Статті в журналах з теми "Corpus arboré"

Cet article présente les principaux résultats de la partie syntaxique du projet Temporal@ODIL, une initiative visant la construction d’un corpus de français parlé spontané annoté en temporalité. Nous présentons ici ODIL_Syntax, corpus arboré en constituants sur lequel s’appuie l’annotation temporelle et qui est diffusé librement sous licence Creative Commons. ODIL_Syntax a été créé à l’aide de Contemplata, une plateforme Web d’annotation développée spécifiquement dans le cadre du projet, diffusée elle aussi librement et qui présente l’intérêt de permettre une annotation semi-automatique utilisant un analyseur syntaxique. L’article décrit la procédure d’annotation avec cet outil, nos choix d’annotation ainsi que le corpus produit, en s’intéressant en particulier à une comparaison avec le corpus équivalent FTB (French Treebank) développé pour l’écrit.

Dans cette étude exploratoire, nous nous intéressons aux Phrases Préfabriquées des Interactions (p. ex. c’est clair ; je te jure ; on dirait). Après avoir défini ce type de phrase, nous évaluons dans quelle mesure le corpus arboré Orféopeut être exploité pour extraire et caractériser ces éléments. Les résultats de l’analyse qualitative montrent que le repérage des phrases parenthétiques apparaît plus complexe que pour les clausatifs (propositions indépendantes). Nous montrons aussi comment l’outil Lexicoscope permet, en exploitant la combinatoire lexico-syntaxique et la distribution des éléments entre et à l’intérieur des tours de parole, de mieux cerner les caractéristiques de ces phrases préfabriquées.

L'ordre des mots et la cohésion du discours sont des entités abstraites que manifestent en surface divers marqueurs. On s'intéresse ici au comportement dans les textes des principales conjonctions de coordination. Les coordonnants à l'oeuvre dans trois corpus très différents (poésie, romans, prose variée) sont soumis au modèle classique de la loi normale puis étudiés par la technique nouvelle de l'analyse arborée issue de la topologie mathématique. Les résultats soulignent la grande sensibilité textuelle de ces marqueurs et suggèrent la mise en cause de la notion de classe fermée et de l'opposition traditionnelle subordination-coordination .

Reproductive procedures involving uterine manipulation (UM), such as transcervical embryo transfer (TET) or the collection of an endometrial biopsy (EB) may cause trauma to the endometrium resulting in release of endogenous prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) causing premature regression of the corpus luteum (CL). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of UM and EB on corpus luteum lifespan in tropically adapted beef heifers. In Experiment 1, pre-synchronised Droughtmaster heifers (n = 9; 25.8 ± 0.4 m, live weight 391 ± 21.5 kg) were randomly selected either at Day 4 (UM4 = 5) or at Day 7 (UM7 = 4) post-oestrus for transrectal uterine manipulation and transcervical passage of the biopsy Storz® device without sample collection. In Experiment 2, pre-synchronised Charbray heifers (n = 13, 2 to 3 years old, live weight 439.8 ± 17.2) were biopsied in the horn ipsilateral to the CL at Day 4 (B4 = 6) or at Day 7 (B7 = 7) post-oestrus. In both experiments, blood samples were taken from jugular/coccygeal vein throughout the oestrus cycle on Days 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16 and 19 (Day 0 = synchronised oestrous) for progesterone (P4) analysis. Signs of heat were visually detected daily and confirmed by ovarian ultrasound. For the PGF2α metabolite 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α (PGFM) assessment, blood samples were collected before and after uterine trauma at –24, –12, 0 h and +6, +18, +24 h (Hour 0 = UM or EB either at Day 4 or Day 7). Progesterone was assessed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and PGFM using an enzyme immunoassay DetectX® kit (Arbor Assays, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). The intra- and interassay coefficients of variations were 3.7% and 12.8%, respectively. A series of generalized additive mixed effect models (GAMM) were created to quantify P4 differences for UM and EB. The results showed that oestrous cycle length was not affected by UM or EB conducted at Day 4 or at Day 7, because P4 concentration remained above 1 ng mL−1 after uterine trauma during dioestrus. Also, UM and EB did not induce the release of luteolytic pulses of PGF2α. Although P4 concentration followed the normal cycling pattern throughout the oestrus cycle, the shape of the curve in EB4 and UM4 heifers showed higher concentrations of P4 compared with EB7 and UM7 heifers. In conclusion, UM and EB with Storz® device during metoestrus or early dioestrus had minimal or nil effects on CL activity. Whether lower P4 profiles affect embryo development after uterine trauma needs to be further elucidated.

Mediante el estudio comparativo filológico y fenomenológico de los testimonios autógrafos de conversión súbita de Paul Claudel, Manuel García Morente y André Frossard, se pretende indagar en la afasia, entendida como incapacidad de hablar frente a la teofanía y la dificultad de comunicar está en un marco testimonial. En comparación con la tradición mística, se hará un recorrido por la taxonomía de lo inefable en el corpus y se observarán sus posibilidades lingüísticas y narrativas. El objetivo es analizar los rasgos e implicaciones que adquiere el lenguaje a la hora de tener que comunicar un algo inexpresable, en este caso, la aparición puntual de la divinidad con las implicaciones místicas que conlleva.

El presente trabajo pretende hacer una revisión del naciente movimiento Open Citations, el cual aboga por la libre disposición de las citas bibliográficas incluidas en cada contribución científica. Este movimiento, enmarcado dentro de corrientes más generales como Open Data y Open Access, busca de esta forma que las citas bibliográficas sean un bien común para la comunidad científica, reforzando el desarrollo de la investigación bibliométrica y la construcción de sistemas de información científica autóctonos. Este cambio está suponiendo una revolución en el mercado de la documentación científica, al surgir nuevos productos y plataformas que permiten valorar la producción e impacto de investigadores e instituciones a partir de fuentes abiertas y alternativas. Esta transformación implica una oportunidad para el desarrollo de portales regionales o institucionales que, alimentados de estas fuentes abiertas, permitan una evaluación propia e independiente. En primer lugar, se hará un análisis del origen y contexto de este movimiento; se analizarán las fuentes de citas abiertas que están apareciendo (Crossref, Microsoft Academic Knowledge Graph, Open Citation Corpus) y algunos productos alternativos (Lens, Dimensions, SemanticScholar); por último, se analizará las implicaciones que todo este movimiento puede tener en la evaluación científica, haciendo hincapié en la posibilidad de desarrollar Current Research Information Systems (CRIS) locales destinados a la evaluación científica.

Black Lives Matter (BLM) is a decentralized social movement protesting violence against Black individuals and communities, with a focus on police brutality. The movement gained significant attention following the killings of Ahmaud Arbery, Breonna Taylor, and George Floyd in 2020. The #BlackLivesMatter social media hashtag has come to represent the grassroots movement, with similar hashtags counter protesting the BLM movement, such as #AllLivesMatter, and #BlueLivesMatter. We introduce a data set of 63.9 million tweets from 13.0 million users from over 100 countries which contain one of the following keywords: BlackLivesMatter, AllLivesMatter, and BlueLivesMatter. This data set contains all currently available tweets from the beginning of the BLM movement in 2013 to 2021. We summarize the data set and show temporal trends in use of both the BlackLivesMatter keyword and keywords associated with counter movements. Additionally, for each keyword, we create and release a set of Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topics (i.e., automatically clustered groups of semantically co-occuring words) to aid researchers in identifying linguistic patterns across the three keywords.

The aim of this study was to compare the growth performance of different broiler strains and to evaluate the suitable skip-a-day feed restriction regime at the starter and finisher phases. A total number of 288 day-old broilers of Arbor Acres, Hubbard and Marshall were randomly allocated to four treatments of 96 chicks per strain, with each treatment having three replicates of eight birds. The four treatments are full – fed (control), second, third and fourth week skip-a-day feed restriction. Data on body weight and body linear measurements were recorded on weekly basis to the 8thweek. Results showed that there was significant (p<0.01) effect of strain on body weight, body length, breast girth at the starter and finisher phases. This indicates that there were differences in genetic make-up of the three strains. Arbor Acre strain appeared tolerant to feed restriction and had superior body weight at the starter and finisher phases. Regarding the effect of skip-a-day feed restriction on birds, there was significant (p<0.01) effect on growth characteristics of the birds. Birds full-fed had the highest mean value in body weight, while third week feed restriction recorded intermediate value but better that other feed restriction regimes. It is suggested that for profitable broiler production under tropical conditions, Arbor Acre and third week skip-a-day feed restriction be considered. L'objectif de cette étude était de comparer les performances de croissance de différentes souches de poulets de gril et d'évaluer le régime approprié de restriction des aliments pour animaux par jour aux phases de démarrage et de finition. Un nombre total de poulets de grillage de 288 jours d'Arbor Acres, Hubbard et Marshall ont été attribués au hasard à quatre traitements de 96 poussins par souche, chaque traitement ayant trois répliques de huit oiseaux. Les quatre traitements sont complets – nourris (contrôle), deuxième, troisième et quatrième semaine skip-a-day restriction de l'alimentation. Les données sur le poids corporel et les mesures linéaires du corps ont été enregistrées sur une base hebdomadaire jusqu'à la 8e semaine. Les résultats ont montré qu'il y avait un effet significatif (p<0.01) de la tension sur le poids corporel, la longueur du corps, la circonférence du sein aux phases de démarrage et de finition. Cela indique qu'il y avait des différences dans la constitution génétique des trois souches. La souche Arbor Acre semblait tolérante à la restriction de l'alimentation et avait un poids corporel supérieur aux phases de démarrage et de finition. En ce qui concerne l'effet de la restriction d'alimentation par jour sur les oiseaux, il y a eu un effet significatif (p<0.01) sur les caractéristiques de croissance des oiseaux. Les oiseaux nourris à part entière avaient la valeur moyenne la plus élevée en poids corporel, tandis que la restriction de l'alimentation de la troisième semaine enregistrait une valeur intermédiaire, mais mieux que les autres régimes de restriction des aliments pour animaux. Il est suggéré d'envisager une production rentable de poulets de grillage dans des conditions tropicales, arbor acre et restriction d'alimentation de troisième semaine par jour.

CI-340 portable photosynthesis test system and JYM-B leaf area meter were employed to observe the physiological velocity and leaf area index of 25 widely used afforestation plants in Tianjin. The results indicate that the diurnal change curve of net photosynthesis rates of 25 experimental species has one or two peaks. The daily carbon sequestration and oxygen release per unit leaf area are respectively 3.98-13.01 g/( m2·d) and 2.9-9.46 g/( m2·d). Among arbors, the order of carbon sequestration and oxygen release capabilities per unit leaf area is Ulmus pumila >Fraxinus velutina>Sophora japonica>Salix matsudana f. pendula>Malus micromalus cv.‘American’>Koelreuteria paniculata>Acer truncatum>Ulmus pumila cv. ‘jinye’>Prunus davidiana>Malus micromalus>Cotinus coggygria > Rhus typhina> Platanus orientalis>Catalpa speciosa>Diospyros kaki> Morus alba cv. ‘Tortuosa’. Among shrubs, the order is Weigela florida>Euonymus japonicus>Cercis chinensis>Ligustrum vicaryi >Sorbaria sorbifolia> Syringa oblata > Lonicera maackii >Cornus alba>Lonicera japonica.

Cornus sericea (synonym C. stolonifera), family Cornaceae, is becoming widely used in Italy as ground cover in parks and gardens. In spring 2001, severe outbreaks of a previously unknown disease were observed in several gardens located in northern Italy (Biella Province). Infected leaves displayed small, circular, angular, or irregular necrotic lesions measuring 1 to 3 mm in diameter. Lesions were olivaceous to dark brown with a distinct reddish-to-black margin and surrounded by a chlorotic halo. Lesions eventually coalesced. Under favorable conditions, infected leaves become heavily spotted, dulling their appearance; severe infections resulted in premature defoliation. Pycnidia occurred on diseased leaves, and a fungus identified as Septoria cornicola (1) was consistently isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Dark mycelium grew slowly on PDA and produced abundant pycnidia and conidia. Conidia were holoblastic, hyaline, 2 to 6 septate, 22 to 48 µm (average 35) × 2.2 to 3.6 µm (average 2.5). Pathogenicity tests were performed by inoculating leaves of healthy plants of C. sericea (cv. Flaviramea) with a conidial suspension (1 × 106 CFU/ml). Noninoculated plants served as controls. Plants were covered for 72 h with plastic bags and maintained in a growth chamber at 20°C. The first lesions developed on leaves of inoculated plants after 15 days. From such lesions, S. cornicola was consistently reisolated. No symptoms occurred on control plants. The presence of S. cornicola on C. sericea cv. Flaviramea has been reported in the United States (2) and was observed in 1905 in northeastern Italy on Cornus sanguinea (1), but to our knowledge, this is the first report of septoria leaf spot on C. sericea in Italy. References: (1) D. F. Farr. Mycologia, 83:611, 1991. (2) D. Neely and D. S. Nolte. J. Arboric. 15:263, 1989.

The distribution and abundance of benthic megafauna in areas known to be inhabited by dense gorgonian coral assemblages were examined at Northeast Channel, off Nova Scotia, Canada, in August 2001. Using a remotely operated vehicle, 1–5 video transects during each of 1–2 dives at each of four sites (Rips, Middle Canyon, Hell Hole West and Hell Hole East) were conducted. The relationships in the structure of biological assemblages at three spatial scales: within transects (10s of metres); between dive locations (100s of metres); and among sites (10s to 100s of kilometres) were explored. The most abundant epibenthic taxa included the gorgonians Primnoa resedaeformis and Paragorgia arborea, several suspension feeders (Actinauge verrilli, Bolocera tudiae, an unidentified anemone and encrusting sponge, Ophiacantha abyssicola), the deposit feeder Porania pulvillus insignus and the predatory Solaster endeca. The basket star Gorgonocephalus arcticus was present only on colonies of Paragorgia arborea. Despite large variability in abundance and assemblage composition among transects and dive locations, clear patterns were observed among sites. Mean abundance of most cnidarians and echinoderms was greatest at Hell Hole West. No gorgonians were found at Hell Hole East. The encrusting sponge was most abundant at the Rips and least abundant at Hell Hole East. Cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling (MDS) indicated that, when abundance was averaged across transects for each dive, the megafaunal assemblages fall into groups of dives that separated by site. These differences among sites are most likely related to variability in the physical environment. The epibenthic megafaunal assemblages were as diverse in the presence as in the absence of gorgonian corals, at least at the abundances that we observed. However, the apparent low recruitment and abundance, combined with small population size make these assemblages particularly vulnerable to perturbations.

Abstract Typical, but less common, passerine forest species were selected for this study, such as Lullula arborea, Anthus trivialis, Troglodytes troglodytes, Prunella modularis, Turdus philomelos, Turdus viscivorus, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Regulus regulus, Regulus ignicapillus, Muscicapa striata, Ficedula albicollis, Ficedula hypoleuca, Parus cristatus, Parus palustris, Parus ater, Certhia familiaris, Certhia brachydactyla, Oriolus oriolus, Garrulus glandarius, and Corvus corax. M. striata and T. philomelos were the most numerous among the 20 investigated species, the former one nested in a density of 6.7 pairs per 100 ha of wooded area, while the later one at 5.1 pairs per 100 ha. Density of most other species was below 3 pairs per 100 ha of wooded area. A. trivialis, P. cristatus and P. modularis were unexpectedly rare (< 1 pair per 100 ha). Otherwise, relatively numerous were T. troglodytes (1.8 p./100 ha), R. regulus (1.8 p./100 ha) and P. palustris (1.4 p./100 ha). P. cristatus, L. arborea, and T. viscivorus were the rarest species investigated (below 0.1 p./100 ha). Several bird species nested in wooded areas only in the outer zone of the city. This group included A. trivialis, R. regulus, P. ater, and C. corax. Population density of T. troglodytes, T. philomelos and O. oriolus were significantly higher in outer than in inner zone, while the reverse was true in the case of M. striata and F. hypoleuca.

Using bomb-14C dating and growth ring counting methods, we calculate life spans and growth rates of six species of deep-sea corals collected at depths of between 400 and 900 m from the continental slope of Newfoundland and Labrador. Bamboo corals ( Acanella arbuscula , Keratoisis ornata ) and antipatharians ( Stauropathes arctica ) secrete concentric growth rings in their axial skeletons, which were proven to form annually for K. ornata and S. arctica. These species had the lowest radial growth rates of 33 ± 11 to 75 ± 11 μm·year–1. Primnoa resedaeformis and Paramuricea spp. had higher radial growth rates of 83 ± 6 to 215 ± 37 μm·year–1. Paragorgia arborea had the highest radial growth rate of 830 ± 120 μm·year–1. Axial growth rates ranged from 0.56 ± 0.05 cm·year–1 for a specimen of Paramuricea spp. to 2.61 ± 0.45 cm·year–1 for a specimen of Primnoa resedaeformis . Life spans ranged from 18 ± 4 years for a live-collected P. resedaeformis to 200 ± 30 years for a subfossil specimen of K. ornata. Because all of the corals were from heavily fished areas, it is likely that age distributions are biased towards smaller and younger colonies. Recovery of deep-sea corals from fishing-induced damage will take decades to centuries.

Purpose This paper describes the entrepreneurial ecosystems of three public research universities involved in the National Science Foundation (NSF) Midwest I-Corps TM (trademark symbol) Node. It presents a synthesis of programming, functional structure, commonly referenced university metrics and their limitations in measuring impact on commercialization and regional development. Design/methodology/approach Based on current literature, university data and discussions with entrepreneurship leaders at the University of Michigan/Ann Arbor, University of Illinois/Urbana Champaign and Purdue University, this paper provides an overview and analysis of entrepreneurial resources and education initiatives. Findings University contributions to entrepreneurial ecosystems can be described with respect to infrastructure and leadership, technology and talent and culture of innovation. Four main university entities are responsible for driving entrepreneurship initiatives. Identification of these entities, their respective activities and their outcomes allows us to propose a framework for analyzing and measuring university entrepreneurial ecosystem impact. Practical implications The paper describes the variety of university-based entrepreneurial initiatives believed to contribute to university entrepreneurial vibrancy and ultimately regional development. It identifies ecosystem stakeholders and provides a framework for examining their role and impact for continuous development. Originality/value The research complements prior reviews and empirical studies of university-wide entrepreneurial ecosystems by focusing on programming within and across institutions according to four dimensions (academic, research administration, technology transfer and community engagement) with respect to technology and talent development. It describes similarities across institutions and limitations associated with measuring impact. It provides a foundation for future empirical research related to the impact of NSF I-Corps and entrepreneurial programming in academic settings.

Fixed underwater observatories (FUO), equipped with digital cameras and other sensors, become more commonly used to record different kinds of time series data for marine habitat monitoring. With increasing numbers of campaigns, numbers of sensors and campaign time, the volume and heterogeneity of the data, ranging from simple temperature time series to series of HD images or video call for new data science approaches to analyze the data. While some works have been published on the analysis of data from one campaign, we address the problem of analyzing time series data from two consecutive monitoring campaigns (starting late 2017 and late 2018) in the same habitat. While the data from campaigns in two separate years provide an interesting basis for marine biology research, it also presents new data science challenges, like the the marine image analysis in data form more than one campaign. In this paper, we analyze the polyp activity of two Paragorgia arborea cold water coral (CWC) colonies using FUO data collected from November 2017 to June 2018 and from December 2018 to April 2019. We successfully apply convolutional neural networks (CNN) for the segmentation and classification of the coral and the polyp activities. The result polyp activity data alone showed interesting temporal patterns with differences and similarities between the two time periods. A one month “sleeping” period in spring with almost no activity was observed in both coral colonies, but with a shift of approximately one month. A time series prediction experiment allowed us to predict the polyp activity from the non-image sensor data using recurrent neural networks (RNN). The results pave a way to a new multi-sensor monitoring strategy for Paragorgia arborea behaviour.

Bubblegum corals, Paragorgiidae, are among the largest and most ecologically important benthic sessile deep-water organisms harboring hundreds of associated. However, no recent reviews of their diversity and systematics are yet available, despite the recent increase in the sampling and fishing of deep-water habitats. This study covers 17 Paragorgiidae species. There were only five previously known species for Paragorgia (P. arborea [Linnaeus], P. johnsoni Gray, P. splendens Thomson & Henderson, P. regalis Nutting [=dendroides Bayer], and P. coralloides Bayer) and just one of Sibogagorgia (S. weberi Stiasny). Eleven new species are described here comprising 9 Paragorgia spp. (P. alisonae, P. kaupeka, P. maunga, P. aotearoa, P. wahine, P. whero, P. yutlinux, P. stephencairnsi, and P. tapachtli) and 2 Sibogagorgia spp. (S. tautahi and S. dennisgordoni). This study also uncovered two areas of endemism for bubblegum corals corresponding to New Zealand and the Eastern Pacific (Mexico to Canada). New Zealand has 6 likely endemic species of Paragorgia (P. alisonae, P. kaupeka, P. maunga, P. aotearoa, P. whero, and P. wahine) and the two new species of Sibogagorgia, whereas P. yutlinux, P. stephencairnsi, and P. tapachtli were collected in the Eastern Pacific. There seem to be a few trans-Pacific species such as P. regalis, and likewise in the Atlantic with P. johnsoni, but it is clear that no other species is as cosmopolitan as P. arborea with discontinuous but bi-polar distribution. There are cases of morphological sister species such as P. johnsoni and P. aotearoa that correspond to the Atlantic and Pacific respectively, but the phylogenetic relationships of the remaining species indicate that most paragorgiid diversity and speciation took place in the Indo-Pacific region, as suggested by a number of sympatric species. Surface sclerites, radiates, exhibit a great deal of variation under the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), providing a number of characters for phylogenetic reconstruction, including three kinds of radial ornamentation and several types of surfaces and sub-ornamentation at the ultrastructure level. The three most parsimonious trees of equal length, using morphological characters, showed P. arborea as basal to the rest of the Paragorgia species (using Sibogagorgia as the outgroup), which were divided in two clades. One clade includes the species with asymmetrical surface sclerites with some radial ornaments larger or different than others have ([P. maunga -[P. coralloides-P. tapachtli-P. regalis-P. kaupeka]]). In this clade, P. maunga conserved the basal position in the most parsimonious trees whereas relationships among the other species were not consensual. The other clade comprised species with symmetrical surface sclerites ([[P. splendens-P. wahine] P. alisonae-[P. yutlinux-P. stephencairnsi]-P. johnsoni-P. aotearoa]). P. splendens-P. wahine-P. whero and P. yutlinux-P. stephencairnsi maintained their sister relationships respectively in all most-parsimonious trees but no consensual relationships with respect to and among the other species of the clade. Complete descriptions of described and new species using SEM, species comparisons, character states, and a species key are also provided in this paper.

Soft corals of the genus Clavularia (Blainville 1830) have complex and difficult to distinguish morphological characteristics, making them rather difficult to identify. A paucity of information exists for Indonesian coral reefs, a complex biogeographic region at the confluence of the Pacific and Indian Ocean that covers an extensive geographic area and several marine ecoregions, is subject to several ocean current systems, and includes a high diversity of habitats. Specimens of Clavularia inflata were collected from eleven study sites across the Indonesian archipelago, morphologically described based on their sclerite characteristics, and compared among sites. Sclerite observations were divided into four parts for each colony, namely pinnules, crowns, calyces, and stolons. The sclerites found in C. inflata comprised various forms such as rods, fingers, sticks, and brackets. Morphometric measurements of C. inflata showed specimens from Kepulauan Seribu had the largest pinnule, calyx, and stolon sclerites compared to other locations. The maximum mean size of crown sclerites was observed for specimens from Maluku Tenggara Barat. Similarities in the shape of sclerites resulted in specimens from Kangean, Morotai, Tanjung Lesung, Bontang, Lombok and Natuna forming a cluster, while those from Maluku Tenggara Barat and Arborek were dissimilar to other sites. Smaller sclerite sizes in specimens from Arborek are likely related to strong currents at that site. In conclusion, there were variations in the size of sclerites across the eleven study sites, with several sites forming a cluster of similar sclerite dimensions. Further studies using molecular markers are suggested to further explore the possibility of cryptic species.

Abstract In 2009, in the Special Protection Area Natura 2000 ‘Grądy Odrzańskie’ in Czernica and Siechnice counties, Wrocław district, 95 breeding bird species were recorded. For 33 of them, maps of distribution of their breeding pairs are presented and for the remaining a relative abundance was estimated based on line transect method. In 2009, the following species were recorded in the study area for the first time: Cygnus olor, Crex crex, Upupa epops, and Picus canus. On the other hand, 11 species recorded in 1978-87 as breeding in the study area (Ciconia nigra, Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans, Milvus milvus, Falco tinnunculus, Gallinago gallinago, Limosa limosa, Tringa totanus, Riparia riparia, Anthus campestris, Phoenicurus phoenicurus) were not recorded again in 2009. It has been shown that Saxicola torquata, Ficedula albicollis, Corvus corax and Remiz pendulinus have increased in numbers. The following species recorded in 2009 as breeding in the the study area: Cygnus olr, Ciconia ciconia, Circus aeruginosus, Crex crex, Alcedo atthis, Dryocopus martius, Picus canus, Dendrocopos medius, Lulula arborea, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula albicollis, Lanius collurio and Emberiza hortulana are included in Annex 1 of the Bird Directive.

ObjectiveThe aim of this is to provide an updated review of the literature and to report our institutional experience with this rare gynecologic malignancy.MethodsThe medical records of patients with diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the female genital tract from 1980 to 2013 at the Yale–New Haven Hospital were reviewed retrospectively. Histological classification and staging were determined by the World Health Organization and Ann Arbor systems, respectively. Kaplan-Meier was used to calculate the survival.ResultsThere were 36 patients with diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the female genital tract and followed for a median of 61 months (0–361 months). The median age of diagnosis was 44 years (19–87 years), and 76% (n = 28) were classified as stage IV.Of these, 4 patients were asymptomatic on presentation, and 13 were identified incidentally during surgery/radiography (n = 9), on prenatal ultrasound (n = 1), and on Papanicolaou test (n = 3). The location of the disease included the ovary (n = 6), uterine corpus and cervix (n= 9), vagina (n = 1), a pelvic mass (n = 7), isolated pelvic/para-aortic lymph nodes (n = 3), and/or multiple sites (n = 9). There were 6 cases that were concomitant with other gynecologic malignancies.Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (n= 18) was the most common histologic type. A total of 28 patients underwent surgery. Combination chemotherapy was used in 34 patients, with concomitant radiation therapy in 7 and stem cell transplantation in 3. A total of 5 patients had recurrent disease.The overall median survival from the diagnosis of lymphoma was 70 months (0.3–361 months) with a 91% 1-year survival, 86% 5-year survival, and a 79% 10-year survival.ConclusionsOur report is the largest published single-institution experience of this disease. It demonstrates a more favorable prognosis and proposes that with early diagnosis and appropriate therapy, radical gynecologic surgery can be avoided.

Abstract How do we conjure up novel and unfamiliar entities in our imagination? Thomas Ward and others have suggested that we do so by deriving such entities from ordinary familiar ones. Hybrids, however, pose a challenge to this view since they are not derived from any one single familiar entity. Nevertheless, we argue here that the construction of hybrid entities is indeed governed by principles forming part of our structured imagination. These principles refer to a set of five abstract schemas, defined in terms of properties such as parts, symmetry, and spatial orientation. These schemas, alongside the absence of a schema, together constitute a schematological hierarchy: humanoid (e.g., man) &gt; canoid (e.g., dog) &gt; carroid (e.g., car) &gt; culteroid (e.g., knife) &gt; arboid (e.g., tree) &gt; other (e.g., sponge). When forming a hybrid out of two or more entities, or parents, the overall shape of the hybrid is selected in accordance with the following three principles: (1) coherence: presence of a schema is preferred to absence of a schema; (2) accessibility: a schema corresponding to that of one of the parents is preferred to some other schema; and (3) height: a schema higher on the schematological hierarchy is preferred to a schema lower on the schematological hierarchy. To test these principles empirically, we conducted a large-scale experiment, in which art and design students were given pairs of words denoting familiar objects and asked to draw images of hybrid entities formed from these word pairs. The resulting corpus of 356 hybrids was found to provide strong empirical support for the above three principles. In doing so, it showed how human creativity is not unbound, but rather subject to substantive cognitive constraints, constituting our structured imagination.

1. Spontaneous fluctuations of membrane potential, patterns of spontaneous firing, dendritic branching patterns, and intracortical and striatal axonal arborizations were compared for two types of corticostriatal neurons in the medial agranular cortex of urethan-anesthetized rats: 1) pyramidal tract (PT) cells identified by antidromic activation from the medullary pyramid and 2) crossed corticostriatal (CST) neurons identified by antidromic activation from the contralateral neostriatum. The ipsilateral corticostriatal projections of intracellularly stained PT neurons as well as contralateral corticostriatal neurons were confirmed after labeling by intracellular injection of biocytin. 2. All well-stained PT neurons had intracortical and intrastriatal collaterals. The more common type (6 of 8) was a large, deep layer V neuron that had an extensive intracortical axon arborization but a limited axon arborization in the neostriatum. The less common type of PT neuron (2 of 8) was a medium-sized, superficial layer V neuron that had a limited intracortical axon arborization but a larger and more dense intrastriatal axonal arborization. Both subclasses of PT neurons had anatomic and physiological properties associated with slow PT cells in cats and monkeys and conduction velocities < 10 m/s. All of the PT cells but one were regular spiking cells. The exception cell fired intrinsic bursts. 3. Intracellularly stained CST neurons were located in the superficial half of layer V and the deep part of layer III. Their layer I apical dendrites were few and sparsely branched. Their axons gave rise to an extensive arbor of local axon collaterals that distributed in the region of the parent neuron, frequently extending throughout the more superficial layers, including layer I. Axon collaterals were also traced to the corpus callosum, as expected from their contralateral projections, and they contributed axon collaterals to the ipsilateral neostriatum. In the neostriatum, these axons formed extended arborizations sparsely occupying a large volume of striatal tissue. All CST neurons were regular spiking cells. 4. Both types of cells displayed spontaneous membrane fluctuations consisting of a polarized state (-60 to -90 mV) that was interrupted by 0.1- to 3.0-s periods of depolarization (-55 to -45 mV) accompanied by action potentials. The membrane potential was relatively constant in each state, and transitions between the depolarized and hyperpolarized states were sometimes periodic with a frequency of 0.3–1.5 Hz. A much faster (30-45 Hz) subthreshold oscillation of the membrane potential was observed only in the depolarized state and triggered action potentials that locked to the depolarizing peaks of this rhythm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Les chaussures à talons hauts étaient réservées aux bouchers, qui les arboraient pour se protéger du sang des animaux. Par la suite, elles deviennent l’apanage des bourgeois aristocrates qui les chaussent pour exprimer leur grandeur. Elles sont à chaque fois liées à l’expression d’une problématique spécifique. Malgré les différents inconforts et pathologies dont elles sont à l’origine, les chaussures à talons hauts sont devenues un élément incontournable de la mode féminine et un symbole de la féminité. L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer la motion pulsionnelle profonde (inconsciente) qui pousse les femmes à arborer des chaussures qui, au-delà de la beauté visuelle dont elles font preuves, sont source d’un malaise physique bien réel. La psychanalyse appliquée a permis de mettre en évidence l’existence d’un sentiment inconscient d’infériorité chez la femme. La recherche d’une compensation phallique de cette infériorité ressentie est ce qui conduit au port des chaussures à talons hauts, en dépit des conséquences néfastes sur le corps. Une femme en talons hauts donne raison à Freud qui estime que toute la vie de la femme est une recherche du phallus. High-heeled shoes were reserved for butchers, who wore them to protect themselves from the blood of animals. They subsequently became the prerogative of the bourgeois aristocrats who put on their shoes to express their greatness. They are each time linked to the expression of a specific problem. Despite the various discomforts and pathologies they cause, high-heeled shoes have become a staple of women's fashion and a symbol of femininity. The objective of this study is to determine the deep drive (unconscious) motion that prompts women to wear shoes which, beyond the visual beauty they demonstrate, are a source of very real physical discomfort. Applied psychoanalysis has brought to light the existence of an unconscious feeling of inferiority in women. The search for phallic compensation for this perceived inferiority is what leads to wearing high heels, despite the negative consequences on the body. A woman in high heels agrees with Freud who considers that the whole of a woman's life is a search for the phallus.

Most studies on edge effect are related to the forest-field edge, i.e. to the ecotone. However, there is a lack of studies attempting to investigate the effect of the distance from the forest/field edge on the avian communities in large continuous forests. The purpose of this study was to investigate this issue. The study area comprised a continuous coniferous forest, the so called Niemodlin Forest, situated in Opole Silesia, SW Poland. The line transect method has been employed in this study. In total, 54 breeding bird species were recorded. On particular 0.5 km section, the numbers varied from 34 to 48. Both the number of species and number of breeding pairs only slightly decreased with the distance from the forest/field edge. Overall, the differences between the mean densities of breeding species on 10 sections were not statistically significant. The Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs was by far the most numerous bird species, recorded as eudominant in 164 out of 165 sections. The Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita, Willow Warbler Phyloscopus trochilus and Blackap Sylvia atricapilla were dominants in all 10 sections, while the Blackbird Turdus merula dominated in nine (90%) and the Robin Erithacus rubecula in eight (80%) sections. The communal dominance slightly increased, but the number of dominant species and Pielou’s Evenness Index remained stable with the increase of the distance from the forest/field edge. While Shannon’s Diversity Index remained constant, Simpson’s Diversity Index decreased markedly with the increase in distance from the forest/field edge. The proportion of long-distance migrants slightly decreased, while that of short-distance migrants and residents remained constant with the increase in the distance from the forest/field edge. Strikingly, no such changes in the proportion of all feeding guilds were shown. More than half of all breeding bird species show a negative correlation between population density and the distance from the forest/field edge. The dominance of some species decreased with the increase of the distance from the forest/field edge: Hawfinch Coccothraustes coccothraustes, Starling Sturnus vulgaris, Blue Tit Parusa caeruleus, Raven Corvus corax, Wren Troglodytes troglodytes, Wood Pigeon Columba palumbus, and Wood Lark Lullula arborea. With the exception of the Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella, the clearcuts in this study, not only failed to increase, but most probably caused a decrease in the number of both species and individuals. It is because clearing not only creates edges, but also causes loss of forest habitat and often results in forest fragmentation. Edge and area effect may in fact interact, in such way that the edge effect may drive out the area effect, causing the increase.

Braun-Blanquet classification of the piedmont and mountain broad-leaved forests (formed by Carpinus betulus, Quercus petraea/hartwissiana/robur, Fraxinus excelsior) was done basing on 224 relevés collected in 2014–2018 in the North-Western Caucasus (N 43,5–44,8°, E 38,5–41,5°; Fig. 2). DCA-ordination of the data corresponds to their correlation with environment variables (absolute elevation, geographical coordinates, tree canopy density) in Landolt’s ecological scales was carried out. Suballiance Tamo communis–Carpinenion betuli suball. nov. prov. and new lower syntaxa are proposed (Table 1) within the alliance Crataego–Carpinion caucasicae Passarge 1981. Nomenclature type of the suballiance is the ass. Tamo communis–Carpinetum betuli ass. nov. (Table 3, holotypus is relevé 4: author’s number 83, author N. E. Shevchenko, 19.07.2016, N 44.257°, E 39.760°, 352 m above sea level, slope 5°NE) with three variants: typica ­(Table 3: 1–15), Staphylea colchica (Table 3: 16–27) and Festuca drymeja (Table 3: 28–38). Also, there are ass. Aro macu­lati–Carpinetum betuli (Table 4: 1–15; holotypus is relevé 5: author’s number 427, author N. E. Shevchenko, 12.05.2017, N 44.471°, E 40.516°, 455 m above sea level, slope 6°NE) as well as Abies nordmanniana–Carpinus betulus community (Table 4: 16–27) in new suballiance. Not too common in the North-Western Caucasus are ash (Fraxinus excelsior) forests which have no suffiicient floristic peculiarity and are considered as facies in associations Tamo communis–Carpinetum betuli var. typica and Aro maculati–Carpinetum betuli. The specificity of the studied forests in comparison with hornbeam and oak forests in the Central Caucasus (Georgia), North Turkey, the Balkans and the Crimea (Passarge, 1981a; Korzhenevskiy, 1982; Didukh, 1996; Korkmaz et al., 2008; Košir et al. 2013; Çoban, Willner, 2019; Novak et al., 2019) is that the North-­Western Caucasus forest flora includes (Table­ 2), besides European species of temperate broad-leaved forests (Acer campestre, Euonymus europaea, Carex sylvatica, Convallaria majalis, Rubus caesius), also southern European species of thermophilous broad-leaved forests (Acer tataricum, Cornus mas, Ligustrum vulgare, Lonicera caprifolium, Tamus communis, Vincetoxicum scandens, Hedera helix, Festuca drymeja), and reduced set of species which are character for Euxinian and ­Caucasian ­forests (Quercus­­ ­hartwissiana, Tilia begoniifolia, Rhododendron luteum, Daphne caucasica, Staphylea colchica, Smilax excelsa, Paris incompleta, Polygonatum orientale, Lathyrus roseus, Campanula alliariifolia, but without Daphne pontica, Epimedium pubigerum, Erica arborea, Ostrya carpinifolia, Salvia forskahlei, Vaccinium arctostaphylos). DCA-ordination (Fig. 8) showed that the differences in species composition of the broad-leaved ­forest syntaxa are due to both absolute elevation (vector Elev in Fig. 7) and geographic longitude (vector E) of the relevés. So, forests of ass. Aro maculati–Carpinetum betuli and community Abies nordmanniana–Carpinus betulus are situated, in general, at higher positions than forests of ass. Tamo communis–Carpinetum betuli, and the first syntaxon is situated east of the two last ones. Floristic difference between these syntaxa corresponds with parameters assessed by values of Landolt’s scales: soil aeration (vector D), climate continentality (vector K) and light regime (vector L). The lowest α-diversity is in ass. Tamo communis–Carpinetum betuli, and the highest is in the ass. Aro maculati–Carpinetum betuli and community Abies nordmanniana–Carpinus betulus it (Fig. 9). Associations Carpino betuli–Quercetum petraeae Grebenshchikov et al. 1990 and Rhododendro lutei–Quercetum petraeae Grebenshchikov et al. 1990, earlier described on small sets of relevés in the North-Western Caucasus (Grebenshchikov et al. 1990) within the alliance Carpino betuli–Quercion petraeae Grebenshchikov et al. 1990 (now invalid due to absence of stated holotypus), are very close to the new ass. Tamo communis–Carpinetum betuli. Recently described (also on small sets of data) five associations (Akatova, Ermakov, 2020), within the alliance Crataego–Carpinion caucasicae Passarge 1981, are valid. Therefore, further clarification and optimization of the North-Western Caucasus oak-hornbeam forest classification is required, having in mind the final decision on the alliance/suballiance names and diagnosis. Their belonging to the order (Carpinetalia betuli or Rhododendro pontici–Fagetalia orientalis) is also a debatable question, because researchers working in such forests on Balkans, in the Crimea and the North Turkey have come to different conclusions. The analysis of species with constancy 60–80 % in 224 relevés from the studied area reveals 8 diagnostic ones of the order Carpinetalia betuli vs. only 3 diagnostic ones of the order Rhododendro pontici–Fagetalia orientalis, that allows to assign these oak-hornbeam forests to the first order. The Abies nordmanniana–Carpinus betulus community is intermediate between these two orders but after trees from shade-tolerant fir undergrowth become, the canopy mature will be mixed that is character for forests of the order Rhododendro pontici–Fagetalia orientalis.

ABSTRACTEnvironmental conditions influence species composition, including the microbial communities that associate with benthic organisms such as corals. In this study we identified and compared bacteria that associate with three common deep-water corals, Lophelia pertusa, Madrepora oculata and Paragorgia arborea, from a reef habitat on the mid-Norwegian shelf. The 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing data obtained revealed that >50% of sequences were represented by only five operational taxonomic units. Three were host-specific and unclassified below class level, belonging to Alphaproteobacteria with affiliation to members of the Rhizobiales order (L. pertusa), Flavobacteria affiliated with members of the Elisabethkingia genus (M. oculata) and Mollicutes sequences affiliated with the Mycoplasma genus (P. arborea). In addition, gammaproteobacterial sequences within the genera Sulfitobacter and Oleispira were found across all three deep-water coral taxa. Although highly abundant in the coral microbiomes, these sequences accounted for <0.1% of the surrounding bacterioplankton, supporting specific relationships. We combined this information with previous studies, undertaking a meta-data analysis of 165 widespread samples across coral hosts and habitats. Patterns in bacterial diversity indicated enrichment of distinct uncultured species in coral microbiomes that differed among deep (>200 m), mesophotic (30–200 m) and shallow (<30 m) reefs.

AbstractThe cold-water gorgonian coral Paragorgia arborea is considered as a foundation species of deep-sea ecosystems in the northern Atlantic and Pacific oceans. To advance lipidomic studies of deep-sea corals, molecular species compositions of diacylglycerol ethers (DAGE), which are specific storage lipids of corals, and structural glycerophospholipids (GPL) including ethanolamine, choline, inositol and serine GPL (PE, PC, PI, and PS, respectively) were analyzed in P. arborea by HPLC and tandem mass spectrometry. In DAGE molecules, alkyl groups (16:0, 14:0, and 18:1), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and monounsaturated FA are mainly substituted the glycerol moiety at position sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3, respectively. The ether form (1-O-alkyl-2-acyl) predominates in PE and PC, while PI is comprised of the 1,2-diacyl form. Both ether and diacyl forms were observed in PS. At position sn-2, C20 PUFA are mainly attached to PC, but C24 PUFA, soft coral chemotaxonomic markers, concentrate in PS, PI, and PE. A comparison of non-polar parts of molecules has shown that DAGE, ether PE, and ether PC can originate from one set of 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerols. Ether PE may be converted to ether PS by the base-exchange reaction. A diacylglycerol unit generated from phosphatidic acid can be a precursor for diacyl PS, PC, and PI. Thus, a lipidomic approach has confirmed the difference in biosynthetic origins between ether and diacyl lipids of deep-sea gorgonians.

Two Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, bacteria that formed pale-pinkish colonies, designated HMF7056T and HMF7647T were isolated from Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) and Korean cornel dogwood (Cornus offcinalis), respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on sequences of 16S rRNA genes and 92 core genes indicated that two strains represent novel species within the family Sphingobacteriaceae . HMF7056T and HMF7647T showed high 16S rRNA sequence similarities to Daejeonella lutea N7d-4T (93.9 % and 95.7 %, respectively). The genomes of HMF7056T and HMF7647T were 5.2 and 4.8 Mbp in size with 50.5 and 42.5 % DNA G+C contents, respectively. Menaquinone-7 was the main respiratory quinone. The predominant fatty acids of HMF7056T and HMF7647T were iso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c). The major polar lipid of both strains was phosphatidylethanolamine. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values of HMF7056T, HMF7647T and related species were well below the threshold limit for species delineation (<68.9 and <20.8 %, respectively). The average amino acid identity values of HMF7056T, HMF7647T with related type strains were below 67.8 and 68.3 %, respectively. On the basis of the results of phenotypic and phylogenetic characterizations, the two strains are considered to represent members of a novel genus of the family Sphingobacteriaceae , for which the names Hufsiella ginkgonis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Hufsiella arboris sp. nov. are proposed. The type strains are HMF7056T (=KCTC 72282T =NBRC 113964T) and HMF7647T (=KCTC 72283T =NBRC 113965T), respectively.

Abstract The family Lamippidae (Cyclopoida) are endosymbionts mainly occurring in shallow water octocorals and records from deep-sea corals are few. Here we investigated the relationship between the lamippid Gorgonophilus canadensis Buhl-Mortensen & Mortensen, 2004 and its host the deep-sea coral Paragorgia arborea. Twenty-one specimens of G. canadensis was found inside eight gall-like structures on a P. arborea colony collected in 2010 at 318 m depth off Norway. The galls contained on average 1.6 females, 1.0 males, and 7.5 egg sacs estimated to contain 400 eggs each. Females were larger than males (4.6 mm compared to 2.0 mm). The gall volume increased with the number of egg sacs, females, and the length of females inside, the latter correlation was significant (p < 0.05). The number of egg sacs in galls was positively correlated with the abundance and length of females (p < 0.05), and by adding Canadian data from 17 galls the relation between egg sacs and numbers of females and males in galls became stronger (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Scanning electron microscopy revealed that this highly modified endoparasite has thoracic appendages with non-segmented flexible spines with a specialized structure at their tips through which threads are excreted. We speculate that this adaptation could relate to feeding or attachment of egg sacs inside the galls. Thread production has rarely been reported for copepods and we explore its function in the group as well as other crustaceans. The age and size of the parasite, and the introduction to and release from the host is also discussed.

04–620 Akamatsu, Nobuhiko (Doshisha University, Japan; Email: nakamats@mail.doshisha.ac.jp.). The effects of first language orthographic features on second language reading in text. Language Learning (Michigan, USA), 53, 2 (2003), 207–231.04–621 Argamon, S., Koppel, M., Fine, J. and Shimoni, A. R. (Department of computer Science at the Illinois Institute of Technology. Email: argamon@iit.edu). Gender, genre and writing style in formal written texts. Text (Berlin, Germany), 23, 3 (2003), 321–346.04–622 Dreyer, Carisma and Nel, Charl (Potchefstroom U., South Africa; Email: nsocd@puknet.puk.ac.za). Teaching reading strategies and reading comprehension within a technology-enhanced learning environment. System (Oxford, UK), 31, 3 (2003), 349–365.04–623 Fender, Michael (U. of Pittsburg, PA., USA; Email: mjfst@pitt.edu). English word recognition and word integration skills of native Arabic- and Japanese-speaking learners of English as a second language. Applied Psycholinguistics (Cambridge, UK), 24, 2 (2003), 289–316.04–624 Flowerdew, L. (Hong Kong University of Science and Techology). A combined corpus and systemic-functional analysis of the problem-solution pattern in a student and professional corpus of technical writing. TESOL Quarterly (Alexandria, VA, USA), 37, 3 (2003), 489–511.04–625 Goswami, Usha (U. of Cambridge, UK), Ziegler, Johannes C., Dalton, Louise and Schneider, Woflgang. Nonword reading across orthographies: How flexible is the choice of reading units?Applied Psycholinguistics (Cambridge, UK), 24, 2 (2003), 235–248.04–626 Hinkel, Eli (Seattle University, USA; Email: ehinkel@seattleu.edu). Tense, aspect and the passive voice in L1 and L2 academic texts. Language Teaching Research (London, UK), 8, 1 (2004), 5.04–627 Hirose, Keiko (Aichi Prefectural University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan; Email: khirose@for.aichi-pu.ac.jp). Comparing L1 and L2 organizational patterns in the argumentative writing of Japanese EFL students. Journal of Second Language Writing (New Jersey, USA), 12 (2003), 181–209.04–628 Lee, Miranda Y. P. (Hong Kong Polytechnic University of Hong Kong; Email: ctmyplee@polyu.edu.hk). Discourse structure and rhetoric of English narratives: differences between native English and Chinese non-native English writers. Text (Berlin, Germany) 23, 3 (2003), 347–368.04–629 Matsuda, Paul K. (University of New Hampshire, USA; Email: pmatsuda@unh.edu), Canagarajah, A. Suresh, Harklau, L., Hyland, K. and Warshauer, Mark. Changing currents in second language writing research: a colloquium. Journal of Second Language Writing (New Jersey, USA), 12 (2003), 151–179.04–630 Moreno, Ana (Universidad de Leon, Spain; Email: dfmamf@unileon.es). Matching theoretical descriptions of discourse and practical applications to teaching: the case of causal metatext. English for Specific Purposes (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 22, 3 (2003), 265–295.04–631 Ramanathan, Vaidehi (University of California, Davis, USA; Email: vramanathan@ucdavis.edu). Written textual production and consumption (WTPC) in vernacular and English-medium settings in Gujarat, India. Journal of Second Language Writing (Ann Arbor, USA), 12 (2003), 125–150.04–632 Rasinski, Timothy V. (Kent State U., USA) and Hoffman, James V. (U. of Texas, Austin, USA). Oral reading in the school literacy curriculum. Reading Research Quarterly (Newark, DE, USA), 38, 4 (2003), 510–522.04–633 Saito, Hidetoshi and Fujita, Tomoko (Hokusei Gakuen University, Japan; Email: saitoh@hokusei.ac.jp). Characteristics and user acceptance of peer rating in EFL writing classrooms. Language Teaching Research (London, UK), 8, 1 (2003), 31–54.04–634 Steinman, Linda (Seneca College, Toronto, Canada). Cultural collisions in L2 academic writing. TESL Canada Journal (Burnaby, B.C., Canada), 20, 2 (2003), 80–91.04–635 Zareva, Alla (University of Georgia Athens Georgia.) Transfer effects on the process of L2 reading and comprehension. Literacy Across Cultures (Fukui, Japan), 6 (2003), 25–34.

We used high-resolution imagery within a Geographic Information System (GIS), free gas and porewater analyses and animal bulk stable isotope measurements to characterize the biotic and abiotic aspects of the newly discovered Vestbrona Carbonate Field (VCF) seep site on the Norwegian shelf (63°28′N, 6° 31′E, ∿270 m water depth). Free gas was mainly composed of microbial methane. Sediment porewater sulfide concentrations were in the millimolar range and thus high enough to sustain seep chemosymbiotrophic animals. Nonetheless, the VCF lacked chemosymbiotrophic animals despite an abundance of methane-derived carbonate crusts which are formed by the same anaerobic processes that sustain chemosymbiotrophic animals at seeps. Furthermore, none of the sampled taxa, across various trophic guilds exhibited a detectable contribution of chemosynthetically fixed carbon to their diets based on bulk stable isotope values, suggesting a predominantly photosynthetic source of carbon to the VCF seep food web. We link the absence of chemosymbiotrophic animals to highly localized methane flow pathways, which may act as a “shunt-bypass” of the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) and by extension sulfide generation, thus leading to sediment sulfide concentrations that are highly heterogeneous over very short lateral distances, inhibiting the successful colonization of chemosymbiotrophic animals at the VCF seep. Instead, the seep hosted diverse biological communities, consisting of heterotrophic benthic fauna, including long lived taxa, such as soft corals (e.g., Paragorgia arborea) and stony corals (i.e., Desmophyllum pertusum, formerly known as Lophelia pertusa). Compared to the surrounding non-seep seafloor, we measured heightened megafaunal density at the seep, which we attribute to increased habitat heterogeneity and the presence of a variety of hard substrates (i.e., methane-derived authigenic carbonates, dropstones and coral rubble), particularly since the most abundant taxa all belonged to the phylum Porifera. Compared to the surrounding non-seep seafloor, marine litter was denser within the VCF seep, which we link to the more variable local topography due to authigenic carbonates, which can rip off parts of bottom trawling nets thereby making the seep act as catchment area for marine litter.

04–538 Allford, D. Institute of Education, University of London. d.allford@sta01.joe.ac.uk‘Grasping the nettle’: aspects of grammar in the mother tongue and foreign languages. Language Learning Journal (Rugby, UK), 27 (2003), 24–32.04–539 Álvarez, Inma (The Open U., UK). Consideraciones sobre la contribución de los ordenadores en el aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras. [The contribution of computers to foreign language learning.] Vida Hispánica (Rugby, UK), 28 (2003), 19–23.04–540 Arkoudis, S. (U. of Melbourne, Australia; Email: sophiaa@unimelb.edu.au). Teaching English as a second language in science classes: incommensurate epistemologies?Language and Education (Clevedon, UK), 17, 3 (2003), 161–173.04–541 Bandin, Francis and Ferrer, Margarita (Manchester Metropolitan U., UK). Estereotípicos. [Stereotypes.] Vida Hispánica. Association for Language Learning (Rugby, UK), 28 (2003), 4–12.04–542 Banno, Eri (Okayama University). A cross-cultural survey of students’ expectations of foreign language teachers. Foreign Language Annals, 36, 3 (2003), 339–346.04–543 Barron, Colin (U. of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Email: csbarron@hkusua.hku.hk). Problem-solving and EAP: themes and issues in a collaborative teaching venture. English for Specific Purposes (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 22, 3 (2003), 297–314.04–544 Bartley, Belinda (Lord Williams's School, Thame). Developing learning strategies in writing French at key stage 4. Francophonie (London, UK), 28 (2003), 10–17.04–545 Bax, S. (Canterbury Christ Church University College). The end of CLT: a context approach to language teaching. ELT Journal (Oxford, UK), 57, 3 (2003), 278–287.04–546 Caballero, Rodriguez (Universidad Jaume I, Campus de Borriol, Spain; Email: mcaballe@guest.uji.es). How to talk shop through metaphor: bringing metaphor research to the ESP classroom. English for Specific Purposes (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 22, 2 (2003), 177–194.04–547 Field, J. (University of Leeds). Promoting perception: lexical segmentation in L2 listening. ELT Journal (Oxford, UK), 57, 4 (2003), 325–334.04–548 Finkbeiner, Matthew and Nicol, Janet (U. of Arizona, AZ, USA; Email: msf@u.Arizona.edu). Semantic category effects in second language word learning. Applied Psycholinguistics (Cambridge, UK), 24, 3 (2003), 369–384.04–549 Frazier, S. (University of California). A corpus analysis of would-clauses without adjacent if-clauses. TESOL Quarterly (Alexandria, VA, USA), 37, 3 (2003), 443–466.04–550 Harwood, Nigel (Canterbury Christ Church University College, UK). Taking a lexical approach to teaching: principles and problems. International Journal of Applied Linguistics (Oxford, UK), 12, 2 (2002), 139–155.04–551 Hird, Bernard (Edith Cowan U., Australia; Email: b.hird@ecu.edu.au). What are language teachers trying to do in their lessons?Babel, (Adelaide, Australia) 37, 3 (2003), 24–29.04–552 Ho, Y-K. (Ming Hsin University of Science and Technology, Taiwan). 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Abstract A description is given for Gloniopsis praelonga. Some information on its dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Kenya, Morocco, South Africa, Zambia, Canada (British Columbia), Mexico, USA (Alabama, California, Florida, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia), Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, China (Hubei), India (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu), Pakistan, Taiwan, Azores, Australia (Australian Capital Territory, Queensland), New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Gibraltar, Germany, Greece, Irish Republic, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Russia (Leningradskaya oblast), Spain and UK), hosts (Acacia filiculoides, Acacia mearnsii, Acacia sp., Acer campestre, Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer sp., Alnus sp., Andromeda sp., Arbutus menziesii, Arbutus unedo, Arctostaphylos tracyi, Arctostaphylos sp., Aronia sp., Arundo donax, Atalantia sp., Azalia sp., Bambusa sp., Poaceae, Berchemia scandens, Berchemia sp., Betula pendula, Betula sp., Buddleja sp., Buxus sempervirens, Calicotome spinosa, Calluna vulgaris, Carya tomentosa, Carya sp., Castanea sativa, Castanea sp., Catalpa bignonioides, Catalpa sp., Ceanothus sp., Chamaerops sp., Cistus salviifolius, Cistus sp., Cladium jamaicense, Coccoloba ewifera, Combretum zeyheri, Combretum sp., Cornus sp., Corylus avellana, Corylus colurna, Corylus sp., Crataegus laevigata, Crataegus monogyna, Crataegus sp., Duvaua longifolia, Erica arborea, Ericaceae indet., Eucalyptus coccifera, E. globulus, Eucalyptus sp., Fagus sylvatica, Fagus sp., Francoa sonchifolia, Rhamnus frangula, Fraxinus excelsior, Fraxinus ornus, Fraxinus sp., Poaceae indet., Hedera helix, Hedera sp., Hippophae rhamnoides, Ilex aquifolium, Ilex sp., Jasminum sp., Juglans cinerea, Juniperus sp., Lavandula stoechas, Leucothoe axillaris, Ligustrum japonicum, Ligustrum vulgare, Ligustrum sp., Lithocarpus sp., Lonicera periclymenum, Lonicera sp., Malus sylvestris, Malus sp., Melia azedarach, Metrosideros robusta, Myrica gale, Myrtus communis, Ostrya sp., Prunus persica var. persica, Phormium tenax, Phragmites australis, Pinus halepensis, Pinus pinaster, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus sp., Pittosporum sp., Plantae indet., Populus alba, Populus sp., Prunus spinosa, Prunus sp., Malus domestica, Malus fusca, Quercus agrifolia, Q. alba, Q. ilex, Q. petraea, Q. robur, Quercus sp., Rhamnus sp., Rhododendron ponticum, Rhododendron sp., Robinia pseudoacacia, Robinia sp., Rosa arvensis, Rosa canina, Rosa sp., Rosaceae indet., Rubus fruticosus, Rubus idaeus, Rubus inermis, Rubus sp., Sabal palmetto, Salix caprea, Salix fragilis, Salix sp., Sambucus nigra, Sambucus sp., Sequoia sp., Serenoa repens, Smilax aspera, Sorbus sp., Spiraea canescens, Spiraea sp., Symphoricarpos albus, Trachycarpus fortunei, Ulex europaeus, Ulex sp., Ulmus procera, Ulmus sp., Vaccinium glabrum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Vaccinium sp., Verbascum sp., Viburnum lantana, Viburnum opulus, Viburnum sp., Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris, Vitis sp., Xanthorrhoea sp. and Xolisma ferruginea) and associated fungi (Actinocladium rhodosporum, Ascochyta deformis, Circinotrichum olivaceum, Clypeosphaeria mamillana, Dasyscypha cerina, Farlowiella carmichaeliana, Glonium lineare, Herpotrichiella sp., Hysterium angustatum, Keissleriella caudata, Lophiostoma ulicis, Metasphaeria longispora, Orbilia alnea, Phaeostalagmus cyclosporus, Lophiostoma compressum, Pleospora sp., Pseudospiropes obclavatus, Strossmayeria atriseda, Strossmayeria bakeriana, Sporothrix ghanensis, Taeniolina scripta, Valsa ceratophora and Zygosporium gibbum).

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Women and Espionage in Seventeenth-Century Britain, Oxford 2018, Oxford University Press, XXII u. 288 S. / Abb., £ 20,00. (Tobias Graf, Berlin/Oxford) Fitzgibbons, Jonathan, Cromwell’s House of Lords. Politics, Parliaments and Constitutional Revolution, 1642 – 1660 (Studies in Early Modern Cultural, Political and Social History, 30), Woodbridge / Rochester 2018, Boydell, VIII u. 274 S., £ 75,00. (Ronald G. Asch, Freiburg i. Br.) Malcolm, Alistair, Royal Favouritism and the Governing Elite of the Spanish Monarchy, 1640 – 1665 (Oxford Historical Monographs), Oxford 2017, Oxford University Press, XIII u. 305 S. / Abb., £ 72,00. (Christian Windler, Bern) Strobach, Berndt, Der Hofjude Berend Lehmann (1661 – 1730). Eine Biografie (Bibliothek Altes Reich, 26), Berlin / Boston 2018, de Gruyter Oldenbourg, VII u. 469 S. / Abb., € 89,95. (Daniel Jütte, New York) Albrecht, Ruth / Ulrike Gleixner / Corinna Kirschstein / Eva Kormann / Pia Schmidt (Hrsg.), Pietismus und Adel. Genderhistorische Analysen (Hallesche Forschungen, 49), Halle 2018, Verlag der Franckeschen Stiftungen Halle / Harrassowitz in Kommission, VIII u. 255 S. / Abb., € 46,00. (Heike Talkenberger, Stuttgart) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz – Kurfürstin Sophie von Hannover. Briefwechsel, hrsg. v. Wenchao Li, aus dem Französischen v. Gerda Utermöhlen / Sabine Sellschopp, Göttingen 2017, Wallstein, 872 S. / Abb., € 39,90. (Sophie Ruppel, Basel) Sangmeister, Dirk / Martin Mulsow (Hrsg.), Deutsche Pornographie in der Aufklärung, Göttingen 2018, Wallstein, 753 S. / Abb., € 39,90. (Norbert Finzsch, Köln / Berlin) Jones, Peter M., Agricultural Enlightenment. Knowledge, Technology, and Nature, 1750 – 1840, Oxford / New York 2016, Oxford University Press, X u. 268 S. / Abb., £ 76,00. (Frank Konersmann, Bielefeld) Wharton, Joanna, Material Enlightenment. Women Writers and the Science of Mind, 1770 – 1830 (Studies in the Eighteenth Century), Woodbridge / Rochester 2018, The Boydell Press, X u. 276 S. / Abb., £ 60,00. (Claire Gantet, Fribourg) Briefe der Liebe. Henriette von der Malsburg und Georg Ernst von und zu Gilsa, 1765 bis 1767, hrsg. v. Ulrike Leuschner (Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Hessen, 46. Kleine Schriften, 15), Marburg 2018, Historische Kommission für Hessen, 272 S. / Abb., € 28,00. (Michael Maurer, Jena) Bernsee, Robert, Moralische Erneuerung. Korruption und bürokratische Reformen in Bayern und Preußen, 1780 – 1820 (Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für europäische Geschichte Mainz, Abteilung für Universalgeschichte, 241), Göttingen 2017, Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, 436 S., € 80,00. (Eckhart Hellmuth, München)

The general who wins a battle makes many calculations in his temple ere the battle is fought. — Sun TzuWorld War II saw a proliferation of maps. From command posts to the pages of National Geographic to the pages of daily newspapers, they were everywhere (Schulten). The era also saw substantive developments in cartography, especially with respect to the topographical maps that feature in our selected films. This essay offers a preliminary examination of the battle-map as depicted in two films about the Second World War: Franklin J. Shaffner’s biopic Patton (1970) and Jack Smight’s epic Midway (1976). In these films, maps, charts, or tableaux (the three-dimensional models upon which are plotted the movements of battalions, fleets, and so on) emerge as an expression of both martial and cinematic strategy. As a rear-view representation of the relative movements of personnel and materiel in particular battle arenas, the map and its accessories (pins, tape, markers, and so forth) trace the broad military dispositions of Patton’s 2nd Corp (Africa), Seventh Army (Italy) and Third Army (Western Europe) and the relative position of American and Japanese fleets in the Pacific. In both Patton and Midway, the map also emerges as a simple mode of narrative plotting: as the various encounters in the two texts play out, the battle-map more or less contemporaneously traces the progress of forces. It also serves as a foreshadowing device, not just narratively, but cinematically: that which is plotted in advance comes to pass (even if as preliminary movements before catastrophe), but the audience is also cued for the cinematic chaos and disjuncture that almost inevitably ensues in the battle scenes proper.On one hand, then, this essay proposes that at the fundamental level of fabula (seen through either the lens of historical hindsight or through the eyes of the novice who knows nothing of World War II), the annotated map is engaged both strategically and cinematically: as a stage upon which commanders attempt to act out (either in anticipation, or retrospectively) the intricate, but grotesque, ballet of warfare — and as a reflection of the broad, sequential, sweeps of conflict. While, in War and Cinema, Paul Virilio offers the phrase ‘the logistics of perception’ (1), in this this essay we, on the other hand, consider that, for those in command, the battle-map is a representation of the perception of logistics: the big picture of war finds rough indexical representation on a map, but (as Clausewitz tells us) chance, the creative agency of individual commanders, and the fog of battle make it far less probable (than is the case in more specific mappings, such as, say, the wedding rehearsal) that what is planned will play out with any degree of close correspondence (On War 19, 21, 77-81). Such mapping is, of course, further problematised by the processes of abstraction themselves: indexicality is necessarily a reduction; a de-realisation or déterritorialisation. ‘For the military commander,’ writes Virilio, ‘every dimension is unstable and presents itself in isolation from its original context’ (War and Cinema 32). Yet rehearsal (on maps, charts, or tableaux) is a keying activity that seeks to presage particular real world patterns (Goffman 45). As suggested above, far from being a rhizomatic activity, the heavily plotted (as opposed to thematic) business of mapping is always out of joint: either a practice of imperfect anticipation or an equally imperfect (pared back and behind-the-times) rendition of activity in the field. As is argued by Tolstoj in War and Peace, the map then presents to the responder a series of tensions and ironies often lost on the masters of conflict themselves. War, as Tostoj proposes, is a stochastic phenomenon while the map is a relatively static, and naive, attempt to impose order upon it. Tolstoj, then, pillories Phull (in the novel, Pfuhl), the aptly-named Prussian general whose lock-stepped obedience to the science of war (of which the map is part) results in the abject humiliation of 1806:Pfuhl was one of those theoreticians who are so fond of their theory that they lose sight of the object of that theory - its application in practice. (Vol. 2, Part 1, Ch. 10, 53)In both Patton and Midway, then, the map unfolds not only as an epistemological tool (read, ‘battle plan’) or reflection (read, the near contemporaneous plotting of real world affray) of the war narrative, but as a device of foreshadowing and as an allegory of command and its profound limitations. So, in Deleuzian terms, while emerging as an image of both time and perception, for commanders and filmgoers alike, the map is also something of a seduction: a ‘crystal-image’ situated in the interstices between the virtual and the actual (Deleuze 95). To put it another way, in our films the map emerges as an isomorphism: a studied plotting in which inheres a counter-text (Goffman 26). As a simple device of narrative, and in the conventional terms of latitude and longitude, in both Patton and Midway, the map, chart, or tableau facilitate the plotting of the resources of war in relation to relief (including island land masses), roads, railways, settlements, rivers, and seas. On this syntagmatic plane, in Greimasian terms, the map is likewise received as a canonical sign of command: where there are maps, there are, after all, commanders (Culler 13). On the other hand, as suggested above, the battle-map (hereafter, we use the term to signify the conventional paper map, the maritime chart, or tableau) materialises as a sanitised image of the unknown and the grotesque: as apodictic object that reduces complexity and that incidentally banishes horror and affect. Thus, the map evolves, in the viewer’s perception, as an ironic sign of all that may not be commanded. This is because, as an emblem of the rational order, in Patton and Midway the map belies the ubiquity of battle’s friction: that defined by Clausewitz as ‘the only concept which...distinguishes real war from war on paper’ (73). ‘Friction’ writes Clausewitz, ‘makes that which appears easy in War difficult in reality’ (81).Our work here cannot ignore or side-step the work of others in identifying the core cycles, characteristics of the war film genre. Jeanine Basinger, for instance, offers nothing less than an annotated checklist of sixteen key characteristics for the World War II combat film. Beyond this taxonomy, though, Basinger identifies the crucial role this sub-type of film plays in the corpus of war cinema more broadly. The World War II combat film’s ‘position in the evolutionary process is established, as well as its overall relationship to history and reality. It demonstrates how a primary set of concepts solidifies into a story – and how they can be interpreted for a changing ideology’ (78). Stuart Bender builds on Basinger’s taxonomy and discussion of narrative tropes with a substantial quantitative analysis of the very building blocks of battle sequences. This is due to Bender’s contention that ‘when a critic’s focus [is] on the narrative or ideological components of a combat film [this may] lead them to make assumptions about the style which are untenable’ (8). We seek with this research to add to a rich and detailed body of knowledge by redressing a surprising omission therein: a conscious and focussed analysis of the use of battle-maps in war cinema. In Patton and in Midway — as in War and Peace — the map emerges as an emblem of an intergeneric dialogue: as a simple storytelling device and as a paradigmatic engine of understanding. To put it another way, as viewer-responders with a synoptic perspective we perceive what might be considered a ‘double exposure’: in the map we see what is obviously before us (the collision of represented forces), but an Archimedean positioning facilitates the production of far more revelatory textual isotopies along what Roman Jakobson calls the ‘axis of combination’ (Linguistics and Poetics 358). Here, otherwise unconnected signs (in our case various manifestations and configurations of the battle-map) are brought together in relation to particular settings, situations, and figures. Through this palimpsest of perspective, a crucial binary emerges: via the battle-map we see ‘command’ and the sequence of engagement — and, through Greimasian processes of axiological combination (belonging more to syuzhet than fabula), elucidated for us are the wrenching ironies of warfare (Culler 228). Thus, through the profound and bound motif of the map (Tomashevsky 69), are we empowered to pass judgement on the map bearers who, in both films, present as the larger-than-life heroes of old. Figure 1.While we have scope only to deal with the African theatre, Patton opens with a dramatic wide-shot of the American flag: a ‘map’, if you will, of a national history forged in war (Fig. 1). Against this potent sign of American hegemony, as he slowly climbs up to the stage before it, the general appears a diminutive figure -- until, via a series of matched cuts that culminate in extreme close-ups, he manifests as a giant about to play his part in a great American story (Fig. 2).Figure 2.Some nineteen minutes into a film, having surveyed the carnage of Kasserine Pass (in which, in February 1943, the Germans inflicted a humiliating defeat on the Americans) General Omar Bradley is reunited with his old friend and newly-nominated three-star general, George S. Patton Jr.. Against a backdrop of an indistinct topographical map (that nonetheless appears to show the front line) and the American flag that together denote the men’s authority, the two discuss the Kasserine catastrophe. Bradley’s response to Patton’s question ‘What happened at Kasserine?’ clearly illustrates the tension between strategy and real-world engagement. While the battle-plan was solid, the Americans were outgunned, their tanks were outclassed, and (most importantly) their troops were out-disciplined. Patton’s concludes that Rommel can only be beaten if the American soldiers are fearless and fight as a cohesive unit. Now that he is in command of the American 2nd Corp, the tide of American martial fortune is about to turn.The next time Patton appears in relation to the map is around half an hour into the two-and-three-quarter-hour feature. Here, in the American HQ, the map once more appears as a simple, canonical sign of command. Somewhat carelessly, the map of Europe seems to show post-1945 national divisions and so is ostensibly offered as a straightforward prop. In terms of martial specifics, screenplay writer Francis Ford Coppola apparently did not envisage much close scrutiny of the film’s maps. Highlighted, instead, are the tensions between strategy as a general principle and action on the ground. As British General Sir Arthur Coningham waxes lyrical about allied air supremacy, a German bomber drops its payload on the HQ, causing the map of Europe to (emblematically) collapse forward into the room. Following a few passes by the attacking aircraft, the film then cuts to a one second medium shot as a hail of bullets from a Heinkel He 111 strike a North African battle map (Fig. 3). Still prone, Patton remarks: ‘You were discussing air supremacy, Sir Arthur.’ Dramatising a scene that did take place (although Coningham was not present), Schaffner’s intention is to allow Patton to shoot holes in the British strategy (of which he is contemptuous) but a broader objective is the director’s exposé of the more general disjuncture between strategy and action. As the film progresses, and the battle-map’s allegorical significance is increasingly foregrounded, this critique becomes definitively sharper.Figure 3.Immediately following a scene in which an introspective Patton walks through a cemetery in which are interred the remains of those killed at Kasserine, to further the critique of Allied strategy the camera cuts to Berlin’s high command and a high-tech ensemble of tableaux, projected maps, and walls featuring lights, counters, and clocks. Tasked to research the newly appointed Patton, Captain Steiger walks through the bunker HQ with Hitler’s Chief of Staff, General Jodl, to meet with Rommel — who, suffering nasal diphtheria, is away from the African theatre. In a memorable exchange, Steiger reveals that Patton permanently attacks and never retreats. Rommel, who, following his easy victory at Kasserine, is on the verge of total tactical victory, in turn declares that he will ‘attack and annihilate’ Patton — before the poet-warrior does the same to him. As Clausewitz has argued, and as Schaffner is at pains to point out, it seems that, in part, the outcome of warfare has more to do with the individual consciousness of competing warriors than it does with even the most exquisite of battle-plans.Figure 4.So, even this early in the film’s runtime, as viewer-responders we start to reassess various manifestations of the battle-map. To put it as Michelle Langford does in her assessment of Schroeter’s cinema, ‘fragments of the familiar world [in our case, battle-maps] … become radically unfamiliar’ (Allegorical Images 57). Among the revelations is that from the flag (in the context of close battle, all sense of ‘the national’ dissolves), to the wall map, to the most detailed of tableau, the battle-plan is enveloped in the fog of war: thus, the extended deeply-focussed scenes of the Battle of El Guettar take us from strategic overview (Patton’s field glass perspectives over what will soon become a Valley of Death) to what Boris Eichenbaum has called ‘Stendhalian’ scale (The Young Tolstoi 105) in which, (in Patton) through more closely situated perspectives, we almost palpably experience the Germans’ disarray under heavy fire. As the camera pivots between the general and the particular (and between the omniscient and the nescient) the cinematographer highlights the tension between the strategic and the actual. Inasmuch as it works out (and, as Schaffner shows us, it never works out completely as planned) this is the outcome of modern martial strategy: chaos and unimaginable carnage on the ground that no cartographic representation might capture. As Patton observes the destruction unfold in the valley below and before him, he declares: ‘Hell of a waste of fine infantry.’ Figure 5.An important inclusion, then, is that following the protracted El Guettar battle scenes, Schaffner has the (symbolically flag-draped) casket of Patton’s aide, Captain Richard N. “Dick” Jenson, wheeled away on a horse-drawn cart — with the lonely figure of the mourning general marching behind, his ironic interior monologue audible to the audience: ‘I can't see the reason such fine young men get killed. There are so many battles yet to fight.’ Finally, in terms of this brief and partial assessment of the battle-map in Patton, less than an hour in, we may observe that the map is emerging as something far more than a casual prop; as something more than a plotting of battlelines; as something more than an emblem of command. Along a new and unexpected axis of semantic combination, it is now manifesting as a sign of that which cannot be represented nor commanded.Midway presents the lead-up to the eponymous naval battle of 1942. Smight’s work is of interest primarily because the battle itself plays a relatively small role in the film; what is most important is the prolonged strategising that comprises most of the film’s run time. In Midway, battle-tables and fleet markers become key players in the cinematic action, second almost to the commanders themselves. Two key sequences are discussed here: the moment in which Yamamoto outlines his strategy for the attack on Midway (by way of a decoy attack on the Aleutian Islands), and the scene some moments later where Admiral Nimitz and his assembled fleet commanders (Spruance, Blake, and company) survey their own plan to defend the atoll. In Midway, as is represented by the notion of a fleet-in-being, the oceanic battlefield is presented as a speculative plane on which commanders can test ideas. Here, a fleet in a certain position projects a radius of influence that will deter an enemy fleet from attacking: i.e. ‘a fleet which is able and willing to attack an enemy proposing a descent upon territory which that force has it in charge to protect’ (Colomb viii). The fleet-in-being, it is worth noting, is one that never leaves port and, while it is certainly true that the latter half of Midway is concerned with the execution of strategy, the first half is a prolonged cinematic game of chess, with neither player wanting to move lest the other has thought three moves ahead. Virilio opines that the fleet-in-being is ‘a new idea of violence that no longer comes from direct confrontation and bloodshed, but rather from the unequal properties of bodies, evaluation of the number of movements allowed them in a chosen element, permanent verification of their dynamic efficiency’ (Speed and Politics 62). Here, as in Patton, we begin to read the map as a sign of the subjective as well as the objective. This ‘game of chess’ (or, if you prefer, ‘Battleships’) is presented cinematically through the interaction of command teams with their battle-tables and fleet markers. To be sure, this is to show strategy being developed — but it is also to prepare viewers for the defamiliarised representation of the battle itself.The first sequence opens with a close-up of Admiral Yamamoto declaring: ‘This is how I expect the battle to develop.’ The plan to decoy the Americans with an attack on the Aleutians is shown via close-ups of the conveniently-labelled ‘Northern Force’ (Fig. 6). It is then explained that, twenty-four hours later, a second force will break off and strike south, on the Midway atoll. There is a cut from closeups of the pointer on the map to the wider shot of the Japanese commanders around their battle table (Fig. 7). Interestingly, apart from the opening of the film in the Japanese garden, and the later parts of the film in the operations room, the Japanese commanders are only ever shown in this battle-table area. This canonically positions the Japanese as pure strategists, little concerned with the enmeshing of war with political or social considerations. The sequence ends with Commander Yasimasa showing a photograph of Vice Admiral Halsey, who the Japanese mistakenly believe will be leading the carrier fleet. Despite some bickering among the commanders earlier in the film, this sequence shows the absolute confidence of the Japanese strategists in their plan. The shots are suitably languorous — averaging three to four seconds between cuts — and the body language of the commanders shows a calm determination. The battle-map here is presented as an index of perfect command and inevitable victory: each part of the plan is presented with narration suggesting the Japanese expect to encounter little resistance. While Yasimasa and his clique are confident, the other commanders suggest a reconnaissance flight over Pearl Harbor to ascertain the position of the American fleet; the fear of fleet-in-being is shown here firsthand and on the map, where the reconnaissance planes are placed alongside the ship markers. The battle-map is never shown in full: only sections of the naval landscape are presented. We suggest that this is done in order to prepare the audience for the later stages of the film: as in Patton (from time to time) the battle-map here is filmed abstractly, to prime the audience for the abstract montage of the battle itself in the film’s second half.Figure 6.Figure 7.Having established in the intervening running time that Halsey is out of action, his replacement, Rear Admiral Spruance, is introduced to the rest of the command team. As with all the important American command and strategy meetings in the film, this is done in the operations room. A transparent coordinates board is shown in the foreground as Nimitz, Spruance and Rear Admiral Fletcher move through to the battle table. Behind the men, as they lean over the table, is an enormous map of the world (Fig. 8). In this sequence, Nimitz freely admits that while he knows each Japanese battle group’s origin and heading, he is unsure of their target. He asks Spruance for his advice:‘Ray, assuming what you see here isn’t just an elaborate ruse — Washington thinks it is, but assuming they’re wrong — what kind of move do you suggest?’This querying is followed by Spruance glancing to a particular point on the map (Fig. 9), then a cut to a shot of models representing the aircraft carriers Hornet, Enterprise & Yorktown (Fig. 10). This is one of the few model/map shots unaccompanied by dialogue or exposition. In effect, this shot shows Spruance’s thought process before he responds: strategic thought presented via cinematography. Spruance then suggests situating the American carrier group just northeast of Midway, in case the Japanese target is actually the West Coast of the United States. It is, in effect, a hedging of bets. Spruance’s positioning of the carrier group also projects that group’s sphere of influence around Midway atoll and north to essentially cut off Japanese access to the US. The fleet-in-being is presented graphically — on the map — in order to, once again, cue the audience to match the later (edited) images of the battle to these strategic musings.In summary, in Midway, the map is an element of production design that works alongside cinematography, editing, and performance to present the notion of strategic thought to the audience. In addition, and crucially, it functions as an abstraction of strategy that prepares the audience for the cinematic disorientation that will occur through montage as the actual battle rages later in the film. Figure 8.Figure 9.Figure 10.This essay has argued that the battle-map is a simulacrum of the weakest kind: what Baudrillard would call ‘simulacra of simulation, founded on information, the model’ (121). Just as cinema itself offers a distorted view of history (the war film, in particular, tends to hagiography), the battle-map is an over-simplification that fails to capture the physical and psychological realities of conflict. We have also argued that in both Patton and Midway, the map is not a ‘free’ motif (Tomashevsky 69). Rather, it is bound: a central thematic device. In the two films, the battle-map emerges as a crucial isomorphic element. On the one hand, it features as a prop to signify command and to relay otherwise complex strategic plottings. At this syntagmatic level, it functions alongside cinematography, editing, and performance to give audiences a glimpse into how military strategy is formed and tested: a traditional ‘reading’ of the map. But on the flip side of what emerges as a classic structuralist binary, is the map as a device of foreshadowing (especially in Midway) and as a depiction of command’s profound limitations. Here, at a paradigmatic level, along a new axis of combination, a new reading of the map in war cinema is proposed: the battle-map is as much a sign of the subjective as it is the objective.ReferencesBasinger, Jeanine. The World War II Combat Film: Anatomy of a Genre. Middletown, CT: Columbia UP, 1986.Baudrillard, Jean. Simulacra and Simulation. Ann Arbour: U of Michigan Press, 1994.Bender, Stuart. Film Style and the World War II Combat Genre. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013.Clausewitz, Carl. On War. Vol. 1. London: Kegan Paul, 1908.Colomb, Philip Howard. Naval Warfare: Its Ruling Principles and Practice Historically Treated. 3rd ed. London: W.H. Allen & Co, 1899.Culler, Jonathan. Structuralist Poetics. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975.Deleuze, Gilles. 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