Houston Energy (11.2%), Red Willow (11.15%), and CL&F (6%). Egypt Signs Agreement With Chevron To Drill First Exploration Well in East Med Chevron is planning to drill the first exploration well in its concession area in the Eastern Mediterranean this September. The well plans come as Egyptian Natural Gas Holding signed a memorandum of understanding with the US-based producer to cooperate in transporting, importing, and exporting natural gas from the area. Chevron expanded its presence in the area following its $5-billion acquisition of Noble Energy in 2020. The two companies will evaluate options for natural gas transmission from the East Mediterranean to Egypt to optimize its value through liquefaction before re-exporting and selling it, according to the memorandum. In addition, the two firms will perform research on low-carbon natural gas. APA Suriname Campaign Offers Mixed Results APA Corporation successfully flow tested its Krabdagu exploration well (KBD-1) on Block 58 offshore Suriname, while its Rasper exploration well on Block 53 offered disappointing results. Flow-test data collected in the two lower intervals, the Upper Campanian (32 m of net oil pay) and Lower Campanian (32 m of net oil pay), indicate oil-in-place resources of approximately 100 million bbl and 80 million bbl, respectively, connected to the KBD-1 well. Appraisal drilling will be necessary to confirm additional resource and development-well locations, according to APA. The exploration well encountered another high-quality interval in the Upper Campanian that was not in a location suitable for flow testing. This shallower Campanian zone will need to be flow tested in the appraisal stage from a better location. The APA-TotalEnergies joint venture is currently drilling the Dikkop exploration well in the central portion of Block 58 with drilling rig Maersk Valiant. Following completion of operations at Dikkop, the rig is expected to continue exploration and appraisal activities in the central portion of Block 58. APA Suriname and operator TotalEnergies each hold a 50% working interest in the block. Meanwhile, APA’s Rasper well in Block 53 off Suriname encountered water-bearing reservoirs in the Campanian and Santonian intervals. The Noble Gerry de Souza drillship has been mobilized to the next exploration prospect, Baja, in the southwestern corner of Block 53. Baja lies 11 km northeast of the recently announced Block 58 discovery at Krabdagu and will test Maastrichtian and Campanian targets. APA Suriname, the operator, holds a 45% working interest in the block, Petronas holds a 30% working interest, and CEPSA a 25% working interest. Novatek JV Wins North Yarudeyskoye License Novatek’s Yargeo joint venture has won the license to survey, explore, and develop production at the North Yarudeyskoye oil and gas condensate field over the next 27 years. The license area is in the Yamal-Nenets autonomous region in the Arctic, Russia’s principal gas-producing area. North Yarudeyskoye holds an estimated hydrocarbon resource potential of 93.5 million BOE. The greater Yarudeyskoye field began producing in 2015 and by 2017 was responsible for nearly a third of Novatek’s liquids production. The company, Russia’s largest private natural gas producer, noted that it had participated in the recent auction to explore and develop North Yarudeyskoye through Gazprom Bank’s Electronic Trading Platform and that the win was Novatek’s first on that platform. PDC Energy Gets Green Light for Kenosha, Broe Developments The Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission has approved PDC Energy’s Kenosha and Broe developments’ permit applications. The Kenosha development, which encompasses 69 wells on three pads in rural Weld County, Colorado, further increases PDC’s permitted inventory by another rig year and solidifies drilling and completion activity well into 2024. The Broe permit encompasses 30 wells in rural Weld County. The Broe plan was initiated by Great Western Petroleum, which was acquired by PDC in May 2022 and represents PDC’s first development plan approval on Great Western acreage. Combined with the Kenosha plan approval, PDC added 99 new wells to its inventory in June and will soon have more than 675 permits and drilled and uncompleted wells. Both fields are in the greater Wattenberg area. The new permits add to an already-established multiyear inventory of projects in the DJ Basin. Kenosha is the second oil and gas development plan to be approved, and the company anticipates further approvals with its Guanella area plan and others. PDC’s operations in the Wattenberg field are focused in the horizontal Niobrara and Codell plays. The Wattenberg represents PDC Energy’s largest asset with more than 85% of its 2021 production and 90% of its year-end 2021 proved reserves.
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Gutiérrez Caro, Braulio, Patricio Rojas Vergara, and Hernán Soto Guevara. "Supervivencia y crecimiento inicial de subespecies y procedencias de Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L. Wendl en el secano de la Región del Maule, Chile." Ciencia & Investigación Forestal 24, no. 2 (July 15, 2018): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.52904/0718-4646.2018.496.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Acacia saligna es cultivada como especie exótica en la Región de Coquimbo, donde existen alrededor de 7.500 ha orientadas principalmente a producción de forraje, combustible, recuperación de suelos y control de erosión. Sus semillas además poseen aplicaciones potenciales en la industria de alimentos funcionales. La gran variabilidad exhibida por la especie sugiere que también podría cultivarse en el secano costero e interior de la Región del Maule. En mayo de 2018 se evaluó dos ensayos de procedencias con el objetivo de examinar su supervivencia y crecimiento, uno en la zona de transición costa-secano del Maule (Chanco) establecido en el año 2014 y otro en el secano interior de la misma región (Cauquenes), establecido el año 2015. Estos ensayos contienen una colección de 11 procedencias de Western Australia, que incluye a las principales cuatro subespecies reconocidas para esta especie: lindleyi, saligna, pruinescens y stolonifera. Antes de establecer estos ensayos, en el país solo habría estado presente la subespecie pruinescens con una pequeña participación de lindleyi en
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Sanino, Gian Paolo, and José Yáñez. "Resultados preliminares de la técnica modificada DVideo-ID, aplicada en delfines australes, Laghenorhynchus australis, en Reserva Añihué, Chile." Boletín Museo Nacional de Historia Natural 61 (December 28, 2012): 209–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.54830/bmnhn.v61.2012.172.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ubicada en la costa continental del límite norte de la región de Aysén en Patagonia (43°47.93'S; 72°58.43'W), Reserva Añihué posee proximadamente 17 millas náuticas de costa marina de gran diversidad ambiental. En playa Toninas, dos pequeñas elevaciones naturales, R1 (43°47.78'S; 72°58.72'O) y R2 (43°48.76'S; 72°58.78'O), fueron seleccionadas como observatorios desde donde fue producido el material gráfico en colaboración con voluntarios a lo largo de 2011, con luz diurna y estado del mar con fuerza inferior a cuatro (Beaufort), utilizando/probando varios modelos de cámaras SLR, ocasionalmente una video grabadora Sony HDRFX7 y una cámara submarina Hero GoPro. Digikam, una aplicación de gestión fotográfica Linux/KDE, fue utilizada como base de datos SQLite gráfica para clasificar los cuadros y correr consultas basadas en selecciones de "etiquetas" de marcas naturales. Playa Tonina en Reserva Añihué, es visitada por al menos 68 individuos de L. australis que patrullan y forrajean en aguas poco profundas en pequeños grupos que pueden fusionarse ocasionalmente. Pese a la concentración estival del esfuerzo de registro, el material colectado incluye: delfines en todas las estaciones; distribuidas en 10 de las 15 combinaciones estacionales posibles (66,67 %); con un individuo reidentificado en todas las estaciones; varios individuos avistados en el verano fueron reidentificados en pleno invierno (N=11; 26,19 %); y más del tercio de los individuos (N=25) fueron identificados entre mediados de otoño y primavera. Estos primeros resultados, sugieren que las poblaciones costeras de L. australis, al menos en Reserva Añihué, presentan una alta fidelidad al sitio no apoyando las hipótesis previas de desplazamientos/migraciones estacionales significativos/as para la especie y aportan explicaciones alternativas a las variaciones estacionales de la abundancia registrada. El protocolo de identificación individual DVideoID, basado en el registro gráfico de marcas naturales producido desde plataformas móviles durante "seguimientos", demostró también ser confiable en modo estacionario de producción de datos. El método, basado enteramente en aplicaciones gratuitas de código abierto, fue modernizado al cambiar desde clientes tradicionales de bases de datos a una aproximación de base de datos SQLite gráfica basada en "etiquetas", simplificando la administración informática y es presentado en reconocimiento de las necesidades de estandarización metodológica. Las etiquetas que resultaron más útiles para la identificación individual de delfines australes, fueron las marcas de dientes por mordidas especialmente en la aleta dorsal, la presencia de muescas dorsales (cuyo origen también fue relacionado a mordidas) y las marcas producidas por patologías en la piel. Reserva Añihué demostró ser un sitio adecuado para el desarrollo de estudios cetológicos de largo plazo incluso colectando datos directamente desde el litoral evitando los impactos potenciales de las plataformas móviles. El número extremadamente bajo de juveniles (N=5) y crías (N=1) para un total de 68 delfines y la alta prevalencia de enfermedades de piel (N=35; 51,47 %) son una fuente de especial preocupación. Su relación potencial con la industria salmonera, con granjas en ambos límites de la Reserva, requiere ser evaluada.
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Kok, Ka Yee, Hieng Ho Lau, Thanh Duoc Phan, and TIina Chui Huon Ting. "Design optimisation for cold-formed steel residential roof truss using genetic algorithm." World Journal of Engineering 15, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 575–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-10-2017-0322.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose This paper aims to present the design optimisation using genetic algorithm (GA) to achieve the highest strength to weight (S/W) ratio, for cold-formed steel residential roof truss. Design/methodology/approach The GA developed in this research simultaneously optimises roof pitch, truss configurations, joint coordinates and applied loading of typical dual-pitched symmetrical residential roof truss. The residential roof truss was considered with incremental uniform distributed loading, in both gravitational and uplift directions. The structural analyses of trusses were executed in this GA using finite element toolbox. The ultimate strength and serviceability of trusses were checked through the design formulation implemented in GA, according to the Australian standard, AS/NZS 4600 Cold-formed Steel Structures. Findings An optimum double-Fink roof truss which possess highest S/W ratio using GA was determined, with optimum roof pitch of 15°. The optimised roof truss is suitable for industrial application with its higher S/W ratio and cost-effectiveness. The combined methodology of multi-level optimisation and simultaneous optimisation developed in this research could determine optimum roof truss with consistent S/W ratio, although with huge GA search space. Research limitations/implications The sizing of roof truss member is not optimised in this paper. Only single type of cold-formed steel section is used throughout the whole optimisation. The design of truss connection is not considered in this paper. The corresponding connection costs are not included in the proposed optimisation. Practical implications The optimum roof truss presented in this paper is suitable for industrial application with higher S/W ratio and lower cost, in either gravitational or uplift loading configurations. Originality/value This research demonstrates the approaches in combining multi-level optimisation and simultaneous optimisation to handle large number of variables and hence executed an efficient design optimisation. The GA designed in this research determines the optimum residential roof truss with highest S/W ratio, instead of lightest truss weight in previous studies.
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Penn, J. W., N. Caputi, and S. de Lestang. "A review of lobster fishery management: the Western Australian fishery for Panulirus cygnus, a case study in the development and implementation of input and output-based management systems." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, suppl_1 (April 12, 2015): i22—i34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv057.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Lobster stocks around the world support high-value fisheries with production currently about 260,000 tonnes annually. The largest fisheries harvest Homarus, Nephrops and Panulirus species with smaller production from the Jasus, Palinurus and Scylarid species groups. The majority of larger industrial fisheries have systems limiting fishing effort or catches, while many of the smaller fisheries remain open access and have yet to implement basic management controls. The review uses the Western Australian fishery for Panulirus cygnus, valued between AUS$200–400 million annually with a long history of successful management, as a case study for the consideration of lobster fisheries management systems more generally. The conclusions from the review suggest that an evolutionary approach to management with biological controls as a precursor to input-based controls is necessary to allow sufficient fishery-based data to be accumulated for management decision processes to be effective. The case study experience suggests that well-defined fishing rights leading to an input-based total allowable effort system with individually transferable effort (ITE) units can provide efficient mechanisms for the reduction of latent effort, which characterises most lobster fisheries with open access or basic limited entry. Further the system has been shown to be capable of generating significant license values for fishermen while maintaining owner-operators as the dominant group in the fishery. The ITE system was also used effectively to adjust fishing to compensate for a severe environmentally-driven downturn in recruitment, but resulted in highly complex management rules. In 2010 the fishery moved seamlessly to a total allowable catch with individually transferable quotas which removed the complexity of management, further increased the catch value and reduced costs of fishing. Price/earnings (P/E) ratios have been used to track trends in license values which highlight the industry’s increasing economic viability over time under both input and output based management.