Статті в журналах: "Cool coating"

1

Rossi, Stefano, Hampus Lindmark, and Michele Fedel. "Colored Paints Containing NIR-Reflective Pigments Exposed to Accelerated Ultraviolet Radiation Aging with Possible Application as Roof Coatings." Coatings 10, no. 11 (November 23, 2020): 1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10111135.

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This study aims to evaluate the difference in thermal behavior among paints with the presence of traditional and NIR pigments by means of a simple and cheap laboratory-scale test. Considering these goals, the thermal and esthetical properties of two different cool coatings were assessed, highlighting their positive and limited aspects. Two different complex near-infrared inorganic reflective (NIR) pigments with yellow and black respectably colors were mixed in an acrylic waterborne copolymer binder. The paint formulations were applied on steel panels. The thermal performance of the coatings was investigated in the NIR-region of the light spectrum by exposing the samples to an IR-lamp. The outer and inner surface temperatures of the painted panels were recorded using thermocouples and an IR camera. The samples were aged by artificial UV-B light exposure. Color and specular gloss changes at different exposure times were evaluated. The behavior of the cool coatings was compared with that of conventional coatings with similar color characteristics. The black cool coating achieved a maximum temperature decrease, compared to the conventional black one, of approximately 12 °C. The stability for the cool coatings was very similar to that of the conventional coating, indicating that black pigment could be a potential candidate for cool-coating applications. The yellow cool coatings did not show a significant decrease in temperature compared to the conventional paint. The gloss and color changes resulted as influenced by the types and amount of pigments.

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2

Zhang, Hai Yan, and Xue Min Hu. "Preparation of Cool Wool Natural Energy Storage Material." Advanced Materials Research 1004-1005 (August 2014): 849–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1004-1005.849.

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Preparing of cool wool natural energy storage materials from wool fiber is a feasible and effective method. The structure characteristics of wool and the reason that wool has cool properties were introduced. The preparation principle, preparation methods and properties of cool wool fiber was studied. The preparation methods of cool wool mainly include scale stripping and surface coating. Scale stripping mainly consists of Chlorination, oxidation, biological enzyme treatment and plasma treatment. Surface coating mainly consists of resin finishing and ceramic finishing. Slenderizing and adding energy storage materials are also the effective methods. Wool as a new concept of natural energy storage material is recognized by people.

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3

Hu, Kui, Yujing Chen, Guixiang Chen, Yuzhou Duan, and Caihua Yu. "Proposed Cool Coatings with High Near-Infrared Reflectance and Heat Insulation for Asphalt Pavement." Coatings 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11010085.

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In summer, black asphalt pavement can absorb a considerable amount of solar radiation, which causes its temperature to rise. Heated asphalt pavement can aggravate the urban heat island (UHI) effect and transfer heat downward, which may cause the problem of permafrost thawing beneath pavements. The objective of this study was to develop a novel cool coating layer (CCL) with high near-infrared reflectance and heat insulation to make the surface of asphalt pavement cool. A self-developed test device and method was established to evaluate cooling effects. Based on the experimental results, the optimal coating can cool asphalt pavement by 11.21 °C when the radiation striking the sample surface is 650 W/m2. This coating, called the composite cool coating layer (CCCL), is composed of the following materials: polyurethane resin, rutile TiO2 of 18%, hollow glass microspheres of 12%, and copper chromite black spinel of 0.7%. Silicon carbide particles of 1 kg/m2 can help the CCCL achieve satisfactory antiskid performance. In conclusion, CCCL can effectively inhibit the absorption of solar radiation and reduce the flow of thermal energy downward without sacrificing skid resistance.

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4

Rosati, Andrea, Michele Fedel, and Stefano Rossi. "NIR reflective pigments to mitigate the urban heat islands effect (UHIE)." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017203006.

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For building applications, coatings are needed in order to obtain an attractive appearance and protection against the outdoor environments. Buildings are responsible for consumption of cooling energy. Cool coatings applied over buildings surface provide an effective solution for passive cooling of building indoors and influencing local outdoor microclimate, mitigating urban heat islands effect (UHIE). Cool coatings have to resistant to weathering and ageing. For this reason, we developed near infrared (NIR) reflective pigments with the aim to add in binder and obtaining a cool coating. A series of pigments displaying YIn0.9Mn0.1O3–ZnO stoichiometry was synthesized by sol-gel route. The dried gel precursor was calcined at different temperatures for 2h (650°C, 800°C and 850°C) to observe the formation of a light brown pigment and two different blue shades. Precursors and calcined final pigments were characterized by using physicochemical analyses. The colour of pigments was studied using CIE-2004 L*a*b* colorimetric method. The cooling effect of pigments and their thermal stability were confirmed by NIR reflectance measurements and TGA respectively.

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5

Szczucka-Lasota, B., T. Węgrzyn, Z. Stanik, J. Piwnik, and P. Sidun. "Selected Parameters of Micro-Jet Cooling Gases in Hybrid Spraying Process." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0105.

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Abstract The innovative technology, like thermal spraying with a micro-jet cooling is one of the important modification of classical ultrasonic spraying methods. Using of micro-stream with gases like argon or nitrogen allows to cool the coating immediately after spraying, and thereby reduce the time of transition during the injection of each layer. As a result of the process, the fine dispersive structure of coatings is obtained during the shorter time in comparable to the classical high velocity oxygen fuel process (HVOF). The parameter of process and the type of stream equipment determine the quality of the obtained structure and thermal stress in the coating. The article presents the relationship between selected parameters of hybrid process and properties of the coatings. The presented technology should be adapted to the actual production of protective coating for machines and construction working in wear conditions.

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6

Chen, Yujing, Kui Hu, and Shihao Cao. "Thermal Performance of Novel Multilayer Cool Coatings for Asphalt Pavements." Materials 12, no. 12 (June 13, 2019): 1903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12121903.

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Cool coatings are typically used to address high-temperature problems with asphalt pavements, such as rutting. However, research on the effect of the coating structure on the cooling performance remains a major challenge. In this paper, we used a three-layer cool coating (TLCC) to experimentally investigate the effects of the reflective layer, the emissive layer, and the thermal insulation layer on the cooling effect using a self-developed cooling effect evaluation device (CEED). Based on the test results, we further established temperature fields inside uncoated and coated samples, which were used to study how the TLCC affects the inner temperature field. Our results showed that the reflective layer was the main parameter influencing the cooling effect (8.18 °C), while the other two layers were secondary factors that further improved the cooling effect to 13.25 °C. A comparison of the temperature fields showed that the TLCC could effectively change the internal temperature field compared with the uncoated sample, for example, by reducing the maximum temperature inside, whose corresponding position was also deeper. As the depth increased, the cooling effect of the TLCC first increased and then decreased slowly. The results emphasize the importance of considering the effect of the coating structure on the cooling performance. This study provides a reference for effectively alleviating high-temperature distresses on asphalt pavement, which is conducive to the sustainable development of pavements.

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7

Mao, Qian Jin, Qiu Rui Lv, Shun Jie Sun, Su Ping Cui, and Zi Ming Wang. "Energy Savings Potential of Heat Reflective Coatings for Residential and Commercial Buildings in Beijing." Advanced Materials Research 1033-1034 (October 2014): 1194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.1194.

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Analyzed and calculated the energy savings of heat reflective coatings applied on multi-storied residential buildings and high-risen commercial buildings in Beijing. Some advices about the application of heat reflective coatings in northern cold region are given. Energy saving effect was evaluated with the building energy simulation in winter and summer while the heat reflective coating is applied on the surface of residential buildings and commercial buildings. Calculating results showed that the energy saving is the most optimal to the multi-storied buildings when the cool roof coatings is coated on the roofs and the glass heat reflective coating is applied on east and west windows. With the high-risen commercial building, the energy saving is noticeable when the glass curtain wall is coated with glass heat reflective coatings. The energy saving rate can reach a maximum of 13%.

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8

Wang, Zheng, Yugang Xie, Minghao Mu, Lichao Feng, Ning Xie, and Na Cui. "Materials to Mitigate the Urban Heat Island Effect for Cool Pavement: A Brief Review." Buildings 12, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081221.

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The urban heat island (UHI) effect has a significantly negative impact on the living environment in urban areas. Asphalt pavement is one of the most widely used infrastructures that absorbs solar energy, which leads to the UHI effect and premature failure. As a result, cool pavement technology has been rapidly developed in recent years to mitigate the UHI effect originating from asphalt pavement. Although several outstanding review articles have analyzed previous studies on cool pavement technologies, very few review articles have focused on how to design and expand cool pavement technology from a materials perspective. In this mini-review article, the theoretical and practical factors of the solar reflective coatings and phase-change materials, which are significantly dependent on the design of new materials, have been summarized. The main challenges and potential problem-solving ideas have been presented. In a cool pavement, the solar reflective coatings are composed of epoxy resin or acrylic polymer matrix filled with solar reflective nanoparticles, such as TiO2, SiO2, ZnO, Al2O3, or Fe2O3. The main challenges of the solar reflective coatings are the spalling of the coating polymers from the asphalt pavement surface and the dispersion of the solar reflective nanoparticle in the polymer matrix. Most importantly, it is critical to harmonize the balance between the bonding strength, aging rate, solar reflectance, curing requirements, mechanical properties, and durability of the solar reflective coating. For the nanofillers, the cost of the filler materials, the balance between UV, visible light, and near-infrared reflectance and the dispersion status of the nanofillers in the polymer matrix are the primary factors that must be concerned. For the phase-change materials (PCMs), the interaction between the asphalt and the PCMs, the decomposition of the PCMs, the toxicity of the PCMs, the distribution status of the PCMs in the asphalt matrix, and the cost are the main factors that have to be considered in constructions. This review article can not only provide basic knowledge for the development of new solar reflective pavement materials but also serve as a guide for practical applications of cool pavement in the field.

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9

Lu, Yang, Md Asif Rahman, Nicholas W. Moore, and Aidin J. Golrokh. "Lab-Controlled Experimental Evaluation of Heat-Reflective Coatings by Increasing Surface Albedo for Cool Pavements in Urban Areas." Coatings 12, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12010007.

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Many studies were conducted to find possible strategies for reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect during the hot summer months. One of the largest contributors to UHI is the role that paved surfaces play in the warming of urban areas. Solar-reflective cool pavements stay cooler in the sun than traditional pavements. Pavement reflectance can be enhanced by using a reflective surface coating. The use of heat-reflective coatings to combat the effects of pavements on UHI was pre-viously studied but no consistent conclusions were drawn. To find a conclusive solution, this work focuses on the abilities of heat-reflective pavement coatings to reduce UHI in varying weather conditions. Within this context, both concrete and asphalt samples were subject to a series of per-formance tests when applied to a heat-reflective coating, under the influence of normal, windy, and humid conditions. During these tests, the samples were heated with a halogen lamp and the surface temperature profile was measured using an infrared thermal camera. The air temperature was recorded with a thermometer, and the body temperature at multiple depths of the samples was measured using thermocouples. The results from these tests show that the effectiveness of the heat-reflective coating varies under different weather conditions. For instance, the coated samples were about 1 °C cooler for concrete and nearly 5 °C cooler for asphalt, on average. However, this temperature difference was reduced significantly under windy conditions. As such, the findings from this work conclude that the heat-reflective coatings can effectively cool down the pavement by increasing the surface albedo, and thus might be a viable solution to mitigate UHI impacts in the city/urban areas.

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10

Marcon, Leonardo, Antonella Chiuchiolo, Bernardo Castaldo, Hugues Bajas, Andrea Galtarossa, Marta Bajko, and Luca Palmieri. "The Characterization of Optical Fibers for Distributed Cryogenic Temperature Monitoring." Sensors 22, no. 11 (May 25, 2022): 4009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22114009.

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Thanks to their characteristics, optical fiber sensors are an ideal solution for sensing applications at cryogenic temperatures, such as the monitoring of superconducting devices. Their applicability at such temperatures, however, is not immediate as optical fibers exhibit a non-linear thermal response which becomes rapidly negligible below 50 K. A thorough analysis of such a response down to cryogenic temperatures then becomes necessary to correctly translate the optical interrogation readings into the actual fiber temperature. Moreover, to increase the fiber sensitivity down to a few kelvin, special coatings can be used. In this manuscript we described the thermal responses experimental characterization of four commercially available optical fiber samples with different polymeric coatings in the temperature range from 5 K to 300 K: two with acrylate coatings of different thickness, one with a polyimide coating and one with a polyether–ether–ketone (PEEK) coating. Multiple thermal cycles were performed consecutively to guarantee the quality of the results and a proper estimate of the sensitivity of the various samples. Finally, we experimentally validated the quality of the measured thermal responses by monitoring the cool down of a dummy superconducting link from room temperature to approximately 50 K using two fibers coated, respectively, in acrylate and PEEK. The temperatures measured with the fibers agreed and matched those obtained by standard electronic sensors, providing, at the same time, further insight in to the cool-down evolution along the cryostat.

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11

Chen, Mingxue, Wenqing Li, Shuang Tao, Zhenggang Fang, Chunhua Lu, and Zhongzi Xu. "A Pragmatic and High-Performance Radiative Cooling Coating with Near-Ideal Selective Emissive Spectrum for Passive Cooling." Coatings 10, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10020144.

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Radiative cooling is a passive cooling technology that can cool a space without any external energy by reflecting sunlight and radiating heat to the universe. Current reported radiative cooling techniques can present good outside test results, however, manufacturing an efficient radiative material which can be applied to the market for large-scale application is still a huge challenge. Here, an effective radiative cooling coating with a near-ideal selective emissive spectrum is prepared based on the molecular vibrations of SiOx, mica, rare earth silicate, and molybdate functional nanoparticles. The radiative cooling coating can theoretically cool 45 °C below the ambient temperature in the nighttime. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) aluminized film was selected as the coating substrate for its flexibility, low cost, and extensive production. As opposed to the usual investigations that measure the substrate temperature, the radiative cooling coating was made into a cubic box to test its space cooling performance on a rooftop. Results showed that a temperature reduction of 4 ± 0.5 °C was obtained in the nighttime and 1 ± 0.2 °C was achieved in the daytime. Furthermore, the radiative cooling coating is resistant to weathering, fouling, and ultraviolet radiation, and is capable of self-cleaning due to its hydrophobicity. This practical coating may have a significant impact on global energy consumption.

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12

Chang, Ho, Tien Li Chen, Yan Chyuan Wu, Kung Ching Cho, and He Jun Peng. "The Preparations and Characterization of Water-Based TiO₂ Nano-Coating." Applied Mechanics and Materials 52-54 (March 2011): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.52-54.343.

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This study proposes a new method—the ultrasonic vibration-assisted arc-submerged nanofluid synthesis system (VANSS). This method prepares for water-based TiO2 woodenware nano-coating and applies the nano-coating to medium density fiberboard (MDF) to measure the characteristics of the coatings on the woodenwares. For VANSS, water-based coating serves as dielectric fluid and anodes, while cathode electrodes use titanium rods (editor’s note: please check carefully and consider revising the above sentence. I’m confused by the multiple use of ‘and’ in this case). Electrodes soon vaporize under the influence of a high-temperature plasma arc and instantly condense into nanoparticles under the cool effect of low-temperature dielectric fluid to form Ti nano-coating with good suspension. Placed for two weeks, Ti nano-coating has transformed into TiO2 nano-coating. TiO2 nano-coating is applied to MDF to compare the coating with and without the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles. The results show that TiO2 nanoparticles have an average particle size of 20 nm. For the coating properties test, the results show that lightness rises from 49.7 to 69.32, increasing 39.5 % after the coating is added to the TiO2 nanoparticles. Chroma lowers from 37.1 to 33.3, decreasing 11.3 % after the coating is added to the TiO2 nanoparticles. However, hue difference is within 3 %, having little influence on vision. Adhesion enhances from 1B to 5B, increasing 4 grades when the aqueous polyurethane, AE-418, is added to the TiO2 nanoparticles; solvent resistance elevates from 46.3 % to 56.8 %, increasing 10.5 % after the coating is added to the TiO2 nanoparticles.

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13

Abidin, AHZ, RC Omar, R. Roslan, Hairin Taha, and KA Sanusi. "Natural Coating from VG2S in Reducing Surface Temperature." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.35 (November 30, 2018): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.23079.

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Urban heat island (UHI) is a condition where urban area experiences increase in temperature than rural area caused by the affect from the modification of land surfaces. In urban areas, roads are one of the main elements that contribute to UHI as roads are mostly paved with dark pavement. When pavements become hotter, the excess heat is radiated back into the atmosphere resulting in a higher surrounding temperature than those in rural areas. The objective of this study is to develop a new coating material for pavers from VG2S that can reduce surface heat. Two methods were used in this study, immersed and layered methods for comparing standard paver with new innovated paver with VG2S coating. FLIR thermal imaging camera and infrared thermometer gun are used for measuring surface heat. The surface heat result shows reduction in surface temperature by 5°C to 10°C compared to uncoated standard sample and white paint color pave sample (control) which are slightly lower by 1°C to 2°C from coating sample. The studies demonstrated that VG2S coating can be applied as cool coatings and contribute to a significant reduction of the cooling demand in warm climates.

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14

Saber, Hamed H., Ali E. Hajiah, Saleh A. Alshehri, and Hussain J. Hussain. "Investigating the Effect of Dust Accumulation on the Solar Reflectivity of Coating Materials for Cool Roof Applications." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020445.

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Cool roofs use reflective materials or coatings to reflect a portion of the incident solar radiation. This results in a lowering the surface temperature of the cool roof compared to black roofs, and thus helps reduce the cooling energy loads during the summer season. The research reported in this paper was conducted to assess experimentally and numerically the performance of cool and black roofs that were subjected to the hot, humid and dusty climate of Jubail Industrial City (JIC). This paper focused on characterizing one of the important properties of reflective coating material (RCM), which is its solar reflectivity. In this study, the effect of dust/dirt accumulation on the solar reflectivity of the RCM was investigated at different exposure times to the natural weathering conditions of JIC. The test results showed that dust and dirt can significantly contribute in reducing the solar reflectivity of the RCM. As such, a number of cleaning processes were conducted on the surface of the RCM so as to increase its solar reflectivity. The effect of each cleaning process on the solar reflectivity of the RCM was investigated. Finally, this paper provides a test protocol and procedure for characterizing the dust concentration/intensity on the surfaces of the RCM and cleaning this material after different exposure times to a natural and polluted climate.

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15

Wang, Bin, Zhen Yang, Dong Mei Zhou, and Pei Shan Zhou. "Microstructure and Wearability of Surface Coating of Fe-Based Amorphous Core Welding Rod." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 1384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.1384.

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Based on the classic formula of J507 coated electrode，the welding rods were prepared by adding Fe41Co7Cr15Mo14C15B6Y2 Fe-based amorphous alloy or HO8A as welding core. The surface coating on Q235 was made by manual electric arc welding with two kinds of welding rods,while Ar2 gas is used to cool the weld layer. The microstructure and wearability of welded joint and the coating layer were investigated by the means of metallographic analysis, SEM,XRD and M-2000 wear tester.The results show that the coating layer is in the amorphous state,and the wearability of surface coating with Fe-based amorphous core welding rod is better than another.

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16

Prachi Patel, special to C&EN. "Switchable smart window coating can heat or cool a room." C&EN Global Enterprise 100, no. 5 (February 7, 2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-10005-scicon2.

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17

Sameera, S., Viji Vidyadharan, Sajesh Sasidharan, and K. G. Gopchandran. "Nanostructured zinc aluminates: A promising material for cool roof coating." Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices 4, no. 4 (December 2019): 524–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsamd.2019.10.003.

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18

Anshul, Avneesh, Afsha Anjum Moinuddin, Amaanuddin M. Azad, Prashant Khera, Kamlesh Dehariya, Hemant Bherwani, Ankit Gupta, and Sunil Kumar. "Morphologically designed micro porous zeolite-geopolymers as cool coating materials." Journal of Hazardous Materials 398 (November 2020): 123022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123022.

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Luh Suriati and Ni Made Ayu Suardani S. "Edible Coating Base on Aloe Gel with Additives on Strawberry Fruit." SEAS (Sustainable Environment Agricultural Science) 4, no. 1 (April 26, 2020): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/seas.4.1.1685.18-25.

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The edible coating is biodegradable and sustainable packaging has come into attention since the past few decades as an effort to reduce packaging waste. On a landmark fruit, the edible application layer is used to reduce the occurrence of loss of moisture, improve appearance, acts as a barrier to the exchange of gases, as well as having functions as an antifungal and antimicrobial. In addition to extending shelf life can be eaten these many layers are used such as it does not endanger human health, can be eaten as well as easy to untangle nature. One of the natural ingredients that can be used such as a layer of edible is Aloe Vera. From the results obtained that the weight without warming treatment gel stored at cool temperatures is relatively constant, while to gel without or with the treatment of warming that is stored at room temperature a little decline. The reduction drastic invisible on the gel with the saved warming treatment in cold temperatures. Aloe gel good shaped pieces that are stored at room temperature has decreased the weight but that is stored on the cold temperatures are relatively stable. The aloe vera gel with warming and stored at cool temperatures until day 5 relatively stable, as seen from the variable weight shrinkage, color, pH, viscosity, and moisture content. While the gel is stored at room temperature decrease began day 2. Aloe Vera gel should be stored at cool temperatures with a sealed container. The best characteristics of Aloe Vera gel that treatment with sorbitol can extend the shelf life strawberry fruit. edible coating base on Aloe gel can be applied at post-harvest handling fruits.

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Meenakshi, Paraman, and Muthiah Selvaraj. "Bismuth titanate as an infrared reflective pigment for cool roof coating." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 174 (January 2018): 530–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2017.09.048.

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Wang, Wei, Xueyu Ren, Jiawang Chen, Xiaoqing Peng, Jin Guo, Ying Wang, and Yuan Lin. "Research on an Active Heat Insulation Device for the Hadal Sample." Marine Technology Society Journal 57, no. 1 (February 27, 2023): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.57.1.8.

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Abstract Since the temperature between 1,000 m and 11,000 m below the sea surface is between 2‐8°C, a thermal insulation measure is needed when taking samples of the deep sea to obtain the in-situ properties from the samples more accurately in laboratory tests. Most of the current deep-sea thermal insulation sampling devices use passive thermal insulation, and the thermal insulation effect of adding thermal insulation coating, vacuuming, and exterior coating thermal insulation materials in the sample device is not ideal. This study uses a Thermoelectric Cooler (TEC) to cool active heat preservation equipment. TEC has the characteristics of light weight, small size, rapid response, and cool high efficiency. The device has carried out a series of preliminary experiments in the laboratory, which shows that the temperature can be kept between 2‐4°C. Through experimental verification, it is found that this thermal insulation system can maintain the temperature of the sample chamber well. The device can be mounted on various underwater robots and landers to provide technical and equipment support for marine scientific research.

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Kassai-Szoó, Dominika, and András Zöld. "Cool Roofs vs Solar Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 824 (January 2016): 779–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.824.779.

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Well known problem of urban heat island is partly due to the albedo of traditional roofs. Mostexperts of urban climate are convinced that the intensity of urban heat island will be less if theroofs reflect as big part of the solar radiation as possible. Researchers have found or developedappropriate materials of low absorptance in the wavelength spectrum of solar radiation together with high emissivity in the long infrared interval. As a result, roof covering may have such extraparameters as metal roof painted with colored cool coating has 0.8 reflectance and 0.8 emittanceindex or single ply-membrane white (PVC) has 0.7 reflectance and 0.8 emittance index.No doubt taking into account the settlement as a whole cool roofs may decrease the intensity ofurban heat island however some local negative effect should not be forgotten. Approaching the citycenter it is typical that low rise and tall buildings are nearby. In some cases the same buildinghas high and low rise wings, from the point of view of geometry similar is the situation between thefacade and a canopy or a balcony. In this case the radiation reflect by the horizontal surfaceconsiderably increases the load on the facade, in this paper the relevant cases are analysed and thecalculated extra load and its consequences are evaluated.

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Lesado, Anumah,. "CLAY ROOFING TILE: A COOL ROOF?" Open Journal of Science and Technology 1, no. 1 (November 14, 2018): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/ojst.v1i1.151.

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The aim of this study is to determine if the clay roofing tile in its natural albedo can be considered â€œcoolâ€ in the thermal performance through a comparison of its surface temperature to a cool coated clay tile using the exposure rack method. It begins with highlighting the expectation (from review) of the thermal performance of a cool colored tile and comparing the surface temperature (maximum, mean and minimum) of the tiles. Day and night time temperature behaviors were also compared using graphs on excel software. A python t- test of means was also carried out to determine if there was any significant difference in the performance of the materials. It was found that the performance of the clay tile in its natural albedo is a cool tile in its thermal performance. The implication of this is a cost saving strategy. However, further research is needed as a form of coating may be needed in order to enhance its life span. A non- color coat whose only function is to protect the surface of the tile. This does not in any way disregard the use of coated tiles as user preference may still tend towards non- natural clay colored tiles, its purpose is to encourage informed cheaper methods of achieving cool roof strategies

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Yang, Guanglei, Bojiang Ma, Zhen Wang, and Chao Wang. "Effect of Ti-coating on cool welding of large-size diamond grits." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 116, no. 3-4 (June 28, 2021): 1133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07524-2.

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Sha, Aimin, Zhuangzhuang Liu, Kun Tang, and Pinyi Li. "Solar heating reflective coating layer (SHRCL) to cool the asphalt pavement surface." Construction and Building Materials 139 (May 2017): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.087.

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Srinath, M. K., and M. S. Ganesha Prasad. "Mathematical Modeling on the Residual Stresses in Coatings Due to Heat Treatments." Materials Science Forum 978 (February 2020): 514–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.978.514.

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Coatings are implemented on engineering metals and alloys to augment the surface properties such as hardness as well as resistance to wear and corrosion. Heat treatments of coated metals/alloys are performed to aid in the progress of the bonding of the coatings to the substrate. During the air cooling process, the difference in the compositions of the coating and the substrate materials causes them to cool at different rates, which leads to straining in them. The paper presents the research on the mathematical investigation to evaluate the residual stresses in coatings caused due to heat treatments and subsequent air cooling. The mathematical modelling is executed to formulate the equations to represent the residual stresses retained in the coatings due to the heat treatments and subsequent air cooling. Air cooling undergoes two stages namely the initial quenching phase and the final cooling phase. During the quenching phase, the strain was expressed by considering the elastic, plastic and thermal strain components. Poisson’s ratio, deviatoric stress differential of the modulus of plasticity, coefficient of thermal expansion and change in temperature are used to express the elastic, plastic and thermal strain components. During the final cooling phase, the strain was expressed by considering only the elastic and thermal stain components, as the plastic staining the coating material generally does not occur during the final cooling phase and occurs only during the initial quenching phase. From the strain components, the residual stresses for the coatings in the x, y and z axis were formulated. Thus, the total residual stress is the sum total of stresses caused during the initial quenching phase and the final cooling phase.

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27

Leinauer, Bernd, Matteo Serena, and Devesh Singh. "Seed Coating and Seeding Rate Effects on Turfgrass Germination and Establishment." HortTechnology 20, no. 1 (February 2010): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.20.1.179.

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A field experiment was conducted at New Mexico State University to investigate the effect of seeding rates and ZEBA polymer [starch-g-poly (2-propenamide-co-propenoic acid) potassium salt] seed coating on the germination and establishment of warm- and cool-season grasses, and cool-season blends and mixtures. Grasses were established at recommended and reduced (50% of recommended) seeding rates with coated and uncoated seeds under two irrigation regimes (98% and 56% reference evapotranspiration). With the exception of ‘Bengal’ creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera), the polymer coating did not improve germination of the turfgrasses tested 22 days after seeding (DAS). However, at the end of the establishment period (92 DAS), plots established with ‘Bengal’, Dunes Mix [mixture of ‘Hardtop’ hard fescue (Festuca longifolia), ‘Baron’ kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), ‘Barok’ sheep fescue (Festuca ovina)], ‘Panama’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), and Turf Sense™ [mixture of ‘Baronie’ kentucky bluegrass, ‘Barlennium’ perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), and ‘Barcampsia’ tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia cespitosa)] achieved greater coverage (based on visual estimations) when coated seed was used compared with uncoated seed. Establishment was greater for ‘Bengal’, Dunes Mix, ‘Panama’, Turf Sense™, and Turf Saver™ [blend of ‘Barlexas II’, ‘Barrington’, and ‘Labarinth’ tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea)] when normal seeding rates were applied compared with reduced seeding rates. ‘Barleria’ crested hairgrass (Koeleria macrantha) plots did not establish, regardless of the treatments applied. Results showed that seed coating has the potential to improve establishment at recommended and reduced seeding rates and can compensate for less favorable conditions such as reduced irrigation, reduced seeding rate, or for a combination of both. At the end of the establishment period, not all grasses achieved coverage greater than 50%. Further research over a longer establishment period is needed to determine if coated seed can be beneficial in achieving full coverage.

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Aoyama, Taizo, Takeshi Sonoda, and Hideki Takebayashi. "Study on the Accelerated Aging Test Method in the Development of a Self-Cleaning Topcoat for Cool Roofs." Atmosphere 11, no. 6 (June 8, 2020): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060605.

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The heat island phenomenon in urban areas has become a problem in the recent years. One measure to overcome this, which has been attracting attention, is painting the cool roof with a paint that has high solar reflectance. However, the solar reflectance has been reported to decrease over time owing to staining from the paint. Our investigations reveal that a self-cleaning paint, based on an acrylic silicone polymer, is effective in maintaining a high solar reflectance and preventing dirt from adhering. These evaluations have been conducted on the cool roof of an actual building by conducting a pollution test under outdoor exposure conditions. In this study, we investigated an accelerated aging test and reported the results. ASTM D7897-15 (ASTM method) is an accelerated pollution test method for cool roofs, which has been established in the United States. In Japan, a similar accelerated pollution test method exists for antifouling civil engineering materials introduced by the Public Works Research Institute in Japan (PWRI method). The ASTM method and PWRI method were compared by conducting a stain acceleration test using a self-cleaning- and conventional-type cool-roof coating. The substitutability of the exposure test, correlation with the exposure test, performance evaluation of the paint, and the effect of the difference in the pretreatment conditions were verified. The results of these tests were reported.

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Anak Guntor, Nickholas Anting, Mohd Fadhil Md Din, Mohanadoss Ponraj, and Kenzo Iwao. "Thermal Performance of Developed Coating Material as Cool Pavement Material for Tropical Regions." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 26, no. 4 (April 2014): 755–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0000859.

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30

Divya, S., and Subrata Das. "Eco-friendly Li3InB2O6 based red pigments for various IR blocking cool coating applications." Optical Materials 109 (November 2020): 110410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2020.110410.

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31

Pisello, Anna Laura. "Optic-Energy Performance of Innovative and Traditional Materials for Roof Covering in Commercial Buildings in Central Italy." Advanced Materials Research 884-885 (January 2014): 685–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.884-885.685.

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Innovative and traditional solutions for roof coating and urban paving are under development in order to study their effect both as passive cooling strategies for buildings and as effective tools for urban heat island mitigation. This paper deals with the optic-energy in-lab and numerical analysis of three materials used for roof covering and urban paving in Italy. Bitumen covering, cool painting and natural gravel covering are taken into account. Solar reflectance measurements shows that gravel optimize this property by more than 20% with respect to the bitumen covering of classic streets paving. The three materials are also evaluated in terms of roof covering in commercial buildings with flat roofs. Dynamic simulation results demonstrated that innovative cool membranes are able to optimize building year-round energy efficiency by 19.3%. Nevertheless, natural gravel covering produce important energy saving (15.6%) with respect to bitumen roof membrane configuration.

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32

Akbari, Hashem, Darryl Dickerhoff, and Josh Pollak. "The effect of a cool-coating on the thermal effectiveness of exposed exterior ducts." Energy and Buildings 39, no. 6 (June 2007): 681–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.06.013.

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33

Elakkiya, V., and Shanmugam Sumathi. "Ce and Fe doped gahnite: Cost effective solar reflective pigment for cool coating applications." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 820 (April 2020): 153174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153174.

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Dwivany, Fenny Martha, Ayesha Nilam Aprilyandi, Veinardi Suendo, and Nisrina Sukriandi. "Carrageenan Edible Coating Application Prolongs Cavendish Banana Shelf Life." International Journal of Food Science 2020 (August 28, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8861610.

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Banana is very important for both food and economic securities in many tropical and subtropical countries, because of its nutritional values. However, banana fruit is a climacteric fruit which has short shelf life, so an alternative method to delay its ripening is needed. Our group has used carrageenan as an edible coating to delay banana fruit ripening. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of carrageenan and storage temperatures on Cavendish banana shelf life and fruit quality was evaluated. The fruits were treated with 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% carrageenan and stored at two different temperatures, 26°C and 20°C. Carrageenan functional groups in banana peel samples as well as changes in surface structure of banana peel, color, weight loss, pulp to peel ratio, total soluble solid, and levels of MaACS1 and MaACO1 gene expression were analyzed. Result showed that the optimum condition to extend shelf life and maintain fruit quality was by treating the banana fruits with 1.5% carrageenan and storing them at a cool temperature (20°C). In addition, the result obtained from this study suggested that carrageenan can be used as edible coating to extend the shelf life of banana fruits (Musa acuminata AAA group).

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35

Chebanov, L., A. Kiyanovskiy, T. Chebanov, and I. Lyashenko. "Classification of greenhouses with flexible coating." Ways to Improve Construction Efficiency 1, no. 50 (November 11, 2022): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2707-501x.2022.50(1).125-136.

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The main types of modern greenhouses with a fence made of film (in one layer and double with an air layer) and polycarbonate are considered. Different methods of growing plants in natural and artificial substrates on trays, supports, and special tables are shown. The elements of galvanized constructions of complete factory readiness differ in height, span, pitch of columns, number and position of elm blocks. The structural features of such buildings and structures make it possible to create many volume-planning solutions for the implementation of various agronomic technologies when growing vegetables and flowers, as well as meeting the needs of production and sanitary and household needs of workers. Engineering and technological systems provide a comfortable micro-climate for plants at different times of the year. Passive ventilation is used (single and double butterfly type in the roof, in the side and end walls), as well as active with the possibility of air humidification The concept of energy saving allows you to store (accumulate) heat in the tanks (systems) of boiler houses, including during operation of boiler houses in the summer to obtain carbon dioxide. In greenhouses, pipes are arranged in the underground space to preserve the energy of warm air in winter and cool the air in summer. Special methods of cleaning drainage drains allow you to save and reuse nutrients during drip irrigation of various plants. The technology of building greenhouses involves the execution of works with sets of specialized machines, as well as universal machines with a set of interchangeable working bodies. For the mechanization of individual processes, special machines and mechanisms have been developed for welding of pipes, installation of foundations and elements of enclosing structures, etc.

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36

Sen, Sushobhan, Jeffery Roesler, Benjamin Ruddell, and Ariane Middel. "Cool Pavement Strategies for Urban Heat Island Mitigation in Suburban Phoenix, Arizona." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 17, 2019): 4452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164452.

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Urban areas are characterized by a large proportion of artificial surfaces, such as concrete and asphalt, which absorb and store more heat than natural vegetation, leading to the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. Cool pavements, walls, and roofs have been suggested as a solution to mitigate UHI, but their effectiveness depends on local land-use patterns and surrounding urban forms. Meteorological data was collected using a mobile platform in the Power Ranch community of Gilbert, Arizona in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area, a region that experiences harsh summer temperatures. The warmest hour recorded during data collection was 13 August 2015 at 5:00 p.m., with a far-field air temperature of about 42 ∘ C and a low wind speed of 0.45 m/s from East-Southeast (ESE). An uncoupled pavement-urban canyon Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was developed and validated to study the microclimate of the area. Five scenarios were studied to investigate the effects of different pavements on UHI, replacing all pavements with surfaces of progressively higher albedo: New asphalt concrete, typical concrete, reflective concrete, making only roofs and walls reflective, and finally replacing all artificial surfaces with a reflective coating. While new asphalt surfaces increased the surrounding 2 m air temperatures by up to 0.5 ∘ C, replacing aged asphalt with typical concrete with higher albedo did not significantly decrease it. Reflective concrete pavements decreased air temperature by 0.2–0.4 ∘ C and reflective roofs and walls by 0.4–0.7 ∘ C, while replacing all roofs, walls, and pavements with a reflective coating led to a more significant decrease, of up to 0.8–1.0 ∘ C. Residences downstream of major collector roads experienced a decreased air temperature at the higher end of these ranges. However, large areas of natural surfaces for this community had a significant effect on downstream air temperatures, which limits the UHI mitigation potential of these strategies.

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37

Horiashchenko, Serhiy Leonidovich. "Methodology of Measuring Spraying the Droplet Flow of Polymers from Nozzle." Mechanics 26, no. 1 (February 12, 2020): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.26.1.23169.

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With a purpose for textile material coating applications, a process of spraying the polymer flow is considered. The equipment for determining the polymer drop size is designed. The formulas for estimating the size of polymer droplets are validated. For controlling and measuring the polymer drop size in real time, the multi-frequency phase method is suggested to be used. Classification is needed to find a category, within which the measurement will be done. Photos of various particles are obtained while experiments of spraying polymers are conducted. The sizes of those particles are determined. It is ascertained with the laser measurement and the corresponding software that when polymer drops get onto a textile material, they cool rapidly. The quality of the material is maintained. For properly spraying the polymer, the pressure of 6 MPa and the nozzle diameter of 2 mm are sufficient. The structure of the textile material along with the coating is maintained best with these parameters.

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38

Wei, Shah Kwok. "Surface Modification of Silver Nanoparticles in Phase Change Materials for Building Energy Application." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 889–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.889.

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In this report, we propose a direct silica-coating technique to enhance the stability of silver nanoparticles as a doping additive to enhance the thermal conductivity phase change materials (PCM). Our experimental results show that a thin layer of silica can protect silver nanoparticles and help retain its intrinsic metallic properties, when subjected to harsh corrosive environments found in PCM media. Furthermore, PCM materials can be effectively used to cool the ambient temperature of a building room by up to ~1.2 degree Celsius. Our preliminary results demonstrate a real opportunity in air-conditioning energy-savings for buildings using enhanced PCM.

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Ghazali, Mariyam Jameelah, S. E. Mat Kamal, and Shahrum Abdullah. "Characterisations of Cu-Based Coated Al7075 via Plasma-Spray Technique." Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (January 2011): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.313.

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This work aims to characterise a Cu-based coating material on Al-7075 by using a plasma-spray technique in order to enhance the surface properties of components for automotive applications. Plasma-spray is a process for formation coating on substrates whereby a feedstock is rapidly heated to a molten or near-molten state, and a gas are use to propel the material toward suitably prepared substrate. The most prominent advantages of this method are virtually any coating material can be used and any substrate material can be coated with low thermal stress on substrate parts and high deposition rates [1]. The coating characteristic can be controlled by varying the process variables such as input powers, material feed rates, gas pressures, surface preparation of the substrate and spray distance [2]. The effect of crucial parameters like the electric power input to plasma, spray rate and substrate roughness were studied. The experiments of spraying were design using a 23 fractional factorial plan. The plan allows studying the effect of each factor on the response variables, as well as the effect of interactions between factors on the response variable at the least number of experiment runs. The coating layers have been characterised with respect to the structure by using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result indicates that sprayed particles cool and built up into pancake-like shapes splat, characteristic a plasma spray electric process products. It was found that the optimum parameters were obtained at a power of 24.6 kW, with a powder feed rate of 1 rpm and substrate roughness of 0.5µm.

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40

Rahmani, Fatemeh, Mark Alan Robinson, and M. R. Barzegaran. "Cool roof coating impact on roof-mounted photovoltaic solar modules at texas green power microgrid." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 130 (September 2021): 106932. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.106932.

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41

Saber, Hamed H. "Experimental characterization of reflective coating material for cool roofs in hot, humid and dusty climate." Energy and Buildings 242 (July 2021): 110993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110993.

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42

Ye, Changqing, Mingzhu Li, Junping Hu, Qunfeng Cheng, Lei Jiang, and Yanlin Song. "Highly reflective superhydrophobic white coating inspired by poplar leaf hairs toward an effective “cool roof”." Energy & Environmental Science 4, no. 9 (2011): 3364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0ee00686f.

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43

XIAO, HUI, XIANNA MENG, BINGYUE NIE, HAIYAN KANG, CONG LI, and YI WANG. "ENHANCING ADHESION STRENGTH AND WEAR PERFORMANCE OF ALCRN COATING ON COOL-WORK TOOL STEEL THROUGH INTRODUCING CRNX ADHESION LAYER." Surface Review and Letters 28, no. 09 (May 12, 2021): 2150079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x21500797.

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Hard thin coating directly deposited on soft steel substrate often suffers low adhesion strength and load-bearing capacity. In this work, CrN[Formula: see text]-type adhesion layers (ALs) were introduced between hard AlCrN coating and soft cool-work tool steel substrate to enhance the adhesion strength and wear performance. The microstructure of CrN[Formula: see text] ALs prepared with different nitrogen pressure and its influence on adhesion strength and tribological properties were investigated. The results show that with the nitrogen pressure increase from 0.5 Pa to 3.0 Pa, the phase transformation sequences occurring in ALs are: Cr + Cr2N [Formula: see text] Cr2N + CrN [Formula: see text] CrN. The adhesion strength increases with the increase of nitrogen pressure due to the formation of CrN which provides better load support resistance than the fragile Cr2N and soft Cr. In addition, the adhesion strength of the samples with ALs is always higher than that of the one without ALs. The improvement of adhesion strength for samples with CrN[Formula: see text]-type ALs is beneficial for improving wear resistance, especially at high wearing loads.

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44

ADE-ADEMILUA, O. E., and S. M. OLAWALE. "EXTENDING THE SHELF LIFE OF LOCAL MANGO FRUITS WITH HANDLING METHODS AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE." Nigerian Journal of Life Sciences (ISSN: 2276-7029) 6, no. 2 (November 1, 2016): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52417/njls.v6i2.320.

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This study is aimed at developing cost-effective methods of prolonging the shelf life of Magniferea indica L. (mango) fruits that were bought from farms in Oyo state to be sold in Lagos. Fruits were transported either under cool (23 - 26 ºC) or under warm (32 - 36 ºC) condition for about 5 hours from Ogbomosho, Oyo state to Akoka, Lagos state. Upon arrival in Lagos, fruits were either washed with tap water or left unwashed and then stored indoor or outdoor. Some of the washed fruits were treated with 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, 10.0% and 15.0% of calcium chloride solutions by dipping for 30 minutes. Transport under cool condition was able to prolong the shelf life of the mango fruits for 1.20 to 2.80 days depending on if the fruits were stored outdoor or indoor on arrival. Indoor storage further extended the shelf life of fruits for 0.65 to 2.25 days depending on how the fruits were transported. Calcium chloride coat of 5% had the highest shelf life extension of 14.25, increasing the shelf life of the fruits by 5 days. The combination of transport under cool condition, washing and coating with 5% calcium chloride and storing indoor was able to get the shelf life of the mango fruits to be 14.25 days as against the 3.80 days of fruits transported under warm condition, not washed, not coated and stored outdoor. Even without calcium chloride, combination of other handling methods still prolonged shelf life to 9.25 days

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Pisello, Anna Laura, Franco Cotana, and Lucia Brinchi. "On a Cool Coating for Roof Clay Tiles: Development of the Prototype and Thermal-energy Assessment." Energy Procedia 45 (2014): 453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.049.

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46

Athmani, Wafa, and Leila Sriti. "Impact of passive cooling techniques on the thermal behavior of residential buildings in hot and arid regions -An experimental study-." Journal of Building Materials and Structures 5, no. 1 (June 4, 2018): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.34118/jbms.v5i1.46.

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The thermal performance of the roof is one of the most important factors for a comfortable environment. As 50% of the thermal loads received by a building come from the roof, this research seeks to find the roofing system that opposes the transmission of heat during the hottest days and promotes indoor thermal comfort. In this regard, this paper presents an experimental study carried out on four (04) testing cells constructed on a reduced scale and submitted to climatic external conditions. Three (03) cells were used to test passive cooling strategies through the roof, namely: the cool roof, ventilated roof and a roof with inverted earth pots. The fourth cell that served as cell-reference, for its part, a conventional roof. The experimentation concerned the types of roofs most used in residential buildings in Biskra, Algeria. The measurements process was effectuated in an exposed field during the month of July, prevailing the metrological data of the hot and arid climate. The obtained results show that the use of the cool-roof technique makes it possible to record the lowest internal temperatures in comparison with the other systems. Thus, the reflective coating technique is capable of reducing the internal temperature from 3.33 °C to 4.80 °C, also the internal and external surface temperature of the roofs from 5.31 °C to 10.18 °C, respectively. These experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the "cool roof" technique as an innovative and efficient solution that contributes to the achievement of the comfort conditions in a hot and arid climate by eliminating heat gains through the roof.

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47

Sheemol, V. N., Peer Mohamed A, and S. Ananthakumar. "Optically Transparent Polymer Coating Embedded with IR Reflective Rare Earth Yellow Pigment: - Innovative Strategy for Cool Windows." Materials Today: Proceedings 9 (2019): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.02.033.

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48

Lee, Sang Heon. "Electrical Properties of Superconductive Thick Film Wires Obtained from a Melt Process." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 4944–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.19275.

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YBaCuO superconductive thick film wires were fabricated by employing a melt process with a peak temperature of 1100 °C. Transition temperature and peak critical current density of these YBaCuO superconductive thick film wires were 90 K and 3.5 × 104 A/cm2, respectively. Their magnetic lev-itation force measured at a temperature of 77 K with a permanent magnet was 65.45 N during magnetic cooling. The repulsion force in the case of field cooling was 10.12 N. A permanent magnet with surface magnetism of 5.25 kG was used to cool down superconductive specimens, from which magnetic force of 15.62% of peak magnetic field was trapped. A single crystal YBaCuO superconductive thick film wire was obtained after coating powders of raw materials from a melt process employed for the fabrication of YBaCuO superconductive thick film wire.

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49

Frota de Albuquerque Landi, Fabiana, Claudia Fabiani, and Anna Laura Pisello. "Experimental Winter Monitoring of a Light-Weight Green Roof Assembly for Building Retrofit." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 21, 2021): 4604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094604.

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Green roofs are a recurrent solution for improving environmental quality in buildings. Such systems can, among other things, reduce the urban heat island effect, improve indoor thermal comfort and visual quality, and reduce energy consumption in buildings, therefore promoting human comfort. This work presents the winter monitoring of a light-weight green roof assembly with the potential to be implemented in extensive urban areas. The green roof monitoring was compared to those of previous bituminous and cool-coating applications. Results show that the system was able to decrease heat losses maintaining a positive energy flow from solar radiation gains and a more constant indoor temperature. In a well-insulated construction, the impact during the cold season was discreet. However, compared to the reference building, a slightly lower indoor air temperature (about 1 °C) was registered.

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50

Liu, Pengfei, Xiangrui Kong, Cong Du, Chaohe Wang, Di Wang, and Markus Oeser. "Numerical Investigation of the Temperature Field Effect on the Mechanical Responses of Conventional and Cool Pavements." Materials 15, no. 19 (September 30, 2022): 6813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15196813.

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Conventional asphalt pavement has a deep surface color and large thermal inertia, which leads to the continuous absorption of solar thermal radiation and the sharp rise of surface temperature. This can easily lead to the permanent deformation of pavement, as well as aggravate the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Cool pavement with a reflective coating plays an important role in reducing pavement temperature and alleviating the UHI effect. It is of great significance to study the influence of temperature on the mechanical response of different types of pavement under vehicle loading. Therefore, this study examined the heat exchange theory between pavement and the external environment and utilized the representative climate data of a 24 h period in the summer. Two kinds of three-dimensional finite element models were established for the analysis of temperature distribution and the mechanical responses of conventional pavement and cool pavement. The results show that in this environmental condition, conventional pavement temperatures can exceed 50 °C under high temperatures in summer, which allows for the permanent deformation of pavement and further affects the service life of asphalt pavement. The temperature difference in a conventional pavement surface between 6 h (24.7 °C) and 22 h (30.2 °C) is much less than that between 22 h (30.2 °C) and 13 h (50.1 °C) in the summer. However, the difference in the vertical displacements of the pavement surface between 6 h and 22 h is much larger than that between 22 h and 13 h. One reason is that the difference in temperature distribution between the morning and night leads to changes in pavement structure stiffness, resulting in significant differences in vertical displacement. Cool pavement has a significant cooling effect, which can reduce the surface temperature of a road by more than 15 °C and reduce the vertical displacement of the pavement by approximately 11.3%, which improves the rutting resistance of the pavement. However, the use of cool pavement will not change the horizontal strain at the bottom of the asphalt base and will not improve the fatigue resistance of asphalt pavement. This research will lay the foundation for further clarifying the difference in the mechanical properties between the two types of pavements in the management and maintenance stage.

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