Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Continuum communicationnel"

A purely aesthetic approach may be problematic when artists wish to deal with the external world as part of their work. The work of R. Murray Schafer in formulating soundscape studies is described, as well as the author's extension of that work within a communicational framework. Soundscape composition is situated within a continuum of possibilities, each with its own practice of mapping or representing the world. Current technological possibilities as well as ethical issues involved in the production process are discussed, along with the author's work in creating a multi-channel imaginary soundscape. The evolving nature of the listener's relationship to acoustic space over the last century is discussed in comparison to developments in soundscape composition.

In the paper I suggest that a loose notion of logical form can be a useful tool for the understanding or evaluation of everyday language and the explicit and implicit content of communication. Reconciling ordinary language and logic provides formal guidelines for rational communication, giving strength and order to ordinary communication and content to logical schemas. The starting point of the paper is the idea that the bearers of logical form are not natural language sentences, but what we communicate with them, that is, their content in a particular context. On the basis of that idea, I propose that we can ascribe logical proprieties to what is communicated using ordinary language and suggest a continuum between semantic phenomena such as explicatures and pragmatic communicational strategies such as (particularized) conversational implicatures, which challenges the idea that an implicatum is completely separate from what is said. I believe that this continuum can be best explained by the notion of logical form, taken as a propriety of sentences relative to particular interpretations.

Abstract This article aims to analyse and interpret the structures responsible for the urban theatricality with deep claims of the city of Jijel (Algeria). It is through scenic readings of public space that this study explores the latent expressions of users as stage directors. This will be done mainly with observation supported by research interviews that combine qualitative and quantitative studies. The urban theatricalities studied in this paper are those unconscious, spontaneous and continual experiences that the actors of the urban scene use to make an urban spectacle. It is about the spectacle of daily life and scenic transcriptions of experiences. The results of this scenic reading of urban script allow us to understand the hidden expressions responsible for communicational theatrical structures.

<p><strong><em>The</em></strong><em> <strong>purpose </strong>of the study is to form a theoretical basis for the latest spatial and temporal conditions that determine the social communication practices in the 21st century.</em></p><p><strong><em>Research methodology.</em></strong><em> </em><em>In the course of the research a number of the following methods were used: grounded theory – to develop an inductively derived theory of the media continuum as a spatial and temporal format of social communication activities of the early 21st century; pilot and the actual test survey – to find out the degree of convenience / comfort of social communication in the media continuum; sociological observation – to go into details of the tactics and strategies of interaction / relationships between actors in a situation of self-presentation in the media continuum; point research and the method of purposeful choice – to determine the degree of popularity in the media continuum of information and communication practice, based on a combination of verbal and nonverbal components into a single structural-semantic and functional whole; questionnaire, R. Likert scale, non-standardized interviews with experts – to identify the need for "response" of the educational system to the socio-communicative realities of today in terms of a new spatial and temporal format of living and exposure to reality.</em></p><p><strong><em>Results. </em></strong><em>The integrated vision of the media continuum, developed within the framework of a grounded theory, as a new spatio-temporal format of social communication activities is based on: on the spatio-temporal itineraries of modernity of the new form, which is characterized by the cohesion of the parameters of space and time; understanding the socio-cultural, technological, informational and communicational, extraterritorial, temporal potentials of new media, which, in turn, inspire the ability of the media continuum to reproduce continuous changes in temporal and spatial parameters of objective / subjective reality, which creates the basis for design and constructing the activity of modern society to measure the dynamics / statics of the state of society; based on the social and communication priorities of today, i.e. the need for interaction aimed at exchanging ideas, values, patterns of behavior, life practices, which in turn encourages social actors / social institutions to get incorporated into the media continuum.</em></p><p><strong><em>Novelty.</em></strong><em> The introduction of the concept of media continuum in scientific discourse will help update the socio-communicative theoretical and methodological framework, balance the differences between academic concepts, societal expectations, practical experience in increasing digital innovation, fast pace of development capabilities and production of artificial intelligence systems, etc.</em></p><p><strong><em>Practical value. </em></strong><em>The proposed model of the media continuum explains the spatio-temporal realities of modern days; the highlighted eventuality of the media continuum illustrates the leading trends in social communication in the latest spatial and temporal format.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> media continuum, grounded theory, social eventuality, technological eventuality, territorial eventuality, information and communication eventuality.</em></p>

Aim: This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the live experience of birth order in the communicational dimension based on the perspective of the first children. Methods: The present research method is applied and qualitative type of phenomenology. The participants of this research included the first children of Isfahan city in 2022. The selection of the participants was continued in a targeted manner until the saturation point and finally the selection of the first 16 children and the participants were subjected to semi-structured interviews. In order to analyze the data, the Colaizzi theme analysis method was used. Results: Data analysis led to the identification of, 53 primary concepts 10 central themes and 3 main themes. The results showed that intra-family communication was classified into 6 themes of (continuity of relations with parents, separation of relations with parents, improvement of relations with other children, separation of relations with other children, satisfaction with marital relationship and repressed psychological needs). The second main theme of personal communication included (increasing and decreasing the quality of communication with oneself). Finally, the theme of social communication was classified into the sub-themes of (lack of social interest and limitation in friendships). Conclusion: Overall, the results showed that being the first child can affect various aspects of communication and create challenges in marriage, friendships, social and family relationships. Modifying interactive patterns and informing parents and children can be effective in preventing challenges. Because the order of birth plays an important role in the formation of intra-family and extra-family relationships

Russia, East Germany, and India are just a few of the many countries around the world which have opened up their economies to global trade in the last decade. This trend has forced organizations, especially state-owned enterprises, to face a changing environment, one driven by innovation, efficiency, competition, and marketing. Privatization of these enterprises has been taking place at record speed. National and multinational organizations have replaced state-owned operations in hopes of boosting a nation’s interantional competitiveness and economic growth. However, privatization alone will not solve the many problems created by open market trade. The vitality of these economies may well depend on the nation’s ability to foster its own entrepreneurial sector of small businesses. Continual training of these business is needed to ensure economic goals are reached. Each nation must determine the training needs of these businesses through needs analysis studies. A framework, based on a study conducted for the South Texas Regional Small Business Development Center (SBDC) located in San Antonio, Texas, is provided. Results indicate that the most frequently cited problem areas by small businesses fall into two general categories: Finance and Governmental Relations. The level of concern for the areas identified has been found to vary by the age of the business. However, the need for basic business skills, such as marketing, finance, and accounting, is ever present in differing degrees of specialization. Seminars and a mixture of communicational tools were found to be the most effective delivery system for the information required by businesses in the region. In addition, factor analysis was used to group together specific problematic areas for small businesses in the region. Seven dimensions were identified and include the following: Work force development, financing and legal issues, marketing, technology issues, daily operations, and selling.

Purpose As a way to enable employees to work distantly, teleworking has gained a growing interest in companies. At the same time, management challenges regarding the teleworkers’ risk of isolation, coupled with the need to maintain cohesion for the dispersed team, to give an example, are various. How can management practices help to maintain adequate levels of perceived proximity for a dispersed team’s members? The purpose of this paper is to answer this question. Referring to a particular person’s perception of how close or how far another person is, the concept of perceived proximity is mobilized. This Telecom case study is based on 22 interviews with human resources directors, managers and teleworkers. While the results of this study appear to corroborate empirically the theoretical model as proposed by O’Leary et al. (2014), they also propose nuances, highlighting the importance of the interpersonal relationship to expand the perceived proximity and stressing the need for both distant and face-to-face exchanges. They also help to understand which management practices can influence perceived proximity. In particular, they help to understand the role of communication and collective identity and support the importance of the e-leader. Finally, the results highlight two remote management modes that will be discussed elaborately. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted a single in-depth case study of Telecom as a unique case study; it is useful to analyze new and complex phenomena for which theoretical development is emerging and the consideration of the context is essential (Yin, 2013). In total, 22 interviews were conducted with the human resources directors, managers and teleworkers. Lasting between 40 and 130 min each, the interviews were all fully transcribed and analyzed using an iterative thematic content analysis. The authors first manually analyzed the data on the basis of the social regulation theory to interpret the local and the combined regulation (that is say to how the managers and the teleworkers co-build the rules to work being distant) the telework implied between managers, teleworkers and their co-workers (Authors, 2018). Two emerging codes led the authors to reinterpret the data, compared to the initial interpretative framework. The authors thus transformed the coding and recoded the 22 interviews (Bacharach et al., 2000, p. 713; cited by Gibbert et al. 2010, p. 58) around the objective/subjective working time and information and communication technology (ICT) use and the perceived proximity: shared identity and perceived proximity, and communication and perceived proximity. Findings First, the level of ICT use and the accompanying objective and subjective perceptions with regard to working time are reported and positive perceptions for the employees are determined because of the timing flexibility the ICT determines. Second, the ICT use is presented in relation to the managerial and collegial proximity perceived. Third, the authors discuss the shared identity processes that influence the proximity perceived, followed by the characteristics of the communication process, being the fourth one. As such, the results lead to a valuable input that enables to critically reflect on the e-leader roles, resulting in two emerging management modes seen as a continuum in terms of shared identity: the “e-communicational” mode signals the re-foundation of management in situations of distance based on the personality of the e-leader that influences the team members in terms of communicational and organizational behaviors; and the control management mode that is based upon objectives in a situation of being distant, illustrated by managers who regulate the work made by the distant team in monitoring the objectives without sharing the experience of telework. Research limitations/implications The results corroborate empirically with the theoretical model by Boyer O’Leary et al. (2014), while putting into perspective the complexity to manage the inter-subjectivity that is related to distance. More specifically, the results show that even if the ICT use leads to a new balance regarding time management for teleworkers – increasing their quality of life perceptions, with a better organizational flexibility – that is to say, a “win-win” configuration, the ultimate success of such a configuration depends on sound management practices. In this sense, the authors propose to enrich their model (Figure 3, p. 33). More extensive research will test two new moderating variables. At first, the results put in evidence the core role of e-management (e-communicational vs control), with a potential moderator effect on the relationship between objective distance and shared identification, on the one hand, and communication, on the other hand. Another result is the potential moderator effect of the ICT use on the relationship between perceived proximity and relationship quality. The nuances proposed support some recent studies arguing that distant communication (versus face-to-face) may inhibit geographically distributed team performance without consideration of the way the teams use ICT to ensure their cohesion and performance (Malhotra and Majchrzak, 2014). Practical implications These conclusions result into important management recommendations to support dispersed teams with how to cope with challenges such as the risk of delayed communication, possible misinterpretations, limited information richness and great conflicts (Zuofa and Ochieng, 2017). Originality/value Compared to the unique empirical application of the Boyer O’Leary et al.’s framework (2014), who found no differences existing in terms of proximity perceived with the study of 341 “geographically present” dyads with 341 “geographically distant,” this study’s results show that the construction of the feeling of proximity depends on a fragile balance between virtual and face-to-face exchanges. The authors also highlight the role of an e-leader in this regard and identify and compare two modes of remote management.

PT. O trabalho aborda o papel do testemunho em narrativas de violência contra as mulheres em todo território nacional. Ao entender que tal violência se constitui de forma sistêmica e está intimamente vinculada às hierarquias de poder de caráter patriarcal arraigadas na sociedade, e que precisam ser denunciadas para que o futuro possa ser vislumbrado de outra maneira, realizamos uma leitura de várias reportagens que trazem a cobertura dessa violência em 2020. A série, denominada Um vírus e duas guerras, foi veiculada a partir de uma espécie de consórcio, formado por sete mídias parceiras, que atuam fora do circuito mainstream do jornalismo: Amazônia Real, Agência Eco Nordeste, #Colabora, Portal Catarinas, Ponte Jornalismo, AzMina e Marco Zero Conteúdo. Tendo como eixo de discussão o “texto testemunhal” (Frosh, 2009), temos como objetivo compreender, a partir das falas das vítimas, profissionais de apoio, familiares e dos próprios jornalistas, os modos como as lógicas patriarcais e as nuances específicas do contexto brasileiro emergem de forma a complexificar esse problema público, evidenciando uma prática jornalística menos afeita a uma perspectiva presentista, além de revelar a relevância do testemunho no jornalismo. Compreendemos, portanto, a potência do aspecto testemunhal nas produções sobre violência como um importante gesto interpretativo que permite que um episódio temporalmente localizado de violência se insira em um continuum de permanências e rupturas. E é exatamente esse continuum que configura a dimensão estrutural da violência de gênero. Nessa perspectiva, entendemos que o testemunho midiático amplia a noção de testemunho no jornalismo ao envolver produtores e receptores em uma experiência comunicacional que garante outros tipos de acesso ao que está sendo noticiado. Consideramos ainda que é possível complementar os dados e informações disponíveis com os testemunhos de quem convive e/ou conviveu com a violência de forma direta ou indireta, garantindo, assim, a identificação das recorrências e dos ciclos que se repetem, o que pode contribuir para fomentar a discussão sobre políticas públicas de prevenção à violência contra as mulheres no Brasil. *** EN. This article discusses the role of testimony in narratives of violence against women in Brazil. Several reports on gender-based violence in 2020 have been contextualized on the premise that gender-based violence is systemic. Intimately linked to patriarchal power hierarchies embedded in society, this violence must be denounced in order to envision a different future. The show A Virus and Two Wars was analyzed: it was broadcasted by a consortium of seven partner media outlets operating outside mainstream journalism circuits: Amazônia Real, Agência Eco Nordeste, #Colabora, Portal Catarinas, Ponte Jornalismo, AzMina and Marco Zero Content. Drawing from the concept of "testimonial text" (Frosh, 2009) and based on the testimonies of victims, welfare professionals, family members and journalists themselves, we sought to understand the ways in which patriarchal rationales and dynamics specific to the Brazilian context emerge from these accounts, complexifying the public issue. Our approach highlights, on the one hand, a journalistic praxis that is not very " present ", and on the other hand, the importance of personal testimony in journalism. Testimony in works about violence is powerful. It is therefore considered to be an important interpretative gesture that allows to embed an episode of violence that is situated in time in a continuum of permanencies and disruptions that shapes the structural dimension of gender-based violence. In this light, testimony in the media appears to broaden the notion of testimony in journalism as it engages transmitters and receivers in a communicative experience capable of fostering deeper forms of access to the topic of the report. Furthermore, combining the available data and information with the testimonies of those who directly or indirectly experience and/or have experienced violence, would allow to identify recurring patterns and cycles, which could contribute to the debate on public policies for the prevention of gender-based violence in Brazil. *** FR. Cet article traite du rôle du témoignage dans les récits de violence à l'égard des femmes au Brésil. Plusieurs reportages rendant compte de cette violence en 2020 ont été mis en perspective à partir du présupposé que cette violence se constitue de manière systémique. Étroitement liée aux hiérarchies de pouvoir de nature patriarcale ancrées dans la société, ces violences doivent être dénoncées pour que l'on puisse entrevoir un avenir différent. La série ayant fait l’objet de l’analyse, intitulée Un virus et deux guerres, a été diffusée par un consortium formé par sept médias partenaires, qui opèrent en dehors du circuit du journalisme mainstream, à savoir, Amazônia Real, Agência Eco Nordeste, #Colabora, Portal Catarinas, Ponte Jornalismo, AzMina et Marco Zero Content. Partant du concept de « texte testimonial » (Frosh, 2009), nous avons cherché à comprendre, à partir des témoignages des victimes, des professionnels de l’assistance, des membres de la famille et des journalistes eux-mêmes, les façons dont les logiques patriarcales et les nuances spécifiques au contexte brésilien émergent de ces propos, qui complexifient ce problème public. Notre approche révèle, d’une part, une pratique journalistique peu « présentiste », et d’autre part, le poids du témoignage dans le journalisme. Le témoignage dans les productions sur la violence, par sa puissance, est ainsi perçu comme un geste interprétatif important qui permet d'insérer un épisode de violence situé dans le temps dans un continuum de permanences et de ruptures qui configure la dimension structurelle de la violence de genre. Dans cette optique, le témoignage médiatique semble élargir la notion de témoignage dans le journalisme car il implique les producteurs et les récepteurs dans une expérience communicationnelle capable de favoriser d'autres accès à ce qui est rapporté. Par ailleurs, il conviendrait d’associer aux données et aux informations disponibles les témoignages de ceux qui vivent et/ou ont vécu la violence directement ou indirectement, de façon à identifier des récurrences et des cycles, ce qui peut contribuer à alimenter le débat sur les politiques publiques de prévention de la violence envers les femmes au Brésil. ***

FR. En Afrique en général et au Gabon en particulier, les réseaux sociaux numériques du Web ont participé à l’émergence des espaces publics oppositionnels. Ces nouveaux espaces semblent s’imposer comme des lieux d’expression de la citoyenneté démocratique. Car ils facilitent la production et la circulation de l’information, et ils permettent la liberté expression. Dans plusieurs Etats africains, Ils ont redéfini les relations et les contrats d’informations entre gouvernants et gouvernés en laissant apparaître désormais des formes d’horizontalités des rapports. Ils semblent avoir donné plus de vitalité au regard citoyen sur la gestion de la chose publique. Ces réseaux sociaux numériques, en tête desquels Facebook, ont permis aux citoyens d’être acteurs dans la production de la matière informative en faisant d’eux des journalistes citoyens. Un exercice de l’activité journalistique qui n’est pas sans conséquence pour le champ médiatique. Dans cet article, nous analysons les impacts de ce journalisme citoyen dans le champ médiatique gabonais avec la montée en puissance des fake news et le problème de crédibilité qu’il pose aux journalistes d’une part. Puis, nous traitons, d’autre part, des modes de consommation de l’information en période électorale dans cet environnement numérique gabonais qui reste marqué par la prégnance de la rumeur. Deux facteurs restent déterminants dans ces nouvelles configurations sociales et politiques. D’abord, la place du citoyen dans le débat politique. Ensuite, son intronisation dans les champs de la communication et de l’information en général et dans l’espace médiatique en particulier. Pour mener cette étude, nous nous sommes appuyés sur une série d’entretiens semi-directifs réalisée auprès des journalistes et des leaders d’opinion. Et nous avons effectué une veille communicationnelle sur la page Facebook Infos Kinguélé en amont et en aval des élections législatives de 2018. *** EN. In Africa in general, and in Gabon in particular, online social networks have contributed to the emergence of oppositional public spaces. These new spaces appear to be establishing themselves as places for the expression of democratic citizenship in that they facilitate the production and circulation of information and allow freedom of expression. In several African states, they have redefined relations and information agreements between governments and citizens and allow forms of horizontal relations to emerge. They seem to have given more vitality to citizens' views on the management of public affairs. These online social networks, led by Facebook, have enabled citizens to be actors in the production of news by giving them the forum to act as citizen journalists. This exercise of journalistic activity is not without consequences for the field of media. In this article, we analyze the impacts of this citizen journalism on Gabonese media with the rise of fake news and the credibility problem it poses for journalists. We also discuss the modalities of news consumption within this Gabonese online environment during the election period, which exhibited a marked prevalence of rumor propagation. Two factors are key in this new social and political configuration: first, the citizen's place in the political debate, and second, its effect on the fields of communication and news in general, and on the media space in particular. To carry out this study, we conducted a series of semi-structured interviews with journalists and opinion leaders and undertook a communication watch on the Facebook page “Infos Kinguélé” before and after the legislative elections of 2018 *** PT. Na África em geral, e no Gabão em particular, as redes sociais digitais da Web têm contribuído para a emergência de espaços públicos polarizados. Esses novos espaços parecem estar se estabelecendo como lugares de expressão da cidadania democrática, pois facilitam a produção e a circulação de informações, e permitem a liberdade de expressão. Em vários estados africanos, redefiniram as relações e contratos de informação entre governantes e governados, e agora permitem o surgimento de formas de horizontalidade das relações. Eles parecem ter dado mais vitalidade ao olhar cidadão sobre a gestão da coisa pública. Essas redes sociais digitais, lideradas pelo Facebook, têm permitido aos cidadãos serem atores na produção da matéria informativa, transformando-os em jornalistas cidadãos, um exercício da atividade jornalística não isento de consequências para o campo da mídia. Nesse artigo, analisamos, por um lado, os impactos desse jornalismo cidadão no campo da mídia gabonesa com o surgimento de fake news e o problema de credibilidade que ele representa para os jornalistas. Em seguida, discutimos, por outro lado, os modos de consumo da informação durante o período eleitoral nesse ambiente digital gabonês que permanece marcado pela prevalência de boatos. Dois fatores continuam sendo decisivos nessas novas configurações sociais e políticas. Primeiro, o lugar do cidadão no debate político. Depois, sua entronização nos campos da comunicação e da informação em geral e no espaço midiático em particular. Para conduzir esse estudo, partimos de uma série de entrevistas semiabertas com jornalistas e formadores de opinião. Além disso, realizamos um monitoramento da página do Facebook Infos Kinguélé antes e depois das eleições legislativas de 2018. ***

The settlement of the territory of north-eastern Serbia by the representatives of the Co?ofeni culture began during the second half of the IV millennium, probably under the pressure of invading tribes from Euroasian steppe. This territory extended over Transylvania, Banat, Oltenia and Muntenia (Map 2). On the territory of Serbia they settled from the Djrerdap gorge up to the Mlava river to the west, and through Kucajske mountains, Bor, Zajecar and further to the south, up to Nis. Aspecific symbiosis occurred on the territory of Serbia between the Co?ofeni and the Kostolac cultures. According to the results of the latest project of re-identification, the number of Co?ofeni-Kostolac sites and settlements increased to 76. After all the sites were re-identified and georeferenced, with consideration of the surrounding landscape, hydrography, geomorphology of the terrain and the character of the ceramic production finds, we believe that there is a need for re-analyzing specific aspects of the cultural and geographic development not only of settlements, but of the entire Co?ofeni-Kostolac cultural phenomenon. In this paper we considered three archaeological sites in the Nisava valley, given that re-identification work over the past several years yielded new information (Bubanj-Staro Selo, Velika Humska cuka and Donja Vrezina). The topography of Co?ofeni-Kostolac settlements on the territory of north-eastern Serbia, the Serbian part of the Danube valley and its hinterland, is characterized by diversity of position (location above sea level and landscape placement), types of houses and economic survival. In the 70?s of the last century sites were identified that are located in very inaccessible terrain, which in particular cases has an slope incline of 45?, where the number of such settlements in the meantime increased to nine. They are represented by Kulmja Skjopuluji in Klokocevac and Pjatra Kosti in Crnajka (T. I/1-2; Map 1/9), followed by Vratna -Veliki most (T. I/ 7; Map 1/33), Bogovina-above a cave (T. I/ 4; Map 1/8), Jezero (T. I/ 3; Map 1/12), Kljanc (T. I/3; Map 1/11), Turija-Stenje (T. I/ 6; Map 1/22), Mokranjske stene-quarry (T. I/ 5; Map 1/39) and Bolvan (T. I/ 8; Map 1/66). These settlements have several other common elements, the most important being that each one of the elevated settlements is positioned on the rocky peak of a canyon, in places where smaller rivers or brooks flow into a larger river. We can suppose how the selection of such positions was of strategic importance, given that in the mountainous area of north-eastern Serbia the system of waterways and river valleys represents communicational links from prehistory to modern times. The second common characteristic of these settlements is the rocky massif which provided the foundation for their erection. The rock foundation in the majority of cases is of limestone origin and is well suited to artificial nivelation into terraces atop which surface structures could be built using wood covered with mud (Jezero, Kulmja Skjopuluji, Pjatra Kosti, Vratna, Bogovina). The third shared characteristic is that one or more caves are usually located in the immediate vicinity of settlements. An example of the symbiosis of cave and hill fort Co?ofeni-Kostolac settlements is the vicinity of the Zavojsko jezero near Majdanpek. So far two hill fort settlements, Jezero and Kljanc (T. I/3; Map 1/11-12), were identified in this area, built on limestone cliffs above the Mali Pek river. The Rajkova cave (Map 1/14), Paskova cave and Kapetanova cave (Map 1/13) are located in their immediate vicinity, in which the remains of anthropogenic activity were discovered. The Kapetanova cave provides stratigraphy of over 3 m high, which represents a rare case for Co?ofeni-Kostolac cultural sites. This fact does not only indicate its long-term use, but could provide the answer to the genesis and duration of this cultural phenomenon on the territory of the Serbian part of the Djerdap hinterland. The fourth shared characteristic which links these settlements is their dominant position in the landscape. Given that their position and appearance are readily visible from a considerable distance, they probably were not used for hiding, but for making their position prominent. We suppose that pastoral communities emphasized in this manner their control of mountain crosspass and roads, particularly in places where rivers exit narrow canyons in important communications paths to the Crni and Beli Timok, Pek and Danuber rivers. The other Co?ofeni-Kostolac type settlement on the territory of north-eastern Serbia is represented by settlements that are positioned on smaller hills or on gentle slopes that on the average range between 336 and 210 m above sea level. The only fortified hill fort settlement discovered so far, Coka lu Balas near Krivelj (Map 1/3) belongs to this group. The archaeological sites Velika Cuka i Neresnica (Map 1/23), Smiljkova glavica in Stubik (Map 1/31) and Cetace in Kovilovo (Map 1/38) are located on wide and flat, elevated plateaus that dominate up on river valleys. Judging by the considerable surface that they occupy, their position and surroundings for these two settlements, we can suppose that they could have been used for wintering places or points for gathering of flocks and shepherds during pauses between seasonal migrations. They are primarily characterized by the natural surroundings of smaller hills and larger river valleys, as well as the relatively low above sea level elevation on which they are located. Such ?seasonal stations or checkpoints? on which larger groups of shepherds could gather with their flocks during the winter months represented important locations in the lives of pastoral communities. During the warm summer period, homesteads with stable architecture are abandoned because of migrations into mountain areas, where favourable grazing areas area located. Certain groups of shepherds during autumn returned to these settlements en route to lowlands and river terraces, while other groups probably continued their journey to gathering centres in valleys near the Danube and the Timok rivers. The next type of settlement belongs to high, multi-layered settlements (Arija baba-Kosobrdo, Coka Kormaros, Field of Z. Brzanovic, Varzari and Smedovac-Grabar-Svracar) which represent sunbathed dominant positions, with a good view of the surrounding area, well suited to long-term occupation. Settlements on high elevations of this type are usually linked with landscapes that predominate in grazing areas and in which there are no large forests. The last type of Co?ofeni-Kostolac settlement is characteristic of lowland settlements positioned on river terraces. The settlements on the right bank of the Danube, around Kljuc (Kladovo- Brodoimpeks, Mala Vrbica, Zbradila-Fund, Korbovo- Obala, Vajuga-Pesak, Jakomirski potok estuary, Velesnica, Ljubic evac-river bank, Ljubicevac-Island, Brzi prun, Slatinska reka estuary, Knjepiste, Ruzenjka, Kusjak-Bordjej, Kusjak-Motel, Kusjak-Vrkalj), represented points at which shepherd?s flocks could remain for longer periods, waiting for favourable conditions for crossing to the other side of the river. This assumption is based on old maps predating the construction of the accumulation lake. These maps indicate that in the immediate vicinity of these settlements were located small sand islands linked to the river bank, pointing to shallows and crossing points. These sections of the river bank, during prolonged droughts or during cold winters, when ice was formed, could have been places where the river was crossed from one side to the other. Residential architecture cannot be precisely defined, given that the discovered remains of houses are very meagre and lack sufficient elements for reconstruction. The most recent excavations on the Bubanj-Staro Selo settlemant at Nis, indicate an identical type of architectural construction as discovered at Gomolava and Bordjej which represents structures that are characteristic for lowland areas. Houses in hill fort settlements built on artificial terraces have been mostly devastated by erosion, so that judging by the impressions of wooden structures and wattle and daub, as well as the remains of hearths, it can be asserted that these were residential structures. Numerous studies so far noted that based on the stylistic and typological characteristics of ceramics on archaeological sites in Timocka Krajina it is possible to distinguish between two phases of the Co?ofeni group, where the first is dominated by ornamental techniques of carving that are characteristic of the Co?ofeni group, and a later phase in which this style is mixed with the furchenstich, as well as other Kostolac cultural elements (furchenstich, certain types of ceramics, etc.). The fact is that the majority of Co?ofeni-Kostolac group sites in eastern Serbia have not been excavated, or have only been partially excavated, and that no vertical stratigraphy had been observed, where no stratigraphic relationship between stylistic-topological characteristics of older ceramics (Co?ofeni) and the more recent phase (Co?ofeni-Kostolac) have been established. These are mostly settlements in which ceramics were observed with elements both of the Kostolac and the Co?ofeni group, or only with elements of the Co?ofeni group, while settlements with only Kostolac ceramics have not been identified. Therefore, in Serbia it is only possible to distinguish between sites where furchenstich ornamentation has been observed and those where this type of ornamentation still has not been observed. Still, it is unclear whether this distinction can be applied to period assignment, or whether it is in fact caused by settlement of different populations in different regions of Eastern Serbia - the Kostolac region from the west and the Co?ofeni group from the East. In Romania, however, vertical stratigraphy was observed at several settlements where development phases were observed of the Co?ofeni group, so that based on the stratigraphy at those sites, with certain caution, it is possible to draw conclusions about the development of the Co?ofeni-Kostolac group in eastern Serbia. Settlements without any furchenstich ornamentation would be assigned to the older phase (Co?ofeni group) where ceramics characteristic of the Co?ofeni group have been observed, although observed shapes and ornaments are usually associated with the furchenstich technique and the more recent phase of the group. The most frequent type of vessels at sites in eastern Serbia are amphorae with extended funnel shaped necks, ornamented below the neck with carved lines or with stamped ornamentation (fig. 6, 21, 38, 64, 71, 89, 98-100, 104, 109, 115, 116, 134), fishbone shape impressions (fig. 4, 28), and in the more recent period furchenstich ornamentation or point impressions (fig. 9, 20, 25, 140), with a tongue shaped or vertically perforated handle, tunnel shaped or horse-shoe shaped handle below the rim (fig. 6, 9, 20, 21, 51, 63, 100, 126, 134, 88, 115 ). The second characteristic type of vessel are semi-spherical bowls with deeper recipients, with flat rims (fig. 11, 12, 23, 27, 29, 52-54, 57, 59-60, 74, 79, 81, 82, 90, 91, 95, 113, 124, 125, 131 and 145), or with shallower recipients, with a slanted, triangular rim or T-shaped profiled rim (14, 19, 133 and 146). Such vessels are characteristic for both phases, because they are ornamented, besides vertical ribs, with carves, and with furchenstich ornamentation (fig. 23, 68, 81 and 82). The third type of vessels are semi-spherical bowls with contracted rims creating a nearly spherical shape. They can be ornamented with vertical ribs on rims (fig. 148) in combination with pinholes (fig. 17), carves (fig. 61, 84, 85) or line impressions (fig. 132). Less frequent vessels on the territory of northeastern Serbia are biconical or spherical goblets, followed by pare-shaped goblets with a single handle, larger pare-shaped amphorae with an extended or conical neck, with small handles below the rim, ornamented with a series of carves (fig. 39, 86), as well as barrel or spherical pots ornamented with carves, horizontal tapes or circular impressions (fig. 45-47, 141, 142). The appearance of ropeshape ornaments is very significant, given that they appear in Rumanian finds in the second phase of the Co?ofeni group, and most frequently in the third phase. This ornament was sporadically observed in the far south, on the Dikili Tas site on the northern shore of the Aegean sea, in level 6, which according to the author belongs chronologically to the Bubanj-Hum II group and the Kostolac group. Its presence at sites in eastern Serbia can be linked to the older phase at the majority of settlements, except in the case of Grabar-Svracar, as these ceramics were not found alongside ceramics with furchenstich. The largest number of sites with only Co?ofeni elements on ceramics have been observed (34), but it is indicative that only a few have been excavated. 28 sites with Kostolac group elements were noted, while 17 unspecified sites in which the period cannot be precisely defined have been identified. According to the stratigraphy of several of the mentioned sites in western Bulgaria, in the Morava valley and in southern Romania it can be concluded that the Co?ofeni group (northeastern Serbia and Romania) and the Co?ofeni-Kostolac group (Morava valley and western Bulgaria), in all of the mentioned regions, was preceded by the Cernavoda III group, and was superseded by the Vucedol culture and the Bubanj-Hum II group in the Morava valle and the Struma valley, and the Glina II-Schnekenber group in Oltenija and the territory of Transylvania and the southern Carpathians. Analysis of the distribution of settlements and stylistictopological characteristics of ceramics from all of the settlements led to the conclusion that the oldest settlements, without ceramics with furchenstich ornamentation, were established in Kljuc in Negotinska Krajina, leading to the assumption that the representatives of the Co?ofeni group came from Oltenia and from the southern Carpathians. A large number fo sites west of Kljuc, along the Danube, at which ceramics with furchenstich ornamentation were noted, point to the direction of expansion of Kostolac elements, from Banat, Branicevo and Stig. The influence of the Kostolac group was very strong starting in the Co?ofeni II phase, even in Romanian sites, given that in Transylvania and in the southern Carpathians a large number of ceramic finds were found with furchenstich ornamentation, while it is interesting that only sporadic appearances were noted in Oltenia. It is clear that Co?ofeni group settlements represented a certain barrier to the expansion of these elements to the east. With the formation of the Co?ofeni-Kostolac group which was created through contacts between representatives of the Co?ofeni to the east and the representatives of the Kostolac group to the west and north-west a short period of coexistence occurred on this territory. Absolute dating of the chronological framework of the Co?ofeni-Kostolac group in the Danube valley and in eastern Serbia can only be assigned indirectly, as there is no carbon dating available from these sites. According to J. Bojacijev, phase II-III of the Co?ofeni group (4400-4300 bp) can be assigned chronologically approximately to the same period as the Kostolac group (4500-4100 bp), and if we suppose that the Co?ofeni-Kostolac group occurred a little while after the occurrence of the Kostolac group, it can be concluded that the Co?ofeni-Kostolac group existed at the end of the IV and the first half of the III millennium BC, although it is possible that it continued even later in particular regions. The results for the oldest and the middle phase of the Kostolac cultural group at Gomolava range between 3038-2903 BC and 3108-2877 BC, while the Kostolac culture at the Streim and Vucedol sits was dated 3310-2920 BC, as is the approximate dating of settlements of this group in Pivnica (3042-2857 BC). All the dating of Kostolac group sites indicate that this cultural group occurred and developed in the period of the last quarter of the IV and the first half of the III millennium BC, which would chronologically assign the Co?ofeni-Kostolac group in the Morava valley and Timocka Krajina to the end of the IV and the start of the III millennium BC, and to the ensuing period.

Notre travail porte sur un ensemble d'entretiens, écrits ou oraux, à dominante culturelle. Nous identifions le genre de l'« entretien culturel ». Ce genre de discours s'apparente au dialogue et relève de diverses sphères d'activités culturelles (pratiques artistiques principalement) et s'inscrit dans des institutions identifiées de production ou de diffusion des savoirs. Les domaines culturels que nous avons privilégiés sont la littérature (F. Ponge, N. Sarraute, A. Nothomb, É. Reinhardt) et le cinéma (A. Varda, J. Rouch, B. Tavernier, M. Piccoli). Les entretiens oraux proviennent d'enregistrements de la chaîne radiophonique France-Culture. Les entretiens écrits sont des publications livresques ou sont extraits de médias de presse (Télérama ou Le Monde).Dans une première partie, nous nous efforçons de caractériser le genre de l'entretien culturel en le rapportant à sa superstructure dialogale et en le différenciant d'une conversation ordinaire. Nous avons tout d'abord fait le constat de l'omniprésence médiatique de l'entretien dans les médias, ce que nous avons attesté par diverses données chiffrées. Ensuite, nous avons traité la question de la synonymie d'entretien, conversation et dialogue à travers des usages de presse (Le Monde). Enfin, vient notre cadrage théorique qui est surtout constitué par l'analyse du discours (D. Maingueneau, 1999, 2002, 2014), le dialogisme (J. Bres, 2005), les analyses conversationnelles (E. Roulet et al., 19872) et interactionnistes (C. Kerbrat-Orecchioni, 1990), et la linguistique textuelle (J.-M. Adam, [1992] 20174). L'ensemble de ces apports théoriques se fonde sur la différence entre les genres premiers et les genres seconds opérée par M. Bakhtine (1984). À l'issue de la première partie, nous définissons le genre de l'entretien culturel, c'est-à-dire que nous spécifions les composantes de sa macro-structure.Ensuite, dans une deuxième grande partie, nous procédons à des analyses linguistiques d'extraits pour lesquelles nous nous sommes dotée d'outils linguistiques susceptibles de rendre compte du niveau de structuration intermédiaire. Le flux verbal et le dynamisme informationnel nécessitent en effet que l'on sache appréhender la question énonciative ou la macro-syntaxe avec des outils d'analyse adaptés : la grammaire de la période (Groupe de Fribourg, 2012) ; la grammaire de texte et les stratégies de topicalisation (B. Combettes, 1986). De même, la micro-syntaxe dans ses réalisations orales nécessitent des outils appropriés comme la grille syntaxique de C. Blanche-Benveniste (1990).Dans notre dernière partie, nous cherchons plus spécialement à caractériser les échanges entre une forme orale et une forme écrite, la réalisation d'effets de mixité n'étant pas nécessairement liés au support lui-même. La thèse se propose de revenir sur le continuum communicationnel de Koch & Oesterreicher (2001) pour en éprouver les paramètres (« les déterminants situationnels et contextuels »). Il nous a semblé que le continuum communicationnel est une solution pour résoudre la question générale de la dichotomie oral et/ou écrit. Nous essayerons de montrer comment ce continuum opère dans le cas des entretiens culturels
Our work concerns a set of interviews, written or oral, with a cultural focus. We identified the genre of the “cultural interview”. This genre of discourse is similar to the dialogue and it concerns various spheres of cultural activities (mainly artistic practices) that are inscribed in identified institutions of production or publication. The cultural domains that we have selected are literature (F. Ponge, N. Sarraute, A. Nothomb, É. Reinhardt) and cinema (A. Varda, J. Rouch, B. Tavernier, M. Piccoli). The oral interviews are mainly from recordings of the radio station « France-Culture » whereas, the written interviews were selected from books or press media such as, Télérama or Le Monde.Firstly, we characterize the genre of the cultural interview by relating it to its dialogical superstructure and differentiating it from an ordinary conversation. We noted the media omnipresence of the interview which we have attested by various figures. Then, we deal with the synonymous questions of an interview, conversation and dialogue through press usage (Le Monde). Finally, our theoretical framework is mainly constituted by discourse analysis (D. Maingueneau, 1999, 2002, 2014), dialogism (J. Bres, 2005), conversational analysis (E. Roulet et al., 19872), interactionist analysis (C. Kerbrat-Orecchioni, 1990) and textual linguistics (J.-M. Adam, [1992] 20174). All these theoretical contributions are based on the difference between primary and secondary genres made by M. Bakhtine (1984). At the end of the first part, we define the genre of the cultural conversation by specifying the components of its macro-structure.We then proceed to linguistic analyses of excerpts for which we have equipped ourselves with linguistic tools likely to account for the intermediate level of structuring. The verbal flow and the informational dynamism require indeed that we know how to apprehend the enunciative question or the macro-syntax with adapted analysis tools: the grammar of the period (Groupe de Fribourg, 2012); the grammar of text and the strategies of topicalization (B. Combettes, 1986). Similarly, micro-syntax in its oral realizations, requires appropriate tools such as the syntactic grid of C. Blanche-Benveniste (1990).Lastly, we specifically characterize the exchanges between an oral form and a written form. The realization of mixing effects may not be necessarily linked to the medium itself. The thesis proposes to return to Koch & Oesterreicher's communicational continuum (2001) in order to test its parameters (situational and contextual determinants). We observed that the communicative continuum is a solution to the general question of the oral and/or written dichotomy. Here we show how this continuum operates in the case of cultural interviews

Cette recherche s’intéresse à la Formation Professionnelle Continue des adultes. Elle questionne la portée de la dynamique qui se crée pendant qu’ils apprennent et se perfectionnent à l’occasion de stages de courte durée. Notre recherche a été réalisée auprès de 24 professionnels du secteur sanitaire et médico-social qui ont suivi au moins un stage entre les années 2008 et 2011. Nous les avons rencontrés dans le cadre d’un entretien semi-directif dont le guide a été élaboré à partir d’un modèle permettant de considérer l’attitude et le comportement en référence au Soi (Hamel et al., 1999). A partir d’un cadre épistémologique socioconstructiviste, l’analyse a contribué à relever non seulement, nombre d’idées forces corroborant la nécessité des stages comme espaces d’acquisition de compétences, mais aussi certaines indiquant des « transformations silencieuses » (Jullien, 2009) intervenant sur la « croissance de la vie adulte » (Bédard, 1987). Nous avons tenté de modéliser en quoi la FPC participe potentiellement de la construction identitaire du sujet
This research focuses in training adults. We question the impact of the dynamics developed while they learn together. Our research was conducted with 24 people who followed at least one internship between 2008s and 2011. We met the participants within the framework of a semi-directive interview. This technique was developed from a model which consider attitude and behavior in respect to the Self (Hamel, et al., 1999). The analysis made in a socioconstructivist epistemological frame, has contributed to underline a number of ideas which supports the necessity of the internships as a space for the acquisition of skills, and other ideas which indicate that " silent transformations " (Jullien, 2009) can occur on the " growth of adult life " (Bédard, 1987) also thanks to the internships. The diverse elements of our research allowed us to show that the training potentially contributes to the construction of identity of the subject

This chapter aims to address artificial intelligence as a driving force behind relationship marketing (RM) practices. In this sense, the communicational potential of the internet and the way marketing migrates to the digital area are highlighted. In addition, the importance of customer relationship management (CRM) is demonstrated in the development of the loyalty process, using its personalisation and customisation of the customer. Marketing, from a relational perspective, assumes an interactive marketing function, in a continuous, dialogical, and individualised process with the buyer. Marketing focuses on relationships and convergence, investing in attracting new members and maintaining them in a lasting way. This commitment of brands to attract and create engagement with the customer has as its main purpose, to create loyalty, with a view to future brand loyalty.

The transformation of the advertising system is the result of the dynamic interaction of three dimensions: advertising proposals, consumer response, and advertising effectiveness resulting from the interaction. The decrease in advertising effectiveness at the end of the last century, together with a set of technological and socio-cultural factors, has given rise to new advertising proposals distributed through new multidirectional communicational contexts and new formats that continue to privilege a type of direct advertising. However, these new advertising proposals have focused on the first dimension of the advertising system and have not sufficiently taken into account scientific advances on the psychological nature of the consumer. This has produced a series of imbalances whose analysis has led to the identification of a phenomenon of masking and transfiguration in a type of indirect advertising, emerging in the culture of digital entertainment, which benefits from scientific advances on the current conception of affective-cognitive processing.

The primary and pre-primary's school teacher improvement in the area of information and communication technologies competences has a major contribution over the improvement of the educational system, the main goal being a society in which accessing information and being highly qualified are an insurance of the economic growth - this is one of the top priorities of the training programs for the general teaching staff. This activity implies having a teacher who's "armed with ICT instruments" not for using them as a goal (aim?), but especially for integrating them into the educational process with obvious formative and educational effects. As a course and tutorial author for pedagogical disciplines included in the initial training programs of the future teaching staff, I consider that enhancing the value of information and communication technologies is a part of an intercession of several other different strategies. The experiential learning has represented one of the most profound ways of approaching the process of familiarization and access for these technologies, from an instrumental perspective.The acceleration of the integration process and effective promotion of the new communicational and informational technologies must be regarded through the need of psycho-pedagogical and pedagogical substantiation of what represents the process of development of transferable competences and structures and of the mental operations supposed by the actual opportunities of professional development. This study represents a meta-reflexive exercise for identifying the main bench marks and the opening areas towards applicability and success in the information and communication technologies space for the initial and continuous training of the teaching staff from the primary and pre-primary educational environment.

The research represents the active area of science, as a thinking model that responds to new challenges through the competitive search for innovative solutions to current issues in several ways: the global availability and veracity of scientific sources, the configuration of priority fields, the reconfiguration of traditional fields, etc. The scientific component is increasingly linked to the emergence of the informational, communicational and computational paradigm. The context of systemic polycrises at the beginning of the 21st century of different type has energized and revolutionized some fields and revealed specific issues in different spheres and regions. These fundamental mutations are also a turning point for rethinking and building the intelligent future of education and research. The dangerous scenarios of the 21st century, during which catastrophes, bio-terrorism and wars continue, impose the need for constant innovation, regular paradigm shifts, globalization of research efforts, technological capacity and securing resources in different fields, which is a gateway to a new laboratory of the spirit. We are in the presence of a global innovation, the integration of man and the social body in the universe of science. Today the development of research, which involves the interaction of soft/human (itarian) sciences with hard/exact ones, is seconded by the “moralization”/confrontation/normalization of the relations between these fields. Only the coagulated synergies of the active and the passive approach can capture the evolution of the research and education approach in its fundamental complexity. We are convinced that the dialogue of our ideas and knowledge can lead to a high academic endeavor, in the true sense of universitas.