Дисертації з теми "Cost of light bulbs"
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1
Дубецький, Андрій Станіславович. "Задача порядку розроблення техніко-економічного обґрунтування систем освітлення для промислових споживачів". Bachelor's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2019. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/29149.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Метою даної дипломної роботи є розроблення техніко-економічного обґрунтування систем освітлення для промислових споживачів. Створений програмний продукт повинен бути реалізований веб-технологіями для легкого доступу та крос-браузерності. Крім того, він повинен мати зручний та інтерактивний інтерфейс користувача.The purpose of this thesis is to develop a feasibility study for lighting systems for industrial consumers. The software product you create should be implemented with web technologies for easy access and cross-browser. In addition, it must have a user-friendly and interface.
2
Björn, Robert, and Anders Westlinder. "Energy savings by using low energy light bulbs and automation,and the impact on the power quality." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-80518.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Detta examensarbete har utförts i samarbete med Kjell & Company som är en rikstäckande butikskedja som tillhandahåller hemelektronikprodukter via internet och 55 butiker fördelade över 30 orter. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att jämföra elförbrukning och kostnader för olika lågenergilampor med glödlampan som referens samt att studera elkvalitén med avseende på eventuella nätstörningar lamporna kan ge upphov till och även undersöka om det går att minska elförbrukningen genom att automatisera exempelvis belysning och annan elutrustning. Undersökningen har gjorts genom att mäta på lampor och utrustning med hjälp av en Norma D1150 wattmeter och en Fluke 43 Power Quality Analyzer samt att utföra beräkningar på utförda mätningar och på tillverkarens angivna data. Alla mätningar har utförts med universitetets utrustning och i universitets lokaler förutom mätningen på delar av automationstesterna som mättes med en elmätare PM 300 i ett hushåll. Allt material som testerna utförts på har kommit från Kjell & Co förutom glödlamporna som är inköpta i en annan butik på grund av att Kjell & Co inte har några i sitt sortiment. Slutsatsen som kan dras av undersökningarna blir att genom att byta ut gamla glödlampor mot halogen- eller lågenergilampor går det att göra en betydande energi- och kostnadsbesparing. Vad gäller de övertoner som alstras av de enskilda lågenergilamporna är övertonshalten i strömdelen hög men strömmen i sig väldigt låg, i milliamperenivå. Därför är det svårt att se att dess inverkan ska vara av någon betydelse för elkvalitén idag. I fråga om automatiseringen av mediautrustningen går det att göra en energivinst så länge som utrustning ansluten i slaveuttagen förbrukar mer än grenkontaktens 2,2 W. När det gäller automatiseringen av en lampa med rörelsevakt så gav det i detta fall en energibesparing men om andra mätmetoder används eller är lyset alltid släcks manuellt när det inte behövs kan det ge andra utfall.
3
Rangappa, Shreedhar. "Absolute depth using low-cost light field cameras." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2018. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/36224.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Digital cameras are increasingly used for measurement tasks within engineering scenarios, often being part of metrology platforms. Existing cameras are well equipped to provide 2D information about the fields of view (FOV) they observe, the objects within the FOV, and the accompanying environments. But for some applications these 2D results are not sufficient, specifically applications that require Z dimensional data (depth data) along with the X and Y dimensional data. New designs of camera systems have previously been developed by integrating multiple cameras to provide 3D data, ranging from 2 camera photogrammetry to multiple camera stereo systems. Many earlier attempts to record 3D data on 2D sensors have been completed, and likewise many research groups around the world are currently working on camera technology but from different perspectives; computer vision, algorithm development, metrology, etc. Plenoptic or Lightfield camera technology was defined as a technique over 100 years ago but has remained dormant as a potential metrology instrument. Lightfield cameras utilize an additional Micro Lens Array (MLA) in front of the imaging sensor, to create multiple viewpoints of the same scene and allow encoding of depth information. A small number of companies have explored the potential of lightfield cameras, but in the majority, these have been aimed at domestic consumer photography, only ever recording scenes as relative scale greyscale images. This research considers the potential for lightfield cameras to be used for world scene metrology applications, specifically to record absolute coordinate data. Specific interest has been paid to a range of low cost lightfield cameras to; understand the functional/behavioural characteristics of the optics, identify potential need for optical and/or algorithm development, define sensitivity, repeatability and accuracy characteristics and limiting thresholds of use, and allow quantified 3D absolute scale coordinate data to be extracted from the images. The novel output of this work is; an analysis of lightfield camera system sensitivity leading to the definition of Active Zones (linear data generation good data) and In-active Zones (non-linear data generation poor data), development of bespoke calibration algorithms that remove radial/tangential distortion from the data captured using any MLA based camera, and, a light field camera independent algorithm that allows the delivery of 3D coordinate data in absolute units within a well-defined measurable range from a given camera.
4
Ozturk, Erhan. "Cost Estimation Of Trackworks Of Light Rail And Metro Projects." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12610332/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main objective of this work is to develop models using multivariable regression and artificial neural network approaches for cost estimation of the construction costs of trackworks of light rail transit and metro projects at the early stages of the construction process in Turkey. These two approaches were applied to a data set of 16 projects by using seventeen parameters available at the early design phase.
According to the results of each method, regression analysis estimated the cost of testing samples with an error of 2.32%. On the other hand, artificial neural network estimated the cost with 5.76% error, which is slightly higher than the regression error. As a result, two successful cost estimation models have been developed within the scope of this study. These models can be beneficial while taking the decision in the tender phase of projects that includes trackworks.
5
OLIVEIRA, THAIS de. "Recuperacao e reciclagem dos acidos nitrico e sulfurico e do molibdenio dos residuos liquidos das industrias de lampadas." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2009. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9554.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
6
Berrada, Sounni Amine. "Low cost manufacturing of light trapping features on multi-crystalline silicon solar cells : jet etching method and cost analysis." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/61522.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; and, (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2010.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 127-128).
An experimental study was conducted in order to determine low cost methods to improve the light trapping ability of multi-crystalline solar cells. We focused our work on improving current wet etching methods to achieve the desired light trapping features which consists in micro-scale trenches with parabolic cross-sectional profiles with a target aspect ratio of 1.0. The jet etching with a hard mask method, which consists in impinging a liquid mixture of hydrofluoric, nitric and acetic acids through the opening of hard mask, was developed. First, a computational fluid dynamics simulation was conducted to determine the desired jet velocity and angle to be used in our experiments. We find that using a jet velocity of 3 m/s and a jetting angle of 45° yields the necessary flow characteristics for etching high aspect ratio features. Second, we performed experiments to determine the effect of jet etching using a photo-resist mask and thermally grown silicon oxide mask on multiple silicon substrates : <100>, <110>, <111> and multi-crystalline silicon. Compared to a baseline of etching with no jet, we find that the jet etching process can improve the light trapping ability of the baseline features by improving their aspect ratio up to 65.2% and their light trapping ability up to 38.1%. The highest aspect ratio achieved using the jet etching process was 0.62. However, it must be noted that the repeatability of the results was not consistent: significant variations in the results of the same experiment occurred, making the jet etching process promising but difficult to control. Finally, we performed a cost analysis in order to determine the minimum efficiency that a jet etching process would have to achieve to be cost competitive and its corresponding features aspect ratio. We find that a minimum cell efficiency of 16.63% and feature aspect ratios of 0.57 are necessary for cost competitiveness with current solar cell manufacturing technology.
by Amine Berrada Sounni.
S.M.in Technology and Policy
S.M.
7
Brown, Conrad Nelson. "Cost analysis of recapitalizing Marine light attack helicopter assets : a case study /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1995. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA306101.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1995.Thesis advisor(s): Shu S. Liao, David F. Matthews. "December 1995." Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.
8
Van, Reede Van Oudtshoorn Armand. "A critical review of the possible reasons for construction cost overruns in light of cost estimating methodologies and models used in industry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95685.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research report was conducted to critically review the methodologies and best practices prescribed by world class cost engineering experts and institutions, in order to develop a cost estimating model which organisations could use as a guideline for their cost estimates on large capital intensive projects.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsingsverslag is gedoen om ‘n kritiese oorsig te doen op die metodes en beste praktyke voorgeskryf deur wereldklas koste ingenieur deskundiges en instansies, om sodoende ‘n koste beramings model te ontwikkel wat gebruik kan word deur organisasies as handleiding gedurende die koste beraming van hulle kapitale intensiewe projekte.
9
Wilson, Ronald S. "Cost-benefit analysis of single siting depot level maintenance for the Light Armored Vehicle." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2000. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA386343.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, Dec. 2000.Thesis advisor(s): Gue, Kevin R. ; Eaton, Donald. "December 200." Includes bibliographical references (p. 51-53). Also available in print.
10
Savsin, Selen. "The skill composition in the light of sourcing:offshoring and inshoring." Licentiate thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-35277.
Повний текст джерела
11
Nisar, Mohammad Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Civil. "Comparison of level of service and cost-effectiveness of transitway and light rail transit (LRT)-based systems." Ottawa, 1989.
Знайти повний текст джерела
12
Zhou, Gordon. "Machine Learning-Based Cost Predictive Model for Better Operating Expenditure Estimations of U.S. Light Rail Transit Projects." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2021. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=28157527.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Inaccurate forecasts of operating expenditures during the planning phase for new Light Rail Transit (LRT) projects in the United States underestimated future costs by up to 45% (Pickrell, 1989). When operating expenditures exceeded projected levels, local transit agencies often reduced public transit services to operate within their respective annual budgets. Therefore, it is imperative for transit agencies to produce reasonably accurate planning estimates to secure sufficient funding to support future operations, maintenance, and service delivery associated with LRT systems. The research aimed to develop a more accurate LRT operating expenditure predictive model to be used during the planning stage. Traditional statistical analysis and various machine learning-based algorithms were utilized with input from 22 LRT systems in the United States spanning between 2008 to 2018 from various U.S. governmental public databases. This praxis extended the current state of practice that relied primarily on sum of unit-cost estimates (also known as the unit-cost method) which generally failed to produce accurate forecasts due to lack of engineering details at the planning stage. Existing research attempted to develop regression-based methodologies using system-based attributes but did not substantially increase prediction accuracy from using the unit-cost method. The research improved current practices and research by having developed a more accurate and replicable machine learning-based predictive model using available geographic, socio-economic and LRT system-related variables.
13
Du, Yongliang. "Development of real-time flight control system for low-cost vehicle." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2011. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8621.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years, more and more light aircraft enter our daily life, from Agricultural
applications, emergency rescue, flight experiment and training to Barriers to
entry, light aircraft always have their own advantages. Thus, they have become
more and more popular.
However, in the process of GDP research about Flight Control System design
for the Flying Crane, the author read a lot of literature about Flight Control
System design, then noticed that the research in Flight Control System have
apparently neglected to Low-cost vehicles. So it is necessary to do some study
about Flight Control System for this kind of airplane. The study will more
concern the control law design for ultra-light aircraft, the author hopes that with
an ‘intelligence’ Flight Control System design, this kind of aircraft could
sometimes perform flying tasks according to a prearranged flight path and
without a pilot.
As the Piper J-3 cub is very popular and the airframe data can be obtained
more easily, it was selected as an objective aircraft for the control law design.
Finally, a ¼ scale Piper J-3 cub model is selected and the aerodynamics
coefficients are calculated by DATCOM and AVL. Based on the forces and
moments acting on the aircraft, the trim equilibrium was calculated for getting
proper dynamics coefficients for the selected flight conditions. With the aircraft
aerodynamics coefficients, the aircraft dynamics characteristics and flying
qualities are also analyzed. The model studied in this thesis cannot answer
level one flying qualities in the longitudinal axis, which is required by MIL-F-
8785C. The stability augment system is designed to improve the flying qualities
of the longitudinal axis.
The work for autopilot design in this thesis includes five parts. First, the whole
flight profile is designed to automatically control aircraft from takeoff to landing.
Second, takeoff performance and guidance law is studied. Then, landing
performance and trajectory is also investigated. After that, the control law
design is decoupled into longitudinal axis and later-directional axis. Finally,
simulation is executed to check the performance for the auto-controller.
14
Olivier, Marius. "The conceptual design and development of novel low cost sensors for measuring the relative light emission in the pre-millisecond stages of detonating explosive charges." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71686.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During the course of the CSIR’s research into the characterisation of explosive sources to devise methods of active intervention against threats, the need has arisen to research a particular means of early identification of the threat, which is the intense light flash during the threat detonation. For this purpose, a low cost rugged fast optical sensor was sought, since the application thereof would imply possible destruction, especially if integrated into an active intervention system later on. Given the average time of about 1ms available for intervention, it is clear that the active intervention system needs to operate within that period, hence the interest in the characteristic light emission of detonations in the pre-millisecond time frame. It was thought that by characterising this emitted light in terms of wavelength (temperature) and amplitude (and maybe other unique phenomena), the size of the threat could be determined and logic decisions derived therefrom. Needless to say, the environment in which the detonation light emission sensor is to operate, is extremely hostile in terms of shock, dust, flying debris, fast rise time of the explosive event, and Electro-magnetic Interference ( EMI) caused by the detonation itself. It must be noted that the light sensor research was driven by the outcome of research tests performed in aid of the development of an active intervention system. During this research the possibility of using commercially available low cost optical detectors at room temperature in combination with cost effective narrow band pass op- tical filters for the relative measurement of the light emission at discrete wavelengths during explosive detonation events were investigated. In 2006, not much applicable lit- erature could be found on this subject, hence the educated “shot-in-the-dark” approach then, which, by a systematic approach of explosive tests and continuous evaluation up to 2011, led to a surprisingly simple and robust low cost optical sensor. The research commenced with a range of optical detector elements selected for their responsivity and bandwidth in the optical spectrum of interest; the optical filtering by means of the recording of the emitted light signal during scaled down explosive tests at the Blast Impact Survivability Research Unit (BISRU) at the University of Cape Town. These tests were followed by full-scale tests at DBEL, and confirmed the findings at BISRU that the light emissions at the longer wavelengths (>2 m) manifest themselves too late for use within the intervention time frame. It was therefore decided to concentrate on the ultra-violet (UV) to near infra-red (NIR) spectrum of the emitted light for further full scale tests, since these discrete spectra showed the most promise for characterisa- tion of the emitted light. During this period a robust sensor housing with detector and filter mounts was designed for protection against blast shock and EMI. During the following years, certain types of optical detectors that were used during previous tests were eliminated according to results obtained, and more discrete narrow band pass filters added in the visible to NIR spectrum. A dedicated fast instrumen- tation amplifier (bandwidth > 1MHz and selectable gain up to 40dB) was developed to amplify weak signals (mainly caused by the heavy load in the detector circuit to improve rise times). However, the emission of light per wavelength in this region was measured to be relatively strong, and actually not as fast as was anticipated. This meant that the load resistor value of the detector element could be increased without affecting the signal negatively (bandwidth sufficient), thus adding to the amplitude of the signal to such a point that amplification in a 10m to 30 meter stand-off scenario was no longer needed. This culminated in an unamplified universal detector element being used with various narrow band pass filters up to 1 m, integrated as a very robust analog sensor at a discrete wavelength, and facilitating the direct comparison of light amplitude/relative intensity of the detonation at discrete spectral points. The sensor was employed in the field at various full scale explosive tests at DBEL, which led to the capture of a vast amount of light emitted data for different types of explosives, at various distances from the detonation, and of varying mass. Analysis of this data showed that the broadband light intensity of the emitted light scales to the explosive mass1/3 (as published by FJ Mostert and M Olivier in the Journal for Applied Physics, October 2011). Further analysis also confirmed the attenuation of the emitted light intensity by the square of the distance. Besides the aforesaid, various other key inputs to a possible active intervention algorithm have been identified. These findings are inputs to the determination of i.a. the detonation threat size, a vital component in the active intervention algorithm. The results of these experiments confirmed that the final low cost analog sensor can measure relative light emission at discrete wavelengths from detonation of explosives in the very early stages of development, and that the sensor has many other applications in the detonics research fields as well.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gedurende die WNNR se navorsing om detonerende bronne te karakteriseer ten einde aktiewe teenmaatreëls daar te stel, het die behoefte na vore gekom om die intense ligflits van ’n detonasie te ondersoek en te karakteriseer. Vir hierdie doel is ’n lae koste ligsensor benodig, synde die uiteindelike aanwending van hierdie ligsensor die vernietiging daarvan sou beteken, aldus die lae koste vereiste. Gegewe die kort tydsduur van die detonasie (’n paar millisekondes), is dit duidelik dat die ligflits karakerisering voor 1ms moet geskied, en daarom moet die ligsensor ook baie vinnig reageer om insette te lewer tot ’n aktiewe teenmaatreëlstelsel. Daar moet op gelet word dat die ligsensor se ontwikkeling uitkomsgedrewe was deur die navorsingstoetse om ’n aktiewe teenmaatreëlstelsel daar te stel. Een van die insette tot so ’n aktiewe teenmaatreëlstelsel is die grootte van die bedreiging: deur die ligflits te karakteriseer met die lae koste ligsensors t.o.v. golflengte, ligamplitude en moontlik ander verskynsels, kan bv. die massa inset verkry word wat nodig is vir die teenmaatreël algoritme. Die omgewing waarin die ligsensor moet funksioneer is baie onvriendelik i.t.v. skok, stof, vlieënde partikels en elektromagnetiese steurings, en sou daarteen beskerm moes word. Gedurende die navoring om so ’n ligsensor te ontwikkel (samelopend met die teen- maatreël navorsing), is kommersiële kamertemperatuur detektors oorweeg en aange- wend, in samewerking met nouband optiese filters. Die doel was om die ligopbrengs per golflengte te karakteriseer m.b.t. die plofstof massa, plofstof tipe en geometrie, en die afstand vanaf die detonasie. Bitter min literatuur oor die ligmeting van detonasies is aanvanklik gevind, aldus is ’n basislyn daargestel en deur sistematiese toetsing, ontleding en verbetering voortgegaan met die navorsing. Dit het gelei tot ’n verrassend eenvoudige en verharde lae koste ligsensor, wat deur meting sleutelinsette kon lewer tot die gesogte aktiewe teenmaatreël algoritme. Kommersiële detektors en nouband optiese filters is uitgesoek na aanleiding van hul prys en prestasie, en waar nodig, is versterking van die seine aangebring. Verskeie toetse met plofstof (op klein en groot skaal) is uitgevoer, waartydens ligmeting by spesifieke golflengtes opgeneem is. Analise van hierdie data het getoon dat die langer golflengtes (>2 m) se verskyning te laat is vir insluiting in die teenmaatreël algoritme, en is dus geleidelik (of sistematies) uitgeskakel. Die klem het geskuif na die detonasie liguitsetting in die UV tot naby infrarooi spektrum, wat nuwe detektors en filters tot gevolg gehad het (uitkoms gebasseerde navorsing). In die proses is ’n instrumentasie versterker ontwerp en gebou, vir buffering en versterking van seine hoër as 1 MHz met ’n selekteerbare aanwins van tot 40dB. Toetse met volskaalse ladings het egter getoon dat die liguitset besonder sterk is in die UV tot naby infrarooi spektrum, en ’n onversterkte ligsensor is aldus op die proef gestel. Hierdie proeflopie het getoon dat die onversterkte ligsensor besonder goed funksioneer op afstande tot en met 30m, en daar is op hierdie model voortgebou. Die verharde onversterkte ligsensor is aangewend in verskeie verdere volskaalse plofstof toetse, en het data gelewer t.o.v. detonasie liguitstraling by spesifieke golflengtes vir tipes plofstof, plofstof massas, plofstof geometrie en afstande vanaf die detonasie. Analise van hierdie data het getoon dat breëband liguitsetting se intensiteit skaal met die plofstof massa1=3 (gepubliseer as ’n artikel deur FJ Mostert en M Olivier in die Journal of Applied Physics’ - Oktober 2011). Verdere analise het verskeie sleutelinsette tot ’n aktiewe teenmaatreël algoritme geïdentifiseer. Die uitkoms van hierdie eksperimentele navorsing het getoon dat die lae koste lig- sensor relatiewe liguitsetting van ’n detonasie by gekose golflengtes vinnig kan meet in die baie vroeë stadia van die detonasie. Buiten dit, het die sensor verskeie ander nuttige aanwending in die detonasie navorsingsveld.
15
Anderson, Abby Hodel A. Scottedward. "Design, testing, and simulation of a low-cost, light-weight, low-g IMU for the navigation of an indoor blimp." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Spring/master's/ANDERSON_ABBY_43.pdf.
Повний текст джерела
16
Pastorelli, Francesco. "Light enhancements in nano-structured solar cells." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/145638.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this century some of our main issues are energy shortage and pollution. This work will briefly describe these problems, proposing a plan of action combining energy saving and different sustainable energy sources. Within different types of renewable energy sources, solar energy is the most abundant one. To make solar energy a more sustainable and cost effective technology we focus on enhancing the optical characteristics of thin film solar cells. In this category, organic solar cells are good options for their exiguous amount of material and the low energy needed for the fabrication process. This technology can be lightweight, transparent, flexible and conformal in order to be applied to and integrated in various architectural solutions and consumer electronics. After a study of the physics of such devices and on how to optically enhance their performances, we will show some examples where we theoretically and experimentally collect the solar radiation with optical antennas. We report, for the first time in literature, a nanogap antenna that efficiently couples the light in our active material thin film. Finally, we elaborate on the concept of building integrated photovoltaics introducing some examples of solar façades. Based on our research, we are able to design and fabricate an organic transparent solar cell with a visible transparency above 20% and an optically enhanced photon-electron conversion efficiency remarkably similar to its opaque equivalent.En el presente siglo, algunas de las prioridades son la escasez de la energía y la contaminación. Este trabajo describirá brevemente estos problemas y propondrá un plan de acción que combina el ahorro energético con diferentes fuentes sostenibles de energía. Dentro de estas fuentes de energía renovables, la energía solar es la más abundante. Con el objetivo de hacer la tecnología solar más sostenible y eficiente económicamente nos concentramos en aumentar las características ópticas en celdas solares de película delgada. Dentro de esta categoría, las celdas solares orgánicas son una buena opción porque su desarrollo requiere bajas cantidades de materiales y su fabricación es de baja energía embebida. Adicionalmente, esta tecnología puede ser liviana, transparente, flexible mecánicamente y modular para ser aplicada e integrada en varias soluciones arquitectónicas y de electrónica de consumo. Luego de estudiar los procesos físicos en tales dispositivos y de determinar las metodologías para aumentar ópticamente sus desempeños, mostraremos algunos ejemplos donde teórica y experimentalmente se colecta la radiación solar mediante antenas ópticas. Se reporta por primera vez, una antena de nanogap que acopla eficientemente la luz en la capa activa de la celda solar. Finalmente, se desarrolla el concepto de tecnología fotovoltaica integrada en edificaciones tras introducir algunos ejemplos de fachadas solares. Basados en nuestra investigación, fue posible diseñar y fabricar una celda solar orgánica transparente cuya transparencia en el rango visible estuvo por encima del 20% y una eficiencia de conversión foton-electron aumentada ópticamente que resulto notoriamente similar a la celda solar orgánica opaca equivalente.
La rareté grandissante des ressources en énergie associée à une augmentation de la pollution font partie des enjeux plus importants de ce siècle. Cette thèse décrira brièvement ces deux problématiques et proposera un plan d’action combinant économie d’énergie et diversité des sources d’énergies renouvelables. Parmi les formes d’énergies renouvelables disponibles, l’énergie solaire est la plus abondante. Pour faire de l’énergie solaire une ressource plus durable et plus rentable économiquement, nous proposons d’amplifier les propriétés optiques de cellules solaires en couches minces. Dans cette catégorie, les cellules solaires organiques représentent un choix pertinent de part la faible quantité de matériau nécessaire ainsi que la faible énergie nécessaire au procédé de fabrication. Cette technologie peut être légère, transparente et flexible de sorte qu’elle peut être utilisée dans différentes solutions architecturales s’adaptant à des produits électroniques pour le grand publique. Suivra la théorie sous jacente à ces dispositifs et l’explication de la manière dont leurs performances sont améliorées. Nous présenterons quelques exemples où l’on collecte la radiation solaire avec une antenne optique. Ainsi, nous faisons la toute première démonstration d’une antenne auto-assemblée qui couple efficacement la lumière dans le matériau constituant la couche mince que nous utilisons. Finalement, nous développons le concept de cellules photovoltaïques intégrées en présentant différents cas de façades solaires. Ces travaux nous ont permis de concevoir et de fabriquer une cellule solaire organique transparente avec une transparence dans le visible de 20% et une efficacité de conversion photon-électron améliorée, similaire à une cellule équivalente opaque.
La difficile reperibilità di risorse energetiche e l’inquinamento sono alcuni dei problemi più importanti di questo secolo. In questo lavoro saranno presentati brevemente questi temi proponendo un piano d’azione che abbini il risparmio energetico alle differenti fonti di energia rinnovabili. Nell’insieme delle fonti energetiche rinnovabili l’energia solare è senz’altro la più abbondante. Con l’obbiettivo di rendere lo sfruttamento di tale energia più sostenibile ed economicamente vantaggioso, ci premuriamo di migliorare le caratteristiche ottiche di celle fotovoltaiche a film sottile. In questa categoria utilizziamo, tra le diverse opzioni, le celle solari organiche in quanto la loro fabbricazione richiede una quantità di materiale minimo e un basso consumo energetico. Inoltre questi tipi di dispositivi possono essere leggeri, trasparenti, flessibili e conformabili alle superfici su cui sono applicati. Questa è una tecnologia che potrebbe essere implementata e integrata in varie soluzioni architettoniche o nell’ elettronica di consumo. Dopo aver presentato i principi fisici di tali dispositivi e determinato le metodologie ottiche per aumentarne le prestazioni, vengono illustrati alcuni esempi dove, teoricamente e sperimentalmente, riusciamo a intercettare la radiazione solare con antenne ottiche. Riportiamo, per la prima volta in letteratura, un’antenna ottica con nano-gap che accoppia efficacemente la luce solare nel nostro materiale attivo a film sottile. Nell’ultima parte sviluppiamo il concetto di tecnologia solare integrata negli edifici, introducendo alcuni esempi di facciate solari. Basando il design sulla nostra ricerca, è possibile realizzare una cella solare fotovoltaica organica trasparente, con una trasparenza superiore del 20% e un’ efficienza di conversione fotone-elettrone migliorata grazie all’ottica, che risulta molto vicina all’ equivalente cella fotovoltaica organica non trasparente.
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Němec, Jiří. "Osvětlování s ohledem na biologické funkce." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377106.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper summarizes the basic light-technical parameters, the principles of visual and non-visual photoreceptions and the effects of light on the organism. Several chapters focus on the mechanism by which light affects hormone levels and the circadian rhytm of the organism. In relation to the lighting system, the impact of electromagnetic radiation, associated with the controls, on the body is also considered. Briefly described are systems based on smart LED light sources or smart switches. The result of the thesis is to choose the solution that best suits the requirements of the contracting authority.
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Silva, Cintia Gonçalves Mendes da. "Diagnóstico sobre a utilização das lâmpadas fluorescentes compactas (LFC) como promotoras de eficiência energética nos sistemas de iluminação no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-30042008-163006/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
O aumento do consumo no Brasil aparte com problemas de abastecimento de energia elétrica na década de 90, durante um período de más condições hidrológicas causou uma preocupação e instou uma pesquisa sobre as formas de redução do consumo. A qualidade de energia não era uma prioridade, cargas não eram tão sensíveis, nem os processos existentes exigiam tanto na qualidade do fornecimento de energia elétrica. A preocupação sobre a qualidade do abastecimento de energia aumentou, principalmente no setor industrial, com o aumento da concorrência nos mercados nacionais e no exterior. A qualidade e a quantidade da produção tornaram-se um item para distinguir o lucro. Desta forma, a qualidade do fornecimento de energia e a continuidade das linhas de produção tornaram-se mais importante. Este trabalho pretende mostrar resultados de um estudo experimental sobre lâmpadas fluorescentes compactas com reator integrado, e algumas conseqüências da sua utilização generalizada.The increase of the consumption in Brazil aside with problems of supply of electrical energy in the decade of 90, during a period of bad hydrological conditions caused a concern and urged a search for ways of reduction of the consumption. The quality of power was not a priority, loads were not so sensitive nor the existing processes demanded as much as quality of the supply of electric energy. The concern on quality of energy supply increased, mainly in the industrial sector, with the increase of the competition in the domestic markets and overseas. The quality and the amount of production became a distinguished item for the profit. In this way, the quality of energy supply and the continuity of the production lines became more important. This work aims to show results of an experimental survey about compact fluorescent light bulbs with integrated reactor, and some consequences of its generalized use.
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Lai, Jiun-Hong. "Development of low-cost high-efficiency commercial-ready advanced silicon solar cells." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52234.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of the research in this thesis is to develop manufacturable high-efficiency silicon solar cells at low-cost through advanced cell design and technological innovations using industrially feasible processes and equipment on commercial grade Czochralski (Cz) large-area (239 cm2) silicon wafers. This is accomplished by reducing both the electrical and optical losses in solar cells through fundamental understanding, applied research and demonstrating the success by fabricating large-area commercial ready cells with much higher efficiency than the traditional Si cells. By developing and integrating multiple efficiency enhancement features, namely low-cost high sheet resistance homogeneous emitter, optimized surface passivation, optimized rear reflector, back line contacts, and improved screen-printing with narrow grid lines, 20.8% efficient screen-printed PERC (passivated emitter and rear cell) solar cells were achieved on commercial grade 239 cm2 p-type Cz silicon wafers.
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VERSCHLEISSER, ROBERTO. "THE USE OF STRUCTURES MADE OF BAMBOO FOR THE DESIGN OF OBJECTS: HOW TO BUILD LOW COST, RESISTANT, LIGHT AND ECOLOGICAL OBJECTS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=12258@1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROAté hoje a maioria das construções empregam técnicas materiais e processos inadequados, resultando em enorme perda de energia e pouco ganho na relação custo/benefício. A grande maioria das pessoas envolvidas com problemas de construção não se conscientizou ainda do fato que construímos de maneira errada, consumindo materiais e energia em excesso em relação aos resultados obtidos. Ao longo de toda a história da construção conhecida, o homem se serviu da força da Gravidade para conseguir a estabilidade das suas estruturas. Nas grandes obras antigas e atuais os materiais empregados: pedra, tijolo, ferro, cimento são de pouca eficácia construtiva quando consideramos a relação resistência/peso. Tomando por base as teorias e experiências com a técnica tensegrity de se montar estruturas, desenvolvidas por Keneth Snelson e Richard Buckminster Fuller, e partindo dos estudos com estruturas empregando bambu como elemento comprimido que vêm sendo desenvolvidos à 20 anos pelo LILD/PUC- Laboratório de Investigação de Living Design (antigo LOTDP), além de aplicar os princípios físicos da Tensegrity como técnica de construção, propõe-se aqui o desenvovimento de objetos físicos inéditos para utilização em áreas remotas ou de Proteção Ambiental. Estas estruturas são feitas em material natural reciclável e biodegradável, de fácil manejo, e utilizam tecnologia de baixa complexidade para a sua montagem. Elas são pouco invasivas porque, sendo auto-portantes, dispensam fundações pesadas para existir e resistir.
Till our days most of the constructions of buildings make use of very inadequate and obsolete materials resulting in a huge waste of energy and little gain in the relation cost/benfit. However, many people involved with construction problems, did not realize the fact that we build the wrong way consuming materials and energy in excess in relation to the desired goals. Along the known history of construction men served themselves only of the force of Gravity to obtain the stability of their structures. In all great, ancient and actual constructions, the materials employied, such as: stone, brick, iron, concrete, are of low building efficiency if we consider the relation strength/weight. Taking into account the theories and experiences with tensegrity techniques developed by Keneth Snelson and Richard Buckminster Fuller, and, starting from the studies with bambu structures, where bambu is the only compressed element, which is in course for 20 years now in the LILD- PUC-Rio (Laboratory of Living Design (former LOTDP), and applying the physical principles of Tensegrity as a building technique, our goal here is to develop real objects to be used in remote areas or National Parks. These structures, because of the reciclable materials of which they are made, are very easy to manipulate and need very low technology for the constructions made with them. Finally these structures are harmless to the environment because they are self suporting exempting the need of heavy foundations to exist and resist.
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Hsu, Yu-Chen. "Investigation of Abnormal Behavior of Light Induced Degradation (LID) In Cost-Effective Industrial Aluminum Back Surface Field (AL-BSF) Silicon Solar Cells." Thesis, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10281152.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Investigation of abnormal behavior of light induced degradation (LID) in cost-effective industrial aluminum back surface field (Al-BSF) silicon solar cells. (Under the direction of DR. ABASIFREKE EBONG) In this research, the p-type boron-doped (B-doped) Czochralski (Cz) mono crystalline silicon (c-Si) Al-BSF solar cell was studied because of its large market share, high efficiency potential (~20%) and cost-effectiveness. The main problem of the p-type B-doped Cz silicon is the unstable efficiency due to the light induced degradation (LID).
In order to resolve this unstable-efficiency problem, this thesis work investigated the causes and mitigation of LID. The major cause of LID is the formation of boron-oxygen defect in the silicon bandgap under irradiation. The reduced lifetime due to recombination in the bandgap can be recovered by two methods including (i) ~200°C low temperature anneal or (ii) rapid thermal anneal at 630-850°C. LID can be prevented with alternative base-doping such as Ga, P, or the use of high base resistivity in boron doped Si. However, the latter is still in the research stage while the majority of the commercial solar cell is boron doped with resistivity ranging from 0.5-2 Ω-cm. Therefore, there is a greater need to fully understand how to get rid of the LID in the finished cells.
This thesis work focuses on regeneration of cells after the contact co-firing step or/and degraded state. Regeneration is a stable recovery, which encompasses degradation, recovery and stability. Two experimental set ups were conducted by controlling (i) the carrier injection (~1 sun), (ii) the temperatures (70-100°C), and (iii) time (> 24 hours). The cells went through degradation, recovery and stabilization under irradiation.
The recombination centers constituted of the boron-oxygen related defect are passivated by the effusion of hydrogen existing in the anti-reflection coating (ARC) of a solar cell. During the contact co-firing process after the screen printing, hydrogen enable to diffuse from ARC into the bulk. If the cooling rate is fast in the co-firing, then the future LID degradation is less because some of the hydrogen is retained at the recombination sites.
Regeneration is based on hydrogenation. First, the hydrogen from ARC diffuses into the bulk during the contact co-firing. Subsequently, through the regeneration process, the hydrogen in the bulk transfers to atomic and mobile hydrogen at excited states, and finally passivates defect into equilibrium. The regeneration process requires simultaneous (i) the carrier injection (> 0.1 suns), (ii) elevated temperatures (65-400°C) and (iii) the sufficient time.
Hydrogenation through regeneration process results in stable solar cells. In comparison between the results in this thesis and previous studies in literature, it can be concluded that the faster regeneration rate primarily depends on the temperatures. The higher the temperature in a proper range, the shorter the time required for regeneration.
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Madell, Jane. "Rapport and subversion : Mesmer's treatment of Paradis and its influence on the fiction of E.T.A. Hoffmann, and, The Cost of Light (a novel)." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2015. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/58490/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This is a thesis in two parts, a novel and a critical project. Both are about Maria-Theresavon Paradis, a blind and possibly 'hysterical'pianist and composer, and Doctor Franz Anton Mesmer, the founder of Mesmerism, who temporarily managed to cure her with this controversial treatment. In the novel, The Cost of Light, Paradis's confessions to Mesmer allow me to show that her possible hysterical blindness arises from a complex cluster of motives, for example, a refusal to see, and too great a desire to witness, forbidden sights. In this way, the novel demonstrates the malleable nature of eighteenth-century hysteria, which, for Paradis, transforms itself constantly in relation to her psychosocial conditions and familial constraints. Her sudden blindness, her miraculous recovery of sight at Doctor Mesmer's hands and then its subsequent loss could thereforeallbe considered hysterical symptoms. The related critical project, 'Rapportand Subversion: Mesmer's Treatment of Paradis and Its Influence on the Fiction of E.T.A. Hoffmann'is divided into three chapters. 'Chapter 1: The Blind Musician'explores the nature of Paradis'spossibly hysterical blindness and suggests that,for her, blindness may well have had subversive and creative compensations. Her experiences are compared to those of the blind harpist, CharlottaSeuerling,and to those of Beethoven. 'Chapter 2: The Miracle Doctor'argues that the relationship between Mesmer and his famous patient and between othermesmerists and their subjects is one of power and control, reinforcing normativeeighteenth-century gender roles. It examines the effectiveness of Mesmerism in treating Paradis's blindness, and argues that her possible hysteria, and other factors, were potent subversive forces in undermining Mesmer's treatment. 'Chapter3: The Mesmerised Writer'establishes how E.T.A. Hoffmann's characters in'The Sandman','Councillor Krespel'and 'New Year's Eve Adventure'operate as paradigms for the Paradis/Mesmer relationship. This chapter also showshowHoffmann's awareness of Mesmerisminfluenced his short stories, 'Automata','The Magnetiser'and 'The Golden Pot.'
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Eziukwu, Emenike Nduaka. "Nigerian coal power stations : their future in the light of global warming / E.N. Eziukwu." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/3668.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nigeria is presently being faced with a growing electricity demand problem following its population growth rate. The total installed capacity is far less than the current demand for electricity supply. As a way of bridging out this supply gap, the federal government is mobilizing all of its potential energy options.
Coal is widely used for power generation in many countries. But today, the continued usage of coal for power generation is being challenged by the disturbing global warming phenomenon. This is due to the quantity of uncontrolled carbon dioxide emission from traditional coal-fired power plants.
The aim of this dissertation is to critically analyse the future of the Nigerian coal power stations following the need to do carbon dioxide emission control necessary for ensuring a sustainable environment. Achieving this aim entails the appraisal of environmental regulation standards and cost structures of carbon dioxide (C02) emission reduction options for the coal power stations.
Controlling carbon dioxide emission from existing coal power stations requires retrofit system that captures and effectively sequestrates the captured CO2. The cost and performance effect of the CO2 retrofit system on the existing power plant can be simulated with standard computer software models. In this study the lECM-cs computer modelling tool for power plants was used in determining the cost and performance impacts of applying an Amine-based C02 capture system to the Oji river power station in Nigeria.
With the lECM-cs model, it was established that reducing C02 emission imposes an additional cost on the power plant which increases the unit cost of electricity generated. This additional cost index requires economic justification for its acceptance. This is due to the need to demonstrate its viability judging from the cost of electricity generated from other sources in the Nigerian economy. For the Oji river case, the station is old and requires extensive renovation. This causes a cost escalation over and above the cost associated with the CO2 sequestration system. As such, Oji coal power station does not have an economic future if C02 emission sequestration becomes obligatory.
The future of coal power stations in Nigeria can be considered from two scenarios: one where the current national environmental standard is retained and another where it is revised. The revision classifies CO2 as a pollutant which makes its emission reduction imperative for coal power plants. Under the current standard, building modern large capacity pulverized coal-fired power plants with improved steam cycles should be encouraged. But with the review of the national standard, the focus should be on building new large capacity coal power stations with integrated CO2 emission control. This will ensure an environmentally friendly future for coal power stations in Nigeria.Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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Rocha, Antonio Carlos da. "Análise comparativa de planejamento e custo de fachadas de edifício de múltiplos pavimentos com as tecnologias tradicional e com chapas delgadas estruturadas em light steel framing." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3153/tde-27092017-103852/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A tecnologia construtiva em chapas delgadas estruturadas em Light Steel Framing (LSF) vem sendo introduzida no mercado nacional como uma alternativa para substituir a tecnologia tradicional com vedações externas em alvenaria e revestimentos aderidos, comumente utilizada para execução de fachadas em edifícios de múltiplos pavimentos. Trata-se de uma tecnologia com montagem a seco que traz potenciais benefícios em relação ao método tradicional de produção de fachadas, notadamente em relação a: otimização da logística no canteiro de obra; simplificação dos procedimentos de acompanhamento e controle das etapas executivas; alta produtividade, com potencial redução dos prazos de obra; fácil controle sobre o custo final do serviço; e redução de riscos quanto ao cumprimento dos prazos planejados para o desenvolvimento e conclusão da atividade. O objetivo do presente trabalho é comparar os diferenciais no planejamento da obra e no custo de produção entre essa tecnologia e o método tradicional para execução de fachadas de edifícios de múltiplos pavimentos, considerando-se um mesmo projeto arquitetônico. Como método para o desenvolvimento do trabalho, adotou-se: pesquisa bibliográfica; entrevistas com profissionais, fabricantes e empresas especializadas na montagem da tecnologia em chapas delgadas estruturadas em Light Steel Framing (LSF); pesquisa quanto às alternativas disponíveis para o LSF e quanto aos custos praticados no mercado nacional para ambas as tecnologias; e acompanhamento de obras em LSF visando aprofundar os conhecimentos sobre seu método de execução de fachada. Pela escassa literatura nacional sobre o tema e pelo ainda incipiente conhecimento sobre esta tecnologia no meio técnico e acadêmico, acredita-se que o presente trabalho apresenta informações relevantes para profissionais ou empresas dispostas a inovar na execução desse importante subsistema das edificações, adotando a tecnologia com painéis leves em seus futuros projetos.The building technology of light weight external sheets structured in Light Steel Framing (LSF) has been introduced in the domestic market as an alternative to replace traditional exterior masonry and mortar cladding technology commonly used for façade construction in multiple floors buildings. It is a technology with dry assembly that brings potential benefits in relation to the traditional method of façade production, especially in relation to: optimization of the logistics in the construction site; simplification of procedures for monitoring and controlling the executive stages; high productivity, with potential reduction of work deadlines; easier control over the final cost of the service; and reduction of risks regarding compliance with the deadlines planned for the development and completion of the activity. The objective of the present work is to compare the differentials in the planning of the work and the cost of production between this technology and the traditional method for the execution of façades of multiple floors buildings, considering the same architectural design. As a method for the development of the work, it was adopted: bibliographic research; interviews with professionals, manufacturers and companies specializing in the assembly of thin sheet structured in Light Steel Framing (LSF) technology; research on the alternatives available to the light weight external sheets structured in LSF technology and on the costs practiced in the national market for both technologies; follow-up of works in LSF aiming to deepen the knowledge about its method of execution of facade. Due to the scarce national literature on the subject and the still incipient knowledge about this technology in the technical and academic environment, it is believed that the present work presents relevant information for professionals or companies willing to innovate in the execution of this important subsystem of the buildings, adopting the technology with light weight panels for façade production in their future projects.
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Brewis, Chandre. "Quantifying the environmental dimension of sustainability for the built environment : with a focus on low-cost housing in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20298.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Sustainability is difficult to achieve in a world where population and economic growth leads to increased production of greenhouse gases, resource depletion and waste generation. Today, the environmental dimension of sustainability, which is more commonly known as the natural environment, and the construction industry are two terms often mentioned together. In Europe, 12.4 % of greenhouse gas emissions are induced by the construction and manufacturing industry (Maydl, 2004). Also, 50 % of the resources extracted are used in the construction industry and more than 25 % of waste generated is construction and demolition waste. In South Africa, the building sector accounts for approximately 23 % of the total greenhouse gas emissions (Milford, 2009). Furthermore, 60 % of investment is made in the residential sector where 33 % of the building stock is the focus of the government’s Housing Programme. It is seen that the construction industry significantly impacts the natural environment and the aim should be to reduce this negative impact. Within the local residential sector, the low-cost housing sector presents potential when it comes to sustainable improvements. Each of the three spheres of sustainability, namely economy, natural environment and society, plays a crucial role in this sector. Various studies have been done on the economical and social fields, but little information exists on the impact low-cost houses have on the environment. A need arises to scientifically quantify the environmental impact hereof, therefore it is chosen as the focus of this study. Various methods in order to determine the environmental impact of the built environment exist globally, but they tend to be complex, are used in conjunction with difficult to understand databases and require expensive software. A need for a local quantification method with which to determine the environmental impact of the built environment, more specifically low-cost housing, has been identified. A simple and easy-to-use analysis-orientated quantification method is proposed in this study. The quantification method is compiled with indicators related to the local conditions; these include Emissions, Resource Depletion and Waste Generation. The end objective is to provide the user with an aggregated total value called the Environmental Impact Index to ease comparison of possible alternatives. The quantification method is developed as a mathematical tool in the form of a partial Life Cycle Assessment which can aid in objective decision making during the conception and design phase of a specific project. Note that only the Pre-Use Phase of the building life cycle is considered during the assessment, but can be extended to include the Use Phase and End-of-Life Phase. The proposed method has the capability of calculating and optimising the environmental impact of a building. Regarding low-cost housing, different housing unit designs can be compared in order to select the best alternative. The quantification method is implemented for two low-cost house design types in this study. Firstly, the conventional brick and mortar design is considered whereafter a Light Steel Frame Building is viewed as an alternative. The model implementation demonstrates that the model operates in its supposed manner. Also, Light Steel Frame Building housing units are shown to be worth investigating as an alternative to the conventional brick and mortar design but should be confirmed with a more accurate Life Cycle Assessment.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In ’n wêreld waar toenemende ekonomiese en bevolkingsgroei veroorsaak dat al hoe meer kweekhuisgasse voortgebring word, hulpbronne uitgeput word en groter hoeveelhede rommel geproduseer word, is dit ’n bykans onbegonne taak om volhoubaarheid te probeer bereik. Volhoubaarheid rakende die natuurlike omgewing en konstruksie is twee terme wat vandag dikwels saam genoem word. Ongeveer 12.4 % van die kweekhuisgasse wat in Europa vrygestel word kom uit die konstruksie- en vervaardigingbedrywe (Maydl, 2004). Die konstruksiebedryf gebruik ook bykans die helfte van hulpbronne wat ontgin word en meer as 25 % van rommel word deur konstruksie of sloping produseer. Die Suid-Afrikaaanse boubedryf is verantwoordelik vir 23 % van die totale hoeveelheid kweekhuisgasse wat die land vrystel. Die behuisingsektor, waar die regering aan die hoof van 33 % van eenhede staan, ontvang 60 % van bestaande beleggings (Milford, 2009). Dit is dus duidelik dat die boubedryf ’n negatiewe impak op die natuurlike omgewing het en dat dit van groot belang is om dié situasie te verbeter. In die behuisingsektor het lae-koste-behuising groot potensiaal as dit kom by volhoubaarheid. Volhoubaarheid bestaan uit drie sfere: ekonomie, natuurlike omgewing en sosiaal, en al drie speel ’n betekenisvolle rol in lae-koste-behuising. Daar is reeds verskeie studies aangepak om die ekonomiese en sosiale sfere te beskryf, maar daar is steeds min inligting beskikbaar oor die omgewingsimpak van ’n lae-koste-huis. Dit laat die behoefte ontstaan om hierdie impak te kwantifiseer. Bestaande metodes wat wêreldwyd gebruik word om ʼn omgewingsimpak te bepaal is dikwels besonder kompleks en benodig duur sagteware tesame met ingewikkelde databasisse om dit te implementeer. ’n Behoefte aan ’n plaaslike kwantifiseringsmetode is geïdentifiseer. Hierdie studie stel ’n eenvoudige, gebruikersvriendelike kwantifiseringsmetode bekend. Dit word saamgestel uit faktore wat verband hou met die plaaslike omgewing: Uitlaatgasse, Hulpbronuitputting en Rommelvervaardiging. Uiteindelik word ’n saamgestelde waarde, wat die Omgewingsimpak-indeks genoem word, bereken om vergelyking te vergemaklik. Hierdie kwantifiseringsmetode word aan die hand van ’n gedeeltelike lewenssiklus-analise as ’n wiskundige hulpmiddel ontwikkel. Slegs die eerste fase van ’n gebou se lewenssiklus word beskou tydens hierdie studie, maar dit is moontlik om die ander twee fases in te sluit. Die voorgestelde metode het die vermoë om die omgewingsimpak te bereken en ook te optimeer. Tydens die ontwerpsfase, wanneer belangrike besluite geneem moet word, kan so ’n hulpmiddel van enorme waarde wees om die beste opsie uit verskillende alternatiewe te help identifiseer. Die studie beskou twee tipes behuisingseenhede vir die doel van implementering van die kwantifiseringsmetode: die konvensionele baksteen en mortel metode en alternatiewelik ’n ligte staalraamwerk-gebou. Tydens implementering van die voorgestelde metode, demonstreer die model dat dit werk soos dit veronderstel is om te funksioneer. Verder is getoon dat ’n ligte staalraamwerk-gebou ’n waardevolle alternatief is om te ondersoek, maar dit moet liefs met ’n meer akkurate lewenssiklus-analise bevestig word.
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Luna, Requena Álvaro Carlos. "Crisis of the user charges in the Argentine Republic: reflections in light of the jurisprudence of Peru, Uruguay and Brazil." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118385.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article sets out that argentinean municipalities are legally banned from raising taxes, but are allowed to levy user charges for specific services. Nevertheless, such limitation is overlooked by the municipalities by means of introducing the “ability top ay” principle within the structure of the taxable base of said user charges. The author concludes that such mechanism distorts the user charge, altering its essence, with the result of transforming it into a mere tax, with the resulting violation of the current legislation.The author critically reviews argentinean case law that has given grounds to such a fiscal deviation and –in order to make his point- compares it with jurisprudence registered on this issue by the Supreme Courts of Peru, Brazil and Uruguay. Such comparison evidences that, if argentinean courts were to apply the criteria said of those Supreme Courts, almost every user charge in Argentina would have to be declared unconstitutional.El artículo expone que los municipios argentinos están legalmente vedados de cobrar impuestos, viendo limitado su poder tributario al cobro de tasas. Sin embargo, en la práctica eluden esa prohibición mediante la maniobra de introducir en su base imponible criterios puros de capacidad contributiva (vgr. el monto de ventas), con total prescindencia del costo de los servicios retribuidos.El autor reseña críticamente la jurisprudencia de los tribunales argentinos, los cuales han convalidado el uso del principio de capacidad contributiva en materia de tasas. También efectúa una comparación con el tratamiento que esta cuestión ha tenido en los máximos tribunales de Perú, Brasil y Uruguay. Dicha comparación deja en evidencia que, de aplicarse en Argentina los criterios uniformemente sostenidos por los tribunales de estos tres países, una parte sustancial de las tasas hoy vigentes en este último país debería ser declarada inconstitucional.
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Backlund, Tomas, and Hedlund Tom. "Spårvagnstrafik i Västerås? : En förstudie i förutsättningarna för modern spårvagnstrafik." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-12909.
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Läns- och lokaltrafikens branschorganisation Svensk Kollektivtrafik har som mål att år 2020 ha fördubblat kollektivtrafikresandet från 2006 års siffror. En sådan förändring kommer inte att ske av sig självt utan ett målmedvetet arbete kommer att krävas för att göra kollektivtrafiken mer attraktiv. En alltmer aktuell utveckling av kollektivtrafiken är att flera svenska städer har mer eller mindre långtgångna planer på att införa spårvagnstrafik. Detta examensarbetes syfte är att utreda förutsättningarna för en spårvägsetablering i Västerås Stad. Arbetet delas in i litteraturstudie, fallstudie, enkätstudie samt intervjustudie. I den inledande litteraturstudien sammanställs allmän information avseende spårvägens utformning, anläggning, kostnader samt finansieringsmöjligheter. Den knyter även an till tidigare studier inom området för att tillvarata nyttiga erfarenheter. I fallstudien undersöks Västerås förutsättningar för spårvagnstrafik. Förutsättningarna används sedan till att upprätta ett systemförslag avseende ett stomlinjesystem för spårvagn med tillhörande drift- och investeringskostnader. I enkätstudien redogörs Västerås invånares inställning till ett hypotetiskt förslag om införande av spårvagnstrafik som en del av stadens kollektivtrafikssystem. Intervjustudien resulterade i att litteraturstudien kunde kompletteras med en i spårvagnsbranschen aktiv aktörs erfarenheter. Vidare analyseras samtliga studier var för sig och sedan som en enhet. Slutligen presenteras våra egna slutsatser.County and local traffic trade association Swedish Public Transport Association's goal by 2010 is to double the travel by public transport from 2006 years figures. Such a change will not happen by itself; a systematic effort will be required to create an attractive public transport. A more recent development of public transport is that several Swedish cities have more or less advanced plans to introduce trams.This thesis work aims to investigate the preconditions of a tram establishment in Västerås. The work is divided into literature study, case study, questionnaire survey and interview. The initial literature study summarizes general information regarding light rail design, construction, costs and financing options. The study also ties in with previous studies in the area to gain useful experience. The case study examines Västerås conditions for trams. The conditions are then used to establish a system proposal of a line system for tram with the associated operational and investment costs. The questionnaire study describes Västerås residents attitudes to a hypothetical proposal for the introduction of light rail transit as part of the city's public transport system. The interview study resulted in the literature study being supplemented by experiences from an active actor within the tram industry. The thesis analyzes all of the studies individually and then as a unit. Finally, the authors’ own conclusions are presented.
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Pettersson, Beatrice, and Carolina Olsson. "Underlag för projektering av ytterväggar : Kvalitativ analys av ytterväggar ur ett livslängdsperspektiv med fokus på fuktsäkerhet, robusthet och kostnad." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-259899.
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Vid projektering av ytterväggar ställs höga krav på funktion och utformning. Ytterväggar har en mängd olika konstruktionslösningar beroende på stomsystem, fasadmaterial och andra förutsättningar. Uppdragsgivaren WSP, vill underlätta kvalitetssäkringen och minska tidsåtgången vid projektering med hjälp av framtagna typdetaljer. Typdetaljerna är utformade med hänsyn till aspekterna fuktsäkerhet, robusthet och kostnad. Intervjuer med konstruktörer, litteraturstudier samt kontakt med produktleverantörer, ligger till grund för arbetet. Utifrån analys av insamlat material har konstruktionslösningar tagits fram utifrån en maximal livslängd. Arbetet har resulterat i två typdetaljer för tung stomme och tre för lätt stomme, med fasadmaterialen puts, tegel samt skivmaterial. Tillhörande teknisk beskrivning, U-värde och kostnadsbild har tagits fram för vardera typdetalj.Moisture saftey; Robustness; Cost; Exterior wall; Light frame; Heavy frame; Construction details Abstract på engelska: Function and design have always been critically important when designing exterior walls. Several designs can be possible but are largely dependent upon the framework system, facade material as well as various other considerations. The client, WSP, wish to guarantee quality whilst reducing planning time but also maintaining factors such as moisture safety, robustness and cost. The basis of the work consisted of interviews with designers, revision of literature and product supplier liaison. Based upon analysis of collected material, the designs have been developed to ensure a maximum life span. The result has produced both heavy and light frame designs by utilising plaster, brick and sheet materials for the facade construction. The relevant technical descriptions, U-values and overall cost estimates have been developed for each construction details.
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Elofsson, Elina, and Nicklas Bernlo. "Jämförelse av LVL-balk och lättbalk i mellanbjälklag : En studie för Moderna Trähus." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-68568.
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Moderna Trähus vill undersöka möjligheten till att byta ut LVL-balk mot lättbalk men ändå bevara samma byggmetod. Metoden innebär att balkarna i mellanbjälklaget sänks med 30 mm under badrum. Rapporten presenterar LVL- och lättbalks egenskaper. Olika resultat från kostnadsberäkningar, hållfasthetsberäkningar och laborationstest baserat på standard EOTA TR002 presenteras i rapporten.Moderna Trähus will investigate the possibility of replacing the LVL-beams with light composite wood-based beams, yet preserving the same construction method. The method means that the beams in the intermediate floor will be taking down 30 mm under the bathroom. This report presents the characteristics of both LVL-and light composite wood-based beams. The report also present different results from cost calculations, strength calculations and laboratory test based on the standard EOTA TR002.
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Campo, Carlos. "Bus rapid transit: theory and practice in the United States and abroad." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37089.
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Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) is a relatively new mode with a wide range of applications that are still not well understood. Its explosive growth in developing and developed countries has increased its exposure but has led to mostly experimental implementation with mixed results. Therefore, better understanding about the reasons behind BRT implementation success and shortcomings is needed. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the state of BRT planning under different contexts by assessing how background theory and practical implementation of BRT systems compare. The scope is limited to current a detailed evaluation of 13 case studies in the United States, Canada, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador chosen to represent some of the most succesful and established systems in the world. Data was obtaiend from previous research as well as direct reporting from agencies. The evaluation is performed through qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative methods classify BRT systems by characteristics and assess the relationship between their implementation and performance using the criteria defined in the literature. Quantitative methods build upon the previous analysis to more precisely assess their performance from both the users' and the transit providers' perspectives. This research found that BRT as a public transit mode has a large room of improvement in terms of design and implementation, since there is a significant variability in performance under similar conditions and a considerable gap between planning best practices and implementation. Also, that planning guidelines are still in an early stage of development and difer in scope and application to a particular context. It also found that its success is not conscribed to developing countries, but that its wide range of applications need to be better adapted to the context they should serve. The findings are significant because they dispel myths about the real potential of BRT and partially identify the reasons behind successes and failures of current systems, such as understimation of implementation times and lack of knowledge about component integration. Further research should approach these issues mainly in two complementary directions. First, it should focus on expanding the case study approach to the newer systems in operation once better data is available. Second,it should further advance the development of theoretical framwork for better operational design based on urban form, as well as an evaluation framework that puts more emphasis on user experience and sustainability. Finally, the findings reinforce that BRT is a distinct mode so that systems that do not meet its criteria should not be named as such.
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Козак, Катерина Миколаївна, та Kateryna Mykolaivna Kozak. "Системний підхід до оцінки енергоефективності джерел світла та освітлювальних установок". Thesis, Тернопільський національний технічний університет ім. Івана Пулюя, 2014. http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/5095.
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Робота виконана в Тернопільському національному технічному університеті імені Івана Пулюя Міністерства освіти і науки України, м. Тернопіль. Захист відбудеться 25 грудня 2014 року на засіданні спеціалізованої вченої ради К. 58.052.04. у Тернопільському національному технічному університеті імені Івана Пулюя за адресою: 46008, Україна, м. Тернопіль вул. Білогірська, 50. З дисертацією можна ознайомитись у бібліотеці Тернопільського національного технічного університету імені Івана Пулюя за адресою: 46001, м. Тернопіль, вул. Руська, 56.Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.09.07 – світлотехніка та джерела світла. Тернопільський наці-ональний технічний університет імені Івана Пулюя, Тернопіль 2014. Дисертація присвячена розвитку науково-технічних основ оцінки енерго-ефективності джерел світла та освітлювальних установок, побудованих на їх основі. Доведено, що найбільш достовірним методом оцінки енергоефективності джерел світла, незалежно від фізичних принципів їхньої дії, є метод, оснований на оцінці енергоефективності за питомою вартістю одиниці світлової енергії, ви-робленої джерелом світла за середню тривалість його світіння. Запропоновано аналітичний вираз для розрахунку економії електричної енергії для будь-яких функціональних залежностей регулювання світлового по-току джерел світла. Доведено, що динаміка перехідного процесу спаду світло-вого потоку напівпровідникових джерел світла від моменту ввімкнення до пе-реходу в усталений режим, а також протягом експлуатації в межах середньої тривалості світіння, з достатньої для практики точністю описується різницею падаючої і зростаючої експоненціальних функцій з різними сталими часу та сталими інтегрування. Доведено, що одночасне зменшення діаметру розрядної трубки і струму, що протікає через люмінесцентну лампу, призводить до суттєвого зростання відносних значень напруги на лампі, обмежуючи можливості виготовлення по-тужних ЛЛ для електричних мереж промислової частоти напругою 220-240 В. Запропоновано концепцію конструювання безблискісних світлодіодних світильників. Доведено, що автомобільні дороги найкраще освітлювати золоти-сто-жовтим світлом РЛВТ типу ДНаТ, а пішохідні переходи додатково ще й спеціалізованими світлодіодними освітлювальними приладами.
Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата технических наук по специальности 05.09.07 – светотехника и источники света. – Тернопольский национальный технический университет имени Ивана Пулюя, Тернополь, 2014. Диссертация посвящена развитию научно-технических основ оценки эне- ргоэффективности источников света и осветительных установок, построенных на их основе. Доказано, что наиболее достоверным методом оценки энергоэф- фективности источников света, независимо от физически принципов их работы, является метод, основанный на оценке энергоэффективности по удельной стои- мости единицы световой энергии, выработанной источником света за среднюю продолжительность его свечения. Разработана математическая модель для расчета достоверних значений экономии электрической энергии для любых функциональных зависимостей регулирования светового потока источников света. Доказано, что динамика пе- реходного процесса спада светового потока полупроводниковых источников света от момента включения до перехода в установившийся режим, а также в течение эксплуатации в пределах средней продолжительности свечения, с до- статочной для практики точностью описывается разницей спадающей и возрас- тающей экспоненциальных функций с различными по величине постоянными времени и постоянными интегрирования. Доказано, что одновременное уменьшение диаметра разрядной трубки и тока через люминесцентную лампу приводит к существенному росту относи- тельных значений напряжения на лампе, ограничивая возможности изготовле- ния мощных ЛЛ для электрических сетей промышленной частоты напряжением 220-230 В. 19 Предложена концепция конструирования безблесткостных светодиодных светильников. Доказано, что автомобильные дороги лучше всего освещать зо- лотисто-желтым светом РЛВД типа ДНаТ, а пешеходные переходы дополни- тельно еще и специализированными светодиодными осветительными прибора- ми.
Thesis for a Candidate Degree in Technical Sciences, Speciality 05.09.07 – Light Engineering and Light Sources. – Ternopil Ivan Pul'uj State Technical University, Ternopil, 2014. The thesis deals with the development of scientific and technical bases of assessment of light sources and lighting settings’ energy efficiency manufactured on their basis. It has been proved that the most reliable, comprehensive and scientifically sound evaluation method of energy efficiency of light sources regardless of physical principles of their functioning is the method based on the assessment of energy efficiency by the specific cost per unit of light energy produced by a light source within an average duration of its luminescence. That is caused by the fact that in estimating there has been taken into account the maximum possible number of available parameters (the cost of light sources and the minimum of start-control devices necessary for them, the power of light sources, luminous efficiency of a light sources set plus start-control devices and an average duration of glow) which influence energy efficiency in the greatest degree. There has been developed a mathematical model for calculating realistic values of electrical еnergy savings for any functional dependencies of luminous flux light sources regulation, taking into account the power losses in electromagnetic ballast chokes. It has been proved that the dynamics of the transition process of semiconductor light sources’ luminous flux decrease from the moment of switching to the moment of transition into a steady mode, as well as within an average duration of glow, is described (with accuracy sufficient for practical purposes) by the difference of decreasing and increasing exponential functions of constants of time and integration of various magnitude, which made it possible: a) to evaluate the contribution of each transient thermal resistance (light emitting diode-radiator, radiator-environment) to the process of the excessive heat transfer from a driver and LEDs to the environment; b) to suggest a method of determining an optimal value of nominal current generated on the basis of LED lighting products in terms of providing a necessary magnitude of an average duration of glow; c) to determine the amount of light energy generated within any pre-specified period of time. 20 Based on the analysis and generalization of the obtained and published experi- mental data there has been constructed an mathematical model of electrical and lighting parameters of semiconductor light sources in the form of system equations, which made it possible to determine their energy efficiency in the process of luminous flux regulation. There has been introduced the concept of spatial pulsations of the luminous flux which made it possible: a) to formulate the requirements for the rational distribution in rooms of two and four lamp fixtures made under a split phase scheme for the network power frequency of 50 Hz; b) to explain the causes for the increase (decrease) of the luminous flux pulsation coefficient of white light from heat and discharge light sources in passing through bulbs of coloured light sources or coloured filters. It has been proved that a simultaneous decrease of the discharge tube diameter and the current through a fluorescent lamp leads to a significant increase in the relative values of voltage in a lamp (due to the increase of the potential gradient in a positive pillar of discharge) limiting the possibility of manufacturing not only powerful low-pressure discharge lamps, but also the increase of the luminous efficiency and operation in a chain of an industrial network with electromagnetic start-control devices. There has been set forward the concept of designing anti-glare light emitting diodes luminaires based on multicomponentness, namely the transition from general to zonal lighting, from the category of "lamp" to the category of "lighting apparatus", from powerful to small and medium-power LEDs with light beams redirection by means of reflective systems and secondary optical lens to avoid hyper-brightness cells formation. It has been proved that highways are better illuminated by golden-yellow light of high intensity discharge lamps of the high-pressure sodium vapor type while pedestrian crossings – by additional specialized LED lighting fixtures that would operate only in the periods when at a pedestrian crossing area there will be both vehicles and pedestrians (a pedestrian), which will make it possible not only to increase the energy efficiency of lighting settings, but also to reduce the number of traffic accidents involving pedestrians. It has been found out that for light sources with continuously declining dependency of energy efficiency the regulation of the luminous flux in terms of the normalized specific cost per unit of light energy produced by a light source in the process of dimming the best mode of exploitation is the on-off one based on the usage of presence sensors.
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Machala, Marek. "Provozní aspekty a konkurenceschopnost letounů kategorie VLJ." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228910.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Master’s thesis deals with problematic of operating aspects and competitiveness of VLJ aircraft in Czech and Europe market. The Thesis contain information about different types of VLJ, their operational costs and comparisons with competitors, some information about aircraft fractional ownership and their operation. There is written a market analysis for this aircraft and air taxi service in analyzed.
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Mandana, Raghav Somayya. "Policy Tools for the Decarbonisation of Urban Freight Transport in Brazil." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299857.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There has been an increase in the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the last 3 decades. A large share of these emissions is produced by the transport sector. In 2010 alone, global transport accounted for 7 GtCO2 eq and approximately 23% of total energy-related CO2 emissions. In order for the decarbonisation of the transport sector, one of the most important strategies is to reduce the use of fossil fuels. Fossil fuel consumption can be reduced by rolling out more battery electric vehicles (BEVs) on public roads. This is one of the methods by which the concept of electromobility is promoted. In order to increase the share of EVs, many countries have implemented different policies that promote the electrification of the transport sector. With respect to freight transport, electric commercial vans are one of the feasible choices. This Master thesis involves a quantitative study which focus on the “total cost of ownership” (TCO) of light commercial vehicles (LCVs). Two diesel vans currently used in Curitiba, Brazil were selected - the Sprinter van by Mercedes-Benz and the Master van by Renault. In addition, their electric counterparts were also chosen; in conjunction, a sensitivity analysis with respect to fuel prices and annual distance driven was conducted. The results showed that the TCO of the electric LCVs is around 1.6 to 1.7 times higher than their diesel versions. As far as the two van model types were concerned, the Mercedes-Benz Sprinter had a higher TCO than the Renault Master over the chosen vehicle lifetime for both the diesel and electric versions, with the difference around 7.5% for the diesel versions and approximately 13% for the electric versions. Based on the results of the TCO study, possible economic policies and fiscal instruments were recommended with regards to light commercial freight transport for Curitiba.Det har skett en ökning av koldioxidutsläppen (CO2) under de senaste 3 decennierna. En stor del av dessa utsläpp produceras av transportsektorn. Bara 2010 svarade, global transport för 7 GtCO2 ekvivalenter och cirka 23% av de totala energirelaterade koldioxidutsläppen. För att avkolning av transportsektorn är en av de viktigaste strategierna att minska användningen av fossila bränslen. Fossil bränsleförbrukning kan minskas genom att rulla ut fler elektriska fordon (EF) på allmänna vägar när det gäller transportsektorn i allmänhet. Detta är en av metoderna som begreppet elektromobilitet främjas. För att öka andelen elbilar har många länder genomfört olika policyer som främjar elektrifiering av transportsektorn. När det gäller godstransport, är elektriska kommersiella lastbilar och skåpbilar två av de möjliga valen. Detta examensarbete involverar en kvantitativ studie som fokuserar på “totala ägandekostnaderna” (TÄK) för lätta nyttofordon. Två dieselbilar som för närvarande används i Curitiba, Brasilien valdes - Sprinter-skåpbilen från Mercedes-Benz och Master-skåpbilen av Renault. Dessutom valdes deras elektriska motsvarigheter; i samband med detta genomfördes en känslighetsanalys avseende bränslepriser och årlig körd distans. Resultaten visade att T för elektriska LCV är cirka 1.6 till 1.7 gånger högre än deras dieselversioner. När det gäller de två typerna av skåpbilar hade Mercedes-Benz Sprinter en högre TCO än Renault Master under den valda fordonstiden för både diesel - och elektriska versioner, med skillnaden cirka 7.5% för dieselversionerna och cirka 13% för de elektriska versionerna. Baserat på resultaten av TCO-studien rekommenderades möjlig ekonomisk politik och finanspolitiska instrument när det gäller lätt kommersiell godstransport för Curitiba.
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Ng, Joan. "Efficiency of Incandescent and Fluorescent Light Bulbs: a Comparative Analysis on Cost and Power Usage." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/7912.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Light bulbs play an indispensable role in our lives as they provide unhindered ability to see the world even during the night. Efficiency of light bulbs is becoming increasingly important, and through this experiment, light bulb efficiencies are analyzed from measurements of relative light intensity and power input of various bulbs. Furthermore, this report is aimed to
increase awareness of the efficiency advantage in fluorescent bulbs and to encourage their usage in the interest of conserving energy.
35
LI, CHIA-MING, and 李家銘. "The Smart Light Bulbs System." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93884749022517657872.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士崑山科技大學
數位生活科技研究所
105
In recent years, due to the development of information technology and the increasing popularity of mobile phones and tablets, requirements for being in a good life have extended. These advancements also make the developments of intelligent appliances become more vigorous. People are available to manipulate appliances through mobile devices and they will not be limited by fixed switches and fixed-color lights. The paper presents is The smart light bulbs system that has appearance same as bulbs commonly found on the market and can be installed on lamps or ceiling lamp holders. The bulb sensing system can acquire power through its lamp cap and can connect to handheld devices through Bluetooth or WIFI for transmitting and receiving data. The bulb sensing device comprises a speaker, a wireless transmission module, a control module and at least a sensing module. Wherein, types of sensing modules include image monitoring module, motion sensing module, sound sensing module, infrared ray sensing module, smoke sensing module, carbon monoxide sensing module, temperature sensing module, humidity sensing module, ultraviolet sensing module… etc. Users could let the bulb detect the music by playing music through a handheld device and they could also receive the sensing data sent from the bulb.
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Hsiao, Tsai-Li, and 蕭才力. "Numerical Simulation of Heat Dissipation of LED Light Bulbs." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29583984982602905521.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士華梵大學
機電工程學系博碩專班
101
Abstract LED is energy-saving, eco-friendly, sustainable, and with advantages such as lower CO2 emission etc. It is slowly replacing traditional fluorescent bulbs in brightness and illumination. However, one of the key obstacles to overcome is its heat dissipation problem. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the temperature and flow fields of LED light bulbs. A commercial LED light bulb, with model number of XH-SBPar30-7 * 1W, is used as the base model. A couple of modified models with different numbers of fin are also studied. A computational fluid dynamics software, ANSYS Fluent, is utilized to simulate and analyze heat dissipation performance. Free and forced convections are both conducted. The air velocity and temperature distributions are solved according to mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations for the fluid domain while the temperature field of the LED light bulb itself is calculated through conjugate heat transfer. The cooling performance under free and forced convections with 3, 4, and 5 fin models are compared. It is observed that the heat dissipation performance is better with forced convection. The heat transfer effects are better when the air velocity is higher. The performance varies with wind speed, fin number, thickness and airspaces of the fins in each convection case. For the natural convection case, 5-fin model has the highest temperature; while the 3-fin model has the lowest temperature. When air velocity is 0.2 m/s, the temperature of 5-fin model still is the highest. However, the temperature of 3-fin model is approaching that of model the 4-fin. When the air velocity reaches 0.4 m/s, the temperature of 3-fin model becomes higher than the 4-fin model’s temperature. Keywords: LED, thermal analysis, computational fluid dynamics
37
Hsu, Wei-Lun, and 許維倫. "Thermal Fluid Analysis of LED Light Bulbs under Natural Convection." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07184815978008963934.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士華梵大學
機電工程學系
102
In comparison with the traditional incandescent light bulb, LED has a few benefits such as a better energy saving system, a brighter illumination as well as a longer usage. In addition, the LED light has remarkable environmental advantages; however, the heat problem limits the further development of the LED. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the temperature and flow fields of LED light bulbs. A commercial LED light bulb, with model number of ASW-11W, is used as the base model. The original model has 28 curved fins while the other modified model has 28 straight fins. In addition to the fin’s shape difference, the number of fins is also reduced to 25 fins for each design in this study. The objectives of the simulations are to analyze the temperature distribution and flow fields of the surrounding air and to understand the temperature phenomena of the solid structures. A computational fluid dynamics software, ANSYS Fluent, is utilized to simulate and analyze heat dissipation performance. The air velocity and temperature distributions are solved according to mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations for the fluid domain while the temperature field of the LED light bulb itself is calculated through conjugate heat transfer. By using Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) to simulate the results, the temperature distribution of different models can be found and compared. The results show that the original 28 curved fins model possesses greater cooling effects compared with the 28 straight fins model. The reduction of the amount of fins, from 28 to 25, will also make the cooling effects less effective.
38
Hsueh, Cheng-Hsiang, and 薛丞翔. "Computational Fluid Dynamic and Thermal Analysis of LED Light Bulbs." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38595931287416567714.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士華梵大學
機電工程學系
102
LED light bulb is energy-saving and life expectancy is also longer than ordinary light bulbs. It will certainly replace the original light bulbs in the future. However the premise is to be able to solve the LED heat dissipation problem. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the temperature and flow fields of LED light bulbs. LED light bulb with model number of SMMR16-L-7XW is used as the base model. Another modified model with different numbers of fin is also studied. A computational fluid dynamics software, ANSYS Fluent, is utilized to simulate and analyze heat dissipation performance. Free and forced convections are both applied. The air velocity and temperature distributions are solved according to mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations for the fluid domain while the temperature field of the LED light bulb itself is calculated through conjugate heat transfer. Two models under a variety of convection cooling states are sinmulated. The heat transfer effects are better when the air velocity is higher. In the situation of two different numbers of fin, temperature drops are different. In natural convection, 28-fin model has better temperature distribution than the 25-fin model. In forced convection, both 0.1 m / s and 0.2 m / s, the fin temperature of the 28-fin model is lower than the 25-fin fin model.
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Ryan, Tina Rivers. "McLuhan's Bulbs: Light Art and the Dawn of New Media." Thesis, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7916/D82V2G52.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
“McLuhan’s Bulbs” argues that the 1960s movement of “light art” is the primary site of negotiation between the discourses of “medium” and “media” in postwar art. In dialogue with the contemporaneous work of Marshall McLuhan, who privileged electric light as the ur-example of media theory, light art eschewed the traditional symbolism of light in Western art, deploying it instead as a cipher for electronic media. By embracing both these new forms of electronic media and also McLuhan’s media theory, light art ultimately becomes a limit term of the Greenbergian notion of medium-specificity, heralding the transformation of “medium” into “media” on both a technological and a theoretical level. This leads to a new understanding of the concept of media as not peripheral, but rather, central to the history and theory of contemporary art.
Drawing on extensive archival research to offer the first major history of light art, the project focuses in particular on the work of leading light artist Otto Piene, whose sculptural “light ballets,” “intermedia” environments, and early video projects responded to the increasing technological blurring of media formats by bringing together sound and image, only to insist on the separation between the two. Piene’s position would be superseded by the work of light artists who used electronic transducers to technologically translate between light and other phenomena, particularly sounds. These artists are represented here by Piene’s close friend and colleague, Wen-Ying Tsai. In the spirit of earlier examples of “computer art,” Tsai’s “cybernetic sculptures” used light to announce that art would no longer be defined by its material substrates, anticipating the fluid condition of media that we associate with new media art, and digital technology more broadly, today.
40
Chen, Ming-Cheng, and 陳明正. "Remote Control on The Mixing RGB Colors of LED Light Bulbs." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93472653497183003446.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士南台科技大學
電子工程系
94
A set of light bulb that implements on a remote-controlled LED display with a wireless remote control was studied in this thesis. First, the lamplight source was composed of individual-connected high brightness LED with R/G/B, the three primary colors, and the circuit was driven by electric transistors connected individually. It also triggered the controller by the micro-controller software simulation, where PWM（pulse width modulation）regulated the pulse wave duty cycle. We used the method of mixing lamplight chromaticity and regulating the R/G/B to a brightened and mixed color LED light. Concerning the micro-controller input of inner light bulbs, we used the radio transmitter receiver module and the decoder IC to receive the key button message controller from a wireless remote-controlled launcher. Second, the wireless remote controller was mainly composed of a radio transmitter launcher and an encoder IC. It also contained the function of a human-machine controlled and remote-controlled LED display via a key-button switch. To reduce the cost and promote the products to universal acceptance, micro-controller does not contain the PWM hardware design on those chips of EM78P458P, EM78P459P, etc. It can be applied with a lower priced EM78P153S chips with software PWM simulations to remotely control the mixing colors function of LED light bulbs. The LED light bulbs are applied by the market electricity AC 110V with the alternated current to transform the electric capacity to the DC constant voltage regulator mode, which supplies the whole LED light bulbs with the control system, the light lamplight source, and the single crystal. In order to extensively replace or provide landscape and stage lamplights, energy saving lamps and spiral shells can be used in the E27 type of lamp holders. Hopefully we will achieve the purpose of saving energy and power rate expenses.
41
Chen, Sheng-Yen, and 陳聖硯. "Consumers to buy energy saving light bulbs with energy efficiency grading mark cognition and behavior." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10507741155465329330.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士康寧大學
休閒資源暨綠色產業研究所
100
The world is confronted with the challenge of limited energy supply and climate anomalies, low-carbon energy and energy saving and carbon technical development, and development of the emerging green energy industry, have become a mainstream technology and industry of the countries is necessary to study. Therefore, how to make the best use of resources, how to save energy and reduce carbon emissions, has become an important issue in Taiwan. This study will examine the consumers to buy energy saving bulbs or buy energy saving light bulbs with energy efficiency grading mark cognition and behavior, current status of and in accordance with the literature our energy analysis and consumer buying behavior, self out of the pre-test questionnaire, through the experts and professors of the modified release of pre-test questionnaire, payment locations to the bulb area of the TSC discount Rende shop, through the pre-test questionnaire and then modify and correct the formal questionnaire. Finally, use of SPSS 12.0 to 150 copies of questionnaires and data analysis, reliability analysis are more than 0.7, a total of seven were significant differences in cognition and behavior of consumers of age on energy saving light bulbs and energy grade mark, showing the older the rightsaving light bulbs up to a certain degree of cognition and behavior, cognition and behavior of the consumers of gender on energy saving light bulbs and energy classification mark 4, display gender-saving light bulbs with energy classification mark of cognition and behavior significant differences, recommended follow-up study, can increase the kinds of questions do not want to buy or not to purchase more in-depth understanding of different groups.
42
LIU, YONG-LIANG, and 劉泳諒. "Research on Low Cost Light-weight Manipulators." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/c58m2c.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立中央大學
機械工程學系在職專班
105
Robots have been widely used in industry in recent year. Due to their flexibilities, the difficulty of designing complex machines may sometimes be simplified by using robots in pro-duction lines. Also, it can reduce human resources in manual loading and unloading works. The goal of this study is to design a low-cost three-degree-of-freedom Palletizing type of robot for manufacturing production lines. The cost, speed, precision and weight are main considerations when designing this robot. The Matlab software and Arduino UNO board are used to control the robot. Human interface is developed in Matlab GUI enviroment.The accuracy of repeated the positioning is within 0.2mm and the maximum weight is more than 1kg.
43
Ughanze, Ugonna Uzodinma. "Is LED use in traffic signals viable in the Texas Department of Transportation, Houston District?" Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2012-08-6186.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Light Emitting Diode (LED) is used in traffic signals and highway illumination in the Texas Department of Transportation, Houston District (TxDOT). The thesis focuses on the cost of maintenance of the LED for signals on the highway system in the Houston District. This LED cost includes human and capital resources which are compared against the cost associated with the incandescent bulb used in traffic signals at a similar location in Houston. The analysis leads to actionable decisions to see if total migration of the LED is advisable or not, amidst budgetary constraints and the benefits thereof.text
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Chen, Yu-Kuan, and 陳育寬. "Low Cost Vertical-scanning System for White Light Interferometer." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53185226826356429796.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士中原大學
機械工程研究所
96
PZT is generally used in the scanning system of white light interferometer, but it takes time to reach the exact position as it uses precise movement feedback control. During vertical scanning the CCD camera needs to wait for PZT to be steady and capture the image. This phenomenon limits the Frame per second (FPS) of CCD and makes the time of metrology too long. The aim of this research is to develop a high speed and low cost vertical scanning system for white light interferometer. To reduce the cost of the system, stepping motor controlled by microcontroller used in the developed design for vertical movement. Another microcontroller is used to pick up the signal from the driver circuit of stepping motor and trigger the CCD camera to capture the image. This increase the FPS of CCD camera as the motor can run continually. The resolution and total scan distance of system are determined to be 20nm and 20mm respectively. The developed design can reduce the cost by 33% and increases the CCD camera sampling rate to 1000 FPS.
45
Chen, Wei-Gu, and 陳韋谷. "Low Cost Light Emitting/sensing Design Using One LED." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/34892051439569953359.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士朝陽科技大學
資訊與通訊系
103
Abstract Lighting-sensor as a control switch is widely used in many 3C applications. However, most of the current practice is to use the common photo-resistor or lighting-diode to achieve this function leading to extra cost and power consumption. In this work, a newly design i.e., conventional LED (Lighting-Emitting-Diode) as lighting-sensor is presented. The main idea is only use currently existing equipment's LED to achieve both emitting and lighting sensitive functions due to LED weak photo-sensibility. Therefore, the proposed design allows us to use only one single LED to accomplish the function of indication and sensing without any extra cost.
46
Pádua, Luís Filipe Machado. "Ultra‐light and low‐cost mobile augmented reality units." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10348/6516.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia InformáticaA realidade aumentada caracteriza-se pela sobreposição de conteúdos virtuais sobre o mundo real. Esta auxilia o ser humano, aumentando a quantidade de informação que este tem ao seu dispor e é aplicada nas mais diversas áreas da atividade humana. Ao longo dos anos, vários sistemas foram propostos com o intuito de trazer mobilidade a sistemas de realidade aumentada. Estes, inicialmente, possuíam poucos recursos computacionais que foram aumentado com a evolução tecnológica. Normalmente transportados numa mochila, integravam vários dipositivos, nomeadamente, um computador com vários sensores ligados e um dispositivo de visualização. Estes sistemas eram desconfortáveis, dado o seu peso e as suas dimensões, e proporcionavam um baixo grau de imersividade dada a fraca qualidade dos dispositivos de visualização. Embora tenham surgido dispositivos mais leves e compactos, esses apresentavam desempenhos inferiores aos sistemas móveis baseados em computadores, e possuíam um custo insuportável para a maioria dos utilizadores. Atualmente, a tecnologia permitiu uma enorme miniaturização dos dispositivos computacionais, surgindo dispositivos móveis que integram variadíssimos sensores e que tornam possível o desenvolvimento de sistemas de realidade aumentada móvel de baixo custo, com peso e dimensão reduzidos, com capacidade de processamento e resolução de ecrãs mais adequados para a realidade aumentada. Nesse contexto, esta dissertação apresenta uma revisão de vários sistemas de realidade aumentada móvel publicados, e propõe vários protótipos baseados em dispositivos comerciais atuais. Este foram desenvolvidos com o intuito de proporcionarem a melhor experiência imersiva e de conforto a um custo comportável para os utilizadores. Os protótipos foram sujeitos a testes comparativos de performance e posteriormente avaliados por utilizadores quanto ao conforto e imersividade em contexto indoor e outdoor. Os resultados de performance mostram que os protótipos apresentam capacidade para apresentar conteúdos de realidade aumentada, tendo sobressaído os dispositivos com maior capacidade e maior peso. Por sua vez, os utilizadores embora se mostrassem de uma forma geral agradados com as experiências proporcionadas pelos protótipos, alguns referiram ter sentido desconforto devido ao peso de um protótipo e um número muito reduzido de utilizadores referiu ter sentido algumas indisposições durante a sua utilização, nomeadamente: tonturas, visão turva, cansaço visual e desequilíbrios.
Augmented reality is characterized by the superimposing of virtual content over the real world. It helps people by “augmenting” the amount of information available and it is applied in several areas of human activity. Over the years, several systems have been proposed in order to bring mobility to augmented reality systems. Initially, these systems had few computing resources that were increased by technological developments. Usually, they were carried in a backpack, integrating several devices, such as a computer with multiple sensors and a display device connected to it. These systems were uncomfortable due to their weight and dimensions, and they lacked immersion because of the poor quality of the display devices. Lighter and more compact devices appeared but they had inferior performance compared to computer-based systems and were priced at an unbearable cost for most users. Nowadays, technology has enabled device miniaturization, allowing several devices to be released with several integrated sensors, making it possible to develop low-cost mobile augmented reality systems with reduced weight, size and with processing power and screen resolution suitable for augmented reality. In this context, this work presents a review of several published mobile augmented reality systems, and proposes some prototypes based on current commercial devices. These were developed in order to provide the best immersive experience and comfort at an affordable cost for users. The prototypes were subjected to comparative performance tests and further evaluated by users relatively to the comfort and immersion in indoor and outdoor environments. The results show that the developed prototypes have a good capacity to present augmented reality contents, where the devices with larger computing capacity and higher weight achieved best results. In turn, the users where generally satisfied with the experiences provided by prototypes, but some reported to feel discomfort due to the weight of a prototype, and a very small number of users reported having experienced certain indispositions during the use, particularly: dizziness, blurred vision, eye strain and imbalances.
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Torrez, Joseph B. "Light-weight materials selection for High-Speed Naval Craft." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/3002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
CIVINSA decision analysis study was conducted on the process of materials selection for high-speed naval craft using the Modified Digital Logic (MDL) method. The purpose is to show how this method along with Ashby's material selection process can be integrated to provide a comprehensive tool designed specifically for light-weight material optimization. Using Ashby's Material Selection Charts and the MDL method, a step by step material selection process is outlined. Furthermore, a comparison of the materials based on equivalent plate uni-axial ideal elastic compressive stress was completed using the American Bureau of Shipbuilding (ABS) Guide for Building and Classing High-Speed Naval Craft and then an evaluation was done to optimize material selection depending on the designer's preference for weight and cost, The potential materials for evaluation were selected using Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) references for the most current materials in use, or being evaluated, for light weight naval construction. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using the MDL method to select one or more materials based on desired mechanical and structural characteristics. The study also introduces the potential use of non-traditional materials in Naval Architecture, such as Ultra High-Performance Concrete Composite (UHP2C) DUCTAL.
Contract number: N62271-97-G-0026.
CIVINS
48
JUNG-CHEN, PEI, and 陳培榮. "High Speed Low Cost Auto-focusing System for White Light Interferometer." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75575494797949512283.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士中原大學
機械工程研究所
96
Autofocussing is an important part in high speed metrology. The development made in the autofocussing system till now has not met the exact requirements for industrial applications. Consequently there is no effective design for white light interferometer with high magnification. This investigation describes about the development of a high speed low cost autofocussing system for white light interferometer. Interferometer has higher intensity in comparison to general microscope at focus position. This study uses one photodetector as a sensor for its high response time and high sensitivity to convert the light intensity to its characteristic voltage. A noise filter circuit, analog to digital converter circuit and 8051 operation circuits have been designed to detect the real time variation of photodetector output voltage. The focus position has been precisely determined by using focus determination circuit and stepper motor module. The experimental study shows the system can achieve the focus position at 2mm/sec speed with 1m repeatability.
49
Yuh-Terng, Chang, and 張譽騰. "Green material for LED light fixtures support and manufacture process cost analysis." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08798449830733313744.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士中華醫事科技大學
生物安全衛生研究所
99
This study attempted to replace metallic aluminum by composite material of high molecular PPA as the lamp cup of base material of LED lamps. The study was divided into three phases. Phase I uses the design of light guide component (optical collimator) to make high illumination of LED (Light Emitting Diode) lamps at low wattage. The result showed that the LED lamp with optical collimator (80.31Lux) is higher than the LED lamp without optical collimator (17.32Lux), also conforming to the specified illumination value. Phase II is divided into two parts, the LED lamps with optical collimators are used to reduce the consumption of LED and heat generation. The PPA has an opportunity to replace the allumen, and the RP (rapid prototyping) technology is used for reducing the time and cost spent on the development planning of the prototype. The prototype derived from RP technology has passed lighting test. On the other hand, the allumen is replaced by high molecular composite material. DSC and TGA are used for analyzing the thermodynamic properties of PPA. It is found that the operating temperature of material is 290.31℃; the cracking temperature of 5% weight loss is 406.6℃. The experimental results showed that the lamp cup made of PPA composite material mixed with 30% glass fiber can pass the lighting test. Phase III analyzes the cost and benefit, it is found that the process using PPA composite material is characterized by low molding cost and convenient general injection machine. The cost-benefit analysis found that the net processing cost per piece of the process of PPA composite material is 20.35 (NTD/piece), and the net processing cost per piece of allumen is 41.76 (NTD/piece), indicating that PPA has better cost advantage. Therefore, in consideration of cost-benefit and resource reuse for environmental protection, replacing allumen by PPA composite material is a feasible reference scheme. This study developed a processing cost analysis model from the relevance of cost of die process and final product process of two materials, and calculated the greenhouse gases and power consumption derived from the production and use of LED lamps. Keywords: PPA, LED, illumination, greenhouse gases
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Lin, Tzu-Yang, and 林子揚. "Optimal Parallel Inverters Design Considering Light-Load Control Strategy and Reliability Cost." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/mru6k5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立中山大學
電機工程學系研究所
104
Due to the limited capacity of a single inverter, parallel inverters are often used for the interconnection of renewable energy generation systems. The equal-current sharing is the commonly-used control method for parallel inverters; however, the output efficiency based on the equal-current sharing is low at light loads. Besides, more inverters in parallel will cause the lower output efficiency at the light loads and higher failure rate. In order to improve the output efficiency of parallel inverters at light loads, a novel equal-current-sharing-based control strategy for parallel inverters is proposed in this thesis. The proposed control strategy uses the conversion efficiency curve of a single inverter to calculate the conversion efficiency of different number of parallel inverters under different load conditions. The number of parallel inverters achieving optimal output efficiency can then be calculated; therefore, the connection and disconnection of different number of parallel inverters under different load conditions can be determined. A fully digital inverter realized by Texas Instruments (TI) TMS320F28335 that rated output voltage 220V, output power 2kW and frequency 60Hz is designed and implemented in this thesis. Three implemented inverters are used to validate the performance of the proposed control strategy for parallel inverters at light loads. Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the conversion efficiency of parallel inverters at light loads. In addition, when the number and capacity of parallel inverters are not the same, the failure rate of parallel inverters should be different. Therefore, the different number of parallel inverters and their reliability costs is discussed in this thesis. The optimal number and capacity of parallel inverters for cost minimum considering the proposed light-load control strategy, inverter costs and reliability costs through the net present value (NPV) of economic analysis in the lifetime is then investigated. For a photovoltaic generation system with installed capacity of 100kW, the optimal number and capacity of parallel inverters with rated capacities of 5kW, 10kW, 25kW, 50kW and 100kW is designed. Simulated results show that comparing with the installation of a single 100kW inverter in 20-year lifetime; extra profit of 23 thousands USD can be obtained through the proposed light-load control strategy under the same per kW inverter cost.