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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Copper welds"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Copper welds"

1

Neidel, A., S. Riesenbeck, and M. Giller. "Liquid Metal Embrittlement in Narrow Gap Welds." Practical Metallography 59, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pm-2022-0009.

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Анотація:
Abstract Failure analysts are sometimes surprised to find well-known metallurgical failure mechanisms at work in completely unexpected places. This contribution is an eloquent example for just such an incidental convergence of well-known failure mechanism and fabrication process where it was not reported to have previously occurred. Liquid Metal Embrittlement (LME) was observed in Narrow Gap Welds (NGW) produced for Welding Procedure Qualification (WPQ). The embrittling liquid metal was copper in this case. It is believed to have originated from copper backing used for weld pool protection. It was recommended to replace copper backing with ceramic weld pool protection.
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2

Leal, Rui M., Carlos Leitão, Altino Loureiro, Dulce Maria Rodrigues, and Pedro Vilaça. "Microstructure and Hardness of Friction Stir Welds in Pure Copper." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.637.

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The aim of present research was to study the effect of the position of the tool relative to the support backing plate of the FSW machine on the formation of defects and on alterations of the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welds in phosphorus-deoxidised copper (Cu-DHP) thin sheets of 1 mm thick. The welds were carried out using position control conditions; distances between the tool and the backing plate of 0.1 mm, 0.075 mm and 0.05 mm were used. The formation of defects like continuous voids along the weld is very influenced by the tool position, though the heat-input plays an important role in the process. Large grain refinement was observed in the nugget of the welds; the change of the relative tool position has little effect on this grain refinement. Substantial hardening was observed in the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) of the welds. The welds exempt of defects, such as continuous voids, attained a little tensile strength overmatch condition.
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3

Will, Thomas, Jannis Kohl, Claudio Hoelbling, Lars Müller, and Michael Schmidt. "Laser welding of different pure copper materials under consideration of shielding gas influence and impact on quality relevant surface topographical features." Journal of Laser Applications 35, no. 1 (February 2023): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/7.0000891.

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Анотація:
The high demand for electronic products increases the need for high-quality welds of copper. Laser welding can be applied but may result in undesired weld characteristics such as humping or spatter. Process control is needed to identify defective welds in the production line. Surface topographical features can be used to identify different weld characteristics by optical coherence tomography (OCT). The resulting surface topography of a weld can be influenced by process parameters like its material properties or the application of process gas. In this work, we investigate the influence of different pure copper materials and process gas on weld seam surface features for the classification of quality-relevant weld characteristics. First, the resulting changes in weld depth and metallographic cross sections are qualitatively and quantitively characterized for different pure copper materials under the consideration of weld categories such as melt ejection, deep penetration welding, humping, and heat conduction welding with and without the application of shielding gas. Afterward, a qualitative and quantitative analysis of weld surface features is performed for the beforementioned categories under consideration of the copper material and shielding gas. As a result, an influence on the achievable weld depth could be identified for pure copper with residual phosphor content. No significant changes in surface topographical features could be identified for different material properties of copper. The influence of shielding gas and pure copper material is found to be negligible on surface topographical characteristics for process control.
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4

Imani, Yousef, M. K. Besharati Givi, and Michel Guillot. "Improving Friction Stir Welding between Copper and 304L Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 409 (November 2011): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.409.263.

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Анотація:
As a solid-state welding technology, friction stir welding (FSW) can join dissimilar materials with good mechanical properties. In this paper, friction stir welding between 304L stainless steel and commercially pure copper plates with thicknesses of 3 mm was performed. A number of FSW experiments were carried out to obtain the optimum mechanical properties by adjusting the rotational speed to 1000 rpm and welding speed in the range of 14-112 mm/min and with an adjustable offset of the pin location with respect to the butt line. Microstructural analyses have been done to check the weld quality. Cross-sectioning of the welds for metallographic analysis in planes perpendicular to the welding direction and parallel to the weld crown was also performed. The mechanical properties of the welds were determined using a combination of conventional microhardness and tensile testing. From this investigation it is found that the offset of the pin is an essential factor in producing defect free welds in friction stir welding of copper and steel.
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5

Schmidt, Hans Christian, Christoph Ebbert, Dmytro Rodman, Werner Homberg, Guido Grundmeier, and Hans Jurgen Maier. "Investigation of Cold Pressure Welding: Cohesion Coefficient of Copper." Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (July 2015): 1421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.1421.

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Анотація:
Joining materials by forming is an interesting approach to the manufacture of hybrid (multi material) parts. By establishing a cold pressure weld between metallic surfaces, high quality joints with superior properties can be achieved. Reliable cold welding conditions are difficult to set up, however, since the weld initiation requires extraordinary clean, virtually sheer surfaces. Until today such conditions could only be achieved under a high vacuum conditions. Various studies on cold pressure welding reported that under vacuum welds can be established at significantly lower deformation than in a normal atmosphere. Since adverse deformation is currently needed in industrial cold pressure welding processes like the cold roll cladding of metal bands, a new process with in-line electrochemical surface treatment, is investigated. The ECUF process is intended to supply clean and thereby highly activated surfaces to the cold pressure welding process.This paper presents first results on the weld-ability of copper specimens with regard to the influence of the welding environment: air, argon and KCl solution. Butt welds were made by pressure welding of previously fractured specimens.
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6

Porter, Nancy C., James J. Russell, Christopher Conrardy, Lee G. Kvidahl, Nicholas J. Evans, Harold A. Sadler, David J. Barton, and Brian G. Baughman. "High-Speed Tandem Submerged Arc Welding of Thin Steel Panels." Journal of Ship Production 23, no. 03 (August 1, 2007): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.2007.23.3.125.

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Анотація:
For thin steel, high-speed tandem, narrow groove submerged arc welding procedures were developed with improved flux copper backing using advanced waveform power supplies and controlled weld joint root openings. Preferred parameters produced welds that met Navy mechanical property requirements, improved weld bead quality, and doubled/tripled welding productivity.
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Faes, Koen, Irene Kwee, and Wim De Waele. "Electromagnetic Pulse Welding of Tubular Products: Influence of Process Parameters and Workpiece Geometry on the Joint Characteristics and Investigation of Suitable Support Systems for the Target Tube." Metals 9, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9050514.

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Анотація:
In this experimental research, copper to steel tubular joints were produced by electromagnetic pulse welding. In a first phase, non-supported target tubes were used in order to investigate the influence of the workpiece geometry on the weld formation and joint characteristics. For this purpose, different joint configurations were used, more specific the tube-to-rod and the tube-to-tube configurations, with target workpieces with different diameters and wall thicknesses. Also, some preliminary investigations were performed to examine a support method for the target tubes. In a second phase, suitable support systems for the target tubes were identified. The resulting welds were evaluated in terms of their leak tightness, weld length and deformation of the target tube. It can be concluded that polyurethane (PU), polymethylmethacrylaat (PMMA), polyamide (PA6.6) and steel rods can be considered as valuable internal supports leading to high-quality welds and a sufficient cross-sectional area after welding. Welds with a steel bar support exhibit the highest cross-sectional area after welding, but at the same time the obtained weld quality is lower compared to welds with a PA6.6 or PMMA support. In contrast, welds with a PA6.6 or PU support show the highest weld quality, but also have a lower cross-sectional area after welding compared to steel internal supports.
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8

Leal, Rui M., Carlos Leitão, Altino Loureiro, and Dulce M. Rodrigues. "Imaging characterization of friction stir welds in the AA 5182-H111 aluminium alloy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 15, S3 (July 2009): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927609990869.

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AbstractThe environmentally friendly friction stir welding (FSW) process is being increasingly used in joining similar and dissimilar aluminium and copper alloys and other soft materials. In this process a rotating tool promotes significant shear strain and frictional heating of the base materials, in order to stir them into a highly plasticized weld region, at the trailing side of the tool. Due to the intense plastic deformation, complex material flow patterns, such as vortices, swirls and whorls occur during welding. In dissimilar welds, these patterns are readily revealed by differential etching and the respective microstructures characterized. However, in similar welds, such as the welds between plates of AA 5182-H111 aluminium alloy, it is hard to distinguish the different features in the welds and characterize their microstructures. Fig. 1 illustrates optical and TEM micrographs of a weld in this alloy. In the optical image of the weld, at the top of the image, it is possible to distinguish three main areas signalized by numbers: the weld nugget (1), with a very fine grain structure with 2.8 um mean grain size, and a transition region (2) between the nugget and the base material (3), which is usually called the Thermomechanical Affected Zone (TMAZ).
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9

Park, Hwa Soon, Byung Woo Lee, Taichi Murakami, Kazuhiro Nakata, and Masao Ushio. "Friction Stir Welding of Oxygen Free Copper and 60%Cu-40%Zn Copper Alloy." Materials Science Forum 580-582 (June 2008): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.580-582.447.

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Анотація:
The mechanical properties of the friction stir welds of the oxygen free copper (OFC) and 60%Cu-40%Zn copper alloy(60/40 brass) were investigated. The defect-free welds were obtained in a relatively wide range of welding conditions; the tool rotation speed had rpm of 1000 to 2000 in the OFC and 1000 to 1500 in the 60/40 brass, with the welding speed of 500 to 2000 mm/min. The SZ hardness values of the OFC welds were almost the same or slightly lower than those of the base metal. However, the SZ hardness values of the 60/40 brass in all welding conditions were much higher than those of the base metal. The SZ hardness values of both metals increase with a decrease in heat input. The tensile properties of the all-SZ showed relative correspondence to the variation of the SZ hardness values.
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10

Matarneh, Mohammad E., Nabeel S. Gharaibeh, Valeriy V. Chigarev, and Havrysh Pavlo Anatoliiovych. "Reduction of Copper to Steel Weld Ductility for Parts in Metallurgical Equipment." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 17, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v17i1.15222.

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Анотація:
Despite being challenging, the welding of the dissimilar metals copper and steel is an essential process that is required for improving quality of equipment manufacturing in the fields of metallurgy, machine construction, and chemical industry. Restricted solubility of iron in copper leads to the formation of a supersaturated solid solution of iron and other chemical elements in the weld pool. Investigations have found the possibility of enhancing the process of welding copper with steel. In the case of using a flux-cored welding wire and an improved welding technique, the number of dendritic inclusions is reduced, and the weld ductility is improved. Studying the microstructure of a copper to steel weld confirmed the ability to enhance the outcome of the welding process of the dissimilar metals. The implementation of recommended preparation techniques of parts before welding, and optimization of the welding technique will increase the strength of the welds and, increases the operational reliability of metallurgical equipment.
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Copper welds"

1

Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo. "Characterisation of dissimilar friction stir welds between 5754 Aluminium alloy and C11000 copper." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1536.

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Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid state welding process invented and patented by The Welding Institute (TWI) in 1991, for joining ferrous and non-ferrous materials1. The FSW of Aluminium and its alloys has been commercialised; and recent interest is focused on joining dissimilar materials. However, in order to commercialise the process, research studies are required to characterise and establish process windows. This research work through material characterisation of the welded joints establishes a process window for the Friction Stir welding of 5754 Aluminium Alloy and C11000 Copper. Furthermore, preliminary studies83,85 on the FSW of aluminium and copper have revealed the presence of intermetallic compounds which are detrimental to the weld qualities. This research work is also aimed at establishing process parameters that will result in limited or no intermetallic formation in the weld. The joint integrity of the resulting welds will also be correlated with the input process parameters. Based on the preliminary investigations conducted, a final weld matrix consisting of twenty seven welds was produced by varying the rotational speed between 600 and 1200 rpm, and the feed rate between 50 and 300 mm/min using three different shoulder diameter tools – 15, 18 and 25 mm to compare the heat input into the welds and to achieve the best results. The welds were characterised through microstructural evaluation, tensile testing, microhardness profiling, X-Ray Diffraction analysis, electrical resistivity and statistical analysis – in order to establish the interrelationship between the process parameters and the weld qualities. viii Microstructural evaluation of the weld samples revealed that the interfacial regions are characterised by mixture layers of aluminium and copper; while 33 percent of the tensile samples are within the acceptable range (> 75 percent joint efficiency). High Vickers microhardness values were measured at the joint interfaces, which corresponded with the intermetallic compounds. The Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of thin layers of intermetallics in nanoscale at the interfacial regions. The diffractograms of the X-Ray Diffraction analysis showed small peaks for intermetallics in some of the welds. Low electrical resistivities were measured at the joint interfaces. The statistical analysis showed that the downward vertical force, (Fz) can significantly influence the resulting weld qualities. An overall summary of the analysis of the weld qualities - with respect to the shoulder diameter tools employed showed that the 18 mm shoulder diameter tool is most appropriate among the three shoulder diameters considered, and a process window of medium spindle speed of 950 rpm and low-to-medium feed rate between 50 and 150 mm/min is established for FSW of Aluminium and Copper. Welds produced at 1200 rpm and 300 mm/min with low heat input did not have intermetallics formed at the joint interface.
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2

Andersson-Östling, Henrik C. M. "Mechanical Properties of Welds at Creep Activation Temperatures." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-12077.

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Welds in materials intended for service at temperatures above the creep activation temperature often develop damage before the base metal. The weld is a discontinuity in the material and stresses and strains often accumulate in the weld. Knowledge of the properties of the weld is essential to the safe operation of the component containing the weld. The work in this thesis has been aimed at the study of welds in service at high temperatures: The work is divided into two main chapters. The first chapter deals with welds in stainlesssteels and dissimilar metal welds and includes three papers, and the second chapter dealswith welds in copper intended for nuclear waste disposal, also including three papers. Common to both parts is that the temperature is high enough for most of the damage in the welds to result from creep. In the first part the role of the weld microstructure on the creep crack propagation properties has been studied. Experiments using compact tension specimens have been performed on service exposed, low alloyed heat resistant steels. The results show good correlation with the crack tip parameter, C*, during steady state creep crack growth. The test methodology has also been reviewed and sensitive test parameters have been identified. The results from the creep crack propagation tests on service exposed material has been modeled using uniaxial creep data on both new and ex-service material. The development of the weld microstructure in a dissimilar metal weld between two heat resistant steels has also been investigated. A weld was made between one ferritic and one martensitic steel and the development of the microstructure during welding and post-weldheat treatments has been studied. The results show that the carbon depleted zone that develops near the weld metal in the lower alloyed steel depends on the formation and dissolution of the M23C6-carbide. Variations of the weld parameters and the post-weld heat treatment affect the size and shape of this zone. The process has been successfully modeled by computer simulation. The second part focuses on oxygen free copper intended for nuclear waste disposal containers. The containers are made with an inner core of cast nodular iron and an outer core of copper for corrosion protection. The copper shell has to be welded and two weld methods has been tested, electron beam welding and friction stir welding. Creep specimens taken from both weld types have been tested as have base metal specimens. The technical specifications of the waste canisters demand that the creep ductility of both the copper shell and the welds has to be as high as possible. The creep test results show that base material doped with at least 30 ppm phosphorus has high creep ductility, and friction stir welds made from this material has almost as high creep strength and creep ductility. Copper without phosphorus does not exhibit the same ductility. The creep properties evaluated from testing has been modeled and extrapolated for the intended purpose
QC20100719
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3

Clarke, Jo Ann Marie. "Columnar-to-equiaxed grain transition in gas tungsten arc welds in aluminum-copper alloys." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0013/NQ30596.pdf.

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4

Rechel, Alan A. (Alan Alexander) 1967. "Repair of partially penetrated weld joints in copper-nickel seawater piping on naval ships." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/88446.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-133).
by Alan A. Rechel.
S.M.
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5

Kim, Yeong Ho. "Chromium-free consumable for welding stainless steel corrosion perspective /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1133285376.

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6

Toscano, Luis Gustavo Sandrin. "Efeito da diluição da chapa base na soldagem com adição de pó de ferro utilizando fluxo experimental." Universidade de São Paulo, 1997. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-15092016-123234/.

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Neste trabalho foi feito o estudo sobre o efeito de elementos microligantes na composição química, microestrutura e propriedades mecânicas de metais como soldado produzidos por arco submerso com adição de pó de ferro em aço de alta resistência e baixa liga (ARBL). Foram feitos dois cordões de solda utilizando os aços BS - 4360 - 50 e USI - SAC - 50, o arame EM - 12K, o pó de ferro ESAB 400 e o fluxo experimental 10.71P. Utilizando-se a corrente de 600 A, tensão de 34 V, velocidade de soldagem de 30 cm/min e vazão de pó de ferro de 6,7 Kg/h foram produzidos os metais como soldado com um único passe e chanfro em \"V\", que mostraram características de boa temperabilidade e estrutura refinada. O microconstituinte em maior porcentagem nos dois cordões de solda foi a ferrita acicular. Os ensaios mecânicos realizados foram a dureza, tração e impacto. O cordão de solda com nióbio e vanádio obteve maiores valores de dureza e resistência à tração em relação ao cordão com cobre, cromo e níquel. Entretanto os altos teores de manganês presentes fizeram com que o endurecimento por solução sólida reduzisse significativamente a resistência ao impacto dos dois cordões de solda. A natureza das inclusões não metálicas foi investigada por microscopia eletrônica e análise por EDAX.
The study of the effect of microalloying elements in the chemical composition, microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-welded metaIs obtained by submerged are welding with iron powder addition in High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) steel were done. Two weld metaIs were made using, BS - 4360 - 50 and USI - SAC - 50 steels, EM - 12K wire, ESAB 400 iron powder and 10.71P experimental flux. Using welding current of 600 A, arc voltage of 34 V, travel speed of 30 cm/min and iron powder flow of 6,7 Kg/h were obtained as-welded metals by single pass into V - groove, that showed good hardenability and refined microstructure. The higher percentage microstructure in the two weld metals was the acicular ferrite. The mechanical tests done were hardness, tensile strength and impact. The weld metal with niobium and vanadium achieve better values of hardness and yield strength than with copper, chromium and nickel weld metal. However, the hardening by solid solution, induced by the high levels of manganese, decreased the impact strength of the two weld metaIs. The non - metallic inclusions nature was investigated by electronic microscopy and EDAX analysis.
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7

(9780491), Karina Griffin. "Copper tolerance in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato isolates from tomato crops in Eastern Australia." Thesis, 2019. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Copper_tolerance_in_Pseudomonas_syringae_pv_tomato_isolates_from_tomato_crops_in_Eastern_Australia/13409477.

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Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato causing bacterial speck disease in tomatoes is a significant threat to commercial field tomato production in most growing regions of Australia and globally. Infection of crops with this pathogen can cause significant reductions in fruit quality and yields. There are limited pesticide control options available for bacterial diseases in tomato, with copper-based bactericides currently one of the few registered products globally. The state of Queensland (QLD) in Australia produces approximately 69% of Australia’s fresh market outdoor tomatoes estimated at a value of AUD$122 billion. P. syringae pv. tomato consistently threatens tomato production in QLD and other Eastern Australian states and many producers report copper products fail to adequately control disease progression. To date no studies have tested for copper tolerance in P. syringae pv. tomato in QLD Australia, despite reports of tolerance in many other countries. This study found that 100% of the P. syringae pv. tomato isolates collected were tolerant to copper and this tolerance was linked to the presence of cop genes in their genetic profiles. This is the first systematic study of copper tolerance prevalence in Eastern Australia, particularly QLD, and the first study analysing the genetic basis of copper tolerance in Australian P. syringae pv. tomato. Published copper tolerance and copper efficacy studies on bacterial disease control report a wide range of response data, generated under varying field and laboratory conditions, making it difficult to draw strong conclusions from individual studies. Therefore, a systematic literature review was completed, investigating the prevalence of copper tolerance, the relative efficacy of copper for the control of disease and the identification of key emerging alternative products to copper for disease control. Results highlighted that copper tolerance is a global issue, which is affecting the usefulness of copper-based products for the control of bacterial diseases. A large range of alternative products for disease control were identified and the efficacy of eight key products were evaluated. However, there was a limited volume of published efficacy data available of for these alternative products, particularly for the control of disease caused by P. syringae pv. tomato. The systematic literature review also identified inconsistencies with in vitro copper tolerance screening methodology for P. syringae pv. tomato in current literature, particularly in relation to the appropriate media to use, copper tolerance thresholds and inadequate reporting of media pH and/or pH adjustment steps. The effect of media and pH on copper tolerance results was therefore investigated, including the use of a pH buffering agent. Copper tolerance thresholds with different media were found to vary significantly and outside of a specific pH range, copper tolerance data was unreliable. A recommended methodology for copper tolerance screening was developed and published. This refined methodology was used to screen P. syringae pv. tomato isolates from a number of geographically distinct regions of QLD, New South Wales (NSW) and Victoria (VIC). To date, no published studies are available on copper tolerance stability in P. syringae pv. tomato. Understanding the stability or biological fitness of copper tolerance in P. syringae pv. tomato can provide valuable insights into how copper-based disease control programs could be modified to mediate or even reduce the prevalence copper tolerance. Therefore, the stability of copper tolerance in study isolates was investigated through in vivo experiments. Findings suggested that copper tolerance may not be stable in all isolates when copper selection pressure is removed in vivo. Despite a general consensus that plasmid cop genes are essential for copper tolerance in P. syringae pv. tomato, the gene and protein characterisation work undertaken to form these conclusions is solely based on isolates collected in America. Additionally, Australian P. syringae pv. tomato are yet to be genetically characterised. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assays and genomic analysis were used to explore the genetic basis of copper tolerance in Australian isolates, with a particular focus on the cop genes. Genetic analysis identified putative Cop-protein coding regions on a Cop operon and a CopA/B complex in Australian isolates. The analysis also suggested that the Cop operons may be located on either plasmid or chromosomal DNA, depending on the isolate studied. This study is the first detailed investigation of the genetic basis of tolerance in this species outside of America. This study presents a range of novel findings which are of significance to both the scientific community and the agricultural industry. The presence of widespread copper tolerance has serious implications for commercial tomato producers. Bacterial disease management programs need to be revised to mediate resistance development and provide a more environmentally sustainable approach to crop production.
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Книги з теми "Copper welds"

1

Iskander, S. K. Results of crack-arrest tests on two irradiated high-copper welds. Washington, DC: Division of Engineering, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1990.

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2

Iskander, S. K. Results of crack-arrest tests on two irradiated high-copper welds. Washington, DC: Division of Engineering, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1990.

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3

K, Nanstad R., U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. Division of Engineering., and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, eds. Irradiation effects on fracture toughness of two high-copper submerged-arc welds, HSSI series 5. Washington, DC: Division of Engineering, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1992.

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4

R, Corwin W., Nanstad R. K, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. Division of Engineering., and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, eds. Crack-arrest tests on two irradiated high-copper welds: Phase II : results of duplex-type experiments. Washington, DC: Division of Engineering, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1994.

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5

R, Corwin W., Nanstad R. K, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. Division of Engineering., and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, eds. Crack-arrest tests on two irradiated high-copper welds: Phase II : results of duplex-type experiments. Washington, DC: Division of Engineering, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1994.

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6

R, Corwin W., Nanstad R. K, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. Division of Engineering., and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, eds. Crack-arrest tests on two irradiated high-copper welds: Phase II : results of duplex-type experiments. Washington, DC: Division of Engineering, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1994.

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7

E, McCabe D., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. Division of Engineering Technology., eds. Evaluation of WF-70 weld metal from the Midland Unit 1 reactor vessel. Washington, DC: The Office, 2000.

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Частини книг з теми "Copper welds"

1

Zubiri, Fidel, María del Mar Petite, Jaime Ochoa, and María San Sebastian. "Welding Optimization of Dissimilar Copper-Aluminum Thin Sheets with High Brightness Lasers." In Cracking Phenomena in Welds IV, 219–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28434-7_11.

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2

Saukkonen, T., K. Savolainen, J. Mononen, and H. Hänninen. "Microstructure and Texture Analysis of Friction Stir Welds of Copper." In Ceramic Transactions Series, 53–60. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470444191.ch6.

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3

Mubiayi, Mukuna Patrick, and Esther T. Akinlabi. "Measurement of Residual Stresses in Aluminium to Copper Friction Stir Spot Welds." In Advances in Material Sciences and Engineering, 319–26. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8297-0_34.

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4

Sarrafi, R., A. H. Kokabi, M. Abbasi Gharacheh, and B. Shalchi. "Evaluation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Aluminum to Copper Friction Stir Butt Welds." In Friction Stir Welding and Processing VI, 253–64. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118062302.ch31.

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Singh, Balwant, Shefali Mishra, Deepak Singh Bisht, and Rohit Joshi. "Growing Rice with Less Water: Improving Productivity by Decreasing Water Demand." In Rice Improvement, 147–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66530-2_5.

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AbstractRice is a staple food for more than half of the global population. With the increasing population, the yield of rice must correspondingly increase to fulfill the requirement. Rice is cultivated worldwide in four different types of ecosystems, which are limited by the availability of irrigation water. However, water-limiting conditions negatively affect rice production; therefore, to enhance productivity under changing climatic conditions, improved cultivation practices and drought-tolerant cultivars/varieties are required. There are two basic approaches to cultivation: (1) plant based and (2) soil and irrigation based, which can be targeted for improving rice production. Crop plants primarily follow three mechanisms: drought escape, avoidance, and tolerance. Based on these mechanisms, different strategies are followed, which include cultivar selection based on yield stability under drought. Similarly, soil- and irrigation-based strategies consist of decreasing non-beneficial water depletions and water outflows, aerobic rice development, alternate wetting and drying, saturated soil culture, system of rice intensification, and sprinkler irrigation. Further strategies involve developing drought-tolerant cultivars through marker-assisted selection/pyramiding, genomic selection, QTL mapping, and other breeding and cultivation practices such as early planting to follow escape strategies and decreasing stand density to minimize competition with weeds. Similarly, the identification of drought-responsive genes and their manipulation will provide a technological solution to overcome drought stress. However, it was the Green Revolution that increased crop production. To maintain the balance, there is a need for another revolution to cope with the increasing demand.
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6

"Weld Cracking in Boiler Tubes Caused by Molten Copper Penetration." In ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment. ASM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001482.

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7

Varkey, Merrin, Josme Maria Jose, Steffi Sebi Joseph, Abin Antony, Charles Baburaj, Sherin Thampi, and Krishna Priya Yagati. "Gas Metal Arc Weld-Brazing of Aluminum to Copper using Tin Interlayer." In Emerging Technologies for Sustainability, 533–38. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429353628-69.

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8

Bauser, Martin. "Metallurgical Principles." In Extrusion, 141–94. 2nd ed. ASM International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.ex2.t69980141.

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Abstract This chapter explains the basic terminology and principles of metallurgy as they apply to extrusion. It begins with an overview of crystal structure in metals and alloys, including crystal defects and orientation. This is followed by sections discussing the development of the continuous cast microstructure of aluminum and copper alloys. The discussion provides information on billet and grain segregation and defects in continuous casting. The chapter then discusses the processes involved in the deformation of pure metals and alloys at room temperature. Next, it describes the characteristics of pure metals and alloys at higher temperatures. The processes involved in extrusion are then covered. The chapter provides details on how the toughness and fracture characteristics of metals and alloys affect the extrusion process. The weld seams in hollow profiles, the production of composite profiles, and the processing of composite materials, as well as the extrusion of metal powders, are discussed. The chapter ends with a discussion on the factors that define the extrudability of metallic materials and how these attributes are characterized.
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Bolaji Umar, Olayinka, Lawal Amudalat Ranti, Abdulbaki Shehu Abdulbaki, Abdulra’uf Lukman Bola, Abdulkareem Khadijat Abdulhamid, Murtadha Ramat Biola, and Kayode Oluwagbenga Victor. "Stresses in Plants: Biotic and Abiotic." In Current Trends in Wheat Research [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100501.

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Plants are subjected to a variety of environmental stresses, which reduces and limits agricultural crop productivity. Environmental stresses that affect plants are of two types: biotic and abiotic stresses. Abiotic stress includes temperature, ultraviolet radiation, salinity, floods, drought, heavy metals, etc., which results in the loss of important crop plants globally, while biotic stress refers to damage caused by insects, herbivores, nematodes, fungi, bacteria, or weeds. Plants respond to all these environmental factors because the pants are fixed in a particular place. To cope with these stresses, a number of strategies have been developed by plants. They detect that the environmental stresses become activated and then generate the necessary cellular responses. Several investigations have been carried out to determine and understand plant assimilates partitioning and stress-tolerance plant genotype necessary for the understanding of the complexity of the response of a plant to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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10

Bisht, Sunaina, Anita Puyam, and Prem Lal Kashyap. "Plant Fungal Disease Management by Nanotechnology." In Mycology: Current and Future Developments, 187–207. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815051360122030011.

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With the enormous increase in global population, there is an increasing number of individuals to feed. Crop loss has become the biggest issue worldwide. Insects (14%), weeds (13%) and various plant diseases (13%) play a very important role in crop losses. The loss caused by plant diseases single-handedly causes an estimated loss of 2 trillion dollars per year. Due to the increasing demand of food, the use of synthetic chemicals has become today’s fastest, easiest and cheapest way to control loss causing agents. But due to the immense use of these chemicals, it induces adverse effect on the environment, human beings, animals and also depleting natural resources. In the current scenario, there is a need to introduce control measures which are effective and increase crop production but on the other hand, they must be less harmful for the ecosystem. After the introduction of irrational use of fungicides, there is always a posed threat to the living system, killing not only the target fungi but also affecting beneficial living systems. Besides, there is an increase in resistance against fungicides in the fungal pathogen. It is becoming necessary to reassess our strategies and achieve disease management by alternate approaches such as nanotechnology. Nanofungicides based on metals like silver (Ag), copper (Cu), etc. and nano-emulsion has been becoming an important technology to tackle fungal pathogen problems in agriculture, having immense potential to cope with the fungal pathogen in the future. However, very little work has been done to bring this technology to field level. Nanotechnology has substantially advanced in medicine and pharmacology, but has received comparatively less interest for agricultural applications. They aim at acting directly into the plant’s part where the pest or disease attacks, which means that only the required amount of chemical is delivered to the plant tissue as medication. Nanoparticles may act upon pathogens in a way similar to chemical pesticides or the nanomaterials can be used as a carrier of active ingredients of pesticides, host defense inducing chemicals, etc., to the target pathogens. It is a more appropriate and suitable solution for crop protection and is also safer for the environment. It will improve agricultural output in the coming years by solving the above-mentioned problems in crop production therefore, extensive research work is needed. Nanotechnology  may bring an evolution in industry as well as in the field of dealing with fungal pathogens.
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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Copper welds"

1

Lee, Kenneth, Paul Spielbauer, David Culbertson, and Bob Huntley. "Detection and Mitigation of Copper Contamination in Mechanized Onshore Pipeline Girth Welds." In 2022 14th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-87297.

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Abstract Copper contamination in pipeline girth welds was experienced in the construction of onshore high strength steel transmission pipelines with mechanized welding using gas metal arc welding short-circuit transfer (GMAW-S) on root pass welds with copper backing, gas metal arc welding pulsed spray transfer (GMAW-P) on fill and cap pass welds, and flux cored gas-shielded arc welding (FCAW-G) on fill and cap pass welds. Copper contamination may result in copper contamination cracking, which is a type of liquid metal embrittlement (LME), or copper inclusions which have elevated hardness. Traditionally, pipeline girth welds were made using manual shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), which is generally not susceptible to copper contamination, as copper is not present in the weld zone. However, mechanized welding requires the use of copper materials in the weld zone, including the contact tip, gas nozzle, and backing bar when using the copper backup clamp (CBU) system. Copper contamination cracking in mechanized girth welds occurs in specific weld passes and weld locations, with distinct characteristics detectable by common nondestructive examination (NDE) methods, including visual testing (VT), radiographic testing (RT), and ultrasonic testing (UT). Copper contamination cracking of production welds may be effectively controlled when it is recognized and appropriate actions are taken to optimize mechanized welding procedure qualification, welding operator training and production controls, and tailor NDE methods and personnel training to improve detection.
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2

Krustev, Angel, Boian Alexandrov, and Jerry Kovacich. "Modified GTAW Orbital Tube-to-Tubesheet Welding Technique, and the Effect of a Copper Weld Retainer During Welding of Alloy 825." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65971.

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Tube-to-tubesheet welds are an essential part of the design of heat exchangers used in power generation, petro-chemical, chemical processing, pharmaceutical, and food processing industries. The tube-to-tubesheet welds are typically produced using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) with or without the addition of filler wire, and involve carbon steels and various creep and corrosion resistant alloys. The weld heat input in tube-to-tubesheet welds is an essential parameter that controls the productivity and weld quality, in terms of weld bead geometry and heat affected zone microstructure and properties. A modified GTAW tube-to-tubesheet orbital welding head that utilizes a copper weld retainer is described in this paper. The copper weld retainer provides a heat sink during welding, and supports the molten weld metal. This permits the use of a relatively high heat input, required for a single pass welding with filler wire addition. Furthermore, the copper retainer limits the amount of weld overlap into the tube bore. The application of the modified orbital welding technique, which helped for resolving a suspected liquation cracking problem in Alloy 825 tube to 316L stainless steel tubesheet welds, is presented.
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3

Huang, Wenkang, Wenda Tan, Wayne Cai, and Jennifer Bracey. "Effect of Metal Mixing on Mechanical Performance of Laser Keyhole Welding of Nickel and Copper." In ASME 2022 17th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2022-85224.

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Abstract In laser keyhole welding of dissimilar metals, metal mixing in the molten pool is critical to the microstructure and mechanical performance of the welds. In this study, metal mixing and its effects on the mechanical performance of the miscible Nickel-Copper welds are investigated. Experiments were carried out to fabricate samples with different welding parameters. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy is used to characterize the metal distribution in the fusion zone of the post welds. Mechanical strength testing and fractographic analysis are performed to characterize the strength of the welds and the fracture mode. Two regions of different concentrations can be found in the welds, and the concentrations of these two regions vary significantly with welding parameters. The weld strength is dependent on the interfacial region concentration, and the welds undergo a mixture of shear fracture and tensile fracture during the mechanical strength testing process. The interfacial concentration and the weld strength can be controlled by tuning the concentration of the two concentration regions in the fusion zone and the location of the boundary between the two regions. This study provides insights for industries regarding the design and optimization of the laser welding process to achieve welds with optimal mechanical performance.
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4

Gopinathan, Santosh, Jayant Murthy, T. Dwayne McCay, Mary Helen McCay, and Lyle Spiegel. "Microstructural evaluation of laser welded copper-stainless steel welds." In ICALEO® ‘93: Proceedings of the Laser Materials Processing Conference. Laser Institute of America, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.5058629.

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Jones, Michael, James Wilson, and Alex Harris. "Fatigue Analysis of Small Bore Copper Nickel Full Encirclement Sleeve and Socket Welds Under Pressure Cycling." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65053.

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Sleeve and socket welds are often used in small bore nuclear power plant pipework where access is too limited to allow a conventional butt-weld. These welds are also used in process plants and pipelines as a permanent repair to reinforce areas such as cracks and corrosion that might threaten the structural integrity of the component. The fillet weld associated with this type of joint is particularly susceptible to lack of fusion defects which can be problematic to detect using conventional volumetric inspection techniques. The stress concentration associated with this type of defect will impact the fatigue life and pressure retaining ability of the joint. This paper provides examples of Copper/Nickel (CuNi) sleeve weld defects and presents an approach for determining the fatigue life of socket welds due to pressure cycling within a Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR) environment. This approach is based on modelling lack of fusion features using a database of sleeve and socket weld Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) records and calculating the stress range in the remaining ligament using textbook calculations. Sensitivity studies presented herein show the impact of lack of fusion and pipe size/thickness on fatigue life.
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6

MUBIAYI, MUKUNA P., and ESTHER T. AKINLABI. "MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FRICTION STIR SPOT WELDS OF ALUMINUM AND COPPER." In International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists (IMECS 2015) & World Congress on Engineering (WCE 2015). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813142725_0028.

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7

Taborda, Diogo, Rui M. Leal, Teresa Morgado, Carlos Leitão, and Ivan Galvão. "Copper/Stainless Steel Friction Stir Spot Welds—Feasibility and Microstructural Analysis." In MATERIAIS. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/materproc2022008128.

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8

Vivek, Anupam, Steven R. Hansen, Bert C. Liu, and Glenn S. Daehn. "Vaporizing Foil Actuator Welding of AA6061 With Cu110: Effect of Heat Treatment Cycles on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure." In ASME 2014 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME 2014 International Conference on Materials and Processing and the 42nd North American Manufacturing Research Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2014-4118.

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This work aims to study the effect of microstructure of the weld between aluminum alloy AA6061 and commercially pure copper, Cu 110, on its mechanical properties. AA6061-T6 and T4 aluminum sheets of 1 mm thickness were launched towards copper targets using the Vaporizing Foil Actuator (VFA) tool operating at 8 kJ input energy level. Flyer plate velocities, measured via photonic Doppler velocimetry (PDV), were observed to be approximately 800 m/s. All the welded samples were subjected to instrumented peel testing, microhardness testing, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and SEM. The welded joints had cracks which ran through the continuous intermetallic layers and stopped upon encountering a ductile metallic wave. The welds created with T6 temper flyer sheets were found to have smaller regions with wavy interfaces free of intermetallics as compared to those created with T4 temper flyer sheets. Peel strength tests of the two types of welds resulted in failure along the interface in case of the T6 flyer welds, while the failure generally occurred in the parent aluminum in the case of the T4 flyer welds. Half of the T4 flyer welds were subjected to aging for 18 hours at 160 °C to convert the aluminum sheet back to T6 condition. Although the flyer material did not attain the hardness of the original T6 material, it was found to be significantly stronger than the T4 material. These welds retained their strengths after the aging process and diffusion across the interface was insignificant.
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9

Mubiayi, Mukuna Patrick, Esther titilayo Akinlabi, and Mamookho Elizabeth Makhatha. "Microstructure and electrical resistivity properties of copper and aluminium friction stir spot welds." In 2017 8th International Conference on Mechanical and Intelligent Manufacturing Technologies (ICMIMT). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmimt.2017.7917432.

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Jacobs, Stephen F., Steve C. Johnston, A. C. Wanielista, and D. Bass. "Isothermal dimensional stability of various metals, alloys, welded joints, and composite structures." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1986.ws9.

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Using a laser interferometric method described elsewhere,1 we report on isothermal dimensional stability of the following materials: Invar, Super Invar, Kovar, molybdenum, TZM, elkonite, Al2O3, Si3N4, SiC, copper, fused silica (quartz), TiAlV, Kovar/Kovar welds, and composite structures of Mo/SiC, Mo/Si3N4, and Mo/Invar. Measurements were made over a two-month period with samples maintained in vacuum near 60°C. Quartz and Super Invar were used for secondary length references; copper for a secondary thermal reference. Invar was found to elongate ~1 ppm/month, molybdenum varies with manufacturer as does Kovar, Kovar/Kovar spot welds and seam welds shrank ~1 ppm/month, molybdenum composite structures shrank ~1 ppm/month, TZM, TiAlV, Si3N4, Al2O3 and SiC were all stable to ~0.1 ppm/month.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Copper welds"

1

Iskander, S. K., W. R. Corwin, and R. K. Nanstead. Results of crack-arrest tests on two irradiated high-copper welds. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6152342.

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2

Ruschau. L51961 Coating Compatibility at Thermite Welds and Keyhole Excavations. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010247.

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Patching and repairing high performance pipeline coatings requires a high performance repair material to ensure the integrity of the coating system. The application conditions are not optimized as they are during plant applications, so it is imperative that repair coatings applied to mainline coatings will adhere to all coated surfaces so that resources can be focused on optimizing application methods. Compatibility of repair coatings applied to thermite weld components may be inadequate for optimum field performance. When combined with the limiting factors of keyhole excavations it is important to use coatings which are not only compatible with the thermite welds but also are suitable for the keyhole application procedure. A series of 14 pipeline repair coatings were evaluated for their compatibility with the components of a thermite weld. Chemical compatibility was determined in terms of adhesion with the thermite weld individual components: polyethylene wire insulation, polyvinylchloride wire insulation, copper wire, steel, and copper/aluminum thermite alloy. The same coatings were evaluated for their suitability for application by keyhole excavation procedures. A keyhole excavation was simulated using a scaffold over filled soil boxes (dry soil) containing buried pipe sections, and each of the repair coatings was applied by a commercial keyhole excavation company. The ease of application and general suitability was rated. After backfilling and aging for six months, the samples were removed from the soil boxes and the coatings evaluated.
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3

Iskander, S. K., W. R. Corwin, and R. K. Nanstad. Crack-arrest tests on two irradiated high-copper welds. Phase 2: Results of duplex-type experiments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10131847.

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4

Gray. L51567 Influence of Filler Wire Carbon and Residual Element Content on the Mechanical Properties. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), June 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010565.

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This study was conducted to determine the interactive roles of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen and residual elements such as titanium, chromium, copper, sulfur, phosphorous, aluminum, tin, antimony, and arsenic on weld metal mechanical properties in pipeline steels. Eleven seamless, flux-core electrodes were fabricated with varying compositions and deposited in girth welds in a 24-inch diameter, API 5LX-65 pipe using the gas-metal-arc-weld (GMAW) process. The results of Charpy V-notch and crack-tip opening displacement tests indicate that desirable toughness properties may require the addition of alloying elements (e.g., nickel) that promote the formation of acicular-ferrite microstructures. In addition, small variations in sulfur content were shown to cause significant variability in notch toughness.
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5

Nanstad, R. K., F. M. Haggag, D. E. McCabe, S. K. Iskander, K. O. Bowman, and B. H. Menke. Irradiation effects on fracture toughness of two high-copper submerged-arc welds, HSSI series 5. Volume 2, Appendices E and F. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10102538.

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6

Nanstad, R. K., F. M. Haggag, D. E. McCabe, S. K. Iskander, K. O. Bowman, and B. H. Menke. Irradiation effects on fracture toughness of two high-copper submerged-arc welds, HSSI Series 5. Volume 1, Main report and Appendices A, B, C, and D. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10190558.

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7

Pastouret, Alan, Frans Gooijer, Bob Overton, Jan Jonker, Jim Curley, Walter Constantine, and Kendall Miller Waterman. Complete Fiber/Copper Cable Solution for Long-Term Temperature and Pressure Measurement in Supercritical Reservoirs and EGS Wells. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1225845.

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8

Iskander, S. K., M. A. Sokolov, and R. K. Nanstad. Effects of annealing time on the recovery of Charpy V-notch properties of irradiated high-copper weld metal. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/238561.

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9

Shevenell, L. A., B. W. McMaster, and K. M. Desmarais. Evaluation of cross borehole tests at selected wells in the Maynardville Limestone and Copper Ridge Dolomite at the Oak Ridge Y- 12 Plant. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/170569.

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10

Westwood, James H., Yaakov Tadmor, and Hanan Eizenberg. Identifying the genes involved in host root perception by root parasitic weeds: Genetic and transcriptomic analysis of Orobanche hybrids differing in signal response specificity. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598145.bard.

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Seeds of the root parasitic plants of the genus Orobanchegerminate specifically in response to host-derived germination signals, which enables parasites to detect and attack preferred hosts. The best characterized class of germination stimulants is the strigolactones (SL), although some species respond to sesquiterpene lactones such as dehydrocostuslactone (DCL). Despite great progress in characterizing the SL signaling system in plants, the mechanism(s) by which parasite species detect specific compounds remains poorly understood. The goal of our project was to identify and characterize the genes responsible for stimulant specificity in O. cernuaand O. cumana. These two species are closely related, but differ in host range, with O. cernuaparasitizingSolanaceous crops such as tomato (and responding to SLs), and O. cumanaspecifically parasitizing sunflower (and responding to DCL). We used a genetic approach based on O. cernuax O. cumanahybrids to associate germination response with genes. We found that these parasite species each have multiple copies of KAI2d genes, which function in SL perception. In O. cernua, the OrceKAI2d2 responds to SL stimulants and is most consistently associated with hybrid lines that respond to SLs. For O. cumana, an apparently linked block of KAI2d genes was associated with response to DCL in hybrid lines, but we found no strong evidence that any of the OrcuKAI2d genes specifically recognize the DCL stimulant. Remarkably, one O. cumanagene, OrcuKAI2d5, responds to certain SLs in a genetic complementation assay, even though hybrid lines containing this gene show fidelity to DCL. In summary, we have identified the SL receptor in O. cernua, but the DCL receptor in O. cumanaremains unknown. Our data point to involvement of additional genes and yet greater levels of complexity regulating germination specificity in Orobanche. BARD Report - Project 4616 Page 2 of 8
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