Статті в журналах: "Cooling of coils"

1

Theerakulpisut, S., and S. Priprem. "Modeling cooling coils." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 25, no. 1 (January 1998): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1933(97)00144-9.

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2

Li, Haijun, Tianxiang Li, Chaofei Li, Zhaodong Wang, and Guodong Wang. "Improvement of Longitudinal Performance Uniformity of Hot-Rolled Coils for Cold-Rolled DP980 Steel." Metals 10, no. 3 (March 17, 2020): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10030382.

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Cold-rolled DP980 steel is widely used in the automobile industry. Hot-rolled coil is the raw material of cold-rolled DP980 steel, the head and tail parts of which are usually obviously stronger than the body part. The objective of this study is to improve the longitudinal performance uniformity of hot-rolled coils. The material properties of this steel, such as the dynamic continuous cooling transformation, the influence of the cooling mode before coiling, the cooling rate during coil cooling on the microstructure, and mechanical properties of cold-rolled DP980 steel were investigated through thermal simulation experiments and hot rolling experiments. Meanwhile, the temperature field of hot-rolled coil was analyzed using ABAQUS software, which was used to survey the cause of the longitudinal performance fluctuations of hot-rolled coils, combined with an investigation of the aforementioned material properties. The results illustrate that the average cooling rate of the head and tail parts are higher than that of the body part during coil cooling, which causes the longitudinal performance fluctuation of hot-rolled coils. Based on the temperature field of hot-rolled coil, obtained by FEM, the parameters of the U-shaped cooling process were optimized and used in industrial applications.

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3

Mo, Chun Li, Qiang Li, Xu Ming Guo, and Hao Wang. "Numerical Simulation the Temperature Field of the Multi-Coil Batch during Annealing Process in Bell-Type Furnace." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 637–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.637.

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In this paper temperature field of multi-coil during batch annealing process in strong forced convective hydrogen atmosphere of Bell-type furnace was simulated, and the influences of heat transferring between steel coil and air flow under a given condition on the temperature field of the steel coil were studied. And then, the temperature field of a single and three coils steel plate were calculated during reheating, holding and cooling process according to the measured annealing curves. The simulated results show that the same trend of temperature in different steel coils. However, considering the heat radiation of steel coil, temperature variation in the topside of coil is higher than that in the bottom of coil.

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4

Sedlacek, Dieter, and Berenika Hausnerova. "Cooling Aluminium Coils by Outdoor Air." Manufacturing Technology 19, no. 5 (October 1, 2019): 848–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21062/ujep/383.2019/a/1213-2489/mt/19/5/848.

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5

Kotsubo, Vincent, and Robert D. Black. "5508613 Apparatus for cooling NMR coils." Magnetic Resonance Imaging 14, no. 9 (January 1996): XI. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0730-725x(97)87363-8.

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6

Mirth, David, and Satish Ramadhyani. "Performance of Chilled-Water Cooling Coils." HVAC&R Research 1, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10789669.1995.10391316.

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7

Guo and Ye. "Numerical and Experimental Study on a High-Power Cold Achieving Process of a Coil-Plate Ice-Storage System." Energies 12, no. 21 (October 25, 2019): 4085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214085.

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Heat dissipation of high-power lasers needs a cold storage and supply system to provide sufficient cooling power. A compact coil-plate heat exchange device has been proposed and applied in the phase-change cold storage system with ice as the cold-storage medium and glycol aqueous solution as the coolant. The heat exchanger consists of several stacked coil-plate units and each unit is constructed with a flat plate and serpentine coils welded on the plate. A simulation model on the cold achieving process of a coil-plate unit was built and verified by the corresponding experiment. The influences of the structural parameters (tube diameter, tube pitch, and plate spacing) of the unit and the inlet temperature and volume flow rate of the coolant on the heat exchange power density were analyzed to obtain the maximal cooling effect in a limited time period. It was found that the heat exchange power density is limited when the tube pitch and plate spacing are large, otherwise, the effective cooling time period is limited. A small plate spacing can make the power density decrease rapidly in the later stage. The inlet coolant temperature can significantly affect the heat exchange power density while the coolant volume flow rate in tube has a small effect on the power density when the coolant is in turbulent state. In a time period of 900 s, for a coil-plate heat exchanger with a plate size of 940 mm ×770 mm and a tube pitch of 78 mm, when the plate spacing is 20 mm, the average heat exchange power density is 5.1 kW/m2 when the inlet temperature and volume flow rate of the coolant are 20 °C and 0.5 m3/h, respectively. The total cooling power of several stacked coil-plate units in the limited time period can match the high requirement of laser heat dissipation.

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8

Kanimozhi, B., Amit Tanaji Shinde, Ashutosh Kumar, and Alok Kumar. "Formation of Bio-Fuel from Waste Plastic Scrap." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 551–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.551.

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The objective of the paper is to investigate the formation of Bio-fuel from waste plastic scrap. The experiment was carried out by converting the waste plastic into useful alternative oil by means of pyrolysis process. Main component of working model were furnace as heating coil and condenser as cooling coil tube. The arrangements have made to continue the process constantly. The waste plastics have kept in furnace. The furnace having heating coils which provides required heat to melt the waste plastics by three phase electric supply. Due to the high temperature in furnace waste plastics have been melted and liquefied at 350°C and formed as a vapour at 450° C. Then these vapours were sent to condenser which cools from heated vapour into liquefied oil by cooling process with slow down temperature of 30°C to 35°C. Here the vapour is fully consisting of gaseous hydrocarbons property. These hydro carbons can be used as a bio fuel after the condensation. The fuel properties were tested in reputed laboratory testing centre.

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9

Mei, V. C. "Heat Pump Ground Coil Analysis With Thermal Interference." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 110, no. 2 (May 1, 1988): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268247.

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When two horizontal ground coils are buried in the same trench, one on top of the other, the total energy exchange between coils and ground increases drastically over that of a single coil for the same trench length. However, because of the thermal interference between the two coils, the overall performance of the two-coil trench is very difficult to determine. Traditionally this type of problem is handled by the line source mirror-image approach. However, in applying the line source approach, the strength of the source is not known precisely and must be estimated. Most designers will estimate this value very conservatively in order to be on the safe side, and this will result in a longer coil than is actually needed. This paper provides a detailed mathematical model to describe the operation of the two-coil system that can calculate more realistically the performance of the ground coils, which in turn could make the ground coil heat pump system more economically competitive with other heating and cooling systems. The effect of thermal interference is clearly shown in the calculated soil temperature profile. The effect of fluid inlet positions, from upper or lower coils, is also studied. The comparison of measured and calculated daily energy absorbed from the ground indicated a maximum error of 27 percent, with the average error at less than 12 percent, calculated values are on the conservative side. This model is better than the line source approach for calculating the performance of two coils in the same trench. It can be used for design purposes, or used to check such coil designs by other methods.

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10

BROWN, DAVID A., and YOUNG L. BAE. "Titanium Cooling Coils for Surface Ship Applications." Naval Engineers Journal 102, no. 3 (May 1990): 162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1990.tb02642.x.

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11

Silverio, Vania, Miguel Amaral, João Gaspar, Susana Cardoso, and Paulo P. Freitas. "Manipulation of Magnetic Beads with Thin Film Microelectromagnet Traps." Micromachines 10, no. 9 (September 13, 2019): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10090607.

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Integration of point-of-care assays can be facilitated with the use of actuated magnetic beads (MB) to perform testing in less expensive settings to enable the delivery of cost-effective care. In this paper we present six different designs of planar microelectromagnets traps (MEMT) with four external coils in series and one central coil connected for an opposite direction of manipulation of MB in microfluidic flows. The development of a simulation tool facilitated the rapid and efficient optimization of designs by presenting the influence of system variables on real time concentrations of MB. Real time experiments are in good agreement with the simulations and showed that the design enabled synchronous concentration and dispersion of MB on the same MEMT. The yield of local concentration is seen to be highly dependent on coil design. Additional coil turns between the central and external coils (inter-windings) doubled magnetic concentration and repulsion with no significant electrical resistance increase. The assemblage of a copper microchannel closed loop cooling system to the coils successfully eliminated the thermal drift promoted by joule heating generated by applied current.

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12

Shahzad, Muhammad Kashif, Mirza Abdullah Rehan, Muzaffar Ali, Azeem Mustafa, Zafar Abbas, Muhammad Mujtaba, Muhammad Imran Akram, and Muhammad Rabeet Yousaf. "Cooling Performance Assessment of a Slinky Closed Loop Lake Water Heat Pump System under the Climate Conditions of Pakistan." Processes 7, no. 9 (August 22, 2019): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7090553.

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This paper presents an experimental evaluation of a closed loop lake water heat pump (LWHPs) system based on the slinky coiled configuration. Initially, a mathematical model is developed in the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) for the heat pump system and the submerged coils in a lake. System performance is determined for the submerged slinky copper coils under the various operating conditions. Afterwards, parametric analysis is performed considering different influencing parameters, such as the lake water temperature, ambient temperature, and mass flow rate of the circulating fluid at constant lake depth of 4 ft. The experimental setup is developed for 3.51 kW cooling capacity after cooling load calculation for a small room. In the current study, slinky copper coils are used to exchange heat with lake water. The experimental setup is installed in Taxila, Pakistan, and the system’s performance is analyzed during selected days. After experimentation based on hourly and daily operation characteristics, it is observed that the lake water temperature has significant influence on the heat transfer rate between slinky coil and lake water. While the lake water temperature in summer decreases and increases in winter with the depth. The resulted daily average coefficient of performance (COP) of the system is within the range of 3.24–3.46 during the selected days of cooling season. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the LWHP systems can be considered a viable solution for Pakistan having a well-established canal system.

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13

Bai, Hongyu, W. Markiewicz, Jun Lu, and Hubertus Weijers. "Thermal Conductivity Test of YBCO Coated Conductor Tape Stacks Interleaved With Insulated Stainless Steel Tapes." Applied Superconductivity, IEEE Transactions on 23, no. 3 (December 2012): 4600204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2012.2229774.

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A 32 Tesla, all-superconducting user magnet, which consists of two high temperature superconductor YBCO inner coils producing a field of 17 T in an low temperature superconductor Nb3Sn and NbTi outer magnet producing a background field of 15 T, is being developed at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. The YBCO inner coils are pancake-wound with YBCO coated conductor tapes with an interleaved insulation of sol-gel coated stainless steel tapes. The coils are to be cooled directly in liquid helium bath. Heat losses in the windings, such as ac losses during ramping and heat loss in the internal joints, are supposed to be transferred to the coil external surfaces through heat conduction. Thus, thermal conductivity of the coil structure is critical for the internal cooling of the coil and also quench propagation if any. Thermal conductivity measurements were carried out in the radial direction on stacks of alternating YBCO tapes and stainless steel tapes. This paper presents the test results that showed a very low thermal conductivity in the radial direction. For comparison purposes, calculated thermal conductivities in the axial and azimuthal direction are also presented.

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14

Wang, Jianfeng, and Eiji Hihara. "Prediction of Moist Air Wet Processes in Cooling Coils and Cooling Towers." Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer 11, no. 3 (2004): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/jenhheattransf.v11.i3.30.

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15

Sugimoto, Makoto, Tatsuya Miyazaki, Zelin Li, Masayuki Kaneda, and Kazuhiko Suga. "Lattice Boltzmann simulation of liquid falling on horizontal rectangular pillar arrays." E3S Web of Conferences 321 (2021): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132101014.

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Stator coils of automobiles in operation generate heat and are cooled by a coolant poured from above. Since the behavior characteristic of the coolant poured on the coils is not clarified yet due to its complexity, the three-dimensional two-phase flow simulation is conducted. In this study, as a steppingstone to the simulation of the liquid falling on the actual coils, the coils are modelled with horizontal rectangular pillar arrays whose governing parameters can be easily changed. The two-phase flows are simulated using the lattice Boltzmann method and the phase-field model, and the effects of the governing parameters, such as the physical properties of the cooling liquid, the wettability, and the gap between the pillars, on the wetting area are investigated. The results show that the oil tends to spread across the pillars because of its high viscosity. Moreover, the liquid spreads quickly when the contact angle is small. In the case that the pillars are stacked, the wetting area of the inner pillars is larger than that of the exposed pillars.

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16

ATES, Ali, and Eyub CANLI. "Heating and cooling vehicle seat via air conditioner coils." EPJ Web of Conferences 213 (2019): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921302009.

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A real vehicle seat was modified in order to locate evaporator coils extended from a vehicle air conditioner system just beneath the back and cushion surfaces. The seat back and cushion surface temperatures were measured by several thermocouples. Air conditioner system was operated in heat pump and cooling modes for different compressor speeds. After steady operation of the air conditioner was attained, a live manikin sat to the seat and remained in sitting position for five minutes. The temperatures were recorded during the existence of the manikin and they were recorded for an additional five minutes after the manikin left the seat. The coils embedded under the seat surfaces were made of flexible hoses for the sake of usage due to the shape changing seat surfaces under the load of the manikin weight. Coils were in parallel configuration by the help of a distributer and collector. The temperatures of the seat surfaces were evaluated in respect of the thermal comfort and feasibility of the application. Air conditioner system was also monitored in respect of the COP and energy consumption values. At the instance of sitting, the transient response of the system is very significant due to the weight of the live manikin. However it settles quickly. Cooling was observed to be more realizable while heating seat surfaces had problems due to flow blockage. There were no significant discomfort issues due to the seat surface temperatures and the existence of the coils. The surface temperatures of the seat back exhibited differences from the seat cushion although the formations were same. The orientation of the coils and the weight of the passenger were concluded to be the reason for that. COP was found to be changing between 3 and 3.56 for cooling mode while the highest amount was found for 600 rev/min compressor speed in cooling operation. Heat pump operation had relatively higher COP values ranging between 3.31-3.64. 700 rev/min compressor speed gave the 3.64 COP value for heat pump operation. The difference between COP values of the working modes was concluded to be due to the seat coils and their effect on the additional pumping work. The potential of the application and possible field of studies were evaluated according to the conducted tests and the survey about the topic.

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17

Nam, Alexander, Vasiliy Yashin, Evgenii Aryshenskii, Alexander V. Zinoviev, and Rudolf Kawalla. "Modelling of Cooling and Recrystallization Kinetics during Self-Annealing of Aluminium Coils." Materials Science Forum 918 (March 2018): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.918.110.

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Study proposes a coil temperature model for aluminium alloys. The mathematical model is based on the 3D finite element method, which is implemented in MATLAB® using object-oriented programming approach. Owing to the used approach, several cooling steps of the coil can be performed including the coil transport and cooling in the storage area after the hot rolling. Individual cooling phases feature specific boundary conditions and time segments. The coefficients for the boundary conditions of the specific cooling phase were determined using parameter identification strategy. Furthermore, the temperature distribution of coil is used for the calculation the static recrystallization and grain size during coil cooling. The temperature model was validated within sufficient accuracy for each cooling phase using experimental data of the coil cooling after the conventional hot rolling at the Arconic’s plant in Samara, Russia.

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18

Kováč, P., L. Kopera, T. Melišek, M. Búran, I. Hušek, D. Berek, and J. Kováč. "Water ice-cooled MgB₂ coil made by wind and react process." Superconductor Science and Technology 35, no. 5 (March 17, 2022): 055001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/ac521c.

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Abstract A wind and react (W&R) coil of inner diameter 53 mm has been made from multi-core MgB2/Nb/CuNi wire manufactured by the internal magnesium diffusion (IMD) process. The W&R coil is wound from non-insulated rectangular wire of 1 mm2 with only 5 µm thick stainless steel foil used for interlayer insulation. The transport current performance of the coil and short wire samples was measured in a liquid He bath at external magnetic fields of 4.5–8.5 T and also in self-field conditions in sub-cooled water ice at temperatures between 33 K and 38 K. The presented MgB2 coil exhibits stable behavior at water ice cooling, and its high space factor allows a high current density of winding in comparison to the data from the already published MgB2 coils. The presented results demonstrate that MgB2 windings can be used safely in He-free conditions inside sub-cooled water ice, and this technique can be further optimized and used for future MgB2 coils.

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19

Li, Lin, Jin Sha Jiao, Shu Mei Fei, Hai Tao Lin, and Quan Fa Cui. "Updated Research Result on Transverse Corner Crack of Slab." Advanced Materials Research 744 (August 2013): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.744.273.

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To introduce feature and microstructure of edge crack of rolled coil, character and distribution of transverse corner crack of continuous cast slab (hereafter referred to as transverse corner crack), trace out rolling process of defective continuous cast slab, transverse corner crack of slab causes edge crack of rolled coil, the corner inclusions of slab and rolling process are also significant factors. To give some suggestions to resolve two dimensional heat transfer and high cooling intensity about control of transverse corner cracks. Inclusions cause stress concentration to lead to edge cracks of coils. Edge cracks of coils are related to transverse corner cracks of slabs, but not an exact one-for-one relation. Tiny transverse corner cracks may be removed by scarfing or furnace. Uneven or low temperature of the edge of rolled piece cause uneven extension of edge metal to form “fold”, namely “edge filament”. By research and practice, the quality of slab has been substantially improved in Shougang Qiangang.

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20

Alhosainy, Ali Hammoodi Mahdi, and Issam Mohammed Ali Aljubury. "Two Stage Evaporative Cooling of Residential Building Using Geothermal Energy." Journal of Engineering 25, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2019.04.03.

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The weather of Iraq has longer summer season compared with other countries. The ambient temperature during this season reaches over 50 OC which makes the evaporative cooling system suitable for this climate. In present work, the two-stage evaporative cooling system is studied. The first stage is indirect evaporative cooling (IEC) represented by two heat exchangers with the groundwater flow rate (5 L/min). The second stage is direct evaporative cooling (DEC) which represents three pads with groundwater flow rates of (4.5 L/min). The experimental work was conducted in July, August, September, and October in Baghdad. Results showed that overall evaporative efficiency of the system (two coils with three pads each pad of 3cm) reach to 167 % with the temperature difference between ambient and supply is 26.2oC. While it reached 122.7% (one coil with three pads ) with the temperature difference between ambient and supply is 16OC and reduced to 84.88% and 84.36% for IEC and DEC respectively.

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21

Kwon, Daniel W., and Raymond J. Sedwick. "Cryogenic Heat Pipe for Cooling High-Temperature Superconducting Coils." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 23, no. 4 (October 2009): 732–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.43728.

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22

Chashchin, V. V., E. S. Popov, A. V. Kuklev, S. S. Toropov, V. A. Kapitanov, and Sh B. Manyurov. "Improving the controlled cooling of hot-rolled steel coils." Steel in Translation 40, no. 9 (September 2010): 839–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091210090160.

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23

Mielczarek, Z. A., and T. J. Trojanowski. "Refrigerant vapour superheat in direct-expansion air cooling coils." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 14, no. 3 (May 1987): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1933(87)90035-2.

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24

Zotova, M. T., A. A. Lisogor, D. I. Drapeko, B. I. Bubyakin, and A. S. Kovalenko. "Designs of hot beds for rapid cooling of coils." Metallurgist 30, no. 4 (April 1986): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00749434.

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25

Soylemez, M. S. "Heat and Mass Transfer on Surfaces of Cooling Coils." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 20, no. 3 (July 2006): 617–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.15998.

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26

Luyben, William L. "Quantitative Comparison of Temperature Control of Reactors with Jacket Cooling or Internal Cooling Coils." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 43, no. 11 (May 2004): 2691–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie030721h.

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27

Yu, Xiang Long, Zheng Yi Jiang, and Quan Yang. "Thermal Deformation Modeling of Post-Rolling Deterioration of Hot Strip Flatness during Forced Cooling of Coils." Advanced Materials Research 145 (October 2010): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.145.111.

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Анотація:

Flatness imperfections are observed during uncoiling of the hot rolled strip after forced cooling of coils to ambient temperature. This problem is significant in thin strip as free defect was considered in the process. A mathematical model for heat transfer and thermal deformation analysis during cooling of hot rolled coils is developed to explain the phenomenon of post-rolling flatness deterioration, and predict the occurrence and magnitude of the defects. The numerical simulation results obtained in this work were experimentally validated. It is shown, at a low coiling temperature allowing the phase transformation to reach completion, that the axial distribution of the temperature mainly causes the variation of the local thermal stress, and will promote the flatness deterioration.

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28

Kurpe, Oleksandr H., Volodymyr V. Kukhar, Eduard S. Klimov, and Andriy H. Prysiazhnyi. "Thermomechanical Controlled Rolling of Hot Coils of Steel Grade S355MC at the Wide-Strip Rolling Mill 1700." Solid State Phenomena 291 (May 2019): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.291.63.

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Тhere has been developed technology, and pilot batch of hot rolling coils (6×1500 mm, steel grade S355MC) has been produced using thermo-mechanical controlled process (TMCP) for the wide-strip rolling mill 1700. The integrated technology for TMCP coil production (steel grade S355MC) has been firstly developed for the rolling mill 1700 in accordance with EN 10149-2. Air cooling for coils to 450°C after coiling has been firstly used in the developed technology, which provides for decrease in air scale and improvement of surface quality for the customers. It is possible to manufacture rolled products up to 6×1500 mm (steel grade S355MC) in accordance with EN 10149-2 using the existing equipment without exceeding the existing process constraints during its operation and without upgrading. It is possible to further master the rolled products, which are manufactured according to the TMCP technology.

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29

Ueda, Hiroshi, Hideaki Maeda, Yu Suetomi, and Yoshinori Yanagisawa. "Experiment and numerical simulation of the combined effect of winding, cool-down, and screening current induced stresses in REBCO coils." Superconductor Science and Technology 35, no. 5 (March 21, 2022): 054001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/ac4b9e.

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Abstract This paper overviews the combined effects of winding, cool-down, and screening current-induced stresses in REBCO coils. First, a simulation method to model the circumferential stress modification effect due to the screening-current is overviewed. The simulation includes coil winding, cooling down, and coil charge up to the operating current. Second, we will compare the numerical simulation results with the experimental results. The numerical simulations for a dry coil and an epoxy impregnated coil agree well with the experimental results. Third, the enhanced circumferential stress did not degrade the performance of a dry winding REBCO coil, but the improved increased compressive stress buckled the coil structure. Finally, it is demonstrated that epoxy impregnation has beneficial effects in reducing the stress modification effect. However, the circumferential stress is enormously enhanced at the coil ends, sometimes resulting in degradation of the coil performance.

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30

Murthy, Krishna, Rahul Shetty, and Shiva Kumar. "Review on the Influence of Various Types Liquid Desiccants on the Performance of Dehumidification System." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 28, no. 03 (September 2020): 2030005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132520300050.

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Air conditioning is one of the large energy consuming sectors, as it comforts the human in closed environment. Especially, in coastal regions where both temperature and humidity are high, it demands for air conditioning. Usually, in such cases, cooling and dehumidification of outside air is done by cooling coils. Such cooling and dehumidification coils requires relatively large amount of energy. In the era of energy saving technologies, Liquid desiccant system (LDS) has proved to be one of the best alternatives for controlling the humidity, economically and efficiently. Different liquid desiccants are available for dehumidification purpose with their own advantages and disadvantages. This paper summarizes the different liquid desiccants used by researchers in their study and the performances analysis of dehumidification process. An attempt is also made to summarize the characteristics of the different hybrid or composite desiccants developed by researchers in order to improve the desiccant properties for the better dehumidification process.

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31

Nazari, Masoud, and Ali Ghaffari. "Modeling and Analysis of Cooling Coil for Control System Design Using Gray Box Approach." Modern Applied Science 10, no. 10 (June 13, 2016): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v10n10p23.

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Анотація:

The purpose of the study is to design a method analyzing dynamic behavior of cooling coil in order to be applicable in online simulations. Coils account for the highest energy consumers among other components in an Air Handling Unit (AHU). Essential data as input-output of neural network is provided using energy and mass conservation equations. An implicit numerical method is used to solve dynamic equations of coil. The results of mathematical methods are applied in the output of neural network to design an online model. The proposed model is based on an active coil used in Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems of clean rooms in Iran Pasteur Institute. Since in active air handlers, input and outputs are not measured, here we model air conditioning systems generally. The results in comparison with actual system data indicate an acceptable performance of the proposed method, so that combination of numerical results with a nonlinear autoregressive exogenous model (NARX) makes it possible to control system effectively by saving a significant amount of time.

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32

Green, Michael A. "Cooling Large HTS Magnet Coils using a Gas Free-convection Cooling Loop Connected to Coolers." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 502 (April 15, 2019): 012100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/502/1/012100.

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33

Tokimatsu, K., K. Okano, T. Yoshida, K. Yamaji, and M. Katsurai. "A cost minimized tokamak reactor using conservative coils/cooling technology." Fusion Engineering and Design 41, no. 1-4 (September 1998): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-3796(98)00235-x.

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34

Yao, Ye, Zhiwei Lian, and Zhijian Hou. "Thermal analysis of cooling coils based on a dynamic model." Applied Thermal Engineering 24, no. 7 (May 2004): 1037–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2003.11.008.

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35

Aguilar-Jiménez, Jesús Armando, Nicolás Velázquez, Ricardo López-Zavala, Luis A. González-Uribe, Ricardo Beltrán, and Luis Hernández-Callejo. "Simulation of a Solar-Assisted Air-Conditioning System Applied to a Remote School." Applied Sciences 9, no. 16 (August 18, 2019): 3398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9163398.

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In this work, we present an absorption cooling system with 35 kW capacity driven by solar thermal energy, installed in the school of Puertecitos, Mexico, an off-grid community with a high level of social marginalization. The cooling system provides thermal comfort to the school’s classrooms through four 8.75-kW cooling coils, while a 110-m2 field of evacuated tube solar collectors delivers the thermal energy needed to activate the cooling machine. The characteristics of the equipment installed in the school were used for simulation and operative analysis of the system under the influence of typical factors of an isolated coastal community, such as the influence of climate, thermal load, and water consumption in the cooling tower, among others. The aim of this simulation study was to determine the best operating conditions prior to system start-up, to establish the requirements for external heating and cooling services, and to quantify the freshwater requirements for the proper functioning of the system. The results show that, with the simulated strategies implemented, with a maximum load operation, the system can maintain thermal comfort in the classrooms for five days of classes. This is feasible as long as weekends are dedicated to raising the water temperature in the thermal storage tank. As the total capacity of the system is distributed in the four cooling coils, it is possible to control the cooling demand in order to extend the operation periods. Utilizing 75% or less of the cooling capacity, the system can operate continuously, taking advantage of stored energy. The cooling tower requires about 750 kg of water per day, which becomes critical given the scarcity of this resource in the community.

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36

Guo, Zhaoyu, Zhuwei Yao, Feifei Pan, and Weiyu Cao. "Research on the mechanism of gel accelerator on gel transition of PAN solution by rheology and dynamic light scattering." e-Polymers 21, no. 1 (December 5, 2020): 001–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2021-0003.

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Анотація:

AbstractThe rheological properties of PAN/DMSO solution and the size and distribution of PAN coils were studied by rheology and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. It was found that water could be used as a gel accelerator and increase the gel transition temperature Tgel and the storage modulus G′ as well as decrease the damping factor tan δ through rheological measurements. DLS test shows that the average size of PAN coils increases significantly with the increase in gel accelerator content. In addition, the gel accelerator can change the mobility of PAN chains during the cooling process. The results show that the gel accelerator can enhance the entanglement of PAN macromolecular chains and improve the formation of three-dimensional network gel structure, so that PAN solution is more prone to gel transition during the cooling process.

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37

Niu, Mengdie, Huadong Yong, and Youhe Zhou. "3D modelling of coupled electromagnetic-mechanical responses in REBCO coils involving tape inhomogeneity." Superconductor Science and Technology 35, no. 5 (April 8, 2022): 054009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/ac61a2.

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Abstract Electromagnetic and mechanical properties are crucial components of high-temperature superconducting magnet in high-field applications. In this research, in order to predict the multi-field behaviors of REBCO coils during the ramping process, the coupled electromagnetic-mechanical model is constructed with consideration of the strain and magnetic field dependences of the critical current of coated conductors (CCs). The 3D modelling is used to characterize the longitudinal in-homogenous critical current of a CC, which also allows for handling the coil with local defects. To verify the reliability of the coupled model, a comparison of numerical simulations with experiments for a small REBCO coil is first performed with special attention on the hoop strain evolution during the magnetization process. On this basis, the coupled model is then utilized to study the influences of local critical current non-uniformity defined by a Gaussian statistical distribution. The numerical analysis shows that, the tape inhomogeneity has an obvious impaction on decreasing the critical current of REBCO coil. And in high-field scenario, the calculated critical current of coil is highly reduced when the mutual interaction between electromagnetic and mechanical fields is considered. Afterwards, a detailed comparative study is carried out in studying the screening current effects of REBCO coil with and without taking the tape inhomogeneity into account. Finally, the effects of cooling-down process, co-winding materials and local defects are investigated to understand their role in electromagnetic-mechanical response of high-field REBCO coils.

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38

Dobosz, Jakub, Mateusz Bocheński, and Mariusz Semczuk. "Bidirectional, Analog Current Source Benchmarked with Gray Molasses-Assisted Stray Magnetic Field Compensation." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (November 8, 2021): 10474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110474.

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In ultracold-atom and ion experiments, flexible control of the direction and amplitude of a uniform magnetic field is necessary. It is achieved almost exclusively by controlling the current flowing through coils surrounding the experimental chamber. Here, we present the design and characterization of a modular, analog electronic circuit that enables three-dimensional control of a magnetic field via the amplitude and direction of a current flowing through three perpendicular pairs of coils. Each pair is controlled by one module, and we are able to continuously change the current flowing thorough the coils in the ±4 A range using analog waveforms such that smooth crossing through zero as the current’s direction changes is possible. With the electrical current stability at the 10−5 level, the designed circuit enables state-of-the-art ultracold experiments. As a benchmark, we use the circuit to compensate stray magnetic fields that hinder efficient sub-Doppler cooling of alkali atoms in gray molasses. We demonstrate how such compensation can be achieved without actually measuring the stray fields present, thus speeding up the process of optimization of various laser cooling stages.

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39

Li, Xian, Tengfei Zhang, and Shugang Wang. "Aerosolization of Aspergillus niger spores from colonies on different positions of a circular tube." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 02030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911102030.

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Subject to the blowing air, fungal spores can be aerosolized from the colonies growing on cooling coils. The blowing air may accelerate and decelerate when passing a coil. The caused spore detachment may be different, when the fungal colonies grow on different positions of the coil. This study investigated the aerosolization of Aspergillus niger spores from a colony on a circular tube in a wind tunnel. The colony was first cultured in the carved groove along the longitudinal tube, and then the spores were aerosolized by a gradual increase of the blowing air speed. The grown colony on four different positions of the coil surface were blown for aerosolization. In addition, the airflow surrounding the circular tube was numerically solved to estimate the drag force for aerosolization of the spores. The results revealed that the collected airborne spores when the colonies were located tangentially to the upcoming airflow were six to eight times of those when the colonies were located parallel with the upcoming airflow for both the 4-day-old and 10-day-old colonies. The local air speeds in different positions of the tube were highly different from the inlet air speed of the wind tunnel. Such difference should be accounted for when estimating the drag force to aerosolize the fungal spores on the coils.

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40

Waugaman, D. G., A. Kini, and C. F. Kettleborough. "A Review of Desiccant Cooling Systems." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 115, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905965.

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This paper describes recent published design advances that have been made in desiccant cooling systems. In desiccant cooling cycles, the desiccant reduces the humidity of the air by removing moisture from the air. Then the temperature is reduced by other components such as heat exchangers, evaporative coolers, or conventional cooling coils. The main advantage that desiccant cooling systems offer is the capability of using low-grade thermal energy. Desiccant cooling systems for residential and commercial applications are now being used to reduce energy-operating costs. However, the initial costs are comparatively high. The focus of research for the past decade has been to develop desiccant systems with a high coefficient of performance. Recent studies have emphasized computer modeling and hybrid systems that combine desiccant dehumidifiers with conventional systems.

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41

Wang, Jing, Shi Bin Geng, Xu Han, and Hua Zhang. "Dynamic Behavior of Air Condition System and Temperature Control Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 1670–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.1670.

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A procedure for deriving a dynamic model of an air condition system was described in this paper. The system consisted of a zone, cooling coils and fan. Room thermal balance model and dynamic model of AC control system components including sensor, cooling coils and ducts, were established. This model accurately predicts the effect of inlet air temperature during closed loop control of output air temperature using chilled water flow rate as a control input. Fuzzy adaptive control (FAC) combined with proportional integral derivative (PID) control algorithms (FAC-PID) were used to control the chilled water flow rate. Computational simulations were carried out in toolbox Simulink of Matlab. The fuzzy parameters were carefully tuned to produce less oscillatory responses. The results show that the system based on FAC-PID control is capable of controlling the disturbance efficiently with less time lag and small error than PID control.

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42

Nada, S. A., R. Khater, and M. A. Mahmoud. "Thermal characteristics enhancement of helical cooling-dehumidifying coils using strips fins." Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 16 (May 2020): 100482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2020.100482.

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43

Nagaya, S., N. Hirano, M. Naruse, T. Watanabe, and T. Tamada. "Development of a High-Efficiency Conduction Cooling Technology for SMES Coils." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 23, no. 3 (June 2013): 5602804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2012.2235751.

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44

Yao, Ye, and Shiqing Liu. "The transfer function model for dynamic response of wet cooling coils." Energy Conversion and Management 49, no. 12 (December 2008): 3612–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2008.07.001.

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45

Chashchin, V. V. "Controlled cooling of coils of high-carbon and alloy structural steel." Steel in Translation 40, no. 2 (February 2010): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091210020129.

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46

de Waele, A. T. A. M., B. Oswald, T. Reis, and J. Oswald. "Capillary cooling of superconducting coils with two-phase hydrogen or nitrogen." Cryogenics 84 (June 2017): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2017.02.006.

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47

Cammarata, G., A. Fichera, L. Mammino, and L. Marletta. "Exergonomic Optimization of an Air-Conditioning System." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 119, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2794224.

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Анотація:

In this paper, exergonomic theory is applied to an air-conditioning system for optimization purposes. The investigation is addressed to an all-air system with air recirculation, The thermodynamic cycle includes a mixing plenum, a cooling and heating coil, chiller, and heater. The thermodynamic model is stated according to recent formulations of exergy for moist air streams, while the economic model is based on cost balance equations and real cost data for mechanical equipment. The objective function to minimize includes the following decision variables: fresh to total air rate, coefficient of performance for the chiller, inlet temperature of water for the cooling and the heating coils, temperature difference of the same streams. For the exergonomic optimization, the authors followed the approach proposed by Tsatsaronis (1984). The optimum configuration is obtained through an iterative procedure aimed at the design improvement. The results show that there is considerable room for improvement with respect to a system based on typical design parameters.

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48

DÖRR, M., D. ECKERT, H. ESCHRIG, F. FISCHER, P. FULDE, R. GROESSINGER, W. GRÜNBERGER, et al. "THE DRESDEN 100 T/10 ms PROJECT: A HIGH MAGNETIC FIELD FACILITY AT AN IR-FEL." International Journal of Modern Physics B 16, no. 20n22 (August 30, 2002): 3397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979202014541.

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We have proposed to build a 100 T/10 ms, 70 T/100 ms, 60 T/1 s pulsed field user facility with a 50 MJ capacitor bank at the Forschungszentrum Rossendorf near Dresden. This would provide the appealing possibility to have access to Zeeman energies in the energy range of the infrared free-electron-lasers (5 μm to 150 μm; 2 ps; cw; > 10 W) now under construction at the radiation source ELBE (superconducting electron linear accelerator; 40 MeV; 1 mA; 2 ps; cw) in Rossendorf. The work is accompanied by computer simulations of the planned coil systems, of the power supply, and by the development of high-strength conductors aiming at a tensile strength of about 1.5 GPa at σ ≈ σ Cu/2 (microcomposite CuAg alloys and Cu-steel macro compounds). With a view of gaining experience in the construction and operation of pulsed magnets, a pilot pulsed field laboratory was established at the Institute of Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW Dresden). The laboratory includes short pulse magnets with peak field up to 60 T in a 24 mm bore and a rise time of about 10 ms (coil from NHMFL, Tallahassee), and a 40 T long pulse magnet with 24 mm bore and rise time of about 80 ms (coil from METIS, Leuven). The repetition rate of 20 min between pulses is limited by the cooling time of the coils. The coils are energized by a 1 MJ, 10 kV capacitor bank with some special features. With this set-up measurements of magnetization and magnetotransport on 4f-electron systems, for example RECu2, have been out in the temperature range of 1.5 to 300 K and at fields up to 52 T using high precision pick-up coils.

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49

Kalsi, Swarn, Kent Hamilton, Robert Buckley, and Rodney Badcock. "Superconducting AC Homopolar Machines for High-Speed Applications." Energies 12, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010086.

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This paper presents a novel high-speed alternating current (AC) homopolar motor/generator design using stationary ReBCO excitation windings. Compact, lightweight, high-efficiency motors and generators are sought for a multitude of applications. AC homopolar synchronous machines are an ideal choice for such applications as these machines enable very high rotational frequencies. These machines include both AC armature winding and direct current (DC) excitation winding within the stationary part of the machine. The stationary excitation winding magnetizes a solid steel rotor, enabling operating speeds limited only by the mechanical stress limit of the rotor steel. The operating speeds are many multiples of conventional power 50/60 Hz machines. Significant cooling requirements limit machines of this type utilizing copper excitation windings to only a few kilowatts. However, megawatt ratings become possible when superconductor coils are used. This paper describes the design and analysis of an AC homopolar machine in the context of developing a 500 kW flywheel system to be used for energy recovery and storage in commuter rail subway systems. Different approaches are discussed for an AC armature employing conventional copper coils. Challenges of building and cooling both armature and field coils are discussed and preferred approaches are suggested. Calculations of the machine performance are then made.

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50

Dezhin, Dmitry, and Roman Ilyasov. "Development of fully superconducting 5 MW aviation generator with liquid hydrogen cooling." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2022.001771.

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The use of liquid hydrogen as a fuel will be inevitable in the aviation of the future. This statement means that manufacturers will also implement liquid hydrogen for cooling all superconducting aviation equipment of an electric propulsion system. The development of fully electric aircraft is the most promising solution in this case. Scientists from the Department of electrical machines and power electronics of Moscow aviation institute have conducted calculations and theoretical researches of critical specific mass-dimensional parameters (MW/ton and MW/m3 at 21 K) of fully superconducting aviation synchronous generator of the electric propulsion system. The results are in this article. The article discusses the results 3D finite element modeling (FEM) simulation of a 5 MW fully superconducting synchronous generator with combined excitation. Superconducting armature and axial excitation windings based on second generation high temperature superconductors (HTS-2G) are located on the stator, which makes it possible to contactlessness and the absence of sliding seals. A dry gap will reduce gas-dynamic losses and increase the nominal peripheral speed of the rotor. The use of liquid hydrogen as a coolant makes it possible to significantly increase the linear load of the generator, and high current densities to reduce the cross-sectional area of the coils, which will make it possible to place them in individual cryostats in the future. Individual cryostats will allow to remove the heat release of magnetic losses from the cryogenic zone and reduce the consumption of refrigerant. For the purpose of internal redundancy of the HTS coils, the machine has a complete set of reserve winding made of ultrapure aluminum, also cooled by liquid hydrogen. If the superconducting coils get out of the stand, the generator will provide 15 % power on standby

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