Статті в журналах: "COPOLYMER RESINS"

1

Kizilcan, N., and B. Erson. "Novel phenylacetylene based ketonic resins." Pigment & Resin Technology 44, no. 4 (July 6, 2015): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-07-2014-0052.

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Purpose – This paper aims to report the synthesis of resins having fluorescence properties, with the help of phenylacetylene (PhAc) by one-step method of in situ modification of ketonic resin. Cyclohexanone-formaldehyde resin (CFR) and acetophenone formaldehyde resin (AFR) were in situ modified with PhAc, in presence of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) by condensation polymerisation. Design/methodology/approach – Ketone, formalin and phenylacetylene were mixed and then 20% aqueous NaOH solution was added to produce the phenylacethylene modified ketonic resin. The solubility, molecular weight and thermal properties of the products were investigated. Findings – These new PhAc-modified ketonic resins (PAc-CFR and PAc-AFR) have fluorescence properties. Research limitations/implications – This study focuses on obtaining a fluorescence resin using a cyclohexanone, acetophenone and PhAc monomer which is an insulator. Practical implications – This study provides technical information for the synthesis of fluorescence comonomers. The modified resins contain acetylene groups. A chemical redox or radical system can be used to polymerise these acetylene groups and resins with much higher molecular weight. The resins may also promote the adhesive strength of a coating and corrosion inhibition to metal surfaces of a coating. Social implications – The resins will be used for the preparation of AB- and ABA-type block copolymers. These block copolymers may exhibit different properties due to incorporation of monomer into the block copolymer structure. Originality/value – PAc-CFR and PAc-AFR have been synthesised in the presence of a basic catalyst. Higher solubility and fluorescence intensity of the modified ketonic resins may increase their applications in the field of electroactive polymers and open new areas. These comonomers have fluorescence property.

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2

Lee, Pilwoo, Hunsang Jung, Chan-Sei Yoo, and Hyun Ho Lee. "Low Dielectric Constant Characteristics of Styrene and Maleimide Anhydride Copolymer with Modification for High Frequency Application of Printed Circuit Board." Polymers 15, no. 9 (April 27, 2023): 2078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15092078.

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Recently, due to the intensive and fast progress of the high frequency wireless communication environment, including 5th generation (5G) wireless communication, more robust substrate for printed circuit board (PCB) application, especially with less power consumption, is required. In this study, modified resins based on styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer were prepared and evaluated as binder resin to accomplish a low dielectric constant or relative permittivity (εr: <3.0) substrate for the PCB application under ultrahigh frequencies (UHF; 1 GHz~9.4 GHz). The low εr dielectric characteristics of the modified SMA copolymer could be correlated with effects from the stereo-structure of carbon chains or conformational orientation, where the degree of crystallization was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. Prepreg films of the low εr modified SMA copolymers and their compounds with epoxy resins were also characterized in terms of dielectric loss or dissipation factor (Df), which have shown more noticeable relation with their stereo-structures as well.

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3

Bienek, Diane R., Anthony A. Giuseppetti, Stanislav A. Frukhtbeyn, Rochelle D. Hiers, Fernando L. Esteban Florez, Sharukh S. Khajotia, and Drago Skrtic. "Physicochemical, Mechanical, and Antimicrobial Properties of Novel Dental Polymers Containing Quaternary Ammonium and Trimethoxysilyl Functionalities." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 11, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb11010001.

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The aims of this study were to evaluate the physicochemical and mechanical properties, antimicrobial (AM) functionality, and cytotoxic potential of novel dental polymers containing quaternary ammonium and trimethoxysilyl functionalities (e.g., N-(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3-(trimethoxysilyl)propan-1-aminium iodide (AMsil1) and N-(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-11-(trimethoxysilyl)undecan-1-aminium bromide (AMsil2)). AMsil1 or AMsil2 were incorporated into light-cured (camphorquinone + ethyl-4-N,N-dimethylamino benzoate) urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA)/polyethylene glycol-extended UDMA/ethyl 2-(hydroxymethyl)acrylate (EHMA) resins (hereafter, UPE resin) at 10 or 20 mass %. Cytotoxic potential was assessed by measuring viability and metabolic activity of immortalized mouse connective tissue and human gingival fibroblasts in direct contact with monomers. AMsil–UPE resins were evaluated for wettability by contact angle measurements and degree of vinyl conversion (DVC) by near infra-red spectroscopy analyses. Mechanical property evaluations entailed flexural strength (FS) and elastic modulus (E) testing of copolymer specimens. The AM properties were assessed using Streptococcus mutans (planktonic and biofilm forms) and Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilm. Neither AMsil exhibited significant toxicity in direct contact with cells at biologically relevant concentrations. Addition of AMsils made the UPE resin more hydrophilic. DVC values for the AMsil–UPE copolymers were 2–31% lower than that attained in the UPE resin control. The mechanical properties (FS and E) of AMsil–UPE specimens were reduced (11–57%) compared to the control. Compared to UPE resin, AMsil1–UPE and AMsil2–UPE (10% mass) copolymers reduced S. mutans biofilm 4.7- and 1.7-fold, respectively (p ≤ 0.005). Although not statistically different, P. gingivalis biofilm biomass on AMsil1–UPE and AM AMsil2–UPE copolymer disks were lower (71% and 85%, respectively) than that observed with a commercial AM dental material. In conclusion, the AM function of new monomers is not inundated by their toxicity towards cells. Despite the reduction in mechanical properties of the AMsil–UPE copolymers, AMsil2 is a good candidate for incorporation into multifunctional composites due to the favorable overall hydrophilicity of the resins and the satisfactory DVC values attained upon light polymerization of AMsil-containing UDMA/PEG-U/EHMA copolymers.

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4

Machado, Marina, Mateus Hofmann, Mário Garrido, João R. Correia, João C. Bordado, and Inês C. Rosa. "Incorporation of Lignin in Bio-Based Resins for Potential Application in Fiber–Polymer Composites." Applied Sciences 13, no. 14 (July 19, 2023): 8342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13148342.

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Bio-based resins, obtained from renewable raw materials, are a more sustainable alternative to oil-based resins for fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. The incorporation of lignin in those resins has the potential to enhance their performance. This paper presents results of an experimental study about the effects of Lignoboost lignin incorporation on a partially bio-based vinyl ester (VE) resin. Two resins were prepared—without (reference) and with lignin addition (4% by weight) to its main chain—and their chemical, thermophysical, and mechanical properties were compared using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and tensile and shear tests. Results suggest that the addition of lignin to the base resin resulted in a copolymer of increased heterogeneity and higher molecular weight, incorporating stiff and complex aromatic structures in the polymer chain. While requiring high-temperature curing, the VE–lignin copolymer presented improvements of 27% in tensile strength, 4% in shear strength, and increased glass transition temperature by about 8 °C, thus confirming the potential of this natural biopolymer for FRP composite applications.

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5

Khatiwada, Shankar P., Sabu Thomas, Jean Marc Saiter, Ralf Lach, and Rameshwar Adhikari. "Mechanical and thermal properties of triblock copolymer modified epoxy resins." BIBECHANA 16 (November 22, 2018): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v16i0.21651.

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We investigate the ways of improving thermal and mechanical properties of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) based thermoset resin using diaminodiphenylsulphone (DDS) as hardener and using epoxidized polystyrene/polybutadiene-based triblock copolymers as modifier. The epoxidation was performed. The targeted chemical modification using meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA) of the copolymer was performed whereby the epoxidation of the butadiene chains mainly took place at 1,4 linkages. The modification copolymer was found to contribute in enhancing the mechanical performance of the blends with epoxy resin. The results indicated the formation of nanostructured morphology in the blends attributable to their enhanced impact strength.BIBECHANA 16 (2019) 196-203

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6

Ateş, Esin, Nilgün Kizilcan, and Merve İstif. "New comonomer synthesis from thiophene-2-carbonyl chloride and cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin." Pigment & Resin Technology 44, no. 2 (March 2, 2015): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-10-2013-0091.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to synthesise an electro-active monomer containing ketonic resins and then to investigate the redox reaction between Fe+3 and bound thiophene in comonomer. First, thiophene-functionalised ketonic resins were synthesised by esterification reaction of thiophene-2-carbonyl chloride (ThCCl) and hydroxyl groups of cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin (CFR). Thiophene-containing cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin (Th-CFR) was then polymerised by ferric salt. The structures of the specimens were characterised by means of Fourier transform infrared and Proton – Nuclear Magnetic Resonanse (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. Thermal properties of the samples were determined with differential scanning calorimeter. Molecular weights of the specimens were determined by gel permeation chromatography. The obtained samples were also characterised morphologically by scanning electron microscope. Design/methodology/approach – Synthesis of Th-CFR comonomers by a combination of condensation polymerization and chemical oxidation polymerisation processes is described. First, Th-CFR units were prepared by direct condensation reaction of thiophene-2-carbonyl chloride (ThCCl) and hydroxyl groups of CFR. Then, the chemical oxidation (CO) of Th-CFR in the presence of anhydrous iron (III) chloride salt (FeCl3) was performed in chloroform (CHCl3)/acetonitrile mixture solutions at room temperature. Findings – The important structural factor determined quantitatively for Th-CFR is the CFR/ThCCl ratio after reaction. The effect of the mole ratio effect of ThCCl and ketonic resin on the solubility, molecular weight, Tm and Tg values of the comonomers (Th-CFRs) were investigated. Research limitations/implications – The ferric ion (Fe+3) has a standard oxidation potential. Furthermore, FeCl3 can react with thiophene to produce a cation radical. FeCl3 cannot react with hydroxyl groups of ketonic resins. When ferric is used for in situ chemical oxidation application at relatively low temperatures (e.g. < 20°C), the oxidation reactions are usually less aggressive. Practical implications – This work provides technical information for the synthesis of conducting block copolymer and for the synthesis of chain-extended resins. The modified resins contain electro-active monomer as thiophene. The chemical oxidation system has been used to polymerise these thiophene groups and resins with much higher molecular weight might be produced. These resins may also promote the adhesive strength of a coating and corrosion inhibition to metal surfaces of a coating. Social implications – This will be used for the preparation of AB- and ABA-type block copolymers. These block copolymers may exhibit different properties due to incorporation of monomer into the block copolymer structure. Originality/value – Novel Th-CFR comonomers were synthesised. These comonomers have higher glass transition temperature (Tg) and melting temperature (Tm) value than CFR alone. The chemical oxidation system has been used to polymerise these thiophene-functionalised ketonic resins.

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7

Nandekar, Kamlakar. "Novel Applications of Some Organic Copolymers Derived From Phenolic and Nitrogen-Containing Compounds- A Review." Journal of ISAS 2, no. 1 (July 31, 2023): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.59143/isas.jisas.2.1.kdqi5413.

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A variety of organic copolymers have been synthesized from phenolic compounds like p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, p-Hydroxyacetophenone, and also from nitrogen- containing compound like anthranilic acid, aniline, urea, biurate. These copolymers have been studied for various properties like thermal behavior, kinetic parameters, antimicrobial screening, ion-exchange study, polymer composites, photoluminiscence etc. Kinetic parameters of the copolymers derived from phenolic and nitrogen-containing compounds have been studied using Freeman-Carroll (FC) and Sharp-Wentworth (SW). Based on TGA, thermal stability and decomposition temperature have been studied for the copolymers and composites. Higher thermal stability for copolymer composites has been found as compared to the copolymer because the composite has a high activation energy and more residue left out at the end of the decomposition process. The metal ion uptake capacity of the copolymer have been studied by using the batch equilibrium method and is useful for wastewater treatment. The antimicrobial activity of the copolymers have been studied using the agar diffusion method. Polymer composites have been made from copolymers using an ultra-sonication process and exhibit excellent properties in metal ion uptake for wastewater treatment. The present review paper involves the study of novel applications of the copolymer resins derived from phenolic compound and nitrogen-containing compound.

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8

Babayev, E. R., I. I. Safiullina, E. Kh Karimov, I. Z. Mukhametzyanov, A. Yu Bakhtina, and E. M. Movsumzade. "Acrylic polymers for conditions of weakly acid conversion to resins, complex syntheses." SOCAR Proceedings, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/ogp20200400469.

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The paper presents materials on the conversion of acrylic monomers to acrylic polymers. Similarly, polymers and copolymers obtained from acrylonitrile were prepared. On the basis of the results of quantum chemical calculations, the parameters of polymer and copolymer materials were established, which will make it possible to evaluate the possibilities of complexes of acrylonitrile polymers for the production of membranes.

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9

Fainleib, A. M. "Copolymers and interpenetrating polymer networks of thermoreactive nitrogen-containing resins. Mini review." Polymer journal 42, no. 4 (December 10, 2020): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/polymerj.42.04.245.

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In a short review the effective methods of optimization of structure and properties of high-performance polymers obtained from thermoreactive nitrogen-containing resins such as benzoxazines, bismaleimides, cyanate esters have been analysed. High crosslinked density copolymer thermosets are synthesized through chemical interactions between reactive functional groups, which belong to the monomers/oligomers used. The different possible processes such as copolymerization or formation of interpenetrating polymer networks are discussed. The high-performance polymers and composites from thermoreactive nitrogen-containing resins are effectively used in aerospace industry and microelectronics as materials possessing high thermal and thermooxidative stability, radiation and chemical resistance, low water absorption, low dielectric loss, high dimension stability and high adhesion to different substrate. The performance characteristics of this kind of materials can be controlled by changing their composition, temperature-time curing schedule, using catalytic systems. Keywords: copolymers, IPNs, thermoreactive resins, benzoxazine, bismaleimide, cyanate ester resins.

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10

Li, Wei, Da Hong Li, Jian Ping Cao, Xiang Jun Yun, and Pawan Kunmar. "Study on the Transparent Electronic Isolation Layer Material - A Photoresist Composition which is Stable at High Temperature and Humidity." Materials Science Forum 980 (March 2020): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.980.44.

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A negative resist composition composed of an acrylic-copolymer-binder resin, a crosslinker, photoinitiators, some agents and solvents has been UV-cured and developed for OverCoat (OC)-Bridge of One Glass Solution (OGS) touch panel (TP) sensor, wherein acrylic-copolymer-binder resin as a key element consisting of N-Phenylmaleimide (N-Pm), Methacrylic acid (MA), Styrene (St) and Isobornyl methacrylate (iBMA) monomers, being designed and synthesized to control the acid value (90-110mgKOH/g), molecular weight (Mw:10,000-20,000) and approximate solubility parameter [10.67-11.05(cal/cm3)1/2]. Here,we demonstrate a OC photoresist applies between two ITO line-films by UV-curing process technology deveoled for OC-Bridge pattern with a kind of acrylic-copolymer-binder resin by ours. Acting as TP sensor, the OC patterns have adequate resistance to solvents, acids and alkalis, good thermal and humid stability, and with excellent transparency and insulation. This OC photoresist, coupled with the acrylic-copolymer-binder resins, provides an unprecedented approach to realize supporting high temperature and humidity OC-Bridge.

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11

Ashraf, Syed, Angela Cluley, Ckarlos Mercado, and Anja Mueller. "Imprinted polymers for the removal of heavy metal ions from water." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 6 (September 1, 2011): 1325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.423.

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In wastewater treatment, the removal of heavy metals is difficult due to the limited affinity of heavy metal ions to ion exchange resins. Here imprinting polymerization is used to develop resins with high capacity and selectivity for heavy metal ions for water treatment. A random copolymer of methacrylate and methacrylamide was found to be most effective for the removal of hydrophilic metal complexes, like CdCl2, ZnCl2, and the metalloid NaH2AsO4, particularly when the porosity of these resins is increased. For hydrophobic complexes imprinting emulsion polymerization was developed and data for the effective removal of mercury dithizonate will be described. Complete removal for up to 80 ppm of cadmium and mercury with only 200 mg of imprinted resin was obtained; competition and co-imprinting experiments are described as well.

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12

Lyu, Ya, Haibo Fan, and Liliang Qiu. "Intrinsically Noncombustible Thermosets from Sulfur-Containing Epoxy Resin and Benzoxazines: Evaluation of Thermal and Mechanical Properties." Advances in Polymer Technology 2023 (August 2, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/1686001.

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Benzoxazine (BZ)-epoxy copolymers exhibit favorable mechanical properties, but their thermal and flame-retardant characteristics are impaired at high epoxy fractions. Here, we report a new type of sulfur-containing epoxy resin (EPS), which we synthesized using 4,4’-thiobisphenol (TBP) instead of bisphenol A (BA) and then blended with three sulfur-containing BZs (TBP-a, TBP-fa, and TBP-tma). The polymerization behavior of the resins was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry for determining the optimal curing procedure. This analysis revealed that the oxazine and epoxy rings undergo ring-opening and cross-linking reactions at the same time and that double-substituted structures originating from the furan and thiophene rings appeared during the curing process. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the addition of EPS increased the initial decomposition temperature by hindering the formation of double-substituted structures. The char yield at 800°C decreased owing to the unstable C–O–C–C–O groups derived from the ring-opening of EPS. To prepare the self-extinguishing copolymers with a char yield of 24%, a smaller quantity of BZ was needed for the EPS-based blends than for the BA-based ones. The heat release capacities—measured using micro-combustion calorimetry—of all copolymers except TBP-a/EPS were less than 300 J/g·K, demonstrating that the presence of thioether bonds and double-substituted structures resulted in excellent flame retardancy. The TBP-fa/EPS copolymer also exhibited excellent flame retardancy in cone calorimeter measurement. Finally, the glass transition temperature of the TBP-fa/EPS copolymer at a ratio of 5 : 5 (w/w) reached as high as 289°C. A TBP-fa/EPS copolymer with an epoxy content of 70% had nearly the same storage modulus (2,206 MPa) at 50°C as poly(BA-a) and thus similar mechanical properties. In summary, BZ-epoxy copolymers prepared from sulfur-containing epoxy combine the advantages of the constituent components and extend their areas of application.

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13

Sandford, R., and A. Gindre. "‘Aromatic Free’ solvent borne acrylic copolymer resins." Pigment & Resin Technology 15, no. 11 (November 1986): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb042292.

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14

Beren, James R. "Heterophasic Polypropylene Copolymer Resins for Fabric Coating." Journal of Coated Fabrics 21, no. 2 (October 1991): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152808379102100207.

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15

Hofmann, G. H., R. J. Statz, and R. B. Case. "Plasticization of PVC with ethylene copolymer resins." Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16, no. 1 (March 1994): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160107.

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16

O'Donnell, Justin N. R., and Drago Skrtic. "Degree of Vinyl Conversion, Polymerization Shrinkage and Stress Development in Experimental Endodontic Composite." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 4 (December 2009): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbte.4.1.

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This study explores degree of vinyl conversion (DVC), polymerization shrinkage (PS) and shrinkage stress (PSS) of the experimental amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) composites intended for use as an endodontic sealer. Light-cure (LC), chemical cure (CC) or dual-cure (DC; combined light and chemical cure) resins comprised urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), methacryloyloxyethyl phthalate (MEP) and a high molecular mass oligomeric co-monomer, poly(ethyleneglycol)-extended UDMA (PEG-U) (designated UPHM resin). To fabricate composites, a mass fraction of 60 % UPHM resin was blended with a mass fraction of 40 % as-made (am-ACP) or ground ACP (g-ACP). DVC values of copolymer (unfilled UPHM resin) and composite specimens were determined by infrared spectroscopy. Glass-filled composites were used as controls. PS and PSS of composites were determined by dilatometry and tensometry, respectively. LC copolymers attained extraordinary high DVC values at 24 h post-cure (95.7 %), compared to CC (52 %) and DC (79.3 %) copolymer specimens. While the DVC values of LC and DC am-ACP composites were reduced between 5 and 10 %, DVC values of DC g-ACP composites increased almost 8 % compared to the corresponding copolymers. High DVC attained in LC composites was, expectedly, accompanied with high PS values (on average 7 vol%). However, PSS developed in LC and especially DC composites did not exceed PSS values seen in other UDMA-based composites. Based on this initial evaluation, it is concluded that, DC, g-ACP filled UPHM composite shows promise as an endodontic sealer. However, further physicochemical evaluations, including water sorption, mechanical stability and ion release as well as a leachability studies need to be performed before this experimental material is tested for cellular responses and, eventually recommended for clinical utility.

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17

Mane, V. D., N. J. Wahane, and W. B. Gurnule. "Copolymer resin. VII. 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid-thiourea-formaldehyde copolymer resins and their ion-exchange properties." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 111, no. 6 (January 2009): 3039–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.29369.

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18

Mary Lubi, C., and Eby Thomas Thachil. "Effect of Phenol-CNSL Formaldehyde Copolymer on Thermal Ageing of NBR." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 21, no. 3 (August 2005): 201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147776060502100303.

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Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is a cheap agro-by-product and renewable resource which consists mainly of substituted phenols. A CNSL based resin was used in this study to modify the aging properties of butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber (NBR). The resin was a copolymer obtained by condensing a mixture of phenol and CNSL with hexamethylene tetramine. The effect of the resin on the ageing of NBR vulcanizates was studied by following changes in tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus and tear strength. Resins with different phenol/formaldehyde ratios and CNSL/phenol ratios were incorporated into NBR and the physical properties determined. Comparison of the properties of the aged material containing the CNSL resin with those of specimens not containing the resin show improved ageing characteristics with respect to tensile strength, modulus and tear strength.

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19

Ezzeldin, Hesham A., Allen Apblett, and Gary L. Foutch. "Synthesis and Properties of Anion Exchangers Derived from Chloromethyl Styrene Codivinylbenzene and Their Use in Water Treatment." International Journal of Polymer Science 2010 (2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/684051.

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Amination of vinylbenzyl chloride-divinylbenzene (VBC-DVB) copolymers is an effective method for preparation of ion-exchange resins. Conventionally, the starting polymer is produced by chloromethylation of a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer that utilizes chloromethyl methyl ether, a known carcinogen. An alterative approach is to copolymerize vinylbenzyl chloride with divinylbenzene to generate the necessary VBC-DVB. This method provides precise control over the density of the ion-exchange groups. The regiochemistry of the vinylbenzyl chloride methods was realized using solvent-ion exchange groups. In this investigation, an improved solvent system was found for the preparation of anion exchange resins by the vinylbenzyl chloride route. The effectiveness of amination of the intermediate VBC-DVB polymers with a variety of trimethylamine reagents was investigated, and ethanolic trimethylamine produced the highest degree of amination. These resulting ion-exchange polymers were characterized by a variety of techniques such as analytical titrations, nitrogen analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis. Testing of these copolymers for breakthrough was performed. The results indicate that these anion exchangers have a meaningful increase in thermal stability over commercial anionic exchange beads.

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20

Yu, Wenhao, Chao Xu, Chai Yin, Shitao Yu, Weizhi Sun, Congxia Xie, and Mo Xian. "Mechanism of aniline adsorption on post-crosslinked resins: pore structure and oxygen content." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 10 (November 23, 2018): 2096–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.484.

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Abstract A series of post-crosslinked resins were synthesized from macroporous chloromethylated styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer by controlling post-crosslinked reaction conditions. Adsorption study towards aniline showed that the three resins, ST-DVB-WH5, ST-DVB-WH6, and ST-DVB-WH7, prepared at different temperatures, and which had nearly identical static adsorption capacity, displayed great disparity in kinetic behavior. The rate constant of ST-DVB-WH7 by the pseudo-first-order model was 1.50 and 1.19 times higher than that of ST-DVB-WH5 and ST-DVB-ST-DVB-WH6. Further analysis of the diffusion model showed that the three resins exhibited different diffusion rates due to the difference in oxygen content and pore structure of each resin. The results showed that the adsorption capacity was mainly decided by the pore volume within 1.14 and 3.42 nm and the adsorption rate was mainly decided by the oxygen content of the resin. In addition, as the best synthetic resin for aniline adsorption, the equilibrium adsorption capacity of ST-DVB-WH7 was 1.57 times and 1.44 times higher than that of H-103 and NKA-II, respectively.

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21

Kowalczyk, Agnieszka, Marta Tokarczyk, Mateusz Weisbrodt, and Konrad Gziut. "Adhesive Films Based on Benzoxazine Resins and the Photoreactive Epoxyacrylate Copolymer." Materials 15, no. 5 (March 1, 2022): 1839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15051839.

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UV-cross-linkable and thermally curable self-adhesive structural tapes (SATs) were compounded using solid commercial benzoxazine resins (Araldite MT 35700 and Araldite MT 35910) and a photoreactive epoxyacrylate copolymer (EAC). As initiators of benzoxazine resin polymerization and epoxy component cationic polymerization, two kinds of latent curing agents (LCAs) were tested, i.e., amine type and ionic liquid type. The influence of the benzoxazine resin and the LCA type on the UV-cross-linking process, the self-adhesive features and thermal curing behavior of UV-cross-linked tapes, as well as the shear strength of cured aluminum/SAT/aluminum joints and thermal stability of adhesives were investigated. It was found that the amine additive and the benzoxazine resin take part in the UV-cross-linking process of the EAC as hydrogen donors, which is confirmed by an increase in cohesion (+86%) and a decrease in adhesion (−25%) of SATs. The highest results of adhesion to steel (47 N/25 mm) and overlap shear strength (11.1 MPa) values were registered for SATs based on Araldite MT 35910 and contained 7.5 wt. parts of the amine-type hardener. The formation of a polyacrylate-benzoxazine network has a significant impact on the course of the thermal curing process and the thermomechanical properties of adhesive joints, which was also confirmed by the Cure Index calculation.

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22

Sun, Enhui, Guangfu Liao, Qian Zhang, Ping Qu, Guofeng Wu, Yueding Xu, Cheng Yong, and Hongying Huang. "Green Preparation of Straw Fiber Reinforced Hydrolyzed Soy Protein Isolate/Urea/Formaldehyde Composites for Biocomposite Flower Pots Application." Materials 11, no. 9 (September 12, 2018): 1695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11091695.

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The effects of soil burial on the biodegradation of biocomposite flower pots (BFP) made from straw fiber (SF) and hydrolyzed soy protein isolate/urea/formaldehyde (HSPI/U/F) copolymer resin were studied in detail. The microstructure, crystallinity, functional groups, mechanical, degradation and thermal property of the prepared SF with HSPI/U/F copolymer resin have been studied, and the degradation mechanism was also elucidated. XRD results showed that the bond breakage between SF and HSPI/U/F copolymer resin induced a decrease in relative degradation-resistant crystal structures. FTIR spectra showed that the methylolated HSPI units could form a cross-linking network with U/F and SF. The BFP degradation after soil burial was mainly attributed to the effects of microorganisms. The degradation products were environmentally friendly, because they were degradable and could fertilize the soil. In addition, the U/F adhesives were slightly degraded by the microorganisms due to the HSPI in the pots. The TG and DSC results showed that the molecular motion of the BFP matrix could be restricted by the degradation action and the content of HSPI, resulting in decreased crystallization enthalpy and showing good thermal property. The tensile strength of different reinforced samples was not significantly reduced in comparison to U/F resin, and still kept good mechanical performance. Thus, the prepared SF reinforced HSPI/U/F copolymer resins could have good potential for use in the field of biodegradable flower pots because of their good thermal property, mechanical property, biodegradability, and relatively low cost.

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23

Yadav, Ranjana, and Deepak Srivastava. "Studies on cardanol-based epoxidized novolac resin and its blends." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 2, no. 3 (September 15, 2008): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht02.03.173.

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Cardanol-based novolac-type phenolic resin was synthesized with a mole ratio 1.0:0.5 of cardanol-to-formaldehyde using a dicarboxylic acid catalyst such as succinic acid. The cardanol-based novolac-type phenolic resin may further be modified by epoxidation with epichlorohydrin excess at 393 K in a basic medium to duplicate the performance of such phenolic-type novolacs. Carboxyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile copolymer (CTBN) has been studied by various researches with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DEGBA) epoxy resin and epoxidized phenolic novolac resins. The epoxidized novolac resin was blended with different weight ratios of carboxyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile copolymer (CTBN) and cured with a stoichiometric amount of polyamine curing agent. The formation of various products during the synthesis of cardanol-based novolac resin, epoxodized novolac resin and blending of epoxidized novolac resin with CTBN has been studied by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis. Further, the products were confirmed by a proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopic analysis. The number average molecular weight was determined by a gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis. The blend sample, having 15 wt % CTBN concentration showed minimum cure time and most thermally stable systems.

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24

Dhakite, P. A., and W. B. Gurnule. "Ion Exchange Study of Some New Copolymer Resins Derived from 8-Hydroxyquinoline-5-sulphonic Acid, Biuret and Formaldehyde." E-Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 3 (2011): 1186–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/586916.

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Copolymer resins (8-HQSABF) were synthesized by the condensation of 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulphonic acid and biuret with formaldehyde in the presence of hydrochloric acid as catalyst, proved to be selective chelation ion exchange copolymer resins for certain metals. Chelation ion exchange properties to these polymers were studied for Cu2+, Cd2+, Co2+and Zn2+ions. A batch equilibrium method was employed in the study of the selectivity of the distribution of a given metal ions between the polymer sample and a solution containing the metal ion. The study was carried out over a wide pH range and in a media of various ions strengths. The polymer showed a higher selectivity for Cu2+ions than for Cd2+, Co2+and Zn2+ions. Hence on the basis of above studies these copolymer may be used as semiconductors, surface coating, ion-exchangers, materials for rechargeable battery cell in various electronic industries, plastic materials, elastomers and in boiler plants

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25

Kuhnt, Tobias, Ramiro Marroquín García, Sandra Camarero-Espinosa, Aylvin Dias, A. Tessa ten Cate, Clemens A. van Blitterswijk, Lorenzo Moroni, and Matthew B. Baker. "Poly(caprolactone-co-trimethylenecarbonate) urethane acrylate resins for digital light processing of bioresorbable tissue engineering implants." Biomaterials Science 7, no. 12 (2019): 4984–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9bm01042d.

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26

Ringrose, B. J., and E. Kronfli. "Preirradiation grafting of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer resins." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 55, no. 4 (July 1999): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-806x(99)00186-3.

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27

Gui, Qilin, Qi Ouyang, Chunrong Xu, Hongxue Ding, Shuxian Shi, and Xiaonong Chen. "Facile and Safe Synthesis of Novel Self-Pored Amine-Functionalized Polystyrene with Nanoscale Bicontinuous Morphology." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 24 (December 10, 2020): 9404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249404.

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The chloromethyl-functionalized polystyrene is the most commonly used ammonium cation precursor for making anion exchange resins (AER) and membranes (AEM). However, the chloromethylation of polystyrene or styrene involves highly toxic and carcinogenic raw materials (e.g., chloromethyl ether) and the resultant ammonium cation structural motif is not stable enough in alkaline media. Herein, we present a novel self-pored amine-functionalized polystyrene, which may provide a safe, convenient, and green process to make polystyrene-based AER and AEM. It is realized by hydrolysis of the copolymer obtained via random copolymerization of N-vinylformamide (NVF) with styrene (St). The composition and structure of the NVF-St copolymer could be controlled by monomeric ratio, and the copolymers with high NVF content could form bicontinuous morphology at sub-100 nm levels. Such bicontinuous morphology allows the copolymers to be swollen in water and self-pored by freeze-drying, yielding a large specific surface area. Thus, the copolymer exhibits high adsorption capacity (226 mg/g for bisphenol A). Further, the amine-functionalized polystyrene has all-carbon backbone and hydrophilic/hydrophobic microphase separation morphology. It can be quaternized to produce ammonium cations and would be an excellent precursor for making AEM and AER with good alkaline stability and smooth ion transport channels. Therefore, the present strategy may open a new pathway to develop porous alkaline stable AER and AEM without using metal catalysts, organic pore-forming agents, and carcinogenic raw materials.

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28

Wang, Qiang, Zhuan Ni Yu, and Liang Min Yu. "Anti-Biofouling of a Novel Cross-Linked Copolymer Containing a HMBA Side Chain." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 10 (May 2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbte.10.1.

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Biofouling on underwater engineered structures, especially on ship hulls, results in increased operational and maintenance costs. Fouling is not only of an ecological interest, but it is also important from applied and commercial perspectives. With the development of society, widely used Tributyltin compounds (TBT) for biofouling control have been prohibited worldwide at the end of 2008. The need to develop new environment friendly antifouling agents has been highlighted. Herein we report on the synthesis and characterization of a novel cross-linkable copolymer containing a HMBA side chain. The paper is mainly focused on the synthesis of novel resin and its antifouling performance. Apart from use of acrylate monomer, the two other important monomers γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (HD-70) and N-(4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxy-Benzyl) acrylanine (HMBA) were selected to construct low surface energy materials. Finally, the antifouling properties of resins were carried through by the colonization of benthic diatoms (Nitzschia flosterium) and ocean plates of an offshore platform. Experimental results indicated the novel resins containing a HMBA side chain possessing better antifouling properties than a standard polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) coating in the Qingdao ocean.

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29

Kizilcan, Nilgun, and Merve Istif. "Novel comonomer synthesis from thiophene-2-carbonyl chloride and polydimethylsiloxane modified cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin." Pigment & Resin Technology 43, no. 5 (August 26, 2014): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-07-2013-0055.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to produce an electroactive monomer containing ketonic resins and then to investigate redox reaction between Fe+3 and bounded thiophene in comonomers. First, thiophene functionalised ketonic resins (Th-CFPDMSR) were synthesised by esterification reaction of thiophene-2-carbonyl chloride (ThCCl) and hydroxyl groups of cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin (CFR). Th-CFPDMSR was then polymerised by ferric salt. Thiophene modified ketonic resins (Th-CFPDMSR) as comonomers were characterised by common techniques such as gel permeation chromatography, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimeter and scanning electron microscope. Design/methodology/approach – Th-CFPDMSR comonomers were synthesised by esterification reaction of ThCCl and hydroxyl groups of ketonic resins. Then, the in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) of ThC-CFR in the presence of iron (III) chloride salt (FeCl3) was accomplished in chloroform/acetonitrile mixture solutions at room temperature. Findings – Important structural factor determined quantitatively for Th-CFPDMSR is the CFPDMS/TCCl ratio after reaction. The mole ratio effect of TCCl and ketonic resin on the solubility, molecular weight, melting temperature (Tm) and glass transition temperature (Tg) values of the comonomers (TCCl-CFPDMSR) was investigated. Research limitations/implications – The ferric ion (Fe+3) has a standard oxidation potential. Furthermore, FeCl3 can react with thiophene to produce a cation radical. FeCl3 cannot react with hydroxyl groups of ketonic resins. When ferric is used for ISCO application at relatively low temperatures (e.g. < 20°C), the oxidation reactions are usually less aggressive. Practical implications – This work provides technical information for the synthesis of conducting block copolymer and for the synthesis of chain-extended resins. The modified resins contain thiophene. The chemical oxidation system has been used to polymerise these thiophene groups, and resins with much higher molecular weight might be produced. The resins may also promote the adhesive strength of a coating and corrosion inhibition to metal surfaces of a coating. Originality/value – Novel Th-CFPDMSR comonomers were synthesised. These comonomers have higher Tg and Tm values than CF-PDMSR alone. The chemical oxidation system has been used to polymerise these thiophene functionalised ketonic resins.

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30

Miyazawa, Makoto, Yoshinori Iiguni, and Hajime Ohtani. "Characterization of the cross-linking structures in UV- and EB-cured acrylic copolymer resins using high resolution MALDI-spiral-TOFMS combined with supercritical methanolysis." Polymer Chemistry 8, no. 7 (2017): 1155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py01863g.

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The cross-linking structures of ultraviolet (UV) and electron beam (EB)-cured acrylic copolymer resins prepared with pentaerithritol triacrylate and 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (VP) mixtures were characterized using high resolution MALDI-TOFMS combined with supercritical methanolysis.

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31

Samal, Rajani K., Binod K. Senapati, and Trupti B. Behuray. "Synthesis and characterization of some novel copolymer resins. III." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 68, no. 13 (June 27, 1998): 2183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19980627)68:13<2183::aid-app15>3.0.co;2-0.

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32

Tao, Lei, Zeyu Sun, Wei Min, Hanwen Ou, Liangliang Qi, and Muhuo Yu. "Improving the toughness of thermosetting epoxy resins via blending triblock copolymers." RSC Advances 10, no. 3 (2020): 1603–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra09183a.

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33

Li, Tian Xia, and Feng Chen. "Study of Epoxy Acrylic Cathodic Electrodeposition Coatings and Investigation on the Electrophoretic Coating Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 697 (November 2014): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.697.76.

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As an environment-protecting waterborne coating, the cathodic electrodeposite coating has wide applications prospects.The self-crosslinked acrylate grafted epoxy resins for cathodal electrophoretic coating were synthesized by grafting acrylic polymer onto epoxy resin . This epoxy-acrylic copolymer both have high modulus, high-strength ,excellent chemical resistance and corrosion resistance of epoxy resin, and both have the light-acrylic resin fullness, good weather resistance and other characteristics of acrylic resin,which are widely used in the automotive, building materials, home appliances and other fields.The electrophoretic coating is an extremely complex process. The effects of the parameters of electrophoretic technology on the properties of paint films were studied systemically.The results show that the electrophoretic paint with better appearance and propeties can be made when voltage was about 90V,the solid share was 16%,pH was 5.8and electrophoresis time was 2-3min.

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34

Shenava, Shruthi Manjunath, Ashok Babubhai Amin, Rajat Mahabaleshwar Karant, Shanmukhakumar Jagarlapudi Venkata, and Rajkumar Ganugula. "Synthesis of new rhodamine dyed copolymer nanodispersions for textiles-agglomeration and control with copolymer resins." Dyes and Pigments 133 (October 2016): 424–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2016.06.035.

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35

Auzanneau, France-Isabelle, Mette Knak Christensen, Shannon L. Harris, Morten Meldal, and B. Mario Pinto. "Synthesis and characterization of polyethylene glycol polyacrylamide copolymer (PEGA) resins containing carbohydrate ligands. Evaluation as supports for affinity chromatography." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 76, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 1109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v98-118.

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The PEGA resin, a beaded polyethylene glycol dimethylacrylamide copolymer, was evaluated as an affinity support for the purification of carbohydrate-binding macromolecules, namely, the cation-independent mannosyl phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) and a polyclonal antibody directed against a Streptococcus Group A oligosaccharide. Two polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivatives, a di-acryloylated PEG1900derivative or a longer di-acryloylated PEG4000derivative, were used as cross-linkers. The longer cross-linker was synthesized in four steps from polyethylene glycol 4000. The mannosyl 6-phosphate (M6P)-containing immunoaffinity columns were prepared through the inverse suspension radical copolymerization of the corresponding allyl glycoside with acrylamide and the PEG cross-linker. The resin with the shorter cross-linker (PEG1900derivative) had a 6.3% molar cross-linking while that with the longer cross-linker (PEG4000derivative) had a 3.8% molar cross-linking. For the Streptococcus Group A trisaccharide-containing immunoaffinity columns, three PEGA affinity supports bearing free amino groups were prepared and subsequently substituted with a trisaccharide activated as its squarate adduct. While one resin contained the shorter cross-linker PEG1900and had a 3% molar cross-linking, the other two resins contained the longer cross-linker PEG4000 with a molar cross-linking of 5% and 3%, respectively. In affinity chromatographic studies, the M6P-containing columns were ineffective in retaining the cation-independent mannosyl phosphate receptor (CI-MPR, ~ 215kDa), whereas antibody (~ 150kDa) retention was observed with two of the three Streptococcus Group A trisaccharide-containing immunoaffinity columns. Key words: PEGA resins, immunoaffinity supports, carbohydrate ligands, antibody purification.

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36

Charles, Andrew, and Andrew Rider. "Triblock Copolymer Toughening of a Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composite for Bonded Repair." Polymers 10, no. 8 (August 8, 2018): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10080888.

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Epoxy resins are the most widely used systems for structural composite applications; however, they lack fracture toughness, impact strength and peel strength due to high cross-linking densities. Use of conventional toughening agents to combat this can lead to reductions in mechanical, thermal and processability properties desirable for bonded composite applications. In this work, an asymmetric triblock copolymer of poly(styrene)–b–poly(butadiene)–b–poly(methylmethacrylate) was used to modify an epoxy resin system, with the materials processed using both vacuum bag and positive pressure curing techniques. Interlaminar fracture toughness testing showed improvements in initiation fracture toughness of up to 88%, accompanied by a 6 °C increase in glass transition temperature and manageable reductions in gel-time. Shear testing resulted in a 121% increase in ultimate shear strain with only an 8% reduction in shear strength. Performance improvements were attributed to nano-structuring within the toughened resin system, giving rise to matrix cavitation and dissipation of crack front strain energy upon loading.

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37

Song, Dong-Po, Gianni Jacucci, Feyza Dundar, Aditi Naik, Hua-Feng Fei, Silvia Vignolini, and James J. Watkins. "Photonic Resins: Designing Optical Appearance via Block Copolymer Self-Assembly." Macromolecules 51, no. 6 (March 15, 2018): 2395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02288.

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38

Samal, Rajani K., Binod K. Senapati, and Trupti B. Behuray. "Synthesis and characterization of aniline-doped mixed copolymer resins. II." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 62, no. 4 (October 24, 1996): 655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19961024)62:4<655::aid-app9>3.0.co;2-s.

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39

Liu, Jianbao, Yifu Zhang, and Jianping Sun. "Preparation and Performance of a Self-Produced High-Molecular-Weight Waterborne Epoxy–Acrylic Emulsion." Coatings 13, no. 3 (March 10, 2023): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13030595.

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To improve the stability of waterborne epoxy–acrylic emulsions and their comprehensive properties, such as the chemical resistance of coatings, a new research idea is proposed in this paper. First, a series of high-molecular-weight epoxy resins were synthesized with epoxy resin E-51 and bisphenol A (BPA) using benzyl triphenyl phosphine bromide as the catalyst. Then, free-radical graft copolymerization was carried out between the epoxy resin and methacrylic acid (MAA), styrene (ST), and butyl acrylate (BA) using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as the initiator. This method ensured that the epoxy groups were retained. Finally, the carboxylic acid groups were neutralized with N,N-dimethylethanolamine (DMEA), and a stable aqueous epoxy–acrylic emulsion was obtained by high-speed dispersion in deionized water. The effects of key factors such as temperature, time, the molecular weight and dosage of epoxy resin, the dosage of MAA, the dosage of BPO, and the neutralization degree of the synthesis of emulsions and coating film properties were mainly discussed. The molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the epoxy resin were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The epoxy resin and its graft copolymer were analyzed and characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The particle size and distribution of the emulsions were tested by laser particle size analysis. The morphology of the emulsion particles was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the acrylic monomers (MAA, ST, and BA) were grafted onto the epoxy resin. The graft copolymers showed higher glass transition temperatures compared with those of the pure epoxy resin. TGA showed that the graft copolymer started to decompose at a high temperature before the pure epoxy resin did, and the thermal stability was slightly reduced. The prepared emulsions with a particle size of 160 nm had a storage stability of more than one year and showed excellent dilution stability, mechanical stability, and freeze–thaw stability. The emulsions were coated and cured at 150 °C for 1 h with a pencil hardness of 5 H, an adhesion of grade 1, and a flexibility of 1 mm. The water resistance was >60 days, the salt water resistance was >30 days, the acid resistance was >10 days, and the alkali resistance was >5 days.

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40

Lattimer, Robert P., Robert A. Kinsey, Robert W. Layer, and C. K. Rhee. "The Mechanism of Phenolic Resin Vulcanization of Unsaturated Elastomers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 62, no. 1 (March 1, 1989): 107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536228.

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Abstract It is well known that during the sulfur curing of unsaturated rubbers, two competing reactions occur: (a) crosslinking or vulcanization, and (b) reversion or devulcanization. In the case of butyl rubber, these two competing reactions have been summarized in earlier reports. Tire curing bag (bladder) compounds are usually made of butyl rubber (IIR), a copolymer of isobutene and isoprene, with typically 1–5% of the diene monomer. Curing bags were originally manufactured using sulfur cures. The high temperatures (140–180°C) employed in tire curing caused reversion, however, and these bladders had very short service lives. The deterioration of the IIR bladders was evidenced by a gradual softening of the surface. A major technical advancement for increasing the service life of curing bladders was the development of phenol/formaldehyde (resole) resins for vulcanizing IIR. These resins can give IIR cures with very thermally stable crosslinks. The vulcanizates are essentially immune to reversion, even at the high use temperatures of tire curing operations. The basic curing resins used are generally 2,6-dihydroxymethyl-4-alkylphenols 1 or their condensation polymers 2 (Scheme 1). These materials are produced via the base-catalyzed reaction of the p-substituted phenol with formaldehyde. R is typically methyl, t-butyl, or t-octyl in commercial resins. The use of a blocking substituent in the para position maximizes the formation of o-hydroxymethyl groups. R′ is either methylene (—CH2—) or dibenzylether (—CH2—O—CH2—), depending on the conditions of the resin synthesis or the cure.

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41

Tsou, Chi Hui, Ya Ming Li, Wei Hua Yao, and Jen Taut Yeh. "Preparation and Characterization of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Ethylene Glycidyl Methacrylate Copolymer Blends." Advanced Materials Research 150-151 (October 2010): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.150-151.139.

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Both tensile and tear strength values of PLAxEGMCy blown-film specimens in machine and transverse directions improve significantly and reach the maximum values as their EGMC contents approach an optimum value of 6 wt%. The melt shear viscosity values of PLAxEGMCy resins measured at varying shear rates are significantly higher than those of the PLA resin and increase consistently with their EGMC contents. FT-IR analysis suggest that the carboxylic acid groups of PLA molecules react with the epoxy groups of EGMC molecules during the reactive-extrusion processes of PLAxEGMCy specimens. Further DMA and morphological analysis of PLAxEGMCy specimens reveal that EGMC molecules are phase-separated with PLA molecules at EGMC contents equal to or more than 2 wt%, since distinguished phase-separated EGMC droplets and tanδ transitions were found on fracture surfaces and tanδ curves of PLAxEGMCy specimens, respectively. Possible reasons accounting for the above interesting properties of the PLA/EGMC specimens are proposed in this study.

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42

Gu, Kai, and Xiao Di Xu. "Synthesis of Hyperbranched Polyphenylacetylene Resins and the Influence of their Molecular Architecture on their Properties." Advanced Materials Research 1095 (March 2015): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1095.385.

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Hyperbranched polyphenylacetylene resins were obtained by the homo-and copolycyclotrimerizations of diynes and monoynes initiated by tantalum-based catalysts, with the aim of exploring new synthetic routes to hyperbranched polyphenylacetylene resins. A group of hyperbranched poly (alkylenephenylenes) (hb-PAPs) were synthesized by TaBr5-Ph4Sn catalyzed polycyclotrimerization of 1,7-octadiyne. To improve the solubility of the homopolymers,the diyne monomers were copolymerized with phenylacetylene. IR,and 1H NMR Spectrum confirmed that the target polymers had formed via a [2+2+2] cyclotrimerization mechanism. The influence of the architecture of homopolymer and copolymer obtained from different kinds of monomer on the thermal properties and solubility were investigated.

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43

Uhlig, Christoph, Olaf Kahle, Oliver Schäfer, Dirk Ewald, Helmut Oswaldbauer, Jörg Bauer, and Monika Bauer. "Blends of tri-block copolymers and addition curing resins: Influence of block copolymer-resin compatibility on toughness and matrix properties on toughenability." Reactive and Functional Polymers 142 (September 2019): 159–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.06.012.

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44

Nonaka, Takamasa, Yasuko Uemura, Katsuto Ohse, Kohki Jyono, and Seiji Kurihara. "Preparation of resins containing phenol derivatives from chloromethylstyrene-tetraethyleneglycol dimethacrylate copolymer beads and antibacterial activity of resins." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 66, no. 8 (November 21, 1997): 1621–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19971121)66:8<1621::aid-app24>3.0.co;2-4.

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45

KASHITA, Yoshinori, Takashi HATANO, and Takayoshi MATSUMOTO. "iscibility and Rheological Properties of Concentrated Solution of Acrylic Copolymer Resins." Nihon Reoroji Gakkaishi(Journal of the Society of Rheology, Japan) 23, no. 2 (1995): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1678/rheology1973.23.2_89.

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46

Chen, Shenggang, Tao Liu, Ruiqi Yang, Dongqiang Lin, and Shanjing Yao. "Preparation of copolymer-grafted mixed-mode resins for immunoglobulin G adsorption." Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 13, no. 1 (September 14, 2018): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11705-018-1745-4.

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47

Chen, Chia M. "Gluability of Kraft Lignin Copolymer Resins on Bonding Southern Pine Plywood." Holzforschung 49, no. 2 (January 1995): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1995.49.2.153.

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48

Ye, Neng, Zhenya Wu, Xiaohui Wu, Yonglai Lu, and Liqun Zhang. "Performance Enhancement of Polymerized, Functionalized Solution Styrene–Butadiene Rubber Composites Using Oligomeric Resin towards Extremely Safe and Energy-Saving Tires." Polymers 14, no. 14 (July 20, 2022): 2928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14142928.

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Polymerized, functionalized solution styrene–butadiene rubber (F-SSBR) is a new type of polymerized styrene–butadiene rubber solution containing specific terminal groups, which can be used in treads for high performances. However, the wet skid resistance related to safety, the rolling resistance to energy consumption, and the wear resistance to service life are often contradictory and form the performance “magic triangle”. In this work, oligomeric resins, including Coumarone resin, C9 resin, C5/C9 resin and a styrene-α-methyl styrene copolymer (SSC), were used as tire functional additives and selected to replace treated distillate aromatic extract (TDAE) to improve the performances of silica-filled F-SSBR composites. The C9 resin, C5/C9 resin and SSC could enhance the modulus at 300% and tensile strength of the F-SSBR composite. The four resins could improve the wet skid resistance and wear resistance of the composites. However, Coumarone resin caused poor silica dispersion in the F-SSBR matrix and eventually, the lower modulus, higher loss factor at 60 °C and the higher heat buildup in the composite were comparative to the composite with TDAE. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of the C5/C9 resin and SSC was found to improve the mechanical performance of the composites and it resulted in higher tensile strength and modulus, and a lower heat buildup, compared to the case when only TDAE was used. It is noted that the properties “magic triangle” was broken by the C5/C9 resin and SSC, and the C5/C910T15 increased the wet skid resistance by 21.7%, fuel-saving rate by 2.3%, and wear resistance by 8.3%, while S20T5 increased the wet skid resistance by 30.4%, fuel-saving rate by 7%, and wear resistance by 25% compared with CG.

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49

Diop, Amadou, Kokou Adjallé, Benjamin Boëns, Daniel Montplaisir, and Simon Barnabé. "Synthesis and characterization of lignin–melamine–formaldehyde resin." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 30, no. 9 (February 17, 2016): 1255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705716632856.

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Lignin–melamine–formaldehyde (LMF) resin was prepared by three steps: (i) tosylation of lignin, (ii) synthesis of lignin-melamine (LM) copolymer, and (iii) formation of methylol LM. The synthesized resins were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and phosphorous 31 nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. The curing parameters of LMF resin were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis. The yield of tosylation is 80%. The FTIR spectrum of tosylated lignin shows the presence of two new bands at 1171 and 1370 cm−1. The formation of the LM was demonstrated by the disappearance of both bands and appearance of the absorbances at 3115, 3312, 3415, and 3470 cm−1 corresponding to the stretching vibrations of primary and secondary amine. The peaks observed at 147.0 and 148.5 ppm are attributed to the new aliphatic hydroxyl groups formed by the methylolation of LM. One exothermic peak was observed in the DSC analysis indicating a one cross-linking reaction.

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50

Zhang, Xiongfei, Lu Qiao, Xiaolian Lu, Linqi Jiang, and Ting Cao. "Preparation and Properties of Toluene-Diisocyanate-Trimer-Modified Epoxy Resin." Polymers 11, no. 3 (March 4, 2019): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11030416.

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In this paper, a novel modified epoxy resin with an interpenetrating network structure for use as a grouting material with high toughness was prepared by a method of graft copolymerization between polyurethane prepolymer (PUP) trimer and epoxy resin (E-44). Polyurethane prepolymer was synthesized using poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) and 2,4-toluene diisocyanate trimer (TDIT) at 70 °C for 3 h. The graft copolymer was prepared by grafting polyurethane prepolymer onto the side chain of epoxy resin at 110 °C. The mechanical properties, fracture surface morphology, chemical structure, thermal properties, and corrosion resistance of the modified epoxy resin curing products were studied. Due to the beneficial flexible segments and the interpenetrating network structure, the results show that when the ratio of epoxy resin to polyurethane prepolymer is 10:2, the optimum mechanical properties are obtained; these include a compressive resistance of 184.8 MPa, impact property of 76.6 kJ/m2, and elongation at break of 31.5%. At the same time, the modified epoxy resin curing product also has excellent heat and corrosion resistance. This work provides a new method for the study of epoxy resins with high performance.

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