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1
Bratko, Iryna. "PROVIDING INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION ASSISTANCE IN CASE OF EMERGENCIES." Modern scientific journal 2, no. 2 (2023): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36994/2786-9008-2023-2-6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article examines the issue of international legal regulation of relations in the provision of telecommunication assistance within the framework of operations in emergency situations and liquidation of the consequences of natural disasters. The historical aspects of the formation of international legal regulation of the provision of telecommunication resources in emergency situations, the conditions of cooperation of states in the field of communication in emergency situations, aimed at mitigating and eliminating the consequences of natural disasters, are studied. Considered the importance of the Tampere Convention on the Provision of Telecommunication Resources for Disaster Mitigation and Relief Operations of 1998 (Tampere Convention) in the formation of such a component of humanitarian aid as telecommunication aid. The peculiarities of the activities of the International Telecommunication Union in the field of international telecommunication assistance are analyzed.
2
Mahoro, Jean Claude Geofrey, and Agus Pramono. "REGULATION OF RADIO FREQUENCY SPECTRUM AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW." Diponegoro Law Review 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dilrev.4.1.2019.21-33.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The radio frequency spectrum is a limited natural resource, which is very important and strategic in the operation of telecommunications. Considering that it is a limited natural resource, its management is regulated internationally by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), in which details are set out in the radio regulations (RR) as an integral part of the ITU Convention. The study is based on applicable legal regulations and is supported by literature studies. The results of the study indicate that the regulation of the radio frequency spectrum is based on radio regulations, international agreements within the ITU through the World Radio communication Conference forum. The implications of regulating the use of the radio frequency spectrum always take into account the general public needs for the dynamics of the progress in telecommunications technology, of which implementation of its utilisation rests in the principle of fairness and equity between regions, and efficiency. Therefore, all policies made are directed at creating a market balance, ensuring fair competition between telecommunication operators as a potential to prevent market dominance, as well as protecting consumers.
3
Agung, Bismo Jiwo. "PROTECTION OF CHILDREN’S PERSONAL DATA IN THE DIGITAL WORLD BASED ON NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK." Lampung Journal of International Law 1, no. 1 (August 11, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/lajil.v1i1.2020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The crime of children’s data in the digital world is one of the causes of the rampant crime of bullying, fraud, theft, sexual harassment, exploitation and abduction which leads to the trafficking of people who make children victims. The method used in this paper is a juridical-normative comparative legal research method. The result shows that the Convention on the Rights of Child Convention 1989 (CORC) does not regulate the personal data in the digital world comprehensively. So far, countries in the world, including Indonesia, have only relied on the international legal framework. It is recommended, including international guidelines issued by several international organizations such as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), and the International Telecommunication Union regarding the guidelines for parents and children in 2016. Indonesia already has a set of legal rules that are used as a basis for protecting children’s rights in the digital world. Based on these rules, the protection of children’s data in the digital world is included in the private and criminal domain. These Legal Frameworks show that the government is passive in protecting children’s data in the digital world because the responsibility of child safety and security when online is still focused on the parents or guardians of the child.
4
Jufri, Muhammad Ariq Abir, and Akbar Kurnia Putra. "Aspek Hukum Internasional Dalam Pemanfaatan Deepfake Technology Terhadap Perlindungan Data Pribadi." Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law 2, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 31–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/up.v2i1.11093.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimanakah aspek-aspek hukum internasional dalam pemanfaatan Deepfake Technology terhadap perlindungan data pribadi dan dampaknya terhadap hukum nasional Indonesia berdasarkan dengan Prinsip Hukum Social Engineering yaitu hukum diciptakan sebagai sedemikian rupa untuk mengarahkan perubahan ke arah yang lebih baik dan Social Controlling merupakan proses yang direncanakan untuk memaksa seseorang untuk mentaati kebiasaan, norma dan nilai hidup di masyarakat agar tidak terjadinya perilaku menyimpang dalam pemanfaatan teknologi Deepfake serta cara menyelaraskan aturan hukum internasional dengan prinsip Planning, Organizing, Actuating dan Controlling. Tipe penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif. Sumber data yang digunakan terdiri dari: a) bahan hukum primer, yaitu Convention 108+, Convention for the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Proccessing of Personal Data; Constitution and Convention of the International Telecommunication Union (with annexes and optional protocol). Concluded at Geneva on 22 December 1992; Undang-Undang Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 Tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik; b) Adapun bahan hukum sekunder yang digunakan berupa buku, artikel, jurnal penelitian, laporan penelitian, berbagai karya tulis ilmiah dan sebagainya yang dapat menunjang bahan hukum primer; c) Adapun bahan hukum tersier yang digunakan berupa kamus, wawancara, surat kabar, internet, dan sebagainya yang dapat menunjang bahan hukum primer dan sekunder.
5
Tuğrul, Nisa Özge Önal, Cennet Başer, Esra Ergün, Kamil Karaçuha, Vasil Tabatadze, Sebahattin Eker, Ertuğrul Karaçuha, and Kevser Şimşek. "Modeling of Mobile and Fixed Broadband Subscriptions of Countries with Fractional Calculus." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 23, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2022-0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Today, operators have become the resource of telecommunications data. Therefore, knowledge about subscriptions is easily available for most countries. In recent years, high-speed mobile internet access subscriptions are also increasing rapidly. There are two important subscriptions reviewed by The International Telecommunication Union (ITU): mobile broadband (MBB) subscriptions and Fixed broadband (FBB) subscriptions. In this study, we proposed an original mathematical model employing the fractional analysis theory and evaluate its validity by modeling the mobile broadband and fixed broadband subscriptions of six countries including France, Italy, Turkey, Germany, Spain, and the U.K. Later, we compared the Fractional Model we developed with the Polynomial Model. The results show that the Fractional Model is superior to the conventional Polynomial Model in modeling broadband subscriptions. For all selected countries, our proposed Fractional approach outperforms conventional polynomial regression. For all investigation categories, on average, the fractional approach works better by at least 10% and at most 30%.
6
Podkowik, Jan, Robert Rybski, and Marek Zubik. "Judicial dialogue on data retention laws: A breakthrough for European constitutional courts?" International Journal of Constitutional Law 19, no. 5 (December 1, 2021): 1597–631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/moab132.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In 2006 the European Union (EU) adopted a directive which imposed on telecommunication operators an obligation to store all the telecommunication data (data retention) and provide access to retained data to state authorities in order to combat serious crime. The new legislation had to been implemented by all EU Member States. Immediately after the directive was issued, it triggered controversy. Substantial reservations against this measure had been confirmed by five European constitutional courts already within the first eight years since its introduction. In 2014 the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) also acknowledged those reservations. Since then, further European constitutional courts invalidated domestic legislation on data retention. This jurisprudence posed a unique research opportunity to verify whether a genuine judicial dialogue within the varied legal systems occurred in the EU. In this article we analyze jurisprudence of constitutional courts, CJEU, and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) on data retention. We identify interactions between domestic and international standards of privacy protection. The main method employed is a comparative study of all the judgments (following their translation) along with a simultaneous analysis of the common EU regulatory framework that all of those judgments challenged. A pivotal finding was an identification of three basic models clearly describing approaches taken by the constitutional courts involved. As the basis for our models, we used the approach of constitutional courts to two pan-European courts: ECtHR and CJEU. We claim that the analyzed jurisprudence constituted an important building block in the construction of a constitutional tradition relating to the protection of privacy based on the European Convention of Human Rights. Existence of this tradition led to the 2014 CJEU judgment (and to subsequent judgments of national constitutional courts).
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Napetvaridze, Vladimeri, and Archil Chochia. "Cybersecurity in the Making – Policy and Law: a Case Study of Georgia." International and Comparative Law Review 19, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 155–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2019-0019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Summary The given article is an evaluation of the implementation and development of Georgia’s cybersecurity policy, and its influence on Georgia’s global cybersecurity index. The study covers the period from 2008 to 2018. In 2008 Georgia became one of the first victims of hybrid warfare. During the August 2008 Russo-Georgian war, Georgian government websites were attacked by hackers affiliated with Russia. In the given period, cybersecurity was not the priority direction for Georgia, therefore government portals were easy targets for cybercriminals and the government couldn’t prevent the cyberattacks. After 2008, the government decided to develop a state cybersecurity policy. In 2012 the country ratified the Council of Europe’s cybersecurity convention. At the same time, the “Law of Georgia on Information Security” which had become a basic document of the cybersecurity state policy implementation, had been adopted. The document was followed by a cybersecurity strategy. During the following years, based on cybersecurity strategy document, Georgia implemented 2 action plans and defined the relevant state agencies responsible for “cyber safety” of the country. As a result of the reforms, in 2017, according to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Cybersecurity Global Index, Georgia has been ranked among the top ten countries. The given article is a chronological description of a Georgian cyberpolicy and cybercapabilities evolution. It includes cases of organized cybercrime carried out against the state and examples of the development of Georgian cybersecurity policy which was reflected on the global international cybersecurity index of the country.
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Abdulkarim, Yadgar I., Lianwen Deng, Halgurd N. Awl, Fahmi F. Muhammadsharif, Olcay Altintas, Muharrem Karaaslan, and Heng Luo. "Design of a Broadband Coplanar Waveguide-Fed Antenna Incorporating Organic Solar Cells with 100% Insolation for Ku Band Satellite Communication." Materials 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13010142.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A broadband coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed monopole antenna based on conventional CPW-fed integration with an organic solar cell (OSC) of 100% insolation is suggested for Ku band satellite communication. The proposed configuration was designed to allow for 100% insolation of the OSC, thereby improving the performance of the antenna. The device structure was fabricated using a Leiterplatten-Kopierfrasen (LPKF) prototyping Printed circuit board (PCB) machine, while a vector network analyzer was utilized to measure the return loss. The simulated results demonstrated that the proposed antenna was able to cover an interesting operating frequency band from 11.7 to 12.22 GHz, which is in compliance with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Consequently, a 3 GHz broadband in the Ku band was achieved, along with an enhancement in the realized gain of about 6.30 dB. The simulation and experimental results showed good agreement, whereby the proposed structure could be specifically useful for fixed-satellite-services (FSS) operating over the frequency range from the 11.7 to 12.22 GHz (downlink) band.
9
Tseng, Hsien Wei, Yang Han Lee, Chih Yuan Lo, Chao Chung Huang, Ming Hsueh Chuang, and Yih Guang Jan. "Analysis, Selection and Control of Optimal Driving Current Combinations in Wavelength Switching for DBR Lasers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 2593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.2593.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper we exploit a basic type of three-stage Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) laser that by adjusting its input driving currents in the tri-electrode to generate signals with wavelengths that are in the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)-Band. Many driving current combinations can generate the same ITU wavelength; we will consider in this paper the situation when the input currents are restricted within certain range and to find for all those input current combinations that generate output signals with wavelengths locating in the ITU defined wavelength range. And we will through simulations to determine which set of current combinations will generate the shortest switching time. We will also propose a new current control method, when we know in advance the signal will be switched to certain band, to determine the best current switching combinations that resulting in faster and shorter switching time than that of the conventional system structure which has the drawback that it has only one fixed current combinations for each channel.
10
Petrović, Goran. "Article: View on Regulations Concerning Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) Service in Civil Aviation." Air and Space Law 49, Issue 2 (April 1, 2024): 217–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2024018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article presents the overall regulatory environment related to the provision of Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) services in civil aviation. Through the evolution of international standards established by the Chicago Convention and through the development of CNS services, insight was given into the importance ofCNSservices in ensuring safe and efficient air traffic.The functions of the CNS system are presented and explained, as well as the key contribution of international organizations such as ICAO and International Telecommination Union (ITU) in the development of these services. Through research on the complexity of CNS services, the evolution in the past decades, the text explains the legal aspects related to civil aviation, but also international telecommunications and space activities that are related to civil aviation. The legal framework that regulates space activities, that is, the use of satellites in air traffic management, is especially covered. airspace (CNS/ATM). ICAO initiatives are additionally addressed, particularly the integration of satellite technology through Future Air Navigation Systems (FANS) and the legal significance of resolutions such as A32-19 on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) services from the 1998 Rio Conference. The narrative further examines the implementation of CNS/ATM concepts, legal considerations in air-ground communications, harmonization efforts, and the consolidation of resolutions for effective global implementation. The text concludes by highlighting ICAO’s ongoing commitment to align technological advancements with legal frameworks, promoting the seamless utilization of CNS/ATM systems worldwide. The significance of regional and national regulations, with a focus on European CNS regulations, is underscored for enhancing air traffic safety and fostering the development of CNS services. CNS Services, Chicago Convention, ICAO international standards, Annex 10, ICAO resolutions, CNS/ATM, ITU, FANS, GNSS, regional and national regulations
11
Morozova, Elina. "All-Electric Satellites Seek Equal Rights in Space." Air and Space Law 41, Issue 3 (May 1, 2016): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2016017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lately, satellite operators have been showing growing interest in all-electric satellites, which help slash the total budget of a satellite program and make the use of the radio frequency spectrum more efficient. However, due to certain technological features of electric propulsion sub-systems, it takes more time to move an all-electric satellite to its destination after the launch compared to a conventional chemically propelled satellite. Considering that the terms for putting various types of satellites into operation differ, while regulatory deadlines for bringing frequency assignments into use are the same for all types of satellites, the factor of time becomes a formidable obstacle preventing a wide use of all-electric satellites. At the same time, a rational, equitable, efficient, and economical use of the radio frequency spectrum is one of the tasks of the International Telecommunication Union and its Member States are encouraged to apply the latest technical advances as soon as possible. Will this United Nations specialized agency for information and communication technologies be able to respond to the current needs of the world space industry and secure all-electric satellites equal rights in outer space?
12
Munters, Ward, and Philip De Man. "Reciprocal Limits to the Freedom to Use Outer Space by All States: Common but Differentiated Responsibilities?" Air and Space Law 43, Issue 1 (February 1, 2018): 21–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2018003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDRs) imputes common responsibility for global problems to all States, while recognizing that variegated levels of responsibility exist for different groups of countries. While the principle of CBDRs is explicitly recognized in international environmental law, it is a staple of sustainable development law that may also be implicitly contained in treaties that establish identical treatment for all parties, while allowing for divergences in the application of their key principles for different States. The present article wishes to initiate a discussion on the question of whether the fundamental principles of international space law may be interpreted as an implicit codification of the principle of CBDRs. In particular, it aims to determine the relation between the concept of variegated levels of responsibility as a core component of CBDRs and the reciprocally phrased limits to the freedom to use outer space ‘on a basis of equality’ for the benefit of all countries, ‘irrespective of their economic and scientific development’, all the while avoiding potentially harmful interference in their activities. Further, the article aims to assess the basis on which different levels of responsibility may be attributed to different groups of States in space law. In so doing, it will identify a number of indicators in the relevant UN and International Telecommunication Union (ITU) conventions that appear to support a flexible system of variegated responsibilities, in line with the pragmatic approach to CBDRs in the 2015 Paris Agreement. These indicators will focus on possible applications of the CBDRs principle in the areas of resource exploitation and space debris, specifically.
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Al Morshid, Sami Al Basheer. "International Telecommunication Union." International Journal of Digital Televison 1, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jdtv.1.3.367_7.
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Godinho, Myron Anthony, Sameera Ansari, Guan Nan Guo, and Siaw-Teng Liaw. "Toolkits for implementing and evaluating digital health: A systematic review of rigor and reporting." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 28, no. 6 (February 23, 2021): 1298–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocab010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Objective Toolkits are an important knowledge translation strategy for implementing digital health. We studied how toolkits for the implementation and evaluation of digital health were developed, tested, and reported. Materials and Methods We conducted a systematic review of toolkits that had been used, field tested or evaluated in practice, and published in the English language from 2009 to July 2019. We searched several electronic literature sources to identify both peer-reviewed and gray literature, and records were screened as per systematic review conventions. Results Thirteen toolkits were eventually identified, all of which were developed in North America, Europe, or Australia. All reported their intended purpose, as well as their development process. Eight of the 13 toolkits involved a literature review, 3 did not, and 2 were unclear. Twelve reported an underlying conceptual framework, theory, or model: 3 cited the normalization process theory and 3 others cited the World Health Organization and International Telecommunication Union eHealth Strategy. Seven toolkits were reportedly evaluated, but details were unavailable. Forty-three toolkits were excluded for lack of field-testing. Discussion Despite a plethora of published toolkits, few were tested, and even fewer were evaluated. Methodological rigor was of concern, as several did not include an underlying conceptual framework, literature review, or evaluation and refinement in real-world settings. Reporting was often inconsistent and unclear, and toolkits rarely reported being evaluated. Conclusion Greater attention needs to be paid to rigor and reporting when developing, evaluating, and reporting toolkits for implementing and evaluating digital health so that they can effectively function as a knowledge translation strategy.
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V. V., Novitskyi. "Political and legal mechanisms for the protection of human rights through the lens of the European Union countries." Almanac of law: The role of legal doctrine in ensuring of human rights 11, no. 11 (August 2020): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2020-11-32.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The author of the article, first of all, draws attention to the current problems of protection and protection of human rights, which unfortunately are traced within the territorial jurisdiction of the European Union. Such problem is quite well demonstrated by Berbel Koffler, as the Commissioner of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany on human rights and humanitarian aid policy. Indeed, the Ombudsman of Germany has raised a number of deep dilemmas: violence against human rights defenders on the grounds of their professional activity, the relation of human rights institutions with public security and economic development. In fact, these questions, in varying percentages, are equally relevant to many countries in the world. In the outlined context, the case of the European Court of Human Rights “Gabriel Weber and Caesar Richard Saravia v. Germany” of 29.06.06 was analyzed. Actually, this case covers directly the issues of human rights and national security of Germany. Grounds for initiating this case have arisen in connection with the legislative provisions of the Law of Germany on the Restriction of the Secret of Correspondence, Mail and Telecommunications of 13.08.68., ("Law G-10"), taking into account changes made under the Anti-Crime Act of 28.10.94, which extend the powers of the Federal Intelligence Service, within the so-called strategic monitoring. It is about collecting information by listening to telephone conversations in order to identify and prevent serious threats to the Federal Republic of Germany, such as: armed attacks on its territory, international terrorist attacks, other serious crimes. According to the applicants who worked as journalists, strategic monitoring can be used against individuals to prevent effective journalistic investigations. In view of these suspicions, the applicants argued that they had violated the human rights guaranteed by the Convention, such as the right to privacy and correspondence, the violation of press freedom, and the right to an effective remedy. The ECHR Judges, having examined the circumstances of the case, concluded that there were no grounds to satisfy the complaints on the basis of the following arguments: 2) German legislation, as part of strategic monitoring, is endowed with adequate and effective safeguards against abuse by authorized entities. In addition, the article analyzes the multi-vector issue of banning citizens of some European Union countries from wearing hats that completely or partially hide their faces. The fact is that, under such restrictions, in particular, the traditional clothing of women adherents of Islam has fallen. It is a “burqa” and a “niqab”. The presented study is mainly based on the legislative practice of France, Belgium, which provides for administrative as well as criminal penalties for non-compliance with the stated prohibition. In such cases as S.А.С. France, Belkacemi and Oussar v. Belgium, Dakir v. Belgium, the applicants, alleged that they had violated the human rights guaranteed by the Convention, including: the right to respect for their private life; the right to freedom of expression of one's religion or belief; the right to freedom of expression; the right to freedom of association; humiliating treatment and discrimination against the enjoyment of the abovementioned human rights. According to most ECHR judges, who have dealt with the said cases, the disputed prohibition is not necessary in a "democratic society for public safety" but its main task is to preserve the conditions of "cohabitation" as an element of "protection of the rights and freedoms of others." In the context of this debate, attention was paid indirectly to such EU Member States as: Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Latvia, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Denmark, Switzerland. Keywords: human rights, legal guarantees, security, privacy.
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Mosco, Vincent, and Mary Louise McAllister. "Canada and the International Telecommunication Union." International Journal 42, no. 2 (1987): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40202453.
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Mosco, Vincent, and Mary Louise McAllister. "Canada and the International Telecommunication Union." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 42, no. 2 (June 1987): 320–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002070208704200205.
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McCormick, Patricia. "Private sector influence in the International Telecommunication Union." info 9, no. 4 (July 3, 2007): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14636690710762147.
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Siblesz, Hugo H. "The International Telecommunication Union and its Legal Structure." Netherlands International Law Review 36, no. 03 (December 1989): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165070x00009062.
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Shahin, Jamal. "The European Union’s Performance in the International Telecommunication Union." Journal of European Integration 33, no. 6 (October 24, 2011): 683–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2011.606691.
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Moorhead, Simon. "Revisiting the 1965 Centenary of the International Telecommunication Union." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v11n1.719.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Journal republishes an historic paper from 1965 by Richard (Dick) Butler, later to become Secretary General (1983–1989) of the International Telecommunication Union, on the ITU and its influence on telecommunications standardisation in Australia during in its first century (1865–1965).
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Pirmagomedov, R. "APPROACHING TRUSTED TESTING OF NETWORKS WITH THE USE OF PROBES." Telecom IT 7, no. 1 (2019): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31854/2307-1303-2019-7-1-52-59.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents a system-level architecture and signaling procedures of the system enabling trusted testing of telecommunication networks utilizing probes. The described system relies on the ongoing work of Study Group 11 at the International Telecommunication Union. The paper also includes testing profiles description, results storing, and users’ access to the results. In a nutshell the considered approach allows for the testing system to operate as a “black box” recording all required network events on the user side. The results of such testing can be further used for resolving disputes between stakeholders. The system discussed in this paper is rely on current work items of Q9/11 of International Telecommunication Union (Standardization sector).
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Orji, Uchenna Jerome. "The African Union Convention on Cybersecurity: A Regional Response Towards Cyber Stability?" Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology 12, no. 2 (September 17, 2018): 91–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/mujlt2018-2-1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Following the liberalization of telecommunication markets in African States, and the increasing availability of wireless technologies and broadband capacity, the levels of Internet penetration and ICT access in Africa has continued to grow in a phenomenal manner since the beginning of the new millennium. Internet use statistics indicate that Africa’s Internet user population grew from about four and a half million people in 2000 to about 400 million people in December, 2017. However, widespread ICT access and Internet penetration in Africa has also raised concerns over the need to promote cybersecurity governance and cyber stability across the continent. This prompted the African Union to establish a regional cybersecurity treaty, known as the African Union Convention on Cyber Security and Personal Data Protection, in June, 2014. The Convention imposes obligations on Member States to establish legal, policy and regulatory measures to promote cybersecurity governance and control cybercrime. This article analyzes the nature and scope of the cybersecurity governance obligations under the Convention and examines how the adoption of the Convention can promote cyber stability in the African region. In so doing, the paper also examines the challenges impeding the application of the Convention as a framework for promoting regional cyber stability in Africa. The paper identifies the slow pace of Member State ratification and the absence of effective regional coordination as some of the major reasons why the Convention has not been effectively applied as a framework for promoting regional cyber stability. Therefore, the paper makes a case for the establishment of a regional monitoring mechanism within the AU framework to improve the regional harmonization of cybersecurity governance frameworks, and harness the application of the Convention as a framework for promoting regional cyber stability.
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O. Melnikova. "International Telecommunication Union: Technical Regulator or Arena for New Confrontation?" International Affairs 67, no. 005 (October 31, 2021): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21557/iaf.70884101.
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Iwata, Hideyuki. "Results of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Plenipotentiary Conference 2018." NTT Technical Review 17, no. 4 (April 2019): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.53829/ntr201904gls.
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Fidler, David P. "Final Acts of the World Conference on International Telecommunications." International Legal Materials 52, no. 3 (June 2013): 843–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/intelegamate.52.3.0843.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
On December 14, 2012, member states of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) approved the Final Acts of the World Conference on International Telecommunications. The ITU is the specialized agency of the United Nations fostering cooperation on information and communication technologies, and, through world conferences, it periodically revises the International Telecommunication Regulations (ITRs), a treaty the ITU adopted in 1988 However, in December 2012, the Final Acts, the manner in which they were approved, and the World Conference proved controversial, and these controversies will adversely affect the impact of the Final Acts and the revised ITRs on international telecommunications law.
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Nielsen, Peter Arnt. "The Hague Judgments Convention." Nordic Journal of International Law 80, no. 1 (2011): 95–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181011x547207.
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AbstractThe Hague Judgments Convention of 2005 is the first global convention on international jurisdiction and recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters. The author explains the political and legal background of the Convention, its content and certain crucial issues during the negotiations of it. Finally, the author discusses the perspectives for international trade given that, in 2009, the USA and the European Union signed the Convention.
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Siocos, C. "The International Telecommunication Union and Broadcasting from Satellites - A Brief Review." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 3, no. 1 (January 1985): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.1985.1146160.
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Milos Poliak, Jana Tomicova, Marek Jaskiewic, Pawel Drozdziel, and Natalia Lakhmetkina. "Identification of Neutralization of the CMR Documents in European Union Conditions." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 22, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2020.4.28-34.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Year 1956 was an important year for international road and freight transport. By this year Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR) was made. The basic purpose of the Convention was to unify the rules in the international carriage of goods and thereby promote development of international trade. From the practical point of view, this was very important for both carriers and transporters. This Convention also describes the most important document in the international carriage of goods, which includes the consignment note of CMR as well. Recently this document is often associated with the term neutralization. Objective of this article was to clarify the meaning of this phrase in transport. In addition, the aim was to find out in what range carriers have real experience with neutralization of the consignment note of the CMR during the transport, for what types of goods and on what types of routes is the neutralization being used the most.
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Wouters, Jan, and Sanderijn Duquet. "The EU and International Diplomatic Law: New Horizons?" Hague Journal of Diplomacy 7, no. 1 (2012): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187119112x609185.
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Summary The European Union has a unique sui generis status on the international plane, which is reflected in its capability to enter into diplomatic relations with third states and international organizations. Over nearly six decades, the European Union (EU) has gradually built its own worldwide bilateral and multilateral diplomatic network, which is made subject — through specific agreements with the host country — to the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. The ‘Union delegations’ are now operating as the diplomatic missions of the EU as a whole, in contrast to the former Commission delegations. This article examines the relationship between the EU and international diplomatic law. How does the EU establish and conduct diplomatic relations? What legal instruments are being used? How do the Vienna Convention and customary diplomatic law come into play? What is the exact legal status of EU ambassadors and diplomatic staff? By critically analysing these issues, this article assesses the specific contribution the EU makes to the further development of international diplomatic law.
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Moskal, Anna. "Mechanizm współpozwania w świetle przystąpienia Unii Europejskiej do Konwencji o ochronie praw człowieka i podstawowych wolności." Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne 24 (September 24, 2018): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1733-5779.24.5.
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The co-respondent mechanism in the view of accession of the European Union to the European Convention of Human RightsFor the past seventy years there have been discussions and activities on the accession of the European Union to the European Convention on Human Rights. The ratio of the Union’s accession to the Convention is a need to harmonize the European system of protection of individual rights. There are numerous problems and obstacles to achieve this goal created by the specific, supra-national character of the Union sui generis. It requires the introduction of unique mechanisms and procedures that would allow an international organization such as the EU to become a party to the Convention. One such procedure is provided in art. 3 of the draft agreement, the co-respondent mechanism of the European Union and the Member State in proceedings under the European Court of Human Rights. The purpose of the article is to present the allegations of the Court of Justice, assess their validity and indicate possible future solutions regarding the co-respondent mechanism. After analyzing the European Commission’s request for an opinion on the compliance of the draft agreement with community law, the CJEU considered the draft as incompatible with EU law and listed ten issues that prevented the Union from joining the Convention in the proposed form. Among them, as many as three points refer to the corresponding mechanism and concern in particular the decision on the validity of the conclusions of the Union or a Member State by the Strasbourg Court, accepting joint liability and deciding on the division of responsibility between the Union and the Member State. In the article dogmatic method was used in order to analyze three aforementioned points. Due to the provision of art. 218 par. 11 p. 2 TFEU, the Commission is bound by the opinion of the Court of Justice, and that the presented draft agreement cannot constitute an international agreement allowing for the accession of the Union to the Convention in the proposed form.
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Mamishova, N. Sh. "WITHDRAWAL FROM THE ISTANBUL CONVENTION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EUROPEAN INTEGRATION ASPIRATIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF TÜRKIYE." International and Political Studies, no. 35 (November 10, 2022): 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2707-5206.2022.35.263641.
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The Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence opened for signature in 2011 in Istanbul, Türkiye, and has been known as the most comprehensive international agreement advocating the prevention, prosecution, and elimination of violence against women and domestic violence. As of September 2022, 44 CoE member states, including all the EU countries, as well as the European Union itself as an international organization, are signatories to the Convention. The 2017 official signing of the Convention by the EU as a whole testified to the acceptance by Brussels of the former’s role as of an authoritative international legal instrument establishing all-European norms in this area. The degree of Türkiye’s involvement in its instrumentalization naturally derives from the international agreement’s unofficial name – the Istanbul Convention. The Republic of Türkiye was the first country to sign the Convention in 2011 with a unanimous vote of the parliament, and later in 2012 expressed its consent to be bound hereby. The decision of President Erdoğan to denounce the international agreement bearing the name of Türkiye’s largest city, adopted in 2021, has caused surprise and concern amid the international political and human rights community. The European Union was no exception; the move has been interpreted as a negative signal in terms of the state’s commitment to its obligations to ensuring the rights of women and girls, as well as guaranteeing basic human rights, democracy, and the rule of law at large, given Türkiye’s status of EU membership candidate. Meanwhile, the so-called Istanbul Convention has not yet passed the ratification procedure in individual EU countries, as well as within the European Union per se. Likewise, the Convention’s international legal stance remains volatile since most participating states have granted it the status as part of national legislation with a number of reservations. This article addresses the following question: whether Türkiye’s withdrawal from the Istanbul Convention may be considered a demonstrative political message of official Ankara impeding the country’s European integration aspirations.
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Cukanov, Leonid. "Saudi Arabia National Cyber Security System: Specificity and Development Risks." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 2021, no. 4 (January 12, 2022): 435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2021-6-4-435-443.
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The research featured the national cybersecurity system of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The cybersecurity standards developed by the International Telecommunication Union of the United Nations made it possible to reveal the institutional and legal foundations of the digital security system, as well as the degree of involvement in international cybersecurity cooperation. The analysis demonstrated the key risks of the development of the Saudi cyber model. The assessment by the International Telecommunication Union standards gave quite positive results. However, Saudi Arabia proved to adhere to a catching-up development model and still experiences some problems with national cyberspace security. Some are of global nature, e.g. legislation gaps, while others result from the specifics of the national model of state governance. The most obvious risks include the imbalance between the civil and military sectors, the disagreements between various regions, and the poor integration of the local hacker community into the overall structure of national cybersecurity. Saudi Arabia plans to eliminate these imbalances in the medium term in order to build an integrated cybersecurity system by expanding its international cooperation.
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Kennett, Wendy, and Wendy Kennett. "II. The Brussels II Convention." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 48, no. 2 (April 1999): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300063326.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The other development under the justice and home affairs pillar of the Union relevant to European civil procedure is the so-called Brussels II Convention: the Convention on Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Matrimonial Matters signed on 28 May 1998. This Convention continues the work of the 1968 Brussels Convention by extending similar principles to the field of matrimonial matters. The earlier Convention is seen as the general convention and the 1998 Convention as a lex specialis which follows the principles of the earlier Convention as far as possible.
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Robinson, Brian. "Radio Astronomy and the International Telecommunications Regulations." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 196 (2001): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900164125.
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For forty years radio astronomers have had access to frequency bands allocated by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) - initially a League of Nations body (from 1919) and then a United Nations body (since 1945). Hard work and skilful negotiation by a handful of radio astronomers since 1959 have ensured viable access to scarce spectral allocations. There have been many battles won, some key battles lost. The next treaty conference of the ITU is in the year 2000.
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Panasiuk, Olexandr, Larysa Grynko, and Anna Prokhazka. "The right to private communication using telecommunication means: National and international legal aspects of protection." SHS Web of Conferences 68 (2019): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196801021.
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Today's challenges dictate the need to strengthen the national and international legal mechanisms for the protection of personal data and the right to private communication. However, considered rights are not absolute. Legitimate restriction of guaranteed rights is possible, since these means of communication are a powerful tool in the investigation and disclosure of hard/very hard crimes, including transnational ones, especially considering the terrorist threats to Ukraine and other European countries. The possibility of restricting human rights, arising from the guarantees enshrined in the European Convention on Human Rights and consistently enshrined in the ECHR, demands from the state the least compulsory guarantee while interfering with the rights of individuals – to act “in accordance with the law”. Law protection of personal data and right to privacy are researched in the context of peculiarities of conducting investigative (search), secret investigative (search) and other procedural actions in criminal proceedings, which concern access to some telecommunication means (e.g., smartphones). Taking into account different functional purposes of technical means of telecommunication, access and collecting of evidence contained therein, should be carried out on a case-to-case basis, in a different procedural form, considering specifics of telecommunication technologies in each particular case.
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Schuster, Dusan B. "International telecommunication union - Challenges for the plenipotentiary 2014 - The time for change." IEEE Communications Magazine 52, no. 2 (February 2014): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2014.6736743.
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Al-Nuemat, Ahmed, and Abdullah Nawafleh. "Brexit, Arbitration and Private International Law." Journal of Politics and Law 10, no. 5 (November 29, 2017): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n5p116.
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The United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union, ending a 40-year relationship. Britain’s exit (Brexit) will no doubt affect European Union private international law, which is currently part of the United Kingdom’s legal system. This article attempts to predict the sort of arbitration and private international law that the United Kingdom will have after its departure from the European Union. The article proposes that European Union private international law could be easily transposed into United Kingdom domestic law. In addition, the United Kingdom enforcement of court decisions in the European Union, after exiting the union and without concluding any further agreement with the union as to how jurisdiction must be allocated, should be achieved through the United Kingdom joining the Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements. Finally, the paper concludes that Brexit will increase the use of English law and the specification of England and Wales as the jurisdictions in international commercial contracts because the United Kingdom would no longer be required to incorporate those aspects of European law that can prove problematic.
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Syroid, Tetyana. "INTERNATIONAL ANTI-CORRUPTION STANDARDS IN THE PRIVATE SPHERE." Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Series "Law", no. 37 (May 28, 2024): 214–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2075-1834-2024-37-25.
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The article examines the international legal basis for combating corruption of a universal and regional nature, which is recognized by standards and contains norms for preventing this offense in the private sphere. In particular, attention is paid to the provisions of the only universal international treaty - the UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), in which the norms for combating corruption in the private sector were established. It is noted that the provisions of the UNCAC became the basis for the development of a comprehensive response to the global problem. The provisions of the treaties (The Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 173), Additional Protocol to the Convention (ETS 191), Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 174)) and advisory norms adopted within the framework of the Council of Europe on countering corruption. It is emphasized that the approach of this organization to the fight against corruption has three interrelated aspects: development of pan-European norms and standards, monitoring of their compliance, as well as provision of technical assistance to states and regions. The focus is on the anti-corruption norms of the European Union (Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, directives, sectoral norms, etc.) and the policy of the Union regarding the reform of existing legal prescriptions and relevant measures in this area. It is noted that a feature of EU acts is the emphasis on the role of the private sector as a partner in the fight against corruption. An analysis of the legal instruments of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) on combating corruption, bribery and promoting integrity in the public and private sectors was carried out, and it was emphasized that the OECD is the main source of recommendations and guidelines in the field of business integrity. Practical materials, the purpose of which is to provide assistance to member states of the organization in implementing the provisions of treaty norms in the field of responsible business behavior of business entities, are also significant. Appropriate conclusions have been made.
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Radoševic, Sonja. "CJEUs Decision in Nelson and Others in Light of the Exclusivity of the Montreal Convention." Air and Space Law 38, Issue 2 (April 1, 2013): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2013009.
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The most recent decision by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) on passenger rights in air transport, based solely on interpreting internal European Union (EU) air law, yet again places at risk the international air law obligations of the twenty-seven EU Member States. The Montreal Convention 1999 (MC99), in its Article 29, expresses the clear intent of the drafters that the liability rules provided by the Convention, where applicable to the carriage, are exclusive of all local laws, rules and regulations that otherwise might be applied. Yet the Court purports to create alongside the undisputable and exclusive cause of action dealt with by the Montreal Convention a separate set of rules regulating the exact same matter. Providing no legal justification for doing so and without any discussion of the implications of the principle of exclusivity, the Court's decision raises serious concerns, with respect to the certainty of the internal EU legal order and with respect to international law and international relations.
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Pharand, Donat. "Les problèmes de droit international de l’Arctique." Études internationales 20, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 131–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/702464ar.
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The territorial sovereignty over Alaska, the Arctic islands of the Soviet Union, Svalbard, Greenland and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago poses no problem, but the continental shelf off those territories and islands has yet to be delimited between the five Arctic States: Alaska, the Soviet Union, Norway, Denmark and Canada. Beyond the continental shelf, the mineral resources of the deep sea-bed should normally form part of the common heritage of mankind, but their presence has not yet been determined. The Arctic Ocean, in spite of the permanent presence of ice, is subject to the freedoms of the seas. The straits of the Northeast Passage are internal waters of the Soviet Union, at least since the establishment of straight baselines in 1985 (presumably, under the Territorial Sea Convention to which the USSR is a Party) and, possibly before, by way of historic title. Under the Convention, a right of innocent passage would exist but not if they are historic waters. The waters of the Northwest Passage are internal waters of Canada since their enclosure by straight baselines in 1985, under customary international law, and no right of passage exists. The sovereignty of Arctic States extends to the air space above their territory, internal waters and territorial sea. There is no right of over flight above those areas, outside of the I.C.A.O. Conventions. The Arctic Ocean being a semi-enclosed sea, bordering States should cooperate under the new Law of the Sea Convention in the exploitation of the living resources, the protection of the marine environment and the conduct of scientific research. This cooperation could best be attained by the creation of an Arctic Basin Council composed of all Arctic States and, possibly, the Nordic countries.
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Wright, David. "The International Telecommunication Union's Report on Telemedicine and Developing Countries." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 4, no. 1_suppl (March 1998): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/1357633981931560.
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This paper reviews some of the main conclusions and recommendations from the Report on Telemedicine and Developing Countries, which was prepared for the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The report is the result of three years’ effort by a group of experts in telecommunications and telemedicine from around the world. It provides an extensive survey of the telemedicine experience of various countries. It discusses the different types and applications of telemedicine, the technologies used, costs and benefits, trends, prospects for global standards, and provides guidelines and recommendations to developing countries for implementation of telemedicine services. The ITU study group which prepared the report is expected to begin some new tasks in 1998, including the identification of a set of pilot telemedicine projects for developing countries.
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Butler, W. E. "Innocent Passage and the 1982 Convention: The Influence of Soviet Law and Policy." American Journal of International Law 81, no. 2 (April 1987): 331–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202406.
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On April 28, 1983, the Soviet Union became the first maritime country of consequence and the largest sea power signatory to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea to enact legislation implementing the provisions of that instrument regulating the innocent passage of foreign warships. The stature of the Soviet Union within the framework of the Convention and the policy changes embodied in the 1983 legislation confer a special importance on these new Rules, whose text and interpretation will become a standard emulated by other countries. The present article examines the text of the Rules against the background of previous Soviet legislation, the 1982 Convention and its negotiating history, and the application of the Rules.
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Bohlsen, Stefan. "Case C-532/18 G.N. v. Z.U. (Niki Luftfahrt) (C.J.E.U.)." International Legal Materials 60, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 290–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ilm.2021.1.
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On December 19, 2019, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU, the Court) interpreted Article 17(1) of the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air, concluded in Montreal on May 28, 1999 (Montreal Convention), in its judgment in the Niki Luftfahrt case.
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Li, Chao, Yun Jiang Liu, Heng Yang Zhang, Xiao Peng Yang, and Feng Wang. "Based on Estimation of the Ionospheric Characteristics HF Frequency Prediction Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 190-191 (July 2012): 936–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.190-191.936.
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To grasp Complex characteristics of shortwave (HF) channel is the key and difficulty to research HF communication. On the premise of comprehending the ionosphere prediction method in the Asia Oceania region, HF frequency prediction method recommended by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is improved in this paper, and the engineering calculation method of predicting HF frequency in the Asia Oceania region is concluded and summarized. Comparing with the ITS (the Institute for Telecommunication Science) software’s predicting result, the method is improved to some extent in time availability and SNR in the receiving point.
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Fötschl, Andreas. "Financial Leasing unter der UNIDROIT-Convention on International Financial Leasing und dem Draft Common Frame of Reference: Eine vergleichende Analyse." European Review of Private Law 17, Issue 4 (August 1, 2009): 659–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2009043.
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ABSTRACT: The Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) applies inter alia to financial leasing contracts. In a considerable number of Member States of the European Union, the UNIDROIT-Convention on International Financial Leasing (UCIFL) is in force. The present contribution examines the relationship between these two bodies of rules and the extent to which the rules of the Draft Common Frame of Reference are compatible with the UNIDROIT-Convention. RÉSUMÉ : Le Draft Common Frame of Reference(DCFR) contient entre autres des dispositions en matière de crédit-bail. La Convention UNIDROIT sur le crédit-bail est en vigueur dans de nombreux pays membres de l’Union européenne. La présente contribution analyse la relation entre les deux ensembles de dispositions et s’efforce de vérifier dans quelle mesure les règles de la Convention UNIDROIT s’accordent avec les normes du Draft Common Frame of Reference applicables au crédit-bail. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Der Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) regelt unter anderem den Finanzierungs-Leasingvertrag. Die UNIDROIT-Convention on International Financial Leasing (UCIFL) ist in zahlreichen Mitgliedsstaaten der Europäischen Union in Kraft. Der vorliegende Beitrag geht der Frage nach, in welcher Beziehung die beiden Regelwerke stehen und inwieweit die Regelungen der UNIDROIT-Convention mit den auf das Finanzierungsleasing anwendbaren Normen des Draft Common Frame of Reference übereinstimmen.
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Lyford, Anna, Sarah Worsfold, and Samantha Johnson. "Developing a Telephone Training Program for Adults Using Cochlear Implants." Perspectives on Aural Rehabilitation and Its Instrumentation 22, no. 2 (November 2015): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/arii22.2.27.
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Ellen Giles described the inability to use the telephone as “one of the most serious and restrictive consequences of hearing loss” (2005, p. 219). This restriction is more keenly felt now, with the world population at 7 billion, there are more than 6 billion cell phone subscriptions (International Telecommunication Union, 2012).
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Mejía-Lemos, Diego. "Advisory Opinion OC-22/16." American Journal of International Law 111, no. 4 (October 2017): 1000–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2017.91.
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On February 26, 2016, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (Court) issued an advisory opinion requested by the Republic of Panama (Advisory Opinion). The request stemmed from “doubts among States” as to whether “legal persons, being legal fictions, are not as such entitled to rights” (Request) (para. 2). The Court unanimously held that legal persons are not entitled to rights under the American Convention on Human Rights (Convention) because Article 1.2 of the Convention establishes rights only in favor of natural persons. The Court, also unanimously, reiterated that indigenous and tribal communities are entitled to rights under the Convention. By majority vote, the Court held that labor union organizations are entitled to rights under the Protocol of San Salvador (Protocol). The Advisory Opinion is most significant for its finding regarding labor union organizations and for its analysis of how general international law relates to various aspects of the Inter-American system.
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Garcia-Murillo, Martha, Jorge Andres Velez-Ospina, and Patricia Vargas-Leon. "The Techno-Institutional Leap and the Formation of New Firms." Journal of Information Policy 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 501–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.3.1.501.
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Abstract Does the availability of information and communication technologies enhance the ability of entrepreneurs to start up new businesses? Using data from the World Bank and the International Telecommunication Union for all countries over an eleven-year period (2001–2011), the authors test this proposition while controlling for political, economic, and social factors.
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Зашева, Т. Г., У. А. Столярова, and А. Ю. Плосский. "REVIEW OF WTDC22 OUTCOMES IN TERMS OF CHANGING TRENDS IN THE WORK OF THE INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION." Электросвязь, no. 2(39) (March 10, 2023): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34832/elsv.2023.39.2.003.
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Рассматриваются итоги Всемирной конференции по развитию электросвязи 2022 г. (ВКРЭ-22). Целью исследования является выявление трендов в работе Конференции и Сектора развития электросвязи Международного союза электросвязи (МСЭ-D). Используя метод сравнительного анализа, среди основных тенденций авторы выделяют постепенный переход от выполнения основных технических функций и компетенций МСЭ-D к работе по социально-экономическим темам, которые дублируют работу других организаций семейства ООН. Представлены изменения в подходах к наполнению повестки Конференций и приоритетов работы МСЭ-D, которые находят отражение при формировании документов стратегического планирования работы МСЭ, что определяет перенос приоритетов МСЭ-D на глобальный уровень постановки задач для всего Союза. The article considers the results of the World Telecommunication Development Conference 2022 (WTDC-22). The purpose of the study is to identify trends in the work of the Conference and the Telecommunication Development Sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-D). The authors use the method of comparative analysis to highlight, among the main trends, a gradual transition from the implementation of the main technical functions and competencies of ITU-D towards socioeconomic topics that duplicate the work of other organizations of the UN family. The article discusses the change in the approach used to formulate the agenda of the Conferences and ITU-D priorities, which is reflected in the formation of ITU strategic planning documents and determines the transfer of ITU-D priorities to the global level of goal setting for the entire ITU.