Дисертації з теми "Cordifolia"

The tradition of using naturally occurring plant fibers is still alive in Africa. In the Uíge province of northern Angola, bast fibers from Triumfetta cordifolia serve as the basis for everyday objects, such as baskets, mats, fishing nets, and traditional clothing. The fibers exhibit a Young’s modulus of 53.4 GPa and average tensile strength of 916.3 MPa, which are comparable to those of commercial kenaf fibers. These values indicate a high potential for use as a reinforcement in biocomposites. Based on this promising mechanical and physical profile of individual fibers, different biocomposites were produced with polylactide (PLA) as a matrix. The obtained composites were analyzed mechanically, physically, and visually. Unidirectionally arranged PLA/33% T. cordifolia composites with continuous fibers showed the highest Young’s modulus (10.79 GPa ± 1.52 GPa) and tensile strength (79.37 MPa ± 14.01 MPa). These composites were comparable to those of PLA/30% hemp composites (10.9 GPa and 82.9 MPa, respectively) and therefore have economic potential.

Depuis des décennies, les plantes sont utilisées en pharmacopée traditionnelle pour le soin de plusieurs maladies. Ceci en raison des résistances que présentent certains microorganismes vis-à-vis des produits pharmaceutiques. On notera aussi le manque de moyen financier pour l'accès au soin en médecine moderne. Voilà pourquoi le présent travail porte sur l'extraction, l'isolement, l'élucidation des structures, les transformations chimiques et les tests biologiques des métabolites secondaires des variétés sauvage et cultivée de l'espèce Triumfetta cordifolia A Rich (Tiliaceae). Les chromatographies successives de l'extrait organique des tiges et des feuilles de la variété sauvage ont conduit à l'isolement de quatre produits nouveaux dont deux céramides isolés des tiges et deux triterpènes obtenus des feuilles. Ces composés ont été identifiés à (2R, 6Z)-2-hydroxy-N-[(2S,3S,4R)-1,2,4-trihydroxyhexacosan-2-yl]heptadec-6enamide, {(2R)-N-(1S,2R,3E,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-1-[(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)methyl]-2-hydroxy heneicosa-3,6,9,12,15-pentaen-1-yl}-2-hydroxytetradecanamide, 3-O-propanoyl-29-O-triacontanoylstigmasta-5,22-diene-3beta,29-diol et l'acide 2alpha,3beta,19alpha-trimethoxyurs-12-ene-24,28-dioique-24-[(2alpha,3beta)-24,28-bis(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2-hydroxy-24,28-dioxours-12-en-3-yl] ester. En plus de ces composés, onze autres de structures connues ont été isolés et identifiés à l'acide heptadecanoïque, au glucopyranoside de bêta-sitostérol, à la friedeline, au lupéol, à la bétuline, à l'acide oléanolique, à l'acide maslinique, à l'acide corosolique, au mélange de stigmastérol et bêta-sitostérol, à l'acide heneisanoïque et au trans-tiliroside. De l'extrait organique des tiges et des feuilles de l'espèce cultivée de Triumfetta cordifolia dix produits ont été isolés parmi lesquels trois n'ont pas encore été identifiés, quatre ont été déjà isolés de l'espèce sauvage (mélange de stigmastérol et bêta-sitostérol, glucopyranoside de bêta-sitostérol, triumfettamide) et les trois derniers de structures connues ont été identifiés à l'acide tormentique, à la bêta-carotène et à l'acide 24-hydroxytormentique. Les structures de ces composés ont été élucidées grâce aux données de RMN (1 et 2D) et elles ont été confirmées en comparant ces données à celles décrites dans la littérature. Le stigmastérol a été soumis à plusieurs réactions d'oxydation et en plus des produits obtenus, certains composés isolés en grande quantité ont été soumis au test de cytotoxicité sur une lignée de cellules HT1080. La méthode utilisée est la cytométrie à flux et certaines de ces drogues ont présenté une grande activité cytotoxique bien que induisant à la fois la mort nécrotique et non nécrotique des cellules cancérigènes. L'activité antioxydante des fractions issues du flash des deux plantes et certains composés a été évaluée par la méthode FRAP. Le travail révèle ici le caractère préventif et curatif de nos plantes comestibles ; car ces espèces peuvent bien utiliser contre les stress oxydatifs et les études biologiques pourront être approfondies sur certains composés isolés pour mettre en valeur leur propriétés anticancer
From decade, plants are used in traditional healer to treat many diseases. This could be explained by microorganism pharmaceutical drug resistance. Beside, the poverty limits also access to modern treatment. That is why the present work deals with extraction, isolation, structural elucidation, chemical transformation and biological evaluation of secondary metabolites isolated from the wild and cultivated species of Triumfetta cordifolia A Rich (Tiliaceae). From the organic extract of twigs and leaves of wild T. cordifolia, four new compounds were characterized (two ceramides and two triterpens) by successive chromatography methods and identified as (2R, 6Z)-2-hydroxy-N-[(2S,3S,4R)-1,2,4-trihydroxyhexacosan-2-yl]heptadec-6enamide, {(2R)-N-(1S,2R,3E,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-1-[(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)methyl]-2-hydroxy heneicosa-3,6,9,12,15-pentaen-1-yl}-2-hydroxytetradecanamide, 3-O-propanoyl-29-O-triacontanoylstigmasta-5,22-diene-3beta,29-diol et l'acide 2alpha,3beta,19alpha-trimethoxyurs-12-ene-24,28-dioique-24-[(2alpha,3beta)-24,28-bis(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2-hydroxy-24,28-dioxours-12-en-3-yl] ester acid..These compounds were obtained together with eleven known compounds identified as heptadecanoic acid, beta-sitostérol glucopyranoside, friedelin, lupeol, betulin, oleanolic acid, maslinic acid, corosolic acid, the mixture of stigmasterol and beta sitosterol, heneicosanoic acid and trans-tiliroside. From the organic extract of twigs and leaves of cultivated species, ten products were isolated ; three among of them have not yet been identified, four of them were already obtained from the wild species and the rest were identified as Tormentic acid, beta-carotene and 24-hydroxytormentic acid. The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of NMR data(1H, 13C, two dimensional NMR analyses), mass spectrometry structure of new compounds were confirmed by chemical transformations while those of known compounds were confirmed by comparison of their physical and spectral data with those reported in the literature and with authentic samples for some of them. Stigmasterol was subjected to different oxidation reactions. The cytotoxic activities of the products and some isolated compounds against human fribosarcoma cell line HT1080 were evaluated. The flow cytometry was used to carry out this assay and some drugs showed good cytotoxic activities although inducing at the same time the apoptopic and necrotic dead of cells. The antioxidant properties of some fractions and compounds were also evaluated by FRAP method. Trans-tiliroside and its fraction showed good antioxidant activity. This work reveals the preventive and curative character of both eatable plants since these species could be used against oxidative stress. Other biological studies could be deepened to highlight the anticancer property of some isolated compounds

No presente trabalho, espécimes de Mikania cordifolia coletados em Ribeirão Preto, São Carlos, Campos do Jordão e Monte Verde são analisados comparativamente por métodos cromatográficos (CG e CLAE) para a pesquisa de triterpenóides, lactonas sesquiterpênicas e flavonóides. Todos os espécimes de M. cordifolia analisados apresentaram os triterpenóides -Amirina, -Amirina, Lupeol, Lupenona, Taraxasterol, Pseudotaraxasterol, Acetato de -Amirina, Acetato de -Amirina, Acetato de Lupeol, Acetato de Taraxasterol, Campesterol, Estigmasterol e -Sitosterol, as lactonas sesquiterpênicas 14-hidroxi-15[2-hidroximetilacriloiloxi]-germacra-1(10)E,4Z-11(13)-trien-12,8-olídeo, 14-hidroxi-15[2-hidroxi,2-metilpropanoiloxi]-germacra-1(10)E,4Z-11(13)-trien-12,8-olídeo e 14-hidroxi-15[2,3-epoxi,2-metilpropanoiloxi]-germacra-1(10)E,4Z-11(13)-trien-12,8-olídeo, os flavónóides Quercetina-3-O--galactosídeo e Rhamnazina e o ácido 3,4-diidroxi-benzóico. Apenas os espécimes de Ribeirão Preto e São Carlos apresentaram Friedelina. O extrato aquoso de M. cordifolia foi avaliado para atividade antiofídica, mostrando-se efetivo na diminuição do edema de pata de camundongo induzido por veneno de Bothrops moojeni.
In the present work, specimens of Mikania cordifolia collected at Ribeirão Preto, São Carlos, Campos do Jordão and Monte Verde were analyzed comparatively for triterpenoids, sesquiterpene lactones and flavonoids by chromatographic methods (GC and HPLC). All M. cordifolia specimens analyzed showed the triterpenoids -Amyrin, - Amyrin, Lupeol, Lupenone, Taraxasterol, Pseudotaraxasterol, -Amyrin Acetate, - Amyrin Acetate, Lupeol Acetate, Taraxasterol Acetate, Campesterol, Stigmasterol e -Sitosterol, the sesquiterpene lactones 14-hydroxy-15[2 -hydroxymethylacryloyloxygermacra- 1(10)E,4Z-11(13)-trien-12,8 -olide, 14-hydroxy-15[2 -hydroxy,2 - methylpropanoyloxy]-germacra-1(10)E,4Z-11(13)-trien-12,8 -olide e 14-hydroxy- 15[2 ,3 -epoxy,2 -methylpropanoyloxy]-germacra-1(10)E,4Z-11(13)-trien-12,8 -olide, the flavonoids Quercetin-3-O- -galactoside and Rhamnazyn and the compound 3,4- dihydroxy-benzoic acid. Only specimens collected at Ribeirão Preto and São Carlos showed Friedelin. The aqueous extract of M. cordifolia was evaluated for antiofidic activity and was found effective in reducing mice paw edema induced by venom of Bothrops moojeni

Sida cordifolia from Malvaceae family (Sida L.) with about 250 species around the world, has been used in folk medicine as anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic and antipyretic, laxative, diuretic, analgesic and hypoglycemic, antiviral, bactericide and antifungal. In this study, we attempted to identify the possible antinociceptive action of the ethanol extract (EE), chloroform (CF) and methanol (MF) fractions obtained of Sida cordifolia, known in Brazil as malva branca or malva branca sedosa . Leaves of S. cordifolia were used to produce the crude ethanol extract and after CF and MF. Experiments were conducted on Swiss mice using the glutamate and formalin-induced orofacial nociception. In the formalin test, all doses of EE, CF and MF significantly reduced the orofacial nociception in the first (p < 0.001) and second phase (p < 0.001), which was also naloxone-sensitive. The percentage reduction average for the first phase of the formalin test was 79,6% (EE), 78,4% (CF) e 65,6% (MF) and for the second phase 77,9% (EE), 69,7% (CF) e 81,1% (MF). In the glutamate-induced nociception test, only CF and MF significantly reduced the orofacial nociceptive behavior with inhibition percentage values of 48.1% (100 mg/kg, CF), 56.1% (200 mg/kg, CF), 66.4% (400 mg/kg, CF), 48.2 (200 mg/kg, MF) and 60.1 (400 mg/kg, MF). Furthermore, treatment of the animals with EE, CF and MF was not able to promote motor activity changes. These data demonstrate that S. cordifolia has a pronounced antinociceptive activity against orofacial nociception. However, pharmacological and chemical studies are continuing in order to characterize the mechanism(s) responsible for this antinociceptive action and also to identify other active substances present in S. cordifolia.
A Sida cordifolia pertencente a família Malvaceae e gênero Sida L. com cerca de 250 espécies em todo mundo, tem sido utilizada na medicina popular como anti-inflamatória, antireumático e antipirético, laxante, diurético, analgésico e hipoglicemiante, antiviral, bactericida e antifúngica. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar a possível ação antinociceptiva do extrato etanólico (EE) e das frações clorofórmica (FC) e metanólica (FM) obtidas das folhas de Sida cordifolia, conhecida no Brasil como malva branca . As folhas de Sida cordifolia foram usadas para a preparação do extrato bruto e depois foi obtida frações a partir desse extrato. Os experimentos foram realizados com camundongos Swiss usando o glutamato e formalina como agentes de indução da nocicepção orofacial. No teste da formalina, todas as doses do EE, FC e FM significativamente reduziram o comportamento nociceptivo orofacial em ambas as fases do teste (p<0,001), as quais foram sensíveis a naloxona. A média percentual de redução para a primeira fase do teste da formalina foi 79,6% (EE), 78,4% (FC) e 65,6% (FM) e para a segunda fase 77,9% (EE), 69,7% (FC) e 81,1% (FM). No teste de nocicepção induzida por glutamanto, somente as FC e FM reduziram significativamente o comportamento nociceptivo orofacial com um percentual de inibição de 48,1% (100 mg/kg, FC), 56,1% (200 mg/kg, FC), 66,4% (400 mg/kg, FC), 48,2% (200 mg/kg, FM) e 60,1% (400 mg/kg, FM). O tratamento dos animais com EE, FC e FM não foi capaz de promover alterações na atividade motora. Esses resultados demonstraram que a S. cordifolia possui um pronunciado efeito sobre a nocicepção orofacial. No entanto, estudos químicos e farmacológicos são necessários a fim de caracterizar os mecanismos responsáveis por essa ação antinociceptiva, bem como identificar substâncias presentes dentro da S. cordifolia

Orientadores: Felipe Rodrigues da Silva, Francisco Pereira Lobo
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A planta Fevillea cordifolia L. possui um grande potencial para produção de biodiesel. Buscando entender o metabolismo foi realizado um experimento exploratório de RNA-seq com sementes inteiras. No entanto, as análises da qualidade na biblioteca indicaram grande quantidade de sequências virais. Após a reconstrução do transcriptoma usando o programa TRINITY, também foi reconstruído o genoma completo do vírus. O vírus reconstruído possui identidade de 96% com o Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) em um alinhamento global de nucleotídeos dos genomas completos. Avaliando a abundância dos contigs, o PRSV encontrado representa quase 60% das 24,6 milhões de leituras da biblioteca. Para identificar qual a origem do vírus encontrado, este foi comparado com 29 PRSVs existentes no Genbank através de análise filogenética usando do Algerian watermelon mosaic virus (AWMV) para enraizar a árvore. O vírus encontrado agrupa-se com os dois PRSVs do Brasil, dentro do grupo das Américas estando mais próximo do PRSV-W-C (DQ374152). A existência de recombinações entre os PRSVs foi analisada, porém não foi detectada recombinação recente. Devido à profundidade de sequenciamento maior que 10.000x, foi possível analisar as variações existentes do genoma viral reconstruído. Uma análise das variações dos códons virais foi realizada, mostrando uma tendência para ocorrência de indels para a região do genoma no fim do cístron NIb e início do cístron CP. Essas variações ocorrem devido à existência de haplótipos virais na amostra sequenciada. Para se estimar a diversidade de haplótipos virais da amostra, foi realizada uma reconstrução local da região de 500 nt com mais alta entropia. Foram reconstruídos 58 haplótipos, dos quais dois eram predominantes com frequências de 64,84% e 24,34%. Os haplótipos reconstruídos podem ser usados para o desenvolvimento de resistência mediada por RNAi, evitando que uma variante conhecida e preexistente na população possa quebrar a resistência
Abstract: The plant Fevillea cordifolia L. has a great potential for producing biodiesel. In order to understand its metabolic pathways an exploratory RNA-seq experiment was conducted with its whole-seeds. However the quality analysis of the library revealed a substantial amount of virus sequences. After the reconstruction of the transcriptome using the software TRINITY, the complete viral genome was obtained as well. The reconstructed viral genome had an identity of 96% with Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) in a global nucleotide alignment using whole genomes. When estimating the abundance of the reconstructed sequences, this PRSV had almost 60% of the 24,6 million reads mapping to it. Aiming to elucidate the origin of this virus, its sequence was compared to 29 PRSVs from Genbank using phylogenetic analysis and the Algerian Watermelon Mosaic Virus (AWMV) as an outgroup. This PRSV clustered with the Brazilian isolates, being closer to PRSV-W-C (DQ374152). A recombination analysis was performed within the PRSVs but no recent recombination was detected. Due to the depth of the coverage sequencing being higher than 10.000x, it was possible to analyze the variations existing in the reconstructed genome. An analysis of the codons variations was performed, revealing a tendency for the occurrence of indels in a region at the end of NIb cistron and at the start of the CP cistron. These variations occur due to the existence of viral haplotypes sequenced in this sample. A local reconstruction of the 500nt region with the highest entropy was performed to estimate the diversity of viral haplotypes in this sample. 58 haplotypes were reconstructed, of which 2 were dominant with frequencies of 64,84% and 24,34%. The reconstructed haplotypes may be used for the development of RNAi-mediated resistance, avoiding the breaking of the resistance by variants that are known to exist in the population
Mestrado
Bioinformatica
Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular

As espécies Pereskia aculeata Miller e Pereskia grandifolia Haworth e Anredera cordifolia (Tenore) Steenis) são hortaliças não convencionais utilizadas na culinária tradicional pelo alto valor nutricional. Apesar da importância e do potencial alimentício das espécies do gênero Pereskia e da A. cordifolia, pouco se tem feito para expandir o conhecimento sobre tecnologia de produção ou mesmo composição química com caráter nutricional. Com base nisso, os objetivos deste trabalho foram fazer a caracterização morfologica destas espécies, estudar métodos de propagação, realizar análises da composição química, identificar o perfil de óleos essenciais e avaliar sua atividade biológica. Os resultados mostraram que P. aculeata e P.grandifolia propagam-se de forma sexuada e assexuada. A. cordifolia não produz sementes e a propagação vegetativa com estacas de ramos ou com mini tubérculos é viável. Com relação ao perfil nutricional, as três hortaliças apresentaram um bom potencial antioxidante, sendo os melhores resultados obtidos com extrações etanólica ou metanólica. As três hortaliças apresentaram folhas um bom potencial antioxidante, sendo os melhores resultados obtidos com extrações etanólica ou metanólica. Quanto à composição bromatológica, Com relação ao perfil nutricional A. cordifolia apresentou maior teor proteico (21,05%) do que a P. aculeata (14,38%) e a P. grandifolia (14,96%). O rendimento de óleo essencial foi de 0,03% e 0,09% para P. aculeata e P. grandifolia, respectivamente e para a A. cordifolia foi de 0,06%. Os componentes majoritários do óleo para a P. aculeata foram fitol, ácido hexadecanóico, para P. grandifolia foram óxido de manoyl e fitol, para a Anredera cordifolia foram 6-metyl α-ionone e n-hexadecano. Quanto a efeitos fitotóxicos, os óleos de Pereskia não foram efetivos na germinação das sementes de Sinapsis arvensis, Phalaris canariensis e Raphanus sativus, no entanto, afetaram o alongamento das radículas de R. sativus e S. arvensis. O óleo essencial de Anredera cordifolia estimulou a germinação de S. arvensis. Os óleos testados mostraram modesta atividade inibitória em bactérias patogênicas gram-positivas. Os resultados fornecem novas informações sobre a germinação de Pereskia e sobre a composição e efeitos biológicos de óleos essenciais de A. cordifolia, P.aculeata, P.grandifolia que contribuem para um melhor conhecimento dessas espécies.
The species Pereskia aculeata Miller, Pereskia grandifolia Haworth and Anredera cordifolia (Tenore) Steenis) are not conventional vegetables, normally used in traditional cooking because of their high nutritional value. Despite the importance and potential of the food species of the genus Pereskia and A. cordifolia, known as ora-pro-nobis and bertalha heart, little has been done to increase knowledge on propagation and cultivation technology and on the chemical composition with nutritional value. Based on this, the objectives of this study were to characterize morphologically these species, study methods of propagation, perform analysis of the chemical composition, identify the essential oils profile and evaluate its biological activity. The results showed that P. aculeata and P.grandifolia spread from sexual and asexual form A. cordifolia does not produce seeds and vegetative propagation with cuttings of branches or mini tubers is feasible. The three vegetables showed leaves with a good antioxidant potential, and the best results were obtained with ethanol or methanol extractions. Regarding nutritional profile A. cordifolia showed higher protein content (21.05%) than P. aculeata (14.38%) and P. grandifolia (14.96%).The yield of essential oil extraction by hydrodistillation was 0.03% and 0.09% essential oil (dry basis) to P.aculeata and P. grandifolia, respectively, whereas A. cordifolia was 0.06%. The principal oil components of P. aculeata were phytol and hexadecanoic acid, to P. grandifolia were manoyl oxide, phytol and n-octadecane and for A. cordifolia were 6-α-ionone methyl and n-hexadecane. Furthermore, in relation to phytotoxic effects, the oils of peresquias weren´t effective on seed germination of Sinapsis arvensis, Phalaris canariensis and Raphanus sativus, however, affected the elongation of the rootlets of R. sativus and S. arvensis. The oils tested showed modest inhibitory activity in pathogenic gram-positive bacteria.The results provide new information on the germination of Pereskia and on the composition and biological effects of essential oils of A. cordifolia, P.aculeata, P.grandifolia that contribute to a better understanding of these species.

Les polysaccharides sont omniprésents dans le quotidien de l’homme à travers leur implication dans des domaines vitaux dont l’alimentation, la cosmétique, les domaines pharmaceutique et biomédicaux (…) où ils assurent des fonctions très variées. Ce caractère versatile couplé à leur grande disponibilité, leur caractère biocompatible et biodégradable, avec une toxicité limitée, et leurs propriétés biologiques recherchées, en font des ingrédients de prédilection pour de nombreuses industries, ce qui explique leur forte demande au détriment d’ingrédients moins recommandables à l’exemple de polymères pétrosourcés.Ce travail s’inscrit dans la recherche d’alternatives vertes pouvant valablement substituer les polymères synthétiques et contribuer à satisfaire la demande grandissante en ingrédients naturels pour de nombreuses industries intéressées à développer des formulations limitant l’usage d’ingrédients pétrosourcés. L’une des stratégies pour y parvenir consiste à explorer de ‘‘nouvelles’’ ressources disponibles de la biomasse au profil recherché. L’un des candidats potentiels est la gomme de T. cordifolia, une ressource aux propriétés singulières, utilisée depuis de nombreuses générations dans l’alimentation et la médecine Africaine, mais encore sous-étudiée et sous-exploitée.Le but de ce travail était d’apporter une meilleure connaissance et compréhension des propriétés de la gomme de T. cordifolia, puis de démontrer par la suite son potentiel de valorisation. Pour cela il a été essentiel de développer dans un premier temps une méthode d’extraction efficace et reproductible, capable de produire une gomme de haute pureté et à bon rendement, d’effectuer ensuite une série de caractérisations chimiques, physico-chimiques et rhéologiques, avant de mener enfin des essais de valorisation. De cette manière, nous avons pu accéder aux propriétés intrinsèques de la gomme à l’exemple de la composition chimique et monosaccharidique, la viscosité intrinsèque, les régimes de concentrations, les propriétés viscoélastiques en fonction de divers paramètres (concentration de gomme, température, pH, nature et concentration saline) et avons par la suite démontré son potentiel comme émulsifiant et stabilisant d’émulsions dès les faibles concentrations, un potentiel dû à la fois à son excellente capacité d’abaisser la tension superficielle de l’eau, à sa capacité de texturation marquée, ainsi qu’à son caractère polyélectrolyte.En somme, de par ses propriétés intrinsèques et fonctionnelles très marquées, la gomme de T. cordifolia présente un certain nombre de propriétés, en solution comme en émulsion, qui en font un candidat à fort potentiel de valorisation comme ingrédient multifonctionnel pour la formulation d’émulsions vertes et innovantes
Polysaccharides are ubiquitous in everyday human life, through their involvement in vital fields such as food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and biomedicine (...), where they perform a wide variety of functions. Their versatility, combined with their availability, biocompatibility and biodegradability, with limited toxicity, and their relevant biological properties, make them the ingredients of choice for many industries, which explains their high demand to the detriment of less recommendable ingredients such as petro-based polymers.This work focuses on the search for green alternatives that can validly replace synthetic polymers and help meet the growing demand for natural ingredients from many industries interested in developing formulations that limit the use of petroleum-based ingredients. One strategy for achieving this is to explore "new" biomass resources with the desired profile. One potential candidate is T. cordifolia gum, a resource with singular properties that has been used for many generations in African food and medicine, but is still under-studied and under-exploited.The aim of this work was to gain a better knowledge and understanding of the properties of T. cordifolia gum, and then to demonstrate its valuation potential. To achieve this, it was essential to develop an efficient and reproducible extraction method capable of producing high-purity gum with good yields, then to carry out a series of chemical, physico-chemical and rheological characterizations, before proceeding with valorization trials. In this way, T. cordifolia gum's intrinsic properties, such as chemical and monosaccharide composition, intrinsic viscosity, concentration regimes and viscoelastic properties as a function of various parameters (gum concentration, temperature, pH and salt concentration) were elucidated, and its potential as emulsifier and stabilizer in oil-in-water emulsions was demonstrated at very low concentrations; a potential due to its excellent ability to lower the surface tension of water, its marked texturizing ability and its polyelectrolyte nature.All in all, the relevant intrinsic and functional properties of T. cordifolia gum, both in solution and in emulsion, make it a very promising candidate for use as a multifunctional ingredient in the formulation of innovative green emulsions

Triumfetta cordifolia et Bridelia thermifolia sont deux arbustes de la région tropicale d'Afrique dont les gommes extraites des écorces fraîches ou séchées sont confinées aux utilisations traditionnelles, notamment dans la cuisine (propriétés d'épaississement et d'aromatisation des sauces, d'amélioration de la texture des pâtisseries) et dans le procédé de décantation des bières traditionnelles de sorgho (bili-bili). Dans le but d'identifier la nature des gommes responsables de ces propriétés et d'évaluer leur potentiel de valorisation, la composition chimique (protéines, polysaccharides, fibres et minéraux) des écorces a été déterminée. Les gommes ont été extraites, caractérisées sur le plan chimique (composition en monosaccharides et en minéraux) et physique (comportement rhéologiques des extraits, poids moléculaire, viscosité intrinsèque et rayon de giration) et l'effet combiné des facteurs du milieu (température, pH, et concentration saline (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 et MgCl2)) influençant la viscosité a été analysé selon un plan composite centré. Enfin, un essai d'application de ces gommes dans la préparation des beignets de maïs et de sorgho a été réalisé. Les résultats des analyses chimiques montrent une prédominance des polysaccharides dans les écorces (52 et 55% respectivement pour B. thermifolia et T. cordifolia) et dans les extraits (76 et 80% respectivement pour B. thermifolia et T. cordifolia), avec des teneurs 5 à 8 fois supérieures à celles des protéines. Ce qui permet de considérer que ces polysaccharides sont responsables des propriétés physiques d'épaississement exprimées par les extraits. Ces propriétés ne sont aucunement modifiées par le séchage des écorces. Les polysaccharides des extraits sont constitués principalement de rhamnose (24,51%), de galactose (15,23%), d'acides glucuronique (25,51%) et galacturonique (20,23%). La présence significative d'acides uroniques justifie la persistance des minéraux dans les extraits purifiés. Les masses moléculaires moyennes des polysaccharides sont de 6,14 x106 et 3,58 x106Da respectivement pour T. cordifolia et B. thermifolia. Sur le plan physique, leurs viscosités intrinsèques et leur rayon de giration sont relativement élevés (18,33dl/g et 269,6nm pour T. cordifolia; 17,98dl/g et 217,8nm pour B. thermifolia). La cinétique de séchage des écorces de T. cordifolia et B. thermifolia se déroule en deux périodes cinétiques représentées par deux constantes de séchage k1 et k2 qui augmentent avec la température de séchage. La viscosité des extraits diminue pour des températures de séchage des écorces au-délà de 70°C. Cette baisse de viscosité des extraits serait plus le résultat d'un changement de conformation des polysaccharides que de leur dégradation. L'étude du comportement rhéologique de ces polysaccharides traduit un comportement rhéofluidifiant, viscoélastique, peu thixotrope et avec des contraintes seuil d'écoulement comprises entre 0,2 et 5Pa et entre 0,5 et 1Pa respectivement pour T. cordifolia et B. thermifolia à des concentrations comprises entre 0,52 et 0,82g/l. La température et les cations monovalents (K+ et Na+) ont un effet dépresseur sur la viscosité des gommes tandis que les pHs faiblement acide et alcalin et les cations divalents (Ca2+ et Mg2+) l'augmentent. L'effet combiné de ces facteurs sur la viscosité des gommes se décrit de façon satisfaisante par un modèle de second degré. L'analyse des interactions entre les facteurs de variation (définit dans le modèle) met en évidence, pour chaque facteur, une plage de valeurs pour lesquelles il contribue à l'obtention d'une zone de viscosités optimales et offre sur le plan pratique une gamme de choix des niveaux de variables en fonction du niveau de viscosité voulue. L'incorporation d'extraits de T. cordifolia (3,5 g/l) et B. thermifolia (11 g/l) dans la farine de maïs ou de sorgho, contribue de façon significative à l'amélioration du gonflemen

Triumfetta cordifolia et Bridelia thermifolia sont deux arbustes de la région tropicale d'Afrique dont les gommes extraites des écorces fraîches ou séchées sont confinées aux utilisations traditionnelles, notamment dans la cuisine (propriétés d'épaississement et d'aromatisation des sauces, d'amélioration de la texture des pâtisseries) et dans le procédé de décantation des bières traditionnelles de sorgho (bili-bili). Dans le but d'identifier la nature des gommes responsables de ces propriétés et d'évaluer leur potentiel de valorisation, la composition chimique (protéines, polysaccharides, fibres et minéraux) des écorces a été déterminée. Les gommes ont été extraites, caractérisées sur le plan chimique (composition en monosaccharides et en minéraux) et physique (comportement rhéologiques des extraits, poids moléculaire, viscosité intrinsèque et rayon de giration) et l'effet combiné des facteurs du milieu (température, pH, et concentration saline (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 et MgCl2)) influençant la viscosité a été analysé selon un plan composite centré. Enfin, un essai d'application de ces gommes dans la préparation des beignets de maïs et de sorgho a été réalisé. Les résultats des analyses chimiques montrent une prédominance des polysaccharides dans les écorces (52 et 55% respectivement pour B. thermifolia et T. cordifolia) et dans les extraits (76 et 80% respectivement pour B. thermifolia et T. cordifolia), avec des teneurs 5 à 8 fois supérieures à celles des protéines. Ce qui permet de considérer que ces polysaccharides sont responsables des propriétés physiques d'épaississement exprimées par les extraits. Ces propriétés ne sont aucunement modifiées par le séchage des écorces. Les polysaccharides des extraits sont constitués principalement de rhamnose (24,51%), de galactose (15,23%), d'acides glucuronique (25,51%) et galacturonique (20,23%). La présence significative d'acides uroniques justifie la persistance des minéraux dans les extraits purifiés. Les masses moléculaires moyennes des polysaccharides sont de 6,14 x106 et 3,58 x106Da respectivement pour T. cordifolia et B. thermifolia. Sur le plan physique, leurs viscosités intrinsèques et leur rayon de giration sont relativement élevés (18,33dl/g et 269,6nm pour T. cordifolia; 17,98dl/g et 217,8nm pour B. thermifolia). La cinétique de séchage des écorces de T. cordifolia et B. thermifolia se déroule en deux périodes cinétiques représentées par deux constantes de séchage k1 et k2 qui augmentent avec la température de séchage. La viscosité des extraits diminue pour des températures de séchage des écorces au-délà de 70°C. Cette baisse de viscosité des extraits serait plus le résultat d'un changement de conformation des polysaccharides que de leur dégradation. L'étude du comportement rhéologique de ces polysaccharides traduit un comportement rhéofluidifiant, viscoélastique, peu thixotrope et avec des contraintes seuil d'écoulement comprises entre 0,2 et 5Pa et entre 0,5 et 1Pa respectivement pour T. cordifolia et B. thermifolia à des concentrations comprises entre 0,52 et 0,82g/l. La température et les cations monovalents (K+ et Na+) ont un effet dépresseur sur la viscosité des gommes tandis que les pHs faiblement acide et alcalin et les cations divalents (Ca2+ et Mg2+) l'augmentent. L'effet combiné de ces facteurs sur la viscosité des gommes se décrit de façon satisfaisante par un modèle de second degré. L'analyse des interactions entre les facteurs de variation (définit dans le modèle) met en évidence, pour chaque facteur, une plage de valeurs pour lesquelles il contribue à l'obtention d'une zone de viscosités optimales et offre sur le plan pratique une gamme de choix des niveaux de variables en fonction du niveau de viscosité voulue. L'incorporation d'extraits de T. cordifolia (3,5 g/l) et B. thermifolia (11 g/l) dans la farine de maïs ou de sorgho, contribue de façon significative à l'amélioration du gonflemen
Triumfetta cordifolia and Bridelia thermifolia are two shrubs of tropical Africa whose gums extracted from fresh or dried barks are confined to traditional uses, particularly in the kitchen (thickening and flavoring properties in sauces and improvement of the texture of bakery ptoducts) and in the decantation process of the sorghum based traditionnal beer (bili-bili). In order to identify the nature of the gums responsible for these properties and assess their potentials for valorization, the chemical composition (proteins, polysaccharides, minerals and fiber) of barks was determined. The gums were extracted, and characterized for their chemical (monosaccharide composition and minerals) and physical (rheological behavior of extracts, molecular weight, intrinsic viscosity and radius of gyration) properties. Then, the combined effects of environmental factors (temperature, pH and salt concentration [NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2]) influencing the viscosity was analyzed using a central composite design. Finally application test of these gums in preparing doughnuts from maize and sorghum flour was carried out. The results of chemical analyzes showed that polysaccharides dominated in the barks (52 and 55% respectively for B.thermifolia and T. cordifolia) and in extracts (76 and 80% respectively for B.thermifolia and T. cordifolia), with levels 5-8 times higher than those of proteins. This allowed to hypothesize that these polysaccharides are responsible for the thickening properties demonstrated by the extracts. These properties are not be affected by the drying of the bark. The polysaccharides of the extracts are mainly composed of rhamnose (24.51%), galactose (15.23%), glucuronic acid (25.51%) and galacturonic acid (20.23%). The significant presence of uronic acids justifies the persistence of minerals in the purified extracts. The molecular weights of polysaccharides are 6.14 x106 and 3.58x106 Da, respectively for T. cordifolia and B. thermifolia. On the physical level, their intrinsic viscosities and their gyration radius are relatively high (18.33 dl/g and 269.6 nm for T. cordifolia; 17.98 dl/g and 217.8 nm for B. thermifolia). The drying kinetics for barks of T. cordifolia and B. thermifolia presents two falling rate periods represented by two kinetic constants k1 and k2, which increase with increasing drying temperature. Viscosity of extracts decreases when barks are dried beyond 70°C. This may be probably the consequence of a conformational change of polysaccharides than the result of their degradation. The study of the rheological behavior of these polysaccharides indicates a shear thinning, viscoelastic and weak thixotropic behavior, with flowing pressures yield point between 0.2 and 5Pa and between 0.5 and 1Pa, respectively for T. cordifolia and B. thermifolia, at concentrations between 0.52 and 0.82 g/l. Temperature and monovalent cations (K+ and Na+) have a depressant effect on viscosity of gums, while weakly acidic and alkaline pH and divalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) increase it. The combined effect of these factors on the viscosity of gums is satisfactorily described by a second degree model. Analysis of interactions between factors of variation shows, for each factor, a range of values for which it contributes to the achievement of a zone of optimal viscosity. This zone offers a practical range for the choice of variable levels, depending on the desired viscosity. The incorporation of extracts of T. cordifolia (3.5 g/l) and B. thermifolia (11 g/l) in the maize or sorghum flour, improves significantly the swelling of the dough. The doughnuts obtained after baking are, from organoleptic point of view, comparable to wheat doughnuts

Orientador: Maria Alice Garcia
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A fauna de artrópodes associada a uma população da planta invasora Sida cordifolia foi amostrada mensalmente, durante um ano, em Campinas, SP. As 154 espécies encontradas estão organizadas de acordo com estágio de desenvolvimento coletado, guilda, parte da planta atacada e frequência de ocorrência. Trinta e quatro espécies de fitófagos alimentam-se e/ou reproduzem-se a planta. Verificou-se como estas espécies, seus parasitóides e predadore respondem às variações da quantidade de recursos, medida em biomassa/planta e diversidade de recursos, registrando-se a presença ou ausência de órgãos reprodutivos. As guildas foram encontradas em frequências semelhantes em plantas vegetativas e maduras, porém, um indivíduo maduro pode sustentar um número maior de espécies. A riqueza de espécies também é maior para o conjunto de plantas maduras. A biomassa total disponível para colonização pelos artrópodes varia pouco durante o ano, mas no campo sempre existe uma fenofase predominante. A biomassa explica uma pequena proporção da variação no número de fitófagos encontrado por indivíduo, com exceção de um período, o outono, quando esta relação positiva é mais acentuada. Este período é caracterizado pela maior disponibilidade de recursos. Embora variando no tempo, à medida que aumenta a biomassa há um aumento na riqueza e densidade de fitófagos e entomófagos que utilizam a planta. Plantas maduras, além de tenderem a ser maiores, apresentam também maior diversidade de recursos e portanto nichos a serem ocupados. Análise comparativa de plantas com mesma diversidade de recursos mas com biomassa diferente demonstra que o tamanho tem um efeito relativamente pequeno sobre a densidade e riqueza de artrópodes. Por outro lado, a diversidade de recursos representada pela presença ou estágio de desenvolvimento de alguns órgãos da planta é limitante para a ocorrência de algumas espécies associadas a S. cordifolia, principalmente brocadores de ramo e de trutos. As diferenças encontradas entre plantas maduras e vegetativas desaparecem quando não consideramos as espécies associadas aos órgãos reprodutivos. Portanto, a contribuição deste último fator parece ser mais relevante para a variação na estrutura da comunidade observada entre plantas em diferentes fenofases e ao longo do ano. As espécies fitófagas oligófagas são consideradas como possíveis agentes de controle biológico, mas para outras regiões pois são atacadas por parasitóides e/ou se alimentam de espécies de plantas cultivadas na região
Abstract: The arthropod fauna associated to a population of the weed Sida cordifolia was surveyed monthly, during one year, in Campinas, SP, Brazil. The 154 species were sorted and analyzed according to life stage, guild, part of the plant attacked and frequency. Thirty four of phytophagous were recorded feeding and/or breeding on the plant. Were tested the response of phytophagous species, their parasitoids and predators to variation of plant biomass and resource diversity, by recording the presence or not of reproductive organs. The guilds are in similar frequencies in mature and vegetative plants, but mature individual plants support more species. The total species richness is also higher in these plants compared to vegetative ones. The total biomass available for colonizing arthropods varied very slightly during the year, but in the field, there is always one prevailing plant stage. Biomass explains a small proportion of the variation per plant. However, during the autumn the variation is better explained, probably because the effect of higher biomass reproductive organs. Although varying during the year, an increase in plant biomass is followed by increase in phytophagous and entomophagous density and composition. Mature plants tend to be bigger and, in addition, the higher resource diversity provides niches to be occupied. The comparison of plants with same resources, but differing biomass, show minor importance of plant size on arthropod composition and density. In contrast, the resource diversity provided by presence or development stage of some plant parts are required for the occurrence of some species associated to S. cordifolia, mainIy endophagous and fruit feeders. The observed differences between mature and vegetative plants disappear when are excluded the insects associated to reproductive organs. Thus, the resource diversity appears to be the mainly factor influencing the variation on the community structure observed along the year and in different plant stages. Some species are suggested as possible biological control agents in other regions than Campinas, because in this region they are heavily attacked by natural enemies or feed on cultivated plants
Mestrado
Mestre em Ciências Biológicas

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la inclusión de una formula poliherbal (Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera y Emblica officinalis) sobre las variables productivas y la carga parasitaria de conejos alimentados con una ración de finalización.
El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la inclusión de una formula poliherbal (Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera y Emblica officinalis) sobre las variables productivas y la carga parasitaria de conejos alimentados con una ración de finalización. Siguiendo un diseño completamente al azar, se utilizaron 39 gazapos mixtos de 600 ± 70 g de peso vivo inicial, los cuales fueron divididos en tres tratamientos con 13 repeticiones. El experimento consistió en la adición de las siguientes dosis 0.0, 43.4 y 86.8 mg / animal / día que se proporcionó en forma de suspensión, por vía oral durante de cuatro semanas. Se determinaron los parámetros productivos además en las excretas se realizó el conteo de ooquistes de Eimerias spp. En la respuesta productiva se observó una diferencia significativa (P<0.05) para la variable de ganancia diaria de peso con un efecto lineal al aumentar la concentración de la formula poliherbal. Por otra parte el análisis de Eimeria spp. demostró una disminución en la prevalencia de ooquistes del 27.95 y 13.58 % por la adición del poliherbal en comparación con el testigo que mantuvo una prevalencia del 99.82 %. La diferencia en la presencia de ooquistes se observó desde el día 8 de aplicación, pero el día 16 presento el mayor efecto (P<0.05). Los resultados indican que la adición de la formula poliherbal puede ser una alternativa natural para el control de la coccidiosis en la producción de conejos.

Anredera cordifolia (Basellaceae), Madeira vine, is a perennial, semi- succulent climber native from Paraguay to southern Brazil and northern Argentina. It has a history of weediness and difficulty of control once established. In South Africa Madeira vine has a wide range and distribution with altitudes ranging from 10-1800m above sea level. Described as a transformer species, its sheer weight is capable of breaking branches off trees, causing the potential collapse of forest canopies. Chemical and mechanical control methods are expensive, labour intensive and may provide only temporary relief. A biological control programme was therefore initiated in 2003. Cf Phenrica sp. 2 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae), was field collected from A. cordifolia in Brazil, SSW of Cascavel in the Paraná Province during a survey in November 2003. Eggs are laid in groups of 16 with the average fertility rate being 89%. After going though three larval instars, the larvae pupate in the soil with the adults eclosing after a period of 17 days. The total developmental time for a generation from egg to egg ranges between 7-8 weeks. Biological traits that favour the flea beetle as a possible biological control agent include long-lived adults (up to 5 months) and multiple generations during the summer period. Both adults and larvae feed extensively on leaves and stems and although developmental rates will slow down during the winter period, no indication of a definite diapause was found under the prevailing laboratory conditions. After completing the larval no-choice trials with twenty-six plant species from 14 plant families Phenrica sp. 2 proved to be adequately host specific, as larval development was only supported by 3 Basellaceae species (including the control A. cordifolia) and one Portulacaceae species. All of these are introduced species in South Africa. The only indigenous Basella species could not be tested as it has a very marginal distribution, and because it’s inconspicuous nature, it is seldom seen or collected. Adult multi-choice trials were restricted to species that could sustain larval development to give some indication of the acceptability of these species for adult feeding and oviposition. Although adult feeding was initially concentrated on B. alba, the oviposition preference was clear-cut as females only oviposited on A. cordifolia. In order to quantify the impact of Phenrica sp. 2 on plant biomass and to assess the incidence and intensity of foliar damage, a pair of adults was confined to the host plant, for 2 generations, with different levels of larval densities. The results indicated that the host plant, due to both larval and adult feeding, suffered leaf losses of up to 55%. Anredera cordifolia was however still capable of enlarging the root mass despite suffering huge leaf losses. This would imply that A. cordifolia has an effective re-growth capacity and it will only be vulnerable to attack of the storage organs that enable re-growth, or to repeated attack of other plant parts through which reserves are exhausted. Unfortunately the period of exposure (24 days) was too short to prove that Phenrica sp. 2 impacts on the below ground dry mass, but should the plant be completely defoliated, as was observed in the field, the host plant would be forced to deplete stored resources. Phenrica sp.2 has shown to be very host specific and although A.cordifoia loses its leaves during the winter period in most provinces in South Africa, the adults are long-lived and should be able to survive the leafless periods. Further more the relatively short life cycle, high fecundity and 3 generations per year should theoretically insure a strong population build-up that would improve the chances of establishment in the field. All indications are that Phenrica sp. 2 is an agent well worth considering for the biological control of A. cordifolia.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq)
Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart., esp?cie nativa da caatinga com grande ocorr?ncia no nordeste, conhecida popularmente como pereiro, utilizada na medicina popular no tratamento de doen?as e enfermidades. Consta na literatura diversos trabalhos realizados, relatando a presen?a de classes de compostos org?nicos como alcaloides, entre outras, que seriam respons?veis por propriedades terap?uticas existentes nessa esp?cie. O estudo fitoqu?mico de A. pyrifolium, das fra??es da semente e cascas do fruto, utilizando m?todos cromatogr?ficos cl?ssicos e purifica??o por CLAE, nos permitiu o isolamento de tr?s compostos. A partir da fra??o hex?nica das cascas do fruto (APCF-H) foi isolado o triterpeno ?cido betul?nico, n?o relatado anteriormente na esp?cie A. pyrifolium. Das fra??es diclorometano (APSE/DCM) e acetato de etila 50% dicloromentano (APSEA/50% DCM) das sementes foi poss?vel o isolamento do alcaloide plumerano pentac?clico aspidospermina, do alcaloide ?-carbolina glicosilado Cordifolina, n?o descrito anteriormente na esp?cie e outro composto do tipo ?-carbolina que n?o possui uma estrutura elucidada at? o momento. O extrato das sementes fra??o diclorometano (APSE/DCM) foi analisado por CG/EM (cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa) e seus dados foram comparados com dados na literatura em banco de dados (NIST08.LIB), foi identificada a presen?a dos alcaloides 1-acetil-aspidospermidina, aspidospermina e pirifolina, dentre outros compostos minorit?rios. A avalia??o da atividade antioxidante, pelo m?todo sequestrador de radical livre de DPPH (2,2-difenil-1picril-hidrazila), da fra??o APSE/DCM apresentou um percentual de atividade antioxidande m?ximo (AA% m?ximo) de 83,68%, com concentra??o inibit?ria 50% (IC50) 133,4867 ? 2,22. A fra??o das sementes fra??o diclorometano (APSE/DCM) foi avaliada em rela??o ? toxicidade contra Artemia salina, tendo em vista que j? existiam relatos da toxicidade nas folhas de A. pyrifolium, comprovamos a toxicidade aguda nas fra??o das sementes diclorometano com concentra??o letal m?dia (CL50) em 24 horas de 1,1524 ?g.ml-1, sendo consideradas t?xicas as esp?cies que apresentam CL50 inferior a 1000 ?g.ml-1. Na segunda parte do trabalho foi realizado um levantamento bibliogr?fico de alcaloides do tipo ?-carbolina de ocorr?ncia natural, com suas estruturas, atividades relatadas e um banco de dados com seus deslocamentos qu?micos em RMN 1H e 13C, totalizando 169 alcaloides descritos na literatura, do per?odo de 1992 a 2016, agrupados em quatro principais grupos, denominados ?-carbolina, dihidro-?-carbolina, tetrahidro-?-carbolina e os ?-carbolinas divergentes, este levantamento auxiliar? na elucida??o estrutural de novas mol?culas.
Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart., a native species of the caatinga with great occurrence in the northeast, known perpularmente as pereiro, used in popular medicine in the treatment of diseases and diseases. There are several studies carried out in the literature, reporting the presence of classes of organic compounds such as alkaloids, among others, that would be responsible for the therapeutic properties of this species. The phytochemical study of A. pyrifolium, seed fractions and fruit peels using classical chromatographic methods and purification by HPLC allowed us to isolate three compounds. From the hexanic fraction of fruit peels (APCF-H) was isolated the betulinic acid triterpene, not previously reported in the A. pyrifolium species. From the dichloromethane (APSE/DCM) and ethyl acetate 50% dichloromethane (APSEA / 50% DCM) fractions of the seeds, it was possible to isolate the pentacyclic pentameric aspidospermine alkaloid from the glycosylated ?-carboline alkaloid Cordifolina, not previously described in the species and another compound of the ?-carboline type that does not have a structure elucidated until the moment. The extract of the seeds dichloromethane fraction (APSE/DCM) was analyzed by GC/MS (gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry) and its data were compared with data in the literature in database (NIST08.LIB), the presence of the alkaloids 1-acetyl-aspidospermidine, aspidospermine and pyrifoline, among other minor compounds. The antioxidant activity evaluation of the APSE/DCM fraction showed a percentage of maximum antioxidant activity (AA% maximum) of 83.68%, with the free radical sequestration method of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazila). Inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) 133.4867 ? 2.22. The fraction of the seeds dichloromethane fraction (APSE/DCM) was evaluated in relation to the toxicity against Artemia salina, considering that there were already reports of the toxicity in the leaves of A. pyrifolium, we verified the acute toxicity in the seed dichloromethane fraction with average lethal concentration (CL50) in 24 hours of 1.1524 ?g.ml-1, species with CL50 less than 1000 ?g.ml-1 being considered toxic. In the second part of the work a bibliographic survey of naturally occurring ?-carboline alkaloids with their structures, reported activities and a database with their chemical displacements in 1H and 13C NMR were carried out, totaling 169 alkaloids described in the literature. From 1992 to 2016, grouped into four main groups, named ?-carboline, dihydro-?-carboline, tetrahydro-?-carboline and the divergent ?-carbolines, this survey will aid in the structural elucidation of new molecules.

碩士
中國文化大學
應用化學研究所
95
The dried roots of Rubia cordifolia (Rubioideae) have been used as a folk medicine for antitumor treatment. In previous studies, the crude extracts of R. cordifolia showed cytotoxicity against the sarcoma and the nasopharyngeal cancer cells, and many anthraquinone compounds isolated from this plant. Therefore, we tried to isolate the anthraquinone components from R. cordifolia and evaluate their biological activities. The methanol extract prepared from the roots of R. cordifolia was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The ethyl acetate extract was repeatedly chromatographyed over silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 to yield fourteen compounds, including 1,3-hihydroxy-2-methyl- anthraquinone (1), 1-hydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone (2), 2-methyl- anthraquinone (3), rubilactone (4), rubioncolin (5), 1,3-dihydroxy-2- methoxymethylanthraquinone (6), 1,3-dihydroxy-2-methoxy-6-methyl- anthraquinone (7), 2-carbomethoxy-2,3-epoxy-3-prenyl-1,4- naphthoquinone (8), 1-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethylanthraquinone (9), 1,4-dihydroxy-2-hydroxymethylanthraquinone (10), rubicordifolin (11), 2-carbomethoxy-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (12), 1-hydroxy-3- hydroxymethylanthraquinone (13), and 1'-hydroxy-2'-methoxy- dihydromollugin (14).

Dissertação de Mestrado em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia Vegetal apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
Anredera cordifolia, madeira-vine, is a native plant of South America that is included in the exotic flora of Portugal. Although this species is not widely known in our country, it is traditionally used as a medicinal plant in several Asian countries. This work focused on two fundamental points, the in vitro cloning of Anredera cordifolia and the production of pigments in liquid medium.Regarding in vitro cloning, six MS media were tested with different concentrations of BA and NAA. Several aspects of the in vitro culture were evaluated, such as the plant growth, the total number of regenerated shoots, the number of internodes, the rooting rate, the presence of callus as well as the presence of pigments in the culture medium. For pigment production, leaves, calli and internodes were tested in liquid culture media with different concentrations of NAA, 2,4-D and BA. In this parameter, the surface-concentration effect was evaluated, as well as the presence of light and the duration of samples in culture.With regard to the in vitro cloning study, the highest growth was achieved in M5 medium (MS medium + 0.05 mg/L BA + 1.00 mg/L NAA), with an average of 3.14 cm per shoot. However, in M2 medium (MS Medium + 0.05 mg/L BA), an increase in the number of nodes was observed, with about 3.72 nodes per shoot.Concerning to callus induction, the best response was achieved in the C4 medium (MS medium + 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.2 mg/L BA), with values of 653.7 mg and 732,4 mg for internodes and leaves, respectively. In the absence of BA, no pigmentation of the medium was observed.Regarding pigment production in liquid medium, the best results were observed in the medium with BA and NAA as well as in 50 ml Erlenmeyer flasks.The results of the HPLC analysis were not conclusive with respect to the pigment type under study.
Anredera cordifolia, vinha-da-madeira, é de uma planta nativa da América do Sul que se encontra incluída na flora exótica de Portugal. Apesar de pouco conhecida no nosso país, é utilizada como planta medicinal em vários países asiáticos.Este trabalho centrou-se em dois pontos fundamentais, nomeadamente na clonagem in vitro de Anredera cordifolia e na produção de pigmentos em meio líquido. No que se refere à clonagem in vitro, foram testados seis meios MS com diferentes concentrações de BA e NAA, avaliando-se posteriormente o crescimento das plantas, o número total de plantas regeneradas, o número de entrenós, a taxa de enraizamento, a presença de calos e a presença de pigmento no meio de cultura.Para a produção de pigmentos em meio líquido, foram utilizados calos de folhas e entrenós, em meios de cultura com diferentes concentrações de NAA, 2,4-D e BA. Neste parâmetro foi também avaliado o efeito de diferentes tamanhos de balões na cultura (20 ml e 50 ml), bem como o efeito da luz e o tempo das amostras em cultura. Em relação ao estudo da clonagem in vitro, o meio onde se verificou um maior crescimento foi no meio M5 (meio MS + 0,05 mg/L BA + 1,00 mg/L NAA), com uma média de 3,14 cm. Porém, no meio M2 (Meio MS + 0,05 mg/L BA) registaram-se os melhores resultados quanto ao número de nós, com cerca de 3,72 nós por rebento. Relativamente à indução de calo, o meio C4 (meio MS + 1,0 mg/L 2,4-D + 0,2 mg/L BA) permitiu obter o maior crescimento, com valores de 653,7 mg e 732,4 mg para calos de entrenós e folhas, respetivamente. Na ausência de BA, não se verificou pigmentação do meio. Quanto à produção de pigmento em meio líquido, registou-se melhores resultados no meio com BA e NAA e em balões de Erlenmeyer de 50 ml. Os resultados da análise HPLC não foram permitiram retirar conclusões sobre o tipo de pigmento em análise.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
植物病理與微生物學研究所
94
Anredera cordifolia planted in Sindian city exhibited virus-like ringspot symptom on leaves. Leaf saps were mechanically inoculated on indicator plant Chenopodium amaranticolor and C. quinoa. Systemic symptom developed on C. quinoa but only local lesions appeared on inocualted C. amaranticolor. Through three times of successive single lesion isolation on C. amaranticolor, a virus isolate N was obtained. In host range test, in addition to C. amaranticolor and C. quinoa, the virus isolate can only infect Nicotiana benthamiana and Tetragonia expansa and develope mosaic and chlorotic local lesion on leaves, respectively, in 20 species of 8 families plants. When performing backinoculations, newly formed leaves of A. cordifolia exhibit chlorotic foliar symptom. With electron microscopy inspection, the virus particles were found to be filamentous and about 650 nm in length. Indirect ELISA indicated the viruses in the symptomatic leaves reacted with anti-potyvirus monoclonal antibody. Subsequently, the degenerate primers designed for detecting potyviruses were used for further confirmation. The amplified fragments, about 1.8 kb in size, were cloned and sequenced. The sequencing data were analysed with BLAST program with other viruses in the database. The result clearly indicated that the amplified fragments were derived from a potyvirus and contained partial NIb gene, coat protein gene and 3''UTR. Furthermore, these virus clones share 98% nucleotide identity with Basella rugose mosaic virus (BaRMV) previously identified by our laboratory. Therefore, the virus isolate was named as BaRMV-N. By means of RT-PCR or RACE method utilizing potyvirus degenerate primers and BaRMV-N specific primers designed from sequencing data, the remaining genomic fragments of BaRMV-N were cloned and sequenced. Because of the high identity between the two virus isolates, the full length of BaRMV-J genome sequence was cloned and sequenced by appropriate BaRMV-N primers. Both BaRMV-N and BaRMV-J are composed of 9804 nucleotides, excluding the 3’ terminal poly(A) tail, and contain an open reading frame of 9237 nt, encoding a polyprotein of 3079 amino acids. Nine putative proteinase cleavage sites were predicted by analogy with genome arrangements of other potyviruses. The nine mature viral proteins and the amino acid identity between BaRMV-N and BaRMV-J are P1 (95%), HC-Pro (98%), P3 (97%), 6K1 (96%), CI (97%), 6K2 (96%), NIa (98%), NIb (99%) and coat protein (98%). The amino acid identity of viral proteins, polyprotein and the identity of complete nucleotide sequence when comparing with 38 different species of potyvirus were calculated. Additionally these data were used for constructing phylogenetic trees. The highest amino acid identities of CP and highest nucleotide sequence identity of whole genome of BaRMV-N and other potyviruses were 68% and 54%, respectively. Therefore, in terms of species demarcating criteria in the genus Potyvirus, BaRMV is considered as a new potyvirus and the most closely related virus is Beet mosaic virus (BtMV). In detection by ELISA, there were about 80% sample positively reacting with BaRMV antiserum so we presumed that BaRMV exist in Taiwan commonly.

碩士
東海大學
食品科學系
97
The proximate composition and active components in extract of root of Rubia cordifolia were investigated in this study. Compositional analysis of dry root showed that the root contains carbohydrate 70.47%, ash 12.44%, crude protein 7.19%, crude fat 1.09% and moisture 8.81%. The antioxidative activities of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extract from six species of Chinese crude drugs were measured with ferricthiocyanate assay and compared to those of α-tocopherol and BHA. The results indicated the presence of remarkable antioxidative substance in n-hexane and ethyl acetate extract from R. cordifolia root. Almost no α-tocopherol was found in the unsaponified fraction from the crude drug of R. cordifolia root. By using silica gel, XAD-7 and HPLC, two components (P1 and P2) and three components (P3, P4 and P5) with strong antioxidative activity were isolated from hexane extract of R. cordifolia and from ethyl acetate extract, respectively. The structures of the isolated components were identified by UV-visible spectrometry, liquid chromatography-mass spectra, 1H and 13C-NMR. Five isolated components were identified to be furomollugin (P1), mollugin (P2), 2-methyl-1,3,6-trihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone-3-O-(6’-O-acetyl)-α- rhamnosyl (1→2)–β-glucoside(P3), 2-methyl-1,3,6-trihydroxy-9,10- anthraquinone-3’-O-α-rhamnosyl (1→2)–β-glucoside(P4) and 2-methyl- 1,3,6-trihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone-3’-O-α-rhamnosyl(1→3)-β-glucoside (P5). The antioxidative activity of component P1, P2 and P3 isolated from R. cordifolia root were 2.91, 16.07 and 0.72 mM trolox equivalent and the activity of P2 was stronger than that of BHA and α-tocophenol determined by the TEAC assay. P2 also showed the same activity strong as BHA determined by the ferric thiocyanate analysis.