Статті в журналах: "Costs centers"

1

Ashley, Dennis W., Robert F. Mullins, Christopher J. Dente, Laura Garlow, Regina S. Medeiros, Elizabeth V. Atkins, Gina Solomon, Dena Abston, and Colville H. Ferdinand. "What are the Costs of Trauma Center Readiness? Defining and Standardizing Readiness Costs for Trauma Centers Statewide." American Surgeon 83, no. 9 (September 2017): 979–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481708300935.

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Trauma center readiness costs are incurred to maintain essential infrastructure and capacity to provide emergent services on a 24/7 basis. These costs are not captured by traditional hospital cost accounting, and no national consensus exists on appropriate definitions for each cost. Therefore, in 2010, stakeholders from all Level I and II trauma centers developed a survey tool standardizing and defining trauma center readiness costs. The survey tool underwent minor revisions to provide further clarity, and the survey was repeated in 2013. The purpose of this study was to provide a follow-up analysis of readiness costs for Georgia's Level I and Level II trauma centers. Using the American College of Surgeons Resources for Optimal Care of the Injured Patient guidelines, four readiness cost categories were identified: Administrative, Clinical Medical Staff, Operating Room, and Education/Outreach. Through conference calls, webinars and face-to-face meetings with financial officers, trauma medical directors, and program managers from all trauma centers, standardized definitions for reporting readiness costs within each category were developed. This resulted in a survey tool for centers to report their individual readiness costs for one year. The total readiness cost for all Level I trauma centers was $34,105,318 (avg $6,821,064) and all Level II trauma centers was $20,998,019 (avg $2,333,113). Methodology to standardize and define readiness costs for all trauma centers within the state was developed. Average costs for Level I and Level II trauma centers were identified. This model may be used to help other states define and standardize their trauma readiness costs.

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2

Katzman, Mitchell. "Freestanding Emergency Centers: Regulation and Reimbursement." American Journal of Law & Medicine 11, no. 1 (1985): 105–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s009885880000914x.

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AbstractThe freestanding emergency center, which combines the functions of a doctor's office and a hospital emergency room, has emerged as a new provider of health care. These centers have generated considerable controversy over their role in the health care market. Proponents argue that freestanding emergency centers reduce costs by providing care in a more efficient manner and cause other health care providers such as hospital emergency rooms to reduce costs and improve service. Opponents argue that the centers create an additional layer of health care which duplicates existing services and increases total health care costs. This Note examines the controversial issues of licensure, regulation and reimbursement. The Note concludes that freestanding emergency centers can help to reduce health care costs and discusses the steps that should be taken to aid centers in achieving this goal.

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Klapita, Vladimír, and Zuzana Švecová. "LOGISTICS CENTERS LOCATION." TRANSPORT 21, no. 1 (March 31, 2006): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2006.9638041.

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It is fairly questionable to estimate future costs in the problems of strategic decision. The uncertainty may cause a resulting solution to be very inefficient considering current costs. In this report we try to find an approach which enables to determine a unique solution of a location problem at uncertain costs so that the solution is resistant to future changes. We deal with a sensitivity analysis and with a connection of an exact mathematical programming method and the theory of fuzzy sets.

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Barton, Susan S., John J. Haydu, Roger Hinson, Robert McNiel, Travis Phillips, Russell Powell, and Forrest Stegelin. "REQUIREMENTS AND COSTS OF ESTABLISHING AND OPERATING A GARDEN CENTER." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 659b—659. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.659b.

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The objective of this project is to estimate establishment and operating costs for garden centers at two levels of sales and to specify the general set of financial, marketing and business principles that should be available to the owner/manager of a garden center. After surveying 25 garden centers across the United States, two models were derived. A large garden center with annual sales of $1,000,000 is described. A smaller garden center with annual sales of $350,000 is described. Capital budgets, including investment and operations costs for each firm have been developed. Each firm is evaluated based on standard business indicators. A merchandising program composed of layout, pricing, advertising, cost structure and diversification is outlined.

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De Prisco, Roberto, Alfredo De Santis, and Marco Mannetta. "Reducing costs in HSM-based data centers." Journal of High Speed Networks 24, no. 4 (October 23, 2018): 363–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jhs-180600.

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Nugraha, Yohanes, Mudjiono Mudjiono, and Dedeng Wahyu Edi. "BIAYA LOGISTIK DAN KELANCARAN PENGIRIMAN BARANG PADA GERAI BUKU." JURNAL MANAJEMEN TRANSPORTASI DAN LOGISTIK 3, no. 2 (July 11, 2017): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.25292/j.mtl.v3i2.103.

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This study aims to determine the effect of the quality of human resources, the location of distribution centers and logistics costs in the effective delivery of goods from distribution centers to book stores. This survey respondents amounted to 78 employees in Scholastic Distribution Center and a few head or store manager Scholastic. The sampling technique using Simple Random Sampling and analysis techniques using path analysis (path analysis) with SPSS. The results showed the quality of human resources, the location of distribution centers and logistics costs directly affect the good’s delivery effectivenes.

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7

Manjunatha S. and Suresh L. "Minimization of Energy Using Heuristic Resource Allocation and Migration for Cloud Computing." International Journal of Knowledge and Systems Science 12, no. 1 (January 2021): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijkss.2021010106.

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Data center is a cost-effective infrastructure for storing large volumes of data and hosting large-scale service applications. Cloud computing service providers are rapidly deploying data centers across the world with a huge number of servers and switches. These data centers consume significant amounts of energy, contributing to high operational costs. Thus, optimizing the energy consumption of servers and networks in data centers can reduce operational costs. In a data center, power consumption is mainly due to servers, networking devices, and cooling systems, and an effective energy-saving strategy is to consolidate the computation and communication into a smaller number of servers and network devices and then power off as many unneeded servers and network devices as possible.

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Bonastre, Julia, Eric Noël, Julie Chevalier, Jean Pierre Gerard, Dimitri Lefkopoulos, Jean Bourhis, Rene Jean Bensadoun, and Gerard de Pouvourville. "Implications of learning effects for hospital costs of new health technologies: The case of intensity modulated radiation therapy." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 23, no. 2 (April 2007): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646230707033x.

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Objectives: The impact of learning effects on the variability of costs of new health technologies in a prospective payment system (PPS) through the case of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) was studied.Methods: A series of consecutive patients treated in nine medical centers was enrolled in a prospective study. Direct costs were assessed from the perspective of the healthcare providers. We used a two-level model to explain the variability of costs: patients nested within centers. Learning effects at the center level were considered through a fixed effect (the learning curve slope) and a random effect (the initial cost level). Covariates were introduced to explain the patterns of variation in terms of patient characteristics.Results: The mean direct cost of IMRT was €5,962 (range, €2,414–€24,733). Manpower accounted for 53 percent of this cost. Learning effects explained 42 percent of the variance between centers (which was 88 percent of the total variance) and were associated with a substantial decrease in treatment costs. The mean initial treatment direct cost was €6,332 in centers with a previous experience of IMRT, whereas it was €14,192 in centers implementing IMRT for the first time. Including logistics costs and overhead, the full cost of IMRT was €10,916. Average reimbursement was €6,987.Conclusions: Learning effects are a strong confounding factor in the analysis of costs of innovative health technologies involving learning effects. In a PPS, innovative health technology involving learning effects necessitates specific reimbursement mechanisms.

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9

Pajrok, Andor. "Responsible Accounting in the Hospitality Industry." Journal of Education Culture and Society 5, no. 2 (January 6, 2020): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20142.53.60.

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Nowadays, due to globalization and intensified market competition, management attention has to be focussed on efforts where they will do the most good. In order to survive, especially in the service industry, Managers in the new business environment need more relevant cost and performance information on the organization’s activities, processes, products/services and customers. The task of management accounting is to prepare this accounting information, which has the possibility to indicate what costs, revenues and results should be. Responsible accounting is an underlying concept of accounting performance measurement systems. The basic idea is that large diversified organizations are difficult, if not impossible to manage as a single segment, thus they must be decentralized or separated into manageable parts. These parts or segments are referred to as responsibility centers that include: revenue centers, cost centers, profit centers and investment centers. This approach allows responsibility to be assigned to the segment managers that have the greatest amount of influence over the key elements to be managed. These elements include revenue for a revenue center, costs for a cost center, a measure of profitability for a profit center and return on investment for an investment center.

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10

Walker, Gordon, and Laura Poppo. "Profit Centers, Single-Source Suppliers, and Transaction Costs." Administrative Science Quarterly 36, no. 1 (March 1991): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2393430.

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11

Bermeijo, Douglas. "PATHFIND: Minimizing the Logistics Costs in Urban Centers." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 46, no. 24 (September 2013): 598–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20130911-3-br-3021.00127.

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12

LoVecchio, Frank, Steven C. Curry, Kathleen Waszolek, Jane Klemens, Kimberly Hovseth, and Diane Glogan. "Poison control centers decrease emergency healthcare utilization costs." Journal of Medical Toxicology 4, no. 4 (December 2008): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03161204.

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13

Matkovic, Gordana. "Daycare as an entitlement and as a service in the social welfare system." Stanovnistvo 47, no. 1 (2009): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv0901069m.

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The social welfare reform recognizes the further development and expansion of daycare center services as an important precondition for deinstitutionalization as one of the key objectives of the reform. Decreasing the number of children and adults in residential institutions, their return to their natural families and preventing institutionalization depend primarily on the support provided at local level to the family for taking care of their family members. Today in Serbia there are 49 daycare centers with 1400 children and persons with disability as beneficiaries. Between 2000 and 2007, thirty seven new daycare centers were established, the total number of beneficiaries more than tripled and the NGO sector became equal with the government sector in service provision. Yet, daycare center services are still not sufficiently developed. In 123 municipalities there are no daycare center services at all and overall these services are significantly less accessible than residential services. Daycare center services consist of both well established and sustainable daycare with significant capacity and also of small, project-based daycare centers that provide services for a few hours and have an uncertain future. The second group consists mostly of daycare centers organized by the NGO sector. The monthly costs of daycare center services per beneficiary in 2007 amounted to 13.750 diners on average. According to the survey findings, for example, the annual costs for running a daycare center service for 20 beneficiaries are between 2 and 6 million dinars depending on the complexity of the provided services and programs. The costs of residential placement are on average higher than the costs in daycare centers. Further development of daycare center services in Serbia requires additional and focused efforts at central level in terms of formulating special financial incentives for underdeveloped municipalities, developing professional capacity at local level, educating local governments, conceptualizing and establishing regulatory mechanisms, exchanging good practice examples, etc. Still, placing non-residential services at the heart of the social welfare system can be expected only after undertaking more profound legislative changes. .

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14

Mosayebi, Alireza, Barat Mojaradi, Ali Bonyadi Naeini, and Seyed Hamid Khodadad Hosseini. "A Mathematical Model for Locating the Medical and Emergency Centers considering the Failure Probability of Centers." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (June 19, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4167590.

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Enhancing the amount of industrial and chemical production is one of the most important effects of increasing rural people’s migration to cities, which leads to many abnormalities in the healthcare domain. In this regard, one of the most important tasks of health sector managers is designing and implementing some programs to monitor and control the level of community health, which is one of the health organizations’ strategic planning. On the other hand, the location of service centers is one of the most important problems in the area of strategic planning by any organization because selecting an appropriate site for constructing facilities can have a significant effect on reducing costs and increasing the coverage level. However, an appropriate site to construct the facilities must also have maximum reliability in addition to reducing costs and increasing the coverage level. This problem is important because many factors, such as natural disasters, result in failure of centers and influence the confidence level of system performance. Therefore, it is necessary to consider maximizing reliability in locating centers. For this purpose, an integer mathematical model is presented in this paper to select the optimum site for constructing the medical and emergency centers by considering the failure probability of each center. The research model’s objective function minimizes the system costs, including the costs of construction, patient transfer, and failure of medical and emergency centers. Finally, a numerical example is designed and reviewed by real-world problems to ensure the performance accuracy of the proposed model.

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Stolbov, A. P., V. V. Madyanova, and E. E. Kobiatskaia. "ON UNIFICATION OF ALGORITHMS FOR CALCULATING THE INDIRECT COSTS OF MEDICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC DEPARTMENTS OF MEDICAL ORGANIZATIONS." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 21, no. 6 (December 28, 2017): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2017-21-6-127-134.

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The article considers the methodological approaches to the calculation of the indirect costs of medical and diagnostic units of medical organizations. Indirect costs include the costs incurred to support the operation of several divisions of medical organizations. In this paper we introduce the concept of a "cost center" - functional structural units that perform certain medical diagnostic services, as well as ancillary services and services that are directly related to the process of providing medical care to patients, as well as those necessary for the operation of the institution as a whole. The classification of cost centers in a medical organization is also proposed depending on the volume of medical care provided. The centers A are general administrative and business units, the expenses of which are distributed to all other cost centers and practically independent of the volume of medical care provided; M centers - medical and diagnostic units where direct medical care is provided to patients (main cost centers); B centers - auxiliary cost centers, whose costs are allocated to M centers, and partially between B centers; (hospital pharmacy, nutrition unit, sterilization department, blood transfusion unit, laundry, polyclinic registry, medical equipment department, etc.), and P centers - other units in the structure of the medical organization - resource consumers who are not involved and do not provide medical services to the institution ; such centers are scientific and educational units, as well as premises and equipment leased by a medical institution to external organizations. Based on the proposed classification of cost centers, the article describes algorithms for calculating the indirect costs of medical diagnostic units using mathematical notations and formulas. As a result, the authors have generated a formal model of cost allocation between all the cost centers identified in the institution, represented in the form of an oriented graph, the vertices of which denote the set of cost centers, the directed arcs indicate the flow of cost distribution between the centers relating to the corresponding functional class, as well as distribution of general organizational expenses. In conclusion, the authors have noted that the use of these algorithms makes it possible to improve the accuracy of calculating the cost of performing medical services in the conduct of clinical and economic analysis of medical technologies, and this approach can be used in setting tariffs for payment of medical care by health authorities and CMI funds

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Barbosa, Luiz Henrique Santanna, Carlos Francisco Simões Gomes, and Maria Cecilia C. Chaves. "Scheduling of agents in inbound multilingual call centers." Brazilian Journal of Operations & Production Management 14, no. 2 (July 23, 2017): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.14488/bjopm.2017.v14.n2.a11.

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This paper presents an Integer Linear Programming model, which enables the scheduling of agents in call centers according to segmentation by skills, as well as the inclusion of labor law restrictions. The results from the experimental application of this method to situations involving real-time problems are presented, wherein the necessary shifts to meet forecasted demand are provided, in addition to an economically optimum combination of agents and skills, generating a solution, which is sufficient to maintain the desired level of service at the lowest cost possible. The approach proposed in this study presents an alternative worthy of consideration, since it is able to successfully incorporate the flexibility of call centers with skills-based routing in an easy-to-implement model that has proven to be effective in experiments conducted in on-the-job settings. Advances in information technology and telecommunications in recent years have increasingly heightened the presence of call centers in the day-to-day of companies and their customers. Call center management should endeavor to achieve a balance between technical performance and economic performance (labour costs, equipment, trunks and rates). It is estimated that 70% of the operating costs of call centers are currently related to labor costs. This paper provides research on how to significantly reduce personnel-related operational costs without negatively affecting the quality of the service.

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Ashley, Dennis W., Jeffrey M. Nicholas, Christopher J. Dente, Tracy J. Johns, Laura E. Garlow, Gina Solomon, Dena Abston, and Colville H. Ferdinand. "Successful Incorporation of Performance Based Payments for Trauma Center Readiness Costs into the Georgia Trauma System." American Surgeon 83, no. 9 (September 2017): 966–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481708300933.

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As quality and outcomes have moved to the fore front of medicine in this era of healthcare reform, a state trauma system Performance Based Payments (PBP) program has been incorporated into trauma center readiness funding. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a PBP on trauma center revenue. From 2010 to 2016, a percentage of readiness costs funding to trauma centers was placed in a PBP and withheld until the PBP criteria were completed. To introduce the concept, only three performance criteria and 10 per cent of readiness costs funding were tied to PBP in 2010. The PBP has evolved over the last several years to now include specific criteria by level of designation with an increase to 50 per cent of readiness costs funding being tied to PBP criteria. Final PBP distribution to trauma centers was based on the number of performance criteria completed. During 2016, the PBP criteria for Level I and II trauma centers included participation in official state meetings/conference calls, required attendance to American College of Surgeons state chapter meetings, Trauma Quality Improvement Program, registry reports, and surgeon participation in Peer Review Committee and trauma alert response times. Over the seven-year study period, $36,261,469 was available for readiness funds with $11,534,512 eligible for the PBP. Only $636,383 (6%) was withheld from trauma centers. A performance-based program was successfully incorporated into trauma center readiness funding, supporting state performance measures without adversely affecting the trauma center revenue. Future PBP criteria may be aligned to designation standards and clinical quality performance metrics.

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18

Hardy, Alison M., David R. Lairson, and Ardythe L. Morrow. "Costs Associated With Gastrointestinal-Tract Illness Among Children Attending Day-Care Centers in Houston, Texas." Pediatrics 94, no. 6 (December 1, 1994): 1091–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.94.6.1091.

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Substantial costs occur each year due to infectious illness attributable to day-care center attendance by young children.1-3 Estimates of the value of work missed by parents in the US due to day-care-associated upper respiratory tract and diarrheal illness combined have ranged from $1602 million to $4003 million per year. Infectious diarrhea is one of the most common illnesses among young children. Several epidemiologic studies have shown increased risk of developing infectious diarrhea with attendance in group care, especially among children under 3 years of age.4-6 The cost burden of diarrheal illness among children attending day-care centers (DCCs) has not been adequately quantified, and few analyses have considered the effect that the type of care arrangement given ill children exerts on cost. To estimate the cost burden of gastrointestinal-tract illness in day-care centers (DCCs), we used data collected during a 16-month cohort study of rotavirus diarrhea in four DCCs. In addition, we surveyed parents to assess factors affecting cost of illness and to assess the range of ill-child-care options used by parents. METHODS Selection of Day Care Centers Four DCCs in Houston, Texas, were selected for participation in the rotavirus cohort study from a list of licensed DCCs generated by the Texas Department of Human Services. Potential study sites were centers with sufficient numbers of infants and toddlers located within a 7-mile radius of the University of Texas Medical School. Center directors gave informed consent for their centers to participate in the study. Day-Care Center Population From October 1989 through April 1991, children age 1-18 months with no known underlying disease in four licensed DCCs were enrolled in the rotavirus cohort study.

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19

Alavi, Sepideh, Nader Azad, Mojtaba Heydar, and Hamid Davoudpour. "Integrated Production, Inventory, and Location-Allocation Decisions in Designing Supply Chain Networks." International Journal of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management 9, no. 4 (October 2016): 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijisscm.2016100102.

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This paper studies the design and development of an inventory model for manufacturers with constant production rates considering location and allocation decisions in a three-level supply chain. In this supply chain, the demands of customers and the lead times are assumed to be uncertain. Therefore, each distribution center retains some amount of safety stock to provide suitable service level for customers. The proposed non-linear model aims to minimize location and inventory costs of distribution centers, manufacturers and transportation costs subject to relevant constraints. To solve the model, an efficient imperialist competitive algorithm and a Tabu search algorithm, each using variable neighborhood search, are proposed. The model outputs are decisions such as which distribution centers and manufacturers are opened, the allocation of customers to distribution centers, and distribution centers to manufacturers. Results are also the ordering quantity of each opened distribution center and the production rate of each opened manufacturer. The computational results for several instances of the problem are represented to show the efficiency of proposed algorithm.

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20

Liu, Ling, Ping Zhong Lai, Na Dong, and Yong Yang. "A Study of Layout of Urban Distribution Centers Based on Cost-Effective Distance of Transport." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 1886–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.1886.

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Profits, as one of the ultimate goals of business operations, plays a crucial role in business decision making process. Based on the negative correlation between warehousing costs and distribution costs, this paper introduces urban development coefficient and identifies the cost-effective distance of transport (CEDT) for urban distribution centers using quantitative calculation method and qualitative analysis including center of gravity model. In addition, with land availability and urban traffic control measures as related constraints, this paper identifies the locations of urban distribution centers and conducts an empirical analysis using Jiujiang City of Jiangxi Province as an example.

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Msaad, Said, Nouredine Abbadi, Mohamed Mbarki, Souad Rabi, Najat Belkhouya, and Ahmed Gamouh. "A Study related to the management of medical and pharmaceutical wastes in Beni Mellal-Khenifra region: Beni Mellal city as a case of study." E3S Web of Conferences 150 (2020): 02019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015002019.

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After having conducted an investigation about landfill in Beni Mellal city, Medical and Pharmaceutical Wastes (MPWs) are unloaded mixed with household and similar wastes. The objective of the present study is to analyze the management system of medical and pharmaceutical wastes at the level of Beni Mellal city in order to ameliorate the quality of collecting and handling these wastes and consequently minimizing the management costs vis a vis this service. First of all, we have created database concerning the location of health centers (HC). After, we have conducted a survey with the help of a questionnaire in different public and private health centers. Then we have carried out a research on MPWs in Dustbins existing around the health centers. We have also made an analysis of the management system of MPWs inside The Regional Hospital Center (RHC) in Beni Mellal. Afterwards, we have made a comparison between some hospital centers in Morocco when it comes to the management costs of MPWs.Based on the results obtained; we have suggested some solutions to master the management system of MPWs in addition to the scenarios for optimizing the costs linked with this service.

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Liao, Qunfeng, and Sima M. Fortsch. "Decreasing operational costs of nonprofit community-based blood centers." International Journal of Business and Systems Research 13, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbsr.2019.10014802.

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Chen, Yiyu, Amitayu Das, Wubi Qin, Anand Sivasubramaniam, Qian Wang, and Natarajan Gautam. "Managing server energy and operational costs in hosting centers." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 33, no. 1 (June 6, 2005): 303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1071690.1064253.

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24

Hogade, Ninad, Sudeep Pasricha, Howard Jay Siegel, Anthony A. Maciejewski, Mark A. Oxley, and Eric Jonardi. "Minimizing Energy Costs for Geographically Distributed Heterogeneous Data Centers." IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing 3, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 318–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsusc.2018.2822674.

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TEO, CHUNG PIAW, JIHONG OU, and MARK GOH. "Impact on inventory costs with consolidation of distribution centers." IIE Transactions 33, no. 2 (February 2001): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07408170108936811.

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26

Garattini, Livio, Elena Ricci, Daniela Roggeri, Fabrizio Tediosi, Ettore Beghi, and Fabio Parazzini. "Costs of epilepsy care in referral centers in Italy." HEPAC Health Economics in Prevention and Care 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2000): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101980070004.

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27

Holter, Mark C., and Carol T. Mowbray. "Consumer-Run Drop-In Centers: Program Operations and Costs." Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 28, no. 4 (2005): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2975/28.2005.323.331.

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28

León-Quismondo, Jairo, José Bonal, Pablo Burillo, and Álvaro Fernández-Luna. "Walkability and Fitness Center Prices, Opening Hours, and Extra Services: The Case of Madrid, Spain." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15 (August 4, 2020): 5622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155622.

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Walkability has been associated with urban development and political plans, contributing to more connected cities with improvements in communication, shopping, and pedestrian base. Among these services, fitness centers are becoming important elements for communities due to their impact on the health and welfare of citizens. The present study aims to examine how an area’s Walk Score® affects fitness center services, specifically membership costs, opening hours, and aquatic services. Data from 193 fitness centers were retrieved, representing all the areas of the municipality of Madrid, Spain, including fitness centers in the 21 city districts. A nonlinear relationship between an area’s Walk Score® and fitness centers’ monthly fees is observed. Only in premium fitness centers, a weak curvilinear model is observed, following a quadratic equation, showing that fitness centers with higher prices are in less walkable areas. Additionally, the association between Walk Score® and a fitness center’s opening hours reveals that fitness centers with wider hours of operation tend to be in moderately to highly walkable locations. Lastly, the existence of a swimming pool is related to a lower Walk Score®. Thus, fitness centers in less walkable areas try to offer additional services as differentiation from competitors, whereas centers in walkable locations use this advantage as a strength.

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Lee, Anna, Kanan Shah, John Byun, and Fumiko Chino. "Nickel and dimed: Parking fees at NCI-designated cancer centers." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): 2029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.2029.

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2029 Background: Nonmedical costs from cancer treatment can be a significant out-of-pocket expense. As treatment may span over months, parking costs can become a significant burden on patients and caregivers. This cross-sectional study aims to report parking fees at National Cancer Institute (NCI)-designated cancer centers and to project parking costs for the treatment duration of certain cancers. Methods: Parking fees from NCI treatment centers were obtained via online search or phone call in Fall of 2019. City cost of living, median city household income, and discount availability were documented. Pearson correlation was used between parking costs and city variables. Parking costs were estimated for treatment of node positive breast cancer (12 daily rates plus 20 1-hr rates), definitive head and neck cancer (35 1-hr rates) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (42 daily rates). RStudio Version 1.2.5033 was used for analyses. Results: Parking costs were obtained for 100% of the 63 NCI centers included. Median city cost of living relative to New York City was 75.0 (out of 100); median city household income was $55,295 (range $28,974-$120,573). Twenty-five (40%) of NCI centers did not have detailed parking cost information online. Average parking costs were $3.55/hr (median $2, range 0-$15) and $7.79/day (median $5, range 0-$40). Twenty centers (32%) offered completely free parking for patients. Free parking was available at 43 (68%) centers for radiation appointments and 34 (54%) centers for chemotherapy appointments. Averaged estimated parking costs including discounts for a course of treatment for breast cancer was $122.03 (range 0-$800); head and neck cancer, $85.56 (range 0-$665); and AML hospitalization, $327.33 (range 0-$1470). City cost of living was positively correlated with daily parking costs (R = 0.7, p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with both free daily parking (R = -0.33, p = 0.02) and free parking during radiation (R = -0.34, p = 0.02) or chemotherapy (R = -0.37, p < 0.01). The median city household income was correlated with the daily parking costs (R = 0.30 p = 0.02) but not with free daily parking (R = -0.19, p = 0.16), free parking for patients on radiation (R = -0.23, p = 0.09) or on chemotherapy (R = -0.21, p = 0.14). Conclusions: Patients may face significant nonmedical costs through parking fees, even at centers that reflect the highest standard of care. There was high variability in costs with the potential for patients to pay hundreds of dollars in parking in order to receive their care. Efforts to minimize financial toxicity should focus on this potentially under-reported patient concern.

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Soltane, Merzoug, Kazar Okba, Derdour Makhlouf, and Sean B. Eom. "Smart Configuration and Auto Allocation of Resource in Cloud Data Centers." International Journal of Business Analytics 5, no. 4 (October 2018): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijban.2018100101.

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Cloud computing is one of emerging computing models that has many advantages. The IT industry is keenly aware of the need for Green Cloud computing solutions that save energy for the environment as well as reduce operational costs. This article presents a new green Cloud Computing framework based on multi agent systems for optimizing resource allocation in data centers (DCs). Our framework based on a new cloud computing architecture that benefits from the combination of the Cloud and agent technologies. DCs hosting Cloud applications need energy-aware resource allocation mechanisms that minimize energy costs and other operational costs. This article offers a logical solution to manage physical and virtual resources in smarter data center.

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Kaufman, George G. "Emerging Economies and International Financial Centers." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 04, no. 04 (December 2001): 365–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091501000577.

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A number of emerging economies are considering directing public resources to developing an international financial center (IFC). They are doing so because of the perceived advantages of IFCs, including high value added, quick development, and low fixed-cost plant and equipment. But being an IFC also has costs, including high fragility, spillover of problems from the center to the domestic economy, and quick departure of footloose human capital. This paper evaluates the benefits and costs of becoming an IFC, enumerates the characteristics of IFCs, traces the history of IFCs, and describes recent changes in the ranking of major IFCs. It concludes that this may not be an opportune time for emerging economies to devote public resources to developing an IFC.

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da Silva, Joselma Maria, Djalma Silva Guimarães Júnior, and Carlos Henrique Michels de Sant’Anna. "Location Choice Model for distribution centers: for use in regional economic centers." Revista Gestão da Produção Operações e Sistemas 16, no. 1 (March 14, 2021): 54–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15675/gepros.v16i1.2418.

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Purpose - This paper aims to propose a location choice model to establish distribution centers using linear programming. Design/methodology/approach - Locational choice models allow decision makers to select between different possible locations, based on the best fit of established criteria. For this, a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming model (MILP) was proposed to identify the most efficient location for a distribution center in the region in the Mata Norte of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Findings - The MILP model allowed us to identify the factors that support transport cost minimization, which are significant for the distribution logistics, indicating a location that minimizes these costs and generates greater efficiency in the logistics in a region within the interior of the state, which is a regional economic center. Originality/Value - Most location choice models for distribution centers are built on the logic of densely populated regions and large urban centers, the value of this study lies in its attempt to optimize the efficiency of logistics within inland regions. Keywords - Locational decision. Linear programming. Logistics. Distribution centers. Local economy.

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Moura, Amanda Ferreira de, Cíntia Maria de Araújo Pinho, Domingos Márcio Rodrigues Napolitano, Fellipe Silva Martins, and João Carlos Franco de Barros Fornari Junior. "Optimization of operational costs of Call centers employing classification techniques." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 11 (December 7, 2020): e86691110491. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i11.10491.

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The provision of credit to customers of banking chains through call center services has always been one of the resources that generate significant income for financial institutions, however, the service offers a cost, which is often above desirable to guarantee profitable contracting to Bank. Based on this, this work aims to evaluate the optimization of operational costs of call center, using classification techniques, through experimentation of supervised machine learning techniques to perform the classification task, in order to generate a predictive model, which offers a better performance in the operation of offering bank credit, to carry out an effective and productive action, conceiving greater savings for the company in identifying the public with greater adherence. For this, a database comprising 11,162 call records made from a bank offering its customers a letter of credit was employed. The results showed value correlations between variables, such as duration of the call, marital status, education level and even recurrence in adhering to subscribers' credit agreements. Through the application of the PCA to reduce dimensionality and classification models, such as AdaBoost, Gradient Boosting, SVM RBF, Naive Bayes, Random Forest, it was possible to perceive the consumer profile with good acquiescence for the investment proposal and a group of people with a high probability of not adhering to the letter of credit, so it was possible to outline an action directed to the public predisposed to the offer, minimizing expenses reaching greater profitability.

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Herstein, Jocelyn J., Paul D. Biddinger, Colleen S. Kraft, Lisa Saiman, Shawn G. Gibbs, Philip W. Smith, Angela L. Hewlett, and John J. Lowe. "Initial Costs of Ebola Treatment Centers in the United States." Emerging Infectious Diseases 22, no. 2 (February 2016): 350–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2202.151431.

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Kim, Kyungyeol (Anthony), Kevin K. Byon, and Heedong Choi. "A Conceptual Analysis of Switching Costs: Implications for Fitness Centers." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 10, 2020): 3891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093891.

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In facing fierce competition, fitness centers have encountered challenges of generating long-term economic sustainability. The construct of switching costs, which has garnered considerable attention as a sustainable strategy, suffers from conceptual confusion in the literature, limiting the applicability of the concept to fitness centers. The purpose of the study is to conduct a conceptual analysis of switching costs, thereby clarifying conceptual confusion and providing implications for fitness centers. To achieve the purpose, a conceptual analysis method was adopted, in which 376 switching costs articles were analyzed. The results show that (1) several terms have been used individually and interchangeably, (2) there is no consensus on the definition, (3) both unidimensional and multidimensional conceptualizations have been used, (4) model specification has rarely been done, and (5) a paucity of studies have been conducted in the context of the sport industry. Overall, we highlight the conceptual weaknesses of previous switching costs research and offer several recommendations and approaches to scholars who are interested in this line of research. Furthermore, the conceptual analysis brings attention to the importance of conceptualization (e.g., choosing a term, defining a construct) and how conceptual confusion might impinge on future research in the marketing literature.

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Tillmann, Barbara, Petr Janata, Jeffrey Birk, and Jamshed J. Bharucha. "The costs and benefits of tonal centers for chord processing." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 29, no. 2 (2003): 470–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.29.2.470.

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Comerford, Tim. "Understanding Power Requirements, Energy Costs, and Incentives for Data Centers." Natural Gas & Electricity 32, no. 4 (October 19, 2015): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.21864.

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Folz, David H. "Vote Centers as a Strategy to Control Election Administration Costs." SAGE Open 4, no. 1 (January 7, 2014): 215824401452541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244014525414.

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Skinner, Robert, Andrew Breck, and Dominick Esposito. "An impact evaluation of two modes of care for sickle cell disease crises." Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research 11, no. 6 (April 2022): 399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/cer-2021-0257.

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Aim: To estimate the economic impacts of increased use of specialty care infusion centers for treating adults experiencing vaso-occlusive crises. Methods: A Markov model is developed to estimate the impact of expanding use of specialty care infusion centers to treat vaso-occlusive crises compared to emergency department care. Results: Access to infusion centers for sickle cell disease could result in savings over US$1.9 billion in formal medical costs and over US$2 billion in societal costs, based on uptake assumptions over 10 years. Conclusion: Expansion of adult sickle cell disease centers across the nation could lead to considerably better economic outcomes in the form of reduced costs and hospital length of stay in addition to improved clinical outcomes as reported in the existing literature.

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Periola, A. A., and E. Obayiuwana. "Sustainable cloud computing for cognitive intent based networks." Nigerian Journal of Technology 39, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 1169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i4.25.

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Intent based networks enable auto-configuration and require low latency access to cloud platforms. The use of cloud platforms incurs high operational costs. Low latency access can be realized by siting data centres close to subscribers. This paper proposes aquaria data centers with low operating costs and latency. In LTE, cloud platforms are normally accessed via the packet network gateway reachable via the serving gateway and mobility management entity. Aquaria data centers are sited close to LTE subscribers and accessed via the mobility management entity. This reduces the size of control packets in the LTE network. Simulations show that the proposed architecture reduces the size of control packets by up to 49.7% and 99.3% when header packets are uncompressed and compressed respectively. The delay associated with receiving configuration information is reduced by 50% on average. The channelcapacity is enhanced by up to 22.8% on average. Keywords: Data centers, LTE-Advanced, Peak Age of Information, Channel Capacity, Header (Control) Packet

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Brown, Alan S. "Heat Sink Sunk." Mechanical Engineering 139, no. 01 (January 1, 2017): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2017-jan-3.

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This article explores various innovative ways that technology companies are working upon to deal with the large amount of heat of their big data centers. Microsoft’s research and development team is working on designing and building of an underwater data center. Researchers believe that underwater data centers might have power, construction, and performance advantages as well. Berkeley’s National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) recycles its chilled water. NERSC uses air to chill the data center and cooler-running components, such as disk drives, routers, and network servers. With the growing efficiency of data centers, better cooling might not be enough to make underwater operations worthwhile. But cooling is only one of the advantages that Microsoft sees in submerging its data centers. Submersibles also simplify deployment. Microsoft used an underwater cable connected to the electrical grid to power Leona Philpot, a submersible data center. In the future, it may reduce costs through renewable energy, combined with on-site energy storage and backup power from the grid.

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He, Shu, Fengzhou Wang, and You He. "Discussion on Double-layer Responsibility Control System of Enterprise Environmental Cost." E3S Web of Conferences 79 (2019): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20197901017.

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Based on the inside and outside area of the enterprises, this paper re-constructs the double-layer responsibility control system of enterprise environmental cost (DRSEC) by referring to life cycle theory, responsibility center theory and system theory. In the inner layer, each responsibility center of environmental cost control is divided according to the five stages of the enterprise life cycle. These responsibility centers closely cooperate to effectively reduce the environmental costs of the enterprises. In the outer layer, the two major responsible entities of the government and the public supervise the control of environmental costs, guide the goals setting of environmental costs and give feedback to inner layer. By designing a double-layer environmental cost control system with synchronous operation of inner and outer layers, we expect to provide new ideas for enterprises to control environmental costs.

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Caldwell, Cam, Melissa L. Gruys, and George C. Thornton. "Public Safety Assessment Centers: A Steward's Perspective." Public Personnel Management 32, no. 2 (June 2003): 229–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102600303200204.

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Public safety assessment centers are primarily conducted for promotional examinations. The duties owed to the stakeholders served by public safety assessment centers have been generally outlined in the newly revised Guidelines and Ethical Considerations for Assessment Center Operations. This paper provides a useful matrix that identifies seven ethical duties owed to each of seven stakeholders and a major purpose of this paper is to explicitly articulate and explain the extent of these duties and their importance as part of the Assessment Center Administrator's duty related role. The authors present this matrix as a framework for helping assessment center administrators and other key public sector professionals as they consider the broad array of obligations owed in properly conducting an assessment center selection or promotional process. False short-term economies may result by shortcutting these explicit and implied ethical duties. The matrix provides a simple but helpful perspective for evaluating the degree to which public safety assessment centers meet duties owed, and allows human resource professionals and other decision makers to identify the associated costs and benefits.

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Li, Guang Lei, Shu Min Sun, and Yan Cheng. "Research on Data Center of Wind Power Based on Cloud Computing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 339 (July 2013): 529–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.339.529.

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Building data center and data mining of wind power is essential to detect potential safety problems. The traditional data centers requires a lot of computing device and also have some disadvantages, such as limited scalability, high cost and low reliability. This paper presents the remote fault diagnosis system of wind power based on cloud computing and thoroughly analyzes construction demands and functional structure. Experimental results show that this system can effectively analyze mass monitored data, accurately assess equipment failure and reduce costs and the operating costs. This provides a new idea for cloud computing applied to data center of wind power.

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Ferreira, Joao, Gustavo Callou, Albert Josua, Dietmar Tutsch, and Paulo Maciel. "An Artificial Neural Network Approach to Forecast the Environmental Impact of Data Centers." Information 10, no. 3 (March 14, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10030113.

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Due to the high demands of new technologies such as social networks, e-commerce and cloud computing, more energy is being consumed in order to store all the data produced and provide the high availability required. Over the years, this increase in energy consumption has brought about a rise in both the environmental impacts and operational costs. Some companies have adopted the concept of a green data center, which is related to electricity consumption and CO2 emissions, according to the utility power source adopted. In Brazil, almost 70% of electrical power is derived from clean electricity generation, whereas in China 65% of generated electricity comes from coal. In addition, the value per kWh in the US is much lower than in other countries surveyed. In the present work, we conducted an integrated evaluation of costs and CO2 emissions of the electrical infrastructure in data centers, considering the different energy sources adopted by each country. We used a multi-layered artificial neural network, which could forecast consumption over the following months, based on the energy consumption history of the data center. All these features were supported by a tool, the applicability of which was demonstrated through a case study that computed the CO2 emissions and operational costs of a data center using the energy mix adopted in Brazil, China, Germany and the US. China presented the highest CO2 emissions, with 41,445 tons per year in 2014, followed by the US and Germany, with 37,177 and 35,883, respectively. Brazil, with 8459 tons, proved to be the cleanest. Additionally, this study also estimated the operational costs assuming that the same data center consumes energy as if it were in China, Germany and Brazil. China presented the highest kWh/year. Therefore, the best choice according to operational costs, considering the price of energy per kWh, is the US and the worst is China. Considering both operational costs and CO2 emissions, Brazil would be the best option.

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Barzi, Afsaneh, Eric A. Klein, Tanya B. Dorff, David I. Quinn, and Sarmad Sadeghi. "Prostatectomy at high- versus low-volume centers: A decision analysis." Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2014): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.32.4_suppl.175.

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175 Background: Greater experience improves the oncological outcomes of radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer; however, it is not clear whether referring patients to a high volume center (HVC) for RP is cost effective. This study aims to investigate this question. Methods: We assumed status quo wherein 50% of RPs occur at an HVC and the other 50% occur in less experienced hands (scenario one or “referent scenario”). We then modeled increasing the share of RPs at an HVC by 10% increments (scenarios two, three, and four). Assuming that a lower probability of prostate-specific antigen recurrence (PSAR) is the only advantage of more experienced surgeons, the savings that would result from fewer recurrences, avoidance of salvage radiation therapy (SRT) and management of fewer men with metastatic cancer were calculated. A breakeven analysis using incremental referral costs and a cost effectiveness analysis (CEA), adding the incremental effectiveness measured in years in the no evidence disease (NED) state and the expected difference in overall survival (OS), were performed to determine the breakeven point and the range of the maximum referral costs to an HVC. Results: At five years 8.2% of patients will experience PSAR in the referent scenario versus 6.9% in scenario four. More patients would have PSAR in a low-volume center (LVC) setting after RP. Assuming 37% of these patients would receive SRT and those who will develop metastatic disease will receive treatment, this incremental cost discounted at 3% is $265, $456, and $609 per RP for scenario four at 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. These figures will be $177, $309, and $415 and $86, $152, and $205 at 5, 10, and 15 years for scenarios three and two, repectively. Breakeven analysis shows that over 15 years, savings from referring patients to an HVC would offset up to $2,000 per RP in initial referral costs. This figure remains stable for scenarios two, three, and four. CEA shows that the range for maximum costs of referral assuming a willingness to pay of $50,000 per year are $4,300 to $23,700 at 15 years of follow up. Lower PSAR rates for LVCs, or using the lower SRT or treatment of metastasis costs result in smaller values for breakeven referral costs. Conclusions: Performing RPs at an HVC is associated with significant savings that offset the initial referral costs and may be cost effective beyond the breakeven point.

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Ge, Chang Rong, and Xian Qing Zheng. "Free Cooling in High Heat Density Data Centers." Advanced Materials Research 1044-1045 (October 2014): 1159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1044-1045.1159.

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Data centers comprised of racks and corresponding servers form the backbone of today’s cloud computing. Continuous operation of large numbers of servers can generate large amounts of heat which in turn requires high capacity cooling systems. These cooling systems can consume a significant portion of the energy required to run a data center and can negatively impact data center efficiency. With increasing operational costs, the data center industry has started to actively search for efficiency improvements to slow down the rising cost of running services. One of the most prominent ways to cut power consumption is free cooling, which uses outside air for cooling IT equipment completely or part of the time. This system is often used in colder climates and requires less energy since it doesn’t use compressors for cooling incoming air. This paper presents an evaluation of Shanghai as a data center location. As temperature affects data center cooling consumption, focus of the paper is on evaluating optimal operating conditions for local data centers.

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RODRÍGUEZ, Santiago, Fabio Da MOTTA, Giacomo BALBINOTO NETO, and Ajacio BRANDÃO. "EVALUATION AND SELECTION OF CANDIDATES FOR LIVER TRANSPLANTATION: AN ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE." Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 57, no. 1 (February 2020): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-2803.202000000-07.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Over the next 20 years, the number of patients on the waiting list for liver transplantation (LTx) is expected to increase by 23%, while pre-LTx costs should raise by 83%. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate direct medical costs of the pre-LTx period from the perspective of a tertiary care center. METHODS: The study included 104 adult patients wait-listed for deceased donor LTx between October 2012 and May 2016 whose treatment was fully provided at the study transplant center. Clinical and economic data were obtained from electronic medical records and from a hospital management software. Outcomes of interest and costs of patients on the waiting list were compared through the Kruskal-Wallis test. A generalized linear model with logit link function was used for multivariate analysis. P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The costs of patients who underwent LTx ($8,879.83; 95% CI 6,735.24-11,707.27; P<0.001) or who died while waiting ($6,464.73; 95% CI 3,845.75-10,867.28; P=0.04) were higher than those of patients who were excluded from the list for any reason except death ($4,647.78; 95% CI 2,469.35-8,748.04; P=0.254) or those who remained on the waiting list at the end of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Although protocols of inclusion on the waiting list vary among transplant centers, similar approaches exist and common problems should be addressed. The results of this study may help centers with similar socioeconomic realities adjust their transplant policies.

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SUGIYAMA, Michio, and Shingo TERADA. "Locational Structure of Egg Grading and Packing Centers and Their Costs." Japanese poultry science 22, no. 6 (1985): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.22.311.

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Rogalewicz, V., P. Marsalek, I. Chmelova, T. Gueye, Y. Angerova, S. Uherek, and O. Svestkova. "PCV66 - COSTS OF EARLY REHABILITATION AFTER STROKE IN CZECH CEREBROVASCULAR CENTERS." Value in Health 21 (October 2018): S103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2018.09.613.

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