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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Coordinates Measuring Machines (CMM)"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Coordinates Measuring Machines (CMM)"

Hamana, Hiroyuki, Mitsushi Tominaga, Miyu Ozaki, and Ryoshu Furutani. "Calibration of Articulated Arm Coordinate Measuring Machine Considering Measuring Posture." International Journal of Automation Technology 5, no. 2 (March 5, 2011): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2011.p0109.

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Three-dimensional Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) are widely used to measure wide-ranging accuracy. Parameters describing CMM use mechanisms must be calibrated by measuring artifacts for the target CMM. Most CMM calibration studies have covered orthogonal rather than non-orthogonal CMMs. We focused on calibration for a nonorthogonal articulated-Arm CMM (ACMM), which has more measurement freedom than an orthogonal CMM, although ACMM measurement error exceeds that of orthogonal CMMs. The kinematic parameters of ACMM are calibrated using spherical center coordinates as the artifact. Part of the measuring volume is calibrated, but the ACMM is not sufficiently calibrated. To calibrate arm deformation in different measurement posture as well as kinematic parameters, we produced a new artifact for which we propose calibration confirmed in experiments.

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Phimpisan, Phaireepinas, and Chatchapol Chungchoo. "A Best Practice Guideline for Inspecting Precision Machined Parts by Using Several Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 894 (September 2019): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.894.90.

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Currently in Thailand, original equipment manufacturers (OEM) who produce precision-machined parts face a serious problem about product rejection from customers. This is because measuring results from the OEM supplier differ from the measuring results from the OEM buyer. Normally, for precision-machined parts, OEM suppliers and OEM buyers use CMM machines as an inspection tool. One major cause of the difference in measurements is that suppliers and buyers use different CMM machine, operators and measuring methods. In order to mitigate the difference in measurements, the standard guideline for measuring precision-machined parts by CMM machines needs to be improved. In this research, the guideline was developed by studying the best practices of five successful companies, who could minimize rejection due to the differences in the CMM machine operators and measuring methods. Validation results indicated that when manufacturers who had precision problems used this guideline, the product rejection could decreased significantly.

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Dhoska, Klodian, Toomas Kübarsepp, Altin Dorri, and Agus Pramono. "Metrological Overview for Coordinate Measuring Machines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 771 (July 2015): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.771.195.

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In manufacturing system, 3D Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM) are widely used for inspection services where the product should be subjected to the verification of design specifications. It is usually necessary to know the accuracy of 3D CMM equipment during the verification process of the product quality in mass production. To insure and increase the accuracy of 3D CMM the international series standards ISO 10360 are used. This paper presents the importance of the establishment of traceability to international standards as a key role for the reliability of 3D CMM measurement results.

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Nouri, Mahtab, Arash Farzan, Ali Reza Akbarzadeh Baghban, and Reza Massudi. "Comparison of clinical bracket point registration with 3D laser scanner and coordinate measuring machine." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 20, no. 1 (February 2015): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2176-9451.20.1.059-065.oar.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to assess the diagnostic value of a laser scanner developed to determine the coordinates of clinical bracket points and to compare with the results of a coordinate measuring machine (CMM). METHODS: This diagnostic experimental study was conducted on maxillary and mandibular orthodontic study casts of 18 adults with normal Class I occlusion. First, the coordinates of the bracket points were measured on all casts by a CMM. Then, the three-dimensional coordinates (X, Y, Z) of the bracket points were measured on the same casts by a 3D laser scanner designed at Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. The validity and reliability of each system were assessed by means of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Dahlberg's formula. RESULTS: The difference between the mean dimension and the actual value for the CMM was 0.0066 mm. (95% CI: 69.98340, 69.99140). The mean difference for the laser scanner was 0.107 ± 0.133 mm (95% CI: -0.002, 0.24). In each method, differences were not significant. The ICC comparing the two methods was 0.998 for the X coordinate, and 0.996 for the Y coordinate; the mean difference for coordinates recorded in the entire arch and for each tooth was 0.616 mm. CONCLUSION: The accuracy of clinical bracket point coordinates measured by the laser scanner was equal to that of CMM. The mean difference in measurements was within the range of operator errors.

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Lin, Psang Dain, and Jung-Fa Hsieh. "Dimension Inspection of Spatial Cams by CNC Coordinate Measuring Machines." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 122, no. 1 (February 1, 1999): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.538894.

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The problem of spatial cam inspection is still predominantly approached from simple gauging by manufacturers in today’s industry, despite the fact that Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM) is both available and one of the most reliable and accurate metrological tools. Therefore, a kinematic model is presented in this paper to aid in the determination of the required NC data equations in order to move the probe to the desired position to inspect spatial cams on CNC CMM. This study originated from the need for advanced algorithms for the profile inspection of high precision manufactured spatial cams. To achieve this, the 4×4 homogeneous transformation matrix is employed to determine spatial cam profiles. Then, the CMM’s ability function matrix and the measuring-probe location matrix are derived. The desired NC data equations are obtained by solving the CMM link variables by equating the ability function matrix with the probe location matrix. A technique to minimize the sum of squared errors is also addressed by searching a best fit coordinate frame. To verify the validity of the method, this approach was implemented in software which was then used in a CNC CMM to measure a known spatial cam, with excellent results. The methodology developed in this paper can make the cam inspection process more flexible, automatic, and controllable. [S1087-1357(00)71001-X]

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Morimoto, Yoshitaka, Keisuke Nakato, and Motoshi Gontani. "Accuracy Evaluation of 5-Axis Machining Center Based on Measurements of Machined Workpiece – Evaluation of Accuracy of 5-Axis Controlled Machining Center –." International Journal of Automation Technology 6, no. 5 (September 5, 2012): 675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2012.p0675.

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A new method for evaluating the geometrical accuracy of a 5-axis Machining Center (MC) based on the measurement results of the machined workpiece has been developed. The strategy behind our method is to utilize, because of its accuracy, a Coordinates Measuring Machine (CMM) as a master gauge. Thus, the machine operator machines the workpiece and a technologist of precise measurement takes the measurements. In our study, non-rotational machining is utilized to copy and trace the machine trajectory on the workpiece, minimizing the machining error. The profiles of the machined workpiece are measured and evaluated by a CMM, and the geometric errors of the machining center are extracted. Themeasurement results are sufficiently accurate compared to those taken using the square master gauge calibrated by CMM previously. In this report, the machining setup, including workpiece design, tool design, and cutting conditions, is proposed, and the experimental procedures and results of the evaluation are given.

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Watanabe, M., and Ryoshu Furutani. "Development of a Sensitive Probe for Coordinate Measuring Machines." Key Engineering Materials 295-296 (October 2005): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.295-296.325.

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Requirement for precision measurement becomes extremely advanced as industrial needs advances. CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine) is one of the most adequate measuring machines to meet the requirement. As the precision of CMM becomes higher, it is important to improve the sensitivity of probe. We developed a contact type probe which consisted of a QPD (quadratic photo diode), a ball lens, and a laser diode to detect the displacement of stylus. The probe system has a resolution of 31nm.

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Pahk, H. J., M. Burdekin, and G. N. Peggs. "Development of virtual coordinate measuring machines incorporating probe errors." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 212, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 533–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954405981515833.

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In this paper, a comprehensive computer model is described which can be used to predict the volu- metric errors from the parametric errors of the coordinate measuring machine (CMM) and its probing system, for most configurations of CMMs. Several sets of previously unpublished rules have been derived to transform the CMM parametric errors into a corresponding volumetric error map. Thus a virtual CMM has been developed, implementing the integrated volumetric error model. The developed system has been applied to two practical configurations of CMM, in order to demonstrate the performance and practical application of the system.

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Chen, Long, Tingting Ren, Lei Tao, Jun Xiong, and Chunyan Gu. "Discussion on Fast Calibration Method of Coordinate Measuring Machine." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2206, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2206/1/012001.

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Abstract This article presents a novel design of a device with simple structure, convenient operation and stable performance for fast calibration of coordinate measuring machines (CMMs). The purpose of the design is aiming at the solving the problems of long timeconsuming, high cost and high requirements for calibration personnel during the traditional calibration process of CMMs. The technical specifications of the designed calibration device complies with ISO 10360-2-2009 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS)-Acceptance and reverification tests for coordinate measuring machines (CMM)-Part 2: CMMs for measuring linear dimension and ISO 10360-5-2020 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS)-Acceptance and reverification tests for coordinate measuring machines (CMM)-Part 5: Coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) using single and multiple stylus contacting probing systems using discrete point and/or scanning measuring mode. The device can complete the calibration of the CMMs quickly, obtain the size error and probing error of the CMM in a short time, and provide data support for users to determine whether the CMM meets the application requirements.

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Huang, Feng Shan, and Li Chen. "CCD Camera Calibration Technology Based on the Translation of Coordinate Measuring Machine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 568-570 (June 2014): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.568-570.320.

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A new CCD camera calibration method based on the translation of Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) is proposed. The CMM brings the CCD camera to produce the relative translation with respect to the center of the white ceramic standard sphere along the X, Y, Z axis, and the coordinates of the different positions of the calibration characteristic point in the probe coordinate system can be generated. Meanwhile, the camera captures the image of the white ceramic standard sphere at every position, and the coordinates of the calibration characteristic point in the computer frame coordinate system can be registered. The calibration mathematic model was established, and the calibration steps were given and the calibration system was set up. The comparing calibration result shows that precision of this method is equivalent to that of the special calibration method, and the difference between the calibrating data of these two methods is within ±1μm.

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Дисертації з теми "Coordinates Measuring Machines (CMM)"

Bittle, Steven Douglas. "An active piezoelectric probe for precision measurement on a coordinate measuring machine (CMM)." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/18186.

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Rugbani, Ali Milud. "The design, kinematics and error modelling of a novel micro-CMM parallel manipulator." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86518.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The research presented in this dissertation establishes a micro-CMM parallel manipulator as a viable positioning device for three degree of freedom micro measurement applications. The machine offers the advantages associated with parallel kinematic manipulators, such as light carrying weight, high stiffness and no accumulation of errors, while avoiding some of the traditional disadvantages of parallel manipulators such as the associated effects of angular errors (Abbé error), singularity problems, work space limitation and the extensive use of spherical joints. In this dissertation, the direct position kinematic solution is developed analytically and the solution of the inverse position kinematic is solved numerically. A workspace analysis has been performed. A fully functional prototype demonstrator is fabricated to demonstrate this machine. While the demonstrator was not intended to achieve submicron accuracy, it was intended to validate the error models. Computer controlled measurement is developed and used to position the probe and to record measurements. A reliable kinematic error model based on the theory of error propagation is derived analytically. A numerical method is used to verify the analytical results. Comparison shows that the results of the error model, both analytical and numerical, represent a very good match and follow the same trend. The kinematic position model is validated using a conventional CMM. Results show that an average difference of less than 0.5 mm over a set of 30 points is achieved. This result of the micro-CMM demonstrator measurements falls within the error budget of approximately 0.75 mm estimated by the proposed analytical error model.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing in hierdie tesis vestig ‘n mikro-CMM parallelle manipuleerder as ‘n lewensvatbare posisioneringstoestel vir drie vryheidsgraad-mikrometing toepassings. Die masjien bied voordele geassosieer met parallelle kinematiese manipuleerders, bv. ligte dra-gewig, hoë styfheid en geen ophoping van foute nie. Die tradisionele nadele van parallelle manipuleerders soos die geassosieerde gevolge van hoekfoute (Abbé fout), enkelvoudigheidsprobleme, werkspasiebeperking en die uitgebreide gebruik van sferiese koppelings word vermy. In hierdie tesis word die direkte posisie kinematiese oplossing analities ontwikkel en die oplossing van die omgekeerde posisie kinematies word numeries opgelos. ‘n Werkspasie analise is uitgevoer. ‘n Ten volle funksionele prototipe demonstrasie-model is vervaardig om hierdie masjien te demonstreer. Die model is nie vervaardig om submikron akkuraatheid te bereik nie, maar eerder om foutmodelle geldig te verklaar. Rekenaar-beheerde metings is ontwerp en gebruik om die toetspen te posisioneer en om metings te neem. ‘n Betroubare kinematiese foutmodel gebaseer op die teorie van foutvoortplanting is analities afgelei. ‘n Numeriese metode word gebruik om die analitiese resultate te bevestig. Vergelyking toon aan dat die resultate van die foutmodel, beide analities en numeries, goeie pasmaats is en dieselfde tendens volg. Die kinematiese posisie model word geldig verklaar deur gebruik te maak van ‘n konvensionele CMM. Resultate wys dat daar ‘n gemiddelde verskil van minder as 0.5 mm oor ‘n stel van 30 punte behaal word. Die resultate van die mikro-CMM model se metings val binne die foutbegroting van ongeveer 0.75 mm geskat by die voorgestelde analitiese foutmodel.

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Baird, Patrick James Samuel. "Mathematical modelling of the parameters and errors of a contact probe system and its application to the computer simulation of coordinate measuring machines." Thesis, Brunel University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320548.

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Arencibia, Rosenda Valdés. "Equacionamento das componentes do erro volumétrico em máquinas de medir a três coordenadas." Universidade de São Paulo, 1999. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-18092015-161256/.

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Анотація:

As Máquinas de Medir a Três Coordenadas (MM3Cs) possuem erros inerentes à sua estrutura que afetam a exatidão e a repetibilidade das medições. Dos erros presentes nessas máquinas, os erros geométricos são, na maioria das vezes, os de maior influência. O resultado da combinação destes erros em cada uma das direções preferenciais é denominado componente do erro volumétrico. Assim, torna-se de vital importância conhecer a relação existente entre as variáveis envolvidas num processo de medição qualquer, ou seja, a relação entre as coordenadas dos pontos medidos, os erros geométricos e as componentes do erro volumétrico. Diversos métodos foram propostos para modelar o comportamento dos erros nas MM3Cs. Entretanto não existem, ainda, modelos matemáticos obtidos a partir de dados experimentais que descrevam e caracterizem estes erros. Por tal motivo este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia geral para equacionar as componentes do erro volumétrico em MM3Cs, utilizando técnicas de regressão múltipla. Esta ferramenta permite de forma simples equacionar e prever o erro volumétrico da máquina avaliada. A metodologia foi aplicada a uma MM3C do tipo \"Ponte Móvel\". Foram obtidas três equações de regressão, uma para cada componente do erro, a partir de dados levantados através da calibração direta, especificamente o método do volume dividido. A adequabilidade do modelo foi avaliada estatisticamente. Os resultados obtidos foram discutidos e comparados com os resultados obtidos através da calibração utilizando-se uma barra de esferas, constatando-se uma excelente capacidade do modelo na previsão do erro total da máquina. Ainda, efetuo-se a compensação do erro volumétrico em duas diagonais do volume de trabalho da máquina avaliada utilizando-se o modelo proposto, neste caso, o erro foi diminuído sensivelmente.
The accuracy and the repeatability of measurements of Three Coordinates Measuring Machines (CMM) are affected by several errors. Among them, geometrical errors are the most influents in the most experimental cases. The result of geometric errors combination in each of the preferentials directions is denominated of volumetric error components. Thus, its possible to know the existent relationship between coordinates of measured points and volumetric error components. Several methods have been proposed to model the behavior of the volumetric error in CMM as a function of the X, Y and Z coordinates. However, sofar from experimental measurements of the volumetric error has bem proposed mathematical model for the descriptions and characterizations of errors was obtained. In this work is presented a general methodology to obtain a mathematical equation and prediction of them components of the volumetric errors, using multiple regression. The methodology was applied at a of \"Moving Bridge\" CMM type. Were obtained three regression equations, one for each component of the error, starting from data collected by direct calibration, specifically by the divided volume method. The model was evaluated statistically. The simulated results were evaluated, discussed and compared with the results obtained through the ball bar calibration, showing an excellent capacity of the model in the prediction of the volumetric error of the machine. Besides was made the compensation of the volumetric error in two diagonals of the working volume of the appraised machine using the proposed model, in this case the error was minimized sensibly.

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Avvari, Ddanukash. "A Literature Review on Differences Between Robotic and Human In-Line Quality Inspection in Automotive Manufacturing Assembly Line." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-56038.

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The advent of the industrial revolution has brought a great number of changes in the functioning of various processes in manufacturing industries. The ways and means of working have evolved exponentially with the implementation of advanced technology. Moreover, with the increasing technology, the customer demands have also been varying dynamically due to changes in customer requirements focusing on individual customization. To cope with the dynamic demand, manufacturing industries had to make sure their products are manufactured with higher quality and shorter lead times. Implementation and efficient usage of technology has provided industries with the necessary tools to achieve market demand and stay competitive by growing continuously. The transformation aims to reach the level of zero-defect manufacturing and ensure higher first-time right yield capability with minimum utilization of available resources. However, technological advancements have not developed the quality inspection process of the manufacturing industry at the same level as other processes. Due to this, the quality inspection processes are still human dependent which requires a highly skilled human operator to perform inspection procedures using sensory abilities to detect deviations. Research suggests that human quality inspection is prone to errors due to fatigue as the process is continuous, strenuous, and tedious work. The efficiency of human inspection is around 80% which becomes a chronic problem in safety-critical and high-value manufacturing environments. Moreover, with the increasing level of customization and technology, the products are becoming more complex with intricate shapes and only human inspection is not enough to meet the customer requirements. Especially in the case of automotive industry in Body in White applications, human inspection of outer body panels, engine parts with tighter tolerances alone does not make the cut. Advancements in the field of metrology have led to the introduction of Coordinate measuring machines (CMM), which are classified as contact and non-contact measuring machines. The measurements are performed offline away from the production line, using the sampling method. The contact measuring machines are equipped with touch trigger probe devices that travel all over the part to make a virtual image of the product which is time-consuming but accurate. Whereas the noncontact measuring machines are equipped with laser scanners or optical devices which scan the part and develop a virtual model which is fast but has accuracy and repeatability issues due to external factors. But coordinate measuring machines have proven to be bottlenecks as they were not able to synchronize with the production pace and could not perform aninspection on all the produced parts, which would help in collecting data. The gathered data can be used to analyse root causes and generate trends in defect detection. With the advancements in non-contact measuring systems, automotive industries have also realized the potential of implementing inline measurement techniques to perform quality inspection. The non-contact measuring system consists of a robotic arm or setup which is equipped with a camera, sensors, and a complex algorithm to identify defects. This provides the robotic arm with machine vision which is works by taking a series of images of the product from various and process these images to detect deviations using digital image processing techniques. The inline measurement has proven to be accurate, fast, and repeatable to be implemented in synchronization with the production line. Further, the automotive industries are moving towards hybrid inspection systems which capitalize on the measuring speed of the robot and the fast decision-making ability of human senses.

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Hájková, Alena. "Návrh interní metodiky pro měření výrobků a dílů na přístroji CMM UPMC Zeiss na pracovišti ČMI Brno." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417433.

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This diploma thesis deals with the proposal of internal methodology for measurement of products and parts on CMM UPMC Zeiss at CMI Brno. The first part of this work analyzes the current state of knowledge in the field of accurate measurement on coordinate measuring machines (CMM), which includes the definition of basic metrological concepts, methodology for determining and expressing uncertainties of measurement and a general description of CMM. The diploma thesis also contains a detailed description of the UPMC 850 CARAT S-ACC device from the company Zeiss and summarizes the requirements for the testing laboratory in accordance with the standard ČSN EN 17 025: 2018. The next part of the work is focused on defining and determining the measurement uncertainties for this CMM and on developing a testing procedure for measurements on this machine. The final part of this thesis summarizes the achieved results and recommendations for practice.

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Marques, Alessandro. "Uma interface eletrônica e computacional para medições a três coordenadas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-18122015-143939/.

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As Máquinas de Medir a Três Coordenadas (MM3Cs) desde sua criação evoluíram sensivelmente, entretanto poucas foram as modificações estruturais observadas. Hoje, para fabricantes de máquinas destacarem-se no mercado, são necessários grandes investimentos na busca de novos materiais estruturais e no desenvolvimento de programas computacionais cada vez mais versáteis. O sistema eletrônico e os programas computacionais utilizados durante as medições são inacessíveis e rígidos. Estes aplicativos normalmente não podem ser analisados nem modificados pelo usuário. São exemplos clássicos desta rigidez as características préestabelecidas pelo programa, ou métodos de ajustes utilizados na definição das grandezas. Este trabalho tem por objetivo exibir a interface eletrônica e computacional que quebra essa rigidez e permite a aquisição dos sinais das escalas da MM3C, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de novos aplicativos computacionais. O sistema foi aplicado em uma MM3C do tipo Ponte Móvel. Foi desenvolvido um programa computacional, MaqMed 2000, que utiliza os valores dos pontos coordenadas capturados no volume de trabalho da MM3C, e faz a compensação das coordenadas dos pontos utilizados, através das equações do Modelo Reduzido de Sintetização de Erros (MRSE). A avaliação da compatibilidade do dispositivo construído foi feita através do MaqMed 2000 em situações práticas. Foram tomados pontos no perfil de artefatos-padrão e os pontos ajustados através de duas rotinas, uma com e outra sem compensação dos erros. Os artefatos foram medidos em várias posições no volume da MM3C e averiguada a proximidade entre os resultados compensados e os não compensados, ao valor calibrado do artefato. O sistema desenvolvido permitiu compensar os erros em até 98% para compensação bidimensional e 87% para tridimensional.
Since the advent Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) have improved substantially. However, only a small number of structural modifications were observed. Nowadays, considerable capital expenditure is needed to keep CMM builders competitive. Most important research fields concern structural material and production of more flexible and versatile software. The electronic system and the software used during measurement with CMM are rigid and inaccessible and no user modification is permitted. Typical examples are the predetermined software features and curve fitting methods used on the magnitudes definition process. This research aims to exhibit an interface that copes with the system stiffness and enables signal acquisition from the scales of the CMM, allowing the development of new types softwares. The proposed system was implemented on a moving bridge type CMM. A program that uses the values of the coordinate points obtained from the CMM work volume was created. The software MaqMed 2000 performs the compensation of the coordinates of the used points by means of synthesized errors equations. Evaluation of the performance of the built device was carried out using MaqMed 2000 in practical situations. Data sets were collected along the profile of artefacts and fitted by means of two routines, one with error compensation and the other not compensated. Artefacts were measured in several locations in the whole volume of the CMM. The proximity between the compensated and noncompensated results with respect to the calibrated artefact value was examined. The developed system allowed for error compensation of 98% for bi-dimensional compensation and 87% for tri-dimensional compensation.

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Marques, Alessandro. "A correlação entre os erros de retilineidade e angulares nas máquinas de medir a três coordenadas." Universidade de São Paulo, 1999. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-18122015-111301/.

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O desempenho metrológico de uma Máquina de Medir a Três Coordenadas (MM3C) está relacionado com a sua capacidade de medir peças com a precisão requerida ou desejada. No entanto, como todo instrumento de medição, essas máquinas possuem erros que afetam as medições gerando o que se convencionou chamar de erros volumétricos. Tais erros podem ser obtidos através de modelos matemáticos que descrevem como os erros individuais de todos os componentes da MM3C se combinam por todo o volume de trabalho. Atualmente, no modelamento dos erros, adota-se a independência entre os erros individuais, entretanto, se analisada a geometria estrutural da máquina, verifica-se que existe dependência entre os erros de retilineidade e os erros angulares. O objetivo deste trabalho é expressar o erro angular em função do erro de retilineidade, possibilitando assim minimizar o número de calibrações necessárias e, consequentemente, o tempo de máquina parada requerido para o levantamento do seu comportamento metrológico. Para que se pudesse atingir o objetivo proposto, foram levantados os erros de retilineidade e os angulares de uma Máquina de Medir a Três Coordenadas da marca Brown & Sharp do tipo Ponte Móvel. Com esses dados e o conhecimento da geometria da máquina, os erros angulares foram equacionados, calculados e comparados com os obtidos experimentalmente.
The metrological performance of a Three Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM) is related to the capacity of measuring workpieces with a required precision. As every measurement instrument, these machines undergo the effects of internal and external factors that affect the measurement, generating what has been denominated as volumetric errors. Such errors can be obtained through a mathematical model that simulates how the individual errors of the CMM are combined and propagated to any point within the machine working volume. Usually, the independence among the individual errors is adopted when the machine error model is built. However, if the machine geometry is analyzed, the dependence between the straightness error and the angular error can be noted. The objective of this work is to express the angular error as a function of the straightness error. The formulation proposed in this work to express this correlation minimizes the number of calibrations necessary to evaluate the machine behavior. A Brown & Sharp Moving Bridge Coordinate Measuring Machine was used for the experimental evaluation. With this data set and knowing the machine geometry, a mathematical expression relating straightness and angular error was obtained. The calculated error values were then compared with the errors experimentally measured.

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Sozak, Ahmet. "Uncertainty Analysis Of Coordinate Measuring Machine (cmm) Measurements." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12608887/index.pdf.

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In this thesis, the measurement uncertainty of Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) is analysed and software is designed to simulate this. Analysis begins with the inspection of the measurement process and structure of the CMMs. After that, error sources are defined with respect to their effects on the measurement and then an error model is constructed to compensate these effects. In other words, systematic part of geometric, kinematic and thermal errors are compensated with error modelling. Kinematic and geometric error model is specific for the structure of CMM under inspection. Also, a common orthogonal kinematic model is formed and with using the laser error data of the CMM and error maps of the machine volume is obtained. Afterwards, the models are compared with each other by taking the difference and ratio. The definition and compensation of the systematic errors leave the uncertainty of measurements for analysing. Measurement uncertainty consists of the uncompensated systematic errors and random errors. The other aim of the thesis is to quantify these uncertainties with using the different methods and to inspect the success of these methods. Uncertainty budgeting, comparison, statistical evaluation by designing an experiments and simulation methods are examined and applied to the CMM under inspection. In addition, Virtual CMM software is designed to simulate the task specific measurement uncertainty of circle, sphere and plane without using the repeated measurements. Finally, the performance of the software, highly depending on the mathematical modelling of machine volume, is tested by using actual measurements.

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RICCI, FRANCESCO. "Effective Product Lifecycle Management: the role of uncertainties in addressing design, manufacturing and verification processes." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2501694.

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The aim of this thesis is to use the concept of uncertainty to improve the effectiveness of Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) systems. Uncertainty is a rather new concept in PLM that has been introduced with the new technical language, drawn by ISO, to manage Geometrical Product Specification and Verification (GPS) in the challenging environment of modern manufacturing. GPS standards regard in particular design and verification environments, and want to guarantee consistence of information through a technical language which define both specification and verification on sound logical and mathematical bases. In this context, uncertainty is introduced as the instrument that measures consistency: between the designer intentions (specifications) and the manufactured artefact (as it is observed through measurement) as well as between the measurand definition provided by designers (the specification again) and that used by metrologists. The implications of such an approach have been analyzed through a case study dealing with flatness tolerance and paying particular attention to the verification processes based on Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM). A Design of Experiment (DoE) has been used and results have been analyzed and used to build a regression model that allows generalization in the experiment validity domain. Then, using Category Theory, a categorical data model has been defined which represents the operation based structure of GPS language and uses the flatness research results in order to design a software able to concretize the GPS vision of geometrical product specifications management. This software is able to translate specification requirements into verification instructions, estimate the uncertainty introduced by simplified verification operations and evaluate costs and risks of verification operations. It provides an important tool for designers, as it allows a responsible definition of specifications (designer can simulate the interpretation of specifications and have an idea of the costs related with their verification), and for metrologist, as it can be a guide for designing GPS compliant verification missions or handling the usual verification procedures according to the GPS standards. However, during the study, it has been matured the consciousness that this approach, even if correct and valuable, was not the most suitable to fully exploit the real potential of CMM. Then, aside the GPS oriented work, an adaptive sampling strategy, based on Kriging modelization, has been proposed with very encouraging results.

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Книги з теми "Coordinates Measuring Machines (CMM)"

Chikurov, Nikolay. Mathematical problems of coordinate measuring machines. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1163946.

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The monograph discusses solutions to mathematical problems related to the measurement of various machine-building parts on coordinate measuring machines (CMM). In addition, a number of mathematical problems that arise when measuring parts on the CMM are solved. The method of carrying out the corresponding measurements and mathematical calculations is given. It is intended for specialists who develop and maintain CMM control systems, for CMM operators, as well as for students of technical universities of relevant specialties.

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W, Caskey G., and National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), eds. A users' guide to NIST SRM 2084: CMM probe performance standard. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1994.

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Albert, Horst John, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), eds. A comparison of the CMM-driver specification release #1.9 with the I++ DME-interface release 0.9. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, Intelligent Systems Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2002.

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John, Horst, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), eds. A comparison of the CMM-driver specification release #1.9 with the I++ DME-interface release 0.9. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, Intelligent Systems Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2002.

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Billibon, Yoshimi, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), eds. Integrated vision and touch sensing for CMMs. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1997.

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Harvie, A. The intercomparison of three-dimensional measurements taken from coordinate measuring machines (CMMs). Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities, 1985.

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A comparison of the CMM-driver specification release #1.9 with the I++ DME-interface release 0.9. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, Intelligent Systems Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2002.

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Частини книг з теми "Coordinates Measuring Machines (CMM)"

Gąska, Adam, Wiktor Harmatys, Piotr Gąska, Maciej Gruza, and Jerzy Sładek. "Validation of Virtual CMM-Based Method for Uncertainty Estimation of Measurements Performed on Five-Axis Coordinate Measuring Machines." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 39–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18177-2_4.

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Morales, Edith Obregón, José de Jesús Pérez Bueno, Juan Carlos Moctezuma Esparza, Diego Marroquín García, Arturo Trejo Pérez, Roberto Carlos Flores Romero, Juan Manuel Olivares Ramírez, et al. "3D Scanning and Simulation of a Hybrid Refrigerator Using Photovoltaic Energy." In Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition, 1277–96. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2255-3.ch110.

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In this chapter, a methodology that starts from the measurement and recording of real prototype geometries up to simulations to evaluate parameters, improvements or performance under various conditions is proposed. Here it is presented a case study of a solar powered refrigerator with storage capacity for 50 kg of fruit. The refrigerator comprises two systems, vapor-compression and Peltier. The methodology consisted in acquiring by a 3D laser scanner or Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) and in some small complex items using a 3D photogrammetry scanner. These data were transferred first as a CAD or SolidWorks® geometry and subsequently transferred to domains geometry useful for ANSYS or COMSOL simulation software. These models with high-resolution brings the simulations closer to real prototypes. As a source of direct information from the prototypes, thermal images obtained using a thermographic camera were taken. Also, wireless sensors were installed for temperature and humidity monitoring. The analyses of the energy efficiencies of both prototypes were performed.

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Morales, Edith Obregón, José de Jesús Pérez Bueno, Juan Carlos Moctezuma Esparza, Diego Marroquín García, Arturo Trejo Pérez, Roberto Carlos Flores Romero, Juan Manuel Olivares Ramírez, et al. "3D Scanning and Simulation of a Hybrid Refrigerator Using Photovoltaic Energy." In Advanced Methodologies and Technologies in Artificial Intelligence, Computer Simulation, and Human-Computer Interaction, 312–36. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7368-5.ch024.

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In this chapter, a methodology that starts from the measurement and recording of real prototype geometries up to simulations to evaluate parameters, improvements, or performance under various conditions is proposed. Here a case study of a solar powered refrigerator with storage capacity for 50 kg of fruit is presented. The refrigerator comprises two systems: vapor-compression and Peltier. The methodology consisted in acquiring by a 3D laser scanner or coordinate measuring machine (CMM) and in some small complex items using a 3D photogrammetry scanner. These data were transferred first as a CAD or SolidWorks® geometry and subsequently transferred to domains geometry useful for ANSYS or COMSOL simulation software. These models with high-resolution brings the simulations closer to real prototypes. As a source of direct information from the prototypes, thermal images obtained using a thermographic camera were taken. Also, wireless sensors were installed for temperature and humidity monitoring. The analyses of the energy efficiencies of both prototypes were performed.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Coordinates Measuring Machines (CMM)"

Morse, Edward P. "Interim testing strategies for Coordinate Measuring Machines." In NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2013.58.

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Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) typically undergo rigorous performance testing and calibration on a yearly basis. This annual calibration is a necessary part ensuring traceability of measurements, but there are many situations that can occur over the course of a year that result in measurement errors. Certain events, such as a 'crash' of the CMM, will result in a permanent change in the state of the CMM with the subsequent measurement errors. Other sources of error may be more subtle, such as the effects of the CMM cooling or heating over a weekend if the environmental control system is not active. The absence of interim testing data poses several problems. First, in the event that the 'as found' data for the annual calibration is well out of specification, there is no way of telling when the CMM ceased to be capable of performing measurements within the manufacturer's specifications. Second, if there are periodic errors due to temperature swings or other environmental conditions, there is no way of determining if these errors were present when a particular measurement was performed. This paper will discuss some of the common sources of CMM errors, and the types of tests that can reveal these errors. Different interim testing strategies will be evaluated with respect to the trade-off between the errors revealed and the time required to run the tests.

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Lee, Dennis W. K., Francis S. Y. Wong, and C. K. Fung. "Calibration of Coordinate Measuring Machines Meeting the Requirements of ISO 10360-2:2009 at the Standards and Calibration Laboratory." In NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2013.24.

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A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) is a measuring system, with the means to move a probe system, to determine spatial coordinates on a work piece surface. It is a 3-dimensional measuring device for determining the physical geometrical characteristics of objects. To verify the performance of a CMM, it is essential to carry out acceptance tests and with subsequent periodic checks to it in accordance with ISO 10360-2, which is an international geometrical product specification standard for CMM testing. At Standards and Calibration Laboratory (SCL), a calibration method, meeting the requirements of the latest edition of ISO 10360-2, is developed using precision step gauges as the reference standards to calibrate CMMs with measurement results traceable to the unit of length (i.e. the metre). Method for estimation of measurement uncertainty is also developed in accordance with the JCGM 100:2008 (Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement), ISO/TS 15530-1:2011 and ISO/TS 15530-3:2011 (Guidelines for the Evaluation of CMM Test Uncertainty).Learning Objectives: To develop methods for CMM calibration meeting ISO 10360-2:2009 and uncertainty evaluation in accordance with JCGM 100:2008.

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Barakat, Nael A., and Mohamed A. Elbestawi. "Detection, Modelling, and Compensation of Geometric Errors in Coordinate Measuring Machines." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-1073.

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Abstract A rapid and inexpensive approach is proposed for identifying the existence of geometric and kinematic errors in a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) by means of a circular profile measurement. The proposed approach is applied to an existing CMM where test results are compared to simulation results and errors are identified. Further, a method to improve the CMM performance by error compensation is explained. This method consists of the general and systematic kinematic and geometric error modelling of a CMM for a reference temperature, in addition to the development of a compensation strategy to correct these errors. To verify the rapid error identification approach proposed above and to calculate the error model coefficients for the CMM under investigation, individual errors of the CMM are measured by laser interferometry. The resulting error model is employed directly in the compensation for the CMM errors. Performance improvement of this CMM is presented through measurement of its work tolerance before and after compensation, in accordance with the ASME standards for CMM performance evaluation.

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Morse, Edward. "Accreditation for Dimensional Testing With Coordinate Measuring Machines." In NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2015.30.

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This paper will address some of the issues surrounding the accreditation of laboratories for dimensional testing (and calibration) using Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs). The differences between calibrating instruments and using them for subsequent measurements will be explained. This is particularly important with CMMs because their calibration is made up of very specific measurements, while subsequent measurements can cover an enormous range of measurands (length, diameter, flatness, true position, run out, and many more). Given this difference in calibration and use, the next step is to discuss how measurement uncertainty for this discipline will appear on a scope of accreditation, and then the different ways that the uncertainty could, or should, appear on a test or calibration certificate. Although many CMMs are operated under direct computer control, with validated software to perform calculations, the interpretation of part drawings and the ability to transform the part specification into a measurement program to determine conformance relies heavily on the CMM programmer's knowledge of both GD&T and the CMM software implementation of GD&T. The next section of this paper will discuss the qualitative and quantitative evaluations that occur in the evaluation of a laboratory that performs CMM measurements, either for internal or external customers. While these subjects will be addressed in the context of laboratory accreditation, the underlying principles are important for anyone who has to justify the value of the CMM measurements that they perform.

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Albuquerque, V. A., F. W. Liou, S. Agarwal, and O. R. Mitchell. "Automatic Coordinate Measuring Machine Inspection." In ASME 1999 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc99/dac-8700.

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Abstract In many industrial applications, such as product prototype development, automation of inspection process can greatly improve product quality and product development cycle, time. This paper discusses a development of a vision aided automatic inspection using Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM). We seek to integrate the flexibility afforded by computer vision systems with the precision of numerically controlled coordinate measuring machines to achieve a fully automatic and reliable inspection of the industrial parts. The 3-D design information and part specification from computer-aided design file is used for inspection point placement and CMM path planning. The proposed system demonstrates that optimal collision-free inspection paths can be efficiently generated for geometrically complex parts consisting of multiply intersecting features. This is made possible by using iterative subdivision of surfaces for point placement coupled with, efficient 3-D collision avoidance and path planning. The paper discusses different algorithms used, and presents experimental results.

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Dong, Chensong, Chuck Zhang, Ben Wang, and Guoxiong Zhang. "Dynamic Error Prediction and Compensation of Coordinate Measuring Machines." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1790.

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Abstract Coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) are already widely used as a measuring tool in the manufacturing industry. Fast probing is now the trend for next generation CMMs. However, increases in the measuring velocity of CMMs are limited by dynamic errors that occur in CMMs. In this paper, theoretical analysis and experimental research is used to create a systematic approach for modeling the dynamic errors of a touch-trigger probe CMM. First, an overall analysis of the dynamic errors of CMMs is given, and methods to improve the stiffness of air bearings are presented. Weak elements of the CMM are identified with a laser interferometer. The probing process, as conducted with a touch-trigger probe, is analyzed and dynamic errors are measured. Based on these analyses, the dynamic errors in touch-trigger probing are modeled using neural networks. In turn, dynamic errors are predicted. An approach to achieving software error compensation is discussed. Finally, the method and results from this study illustrate that it is possible to compensate for dynamic errors of CMMs.

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Aggogeri, Francesco, Emanuele Barini, and Raffaello Levi. "CMM Measurement Variability Analysis: A Comparison Between Two Metrological Laboratories Measuring Three Industrial Workpieces." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59307.

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Quality may be defined as a set of requirements a system should satisfy in order to meet customer’s needs. Control of these requirements assures satisfaction of relevant standards, and consequently the performance levels of a manufacturing/transactional stream. In this context it is fundamental to define control procedures and reliable measurement systems adequate for adopting improvement action as soon as anomalies and dysfunctions are detected. This paper deals with a study of measurement variability occurring during practical exploitation of CMMs (Coordinate Measuring Machines). These measurement systems are designed to probe selected points of workpiece surface, and compare the relevant coordinates or derived quantities with specified values; capability and versatility of CMMs justify their widespread use in industry. Evaluation of CMM measurement variability is however often awkward owing to a number of factors, such as e.g. measurement task, environment, operator and measurement procedures. A round robin exercise involving two industrial laboratories was planned in order to address these issues. Three typical machine tool parts were circulated among participants, who were asked to measure linear dimensions as well as tolerances at specified locations, according to an agreed upon schedule. Results of measurements, performed by experienced CMM industrial users, were analyzed in order to bring out discrepancies, and suggest remedial actions in the light of information gathered. Several factors involving metrological as well as other aspects were observed to cause major discrepancies, yielding in turn information on where to look for potential sources of trouble. Conclusions were drawn in terms of operating procedure, leading to improved information on origin and components of variability.

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ElMaraghy, W. H., Z. Wu, and H. A. ElMaraghy. "Evaluation of Actual Geometric Tolerances Using Coordinate Measuring Machine Data." In ASME 1989 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1989-0037.

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Abstract This paper focuses on the development of a procedure and algorithms for the systematic comparison of geometric variations of measured features with their specified geometric tolerances. To automate the inspection of mechanical parts, it is necessary to analyze the measurement data captured by coordinate measuring machines (CMM) in order to detect out-of-tolerance conditions. A procedure for determining the geometric tolerances from the measured three dimensional coordinates on the surface of a cylindrical feature is presented. This procedure follows the definitions of the geometric tolerances used in the current Standards, and is capable of determining the value of each geometric tolerance from the composite 3-D data. The developed algorithms adopt the minimum tolerance zone criterion. Nonlinear numerical optimization techniques are used to fit the data to the minimum tolerance zone. Two test cases are given in the paper which demonstrate the successful determination of geometric tolerances from given simulated data.

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Subramanian, Rajesh, H. James de St. Germain, and Samuel Drake. "Integrating a Vision System With a Coordinate Measuring Machine to Automate the Datum Alignment Process." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-85455.

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Inspection is an important stage in the manufacturing process of machined parts. Coordinate measuring machines (CMM) have become more automatic, programmable, and capable of fulfilling the growing demands of inspection. However, fixturing (datum alignment) of parts is still done manually, consuming valuable inspection time. In this paper, we describe an automated datum alignment technique which integrates a vision system with the CMM to avoid part fixturing. The rough position of the part is estimated through image analysis. This initial reference frame drives the CMM through an automatic datum alignment procedure, thereby automatically establishing the reference frame without the use of fixtures. This technique has been demonstrated for two and a half dimensional (2.5D) machined parts with well-defined features that exhibit a stable position on a flat table.

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Machado, Michael, João Silva, João Sousa, and André Filipe Pinto Vale. "The Evolution of Tridimensional Metrology: The Era of Computer Aided Metrology." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11600.

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Abstract The use of Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) provides an accurate and versatile solution for industrial metrology, that is being in use for decades. Although the electromechanical components of these machines have not suffered a great evolution in the last decade, the software used for controlling the CMM have suffer a great development in the last years, making them more user friendly, offering more powerful solutions, such as better CAD support and a better degree of automation, resulting in a faster measuring process. Together with the implementation of new non-contact technologies, like optical sensors for measuring purposes. Overall this resulted in a step further in the functions of a CMM, the measuring process becomes more automatic for either calculations and machine control. The use of new technologies also offers the possibility to work with a bigger amount of data, and virtual data systems turning the process more versatile and able to satisfy the actual demand of the industry, reducing the overall time and price of the inspection process.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Coordinates Measuring Machines (CMM)"

Johnston, Derek. Installation and Implementation of an In-Process Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/952956.

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Singer, A. T., J. L. Land, S. D. Phillips, D. Sawyer, B. Borchardt, G. Caskey, D. Ward, P. Snoots, and B. Faust. Interim testing artifact (ITA), a performance evaluation system for coordinate measuring machines (CMMs):. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.5602.

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