Книги з теми "Contemporary metaphysical art"
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1
Favaro, Alice. Después de la caída del ‘ángel’. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-416-5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ángel Bonomini was born in Buenos Aires in 1929 where he lived until his death at the age of sixty-four in 1994. He worked for various newspapers and magazines as an art critic and translator, but always maintaining his literary activity. He inherited the tradition of the Argentine fantastic and was a prolific writer: his production includes essays, poems and fantastic tales.Although he lived in a period of great cultural splendor and his literary talent was recognised by authors such as Borges and Bioy Casares, he fell into an unexplained oblivion, disappearing quite early from the contemporary intellectual environment. His first poems, which date back to the 1950s, were published in Sur magazine and some of his tales were included in well-known anthologies of fantastic literature.Among his collections of poems there are: Primera enunciación (1947), Argumento del enamorado. Baladas con Ángel (1952) written with María Elena Walsh, Torres para el silencio (1982) and Poética (1994). In 1972 he achieved great success with the publication of his first collection of fantastic tales, Los novicios de Lerna, followed by the publication of other books: Libro de los casos (1975), Los lentos elefantes de Milán (1978), Cuentos de amor (1982), Historias secretas (1985) and Más allá del puente (1996), posthumously published.A particular use of the fantastic characterises his work and distinguishes him from his contemporary authors. In his tales there is a continuous contrast between metaphysics and existentialism; in this way, he makes a deep investigation of the reality and, at the same time, he tries to go beyond it.This volume aims to analyse some emblematic tales by Bonomini in which it is possible to find the main topoi of Argentine fantastic and to understand why the author’s literary work is worth studying.
2
Williams, Neil E. The Powers Metaphysic. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833574.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Systematic metaphysics is defined by its task of solving metaphysical problems through the repeated application of a single, fundamental ontology. The dominant contemporary metaphysic is that of neo-Humeanism, built on a static ontology typified by its rejection of basic causal and modal features. This book offers and develops a radically distinct metaphysic, one that turns the status quo on its head. Starting with a foundational ontology of inherently causal properties known as ‘powers’, a metaphysic is developed that appeals to powers in explanations of causation, persistence, laws, and modality. Powers are properties that have their causal natures internal to them: they are responsible for the effects in the world. A unique account of powers is developed that understands this internal nature in terms of a blueprint of potential interaction types. After the presentation of the powers ontology, it is put to work in offering solutions to broad metaphysical puzzles, some of which take on different forms in light of the new tools that are available. The defence of the ontology comes from the virtues of metaphysic it can be used to develop. Particular attention is paid to the problems of causation and persistence, simultaneously solving them as it casts them in a new light. The resultant powers metaphysic is offered as a systematic alternative to neo-Humeanism.
3
Healey, Richard. Metaphysics in Science. Edited by Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.21.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Science has transformed, if not solved, some metaphysical problems while posing new ones. Metaphysical ideas such as those of the ancient atomists have sometimes proved helpful in developing new scientific theories. But the widespread agreement on the empirically grounded progress achieved in science has often been contrasted with what seem to be abstruse and interminable disputes over metaphysical theses. Karl Popper sought to demarcate scientific from metaphysical and other claims by appealing to their empirical falsifiability, while Rudolf Carnap and other logical positivists dismissed metaphysical claims as cognitively meaningless since they are neither empirically verifiable nor true by virtue of meaning. This article considers some contemporary views on how science relates to metaphysics only after examining the impact of science on more specific metaphysical issues—composition, identity and individuality, time and change, determinism, causation, laws, probability, and the primacy of fundamental physics.
4
Corkum, Phil. Ontological Dependence and Grounding in Aristotle. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935314.013.31.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The relation of ontological dependence or grounding, expressed by the terminology of separation and priority in substance, plays a central role in Aristotle’sCategories, Metaphysics, De Animaand elsewhere. The article discusses three current interpretations of this terminology. These are drawn along the lines of, respectively, modal-existential ontological dependence, essential ontological dependence, and grounding or metaphysical explanation. I provide an opinionated introduction to the topic, raising the main interpretative questions, laying out a few of the exegetical and philosophical options that influence one’s reading, and locating questions of Aristotle scholarship within the discussion of ontological dependence and grounding in contemporary metaphysics.
5
Boisvert, Raymond D. Dewey’s Metaphysics. Fordham University Press, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823211968.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book presents an interpetation of John Dewey’s metahysics. Dewey spent seventy years of his life in philosophical activity. The book covers the three periods of Dewey’s career. The first is the idealistic phase, then the experimental phase, and finally the naturalistic phase. The book begins by discussing responses to two major problems in Deweyan scholarship and to a third issue of a more purely theoretical character. There are scholars who dismiss the Deweyan attempt at formulating a metaphysics as superficial, irrelevant, and contradictory. There are others who provide a caricature of Deweyan metaphysics as describing a natural world given over solely to flux, process, and change. There there is also a general need for contemporary philosophers to deal with the issues encapsulated in the term form. The book concludes that Dewey’s metahysics presented in this book has a direct bearing on a much-discussed topic in contemporary philosophical literature: the dispute between foundationalists and anti-foundationalists.
6
Cykowski, Elizabeth. Heidegger's Metaphysical Abyss. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865407.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book provides a critical study of Heidegger’s reflections on animality, which are presented most extensively in his 1929–30 lecture course The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics. In these lectures Heidegger poses two provocative metaphysical theses: the human, he claims, is ‘world-forming’, whereas the animal is ‘poor in world’. Contemporary secondary literature has emphatically criticised these theses on account of the objection that they forge an ‘abyss of essence’ between human and non-human organisms. The theses undermine scientific developments by breaking apart the biological continuum in order to secure the human within in its own unique category, all the while leaving the world-poor animal on the other side of the abyss. Heidegger thus reinstates an outmoded dualism that he ought, on his own terms, to renounce: human versus animal. Via a close examination of The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics, one that also draws on other places within Heidegger’s corpus where the theme of animality features, the book aims to clarify the true meaning, scope, and significance of Heidegger’s theses. It seeks to show that Heidegger’s examination of animality points beyond the vestiges of received dualisms back to a more essential way of philosophising about life and the human’s relationship to it. The book concludes that Heidegger’s intention is to examine and illuminate, rather than simply to repeat the orthodox metaphysical hierarchies that we have inherited, and his exploration of animality raises deep questions about the status of the human within nature that remain vitally important to this day.
7
Duvernoy, Russell J. Affect and Attention After Deleuze and Whitehead. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474466912.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The book develops a process metaphysical conception of subjectivity from the work of Gilles Deleuze and Alfred North Whitehead. This alters existential orientations towards affect and attention in ways described as ecological attunement. The study is guided by two methodological commitments: (i) demonstrating the importance and relevance of responsible speculative thinking and (ii) translating metaphysical ideas into their existential implications. Both commitments are motivated by a contemporary context of ecological crisis and paradigm transformation. In the course of its argument, the book relates the work of Deleuze and Whitehead to other speculative trends in recent philosophy, particularly posthumanisms and speculative realisms. Deleuze and Whitehead are read in a shared lineage of radical empiricism that emphasizes processes and events as metaphysically primary. A key theme is understanding subjectivity through dynamic processes of individuation at variable scales where feeling/affect and attention acquire metaphysical rather than psychological scope and status. Whitehead’s analysis of “feeling” as metaphysical operation is explored in relation to Deleuze and Guattari's Spinozist-inspired deployment of affect. Attending participates as a crucial bridge between the metaphysical and the existential in processes of consolidation of present real actual occasions. The book develops existential implications of these claims in the context of an expanded philosophical conception of ecology. These implications challenge dominant modes of subjectification under what Guattari calls “Integrated World Capitalism” (IWC). The book concludes with discussion of how speculative philosophy may contribute to alternative futures.
8
Jansson, Lina. When are Structural Equation Models Apt? Causation versus Grounding. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777946.003.0013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
While much about the notion of ground in contemporary metaphysics is contested, there is large agreement that ground is closely connected to a certain kind of explanation. Recently, Jonathan Schaffer and Alastair Wilson have argued that ground is a relation that is very closely related to causation and that grounding explanations should be given an account in broadly interventionist terms through the use of structural equations and directed graphs. Such an approach offers the potential benefit of a largely unified framework for explanations with different relations, or different species of the same relation, backing different types of explanation. However, this chapter argues that this benefit cannot be realized since there are crucial differences between causal explanations and grounding explanations in how we can evaluate the aptness of the models in question.
9
Simons, Peter. Lowe, the Primacy of Metaphysics, and the Basis of Categorial Distinctions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796299.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter continues and amplifies themes from my paper in the volume Contemporary Aristotelian Metaphysics entitled ‘Four Categories – and More’, a paper which begins with the words ‘Jonathan Lowe’ and ends with the words ‘I salute him’. It continues my appreciation of and predominant agreement with the methods, tone, and philosophical attitude of Jonathan Lowe, while continuing to demur from several of his key metaphysical theses. I emphasize here our independent convergence on what seems an odd, even an inconsistent view, but is I think deep, important, and under-recognized, namely that the most basic attributes characterizing and linking the fundamental categories of being are not themselves beings.
10
Dumitru, Mircea, ed. Metaphysics, Meaning, and Modality. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199652624.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book is the first edited volume on the philosophy of one of the most seminal and profound contemporary philosophers. The volume is intended for philosophers, linguists, and cognitive scientists interested in metaphysics, language, and philosophical logic. The readers will benefit from the debates over Kit Fine’s novel theories on meaning and representation, arbitrary objects, essence, ontological realism, metaphysics of modality, and constitution of things. The work contains original essays which evaluate both the philosophical and some of the formal seminal contributions of Kit Fine to contemporary metaphysics, ontology, philosophy of language, and philosophical logic. The chapters in the work also advance new ideas and arguments which help in developing the debates on concepts of interests not only for philosophers but also for linguists and cognitive scientists who are interested in the foundations of their own fields. The work gives Kit Fine’s current views on the topics that he has helped to renew in today’s metaphysics, philosophy of language, and philosophical logic. The work contributes to the furthering of the debates in metaphysics, philosophical logic, and philosophy of language, focusing on brand new theories in the forefront of analytic philosophy. More generally, the hope is that a thorough discussion of the work of a very innovative and profound author such as Kit Fine can contribute to a better understanding of what is at stake within contemporary analytic philosophy.
11
Button, Tim, and Sean Walsh. Types and Stone spaces. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790396.003.0014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Types are one of the cornerstones of contemporary model theory. Simply put, a type is the collection of formulas satisfied by an element of some elementary extension. The types can be organised in an algebraic structure known as a Lindenbaum algebra. But the contemporary study of types also treats them as the points of a certain kind of topological space. These spaces, called ‘Stone spaces’, illustrate the richness of moving back-and-forth between algebraic and topological perspectives. Further, one of the most central notions of contemporary model theory—namely stability—is simply a constraint on the cardinality of these spaces. We close the chapter by discussing a related algebra-topology ‘duality’ from metaphysics, concerning whether to treat propositions as sets of possible worlds or vice-versa. We show that suitable regimentations of these two rival metaphysical approaches are biinterpretable (in the sense of chapter 5), and discuss the philosophical significance of this rapprochement.
12
Papineau, David. The Metaphysics of Sensory Experience. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862390.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
What are the materials of conscious perceptual experience? What is going on when we are consciously aware of a visual scene, or hear sounds, or otherwise enjoy sensory experience? In The Metaphysics of Sensory Experience David Papineau exposes the flaws in contemporary answers to this central philosophical question and defends a new alternative. Contemporary theories of perceptual experience all hold that conscious experiences reach out into the world beyond the mind. According to naïve realism, experiences literally incorporate perceived facts, while representationalism holds that experiences contain ordinary properties of the kind possessed by physical objects. These ideas might seem attractive at first sight, but Papineau shows that they do not stand up to examination. Instead Papineau argues for a purely qualitative account of sensory experience. Conscious sensory experiences are intrinsic states of people with no essential connection to external circumstances or represented properties. This might run counter to initial intuition, but Papineau shows that it is the only view that fits the facts. He develops this qualitative theory in detail, showing how it can accommodate the rich structure of sensory experience. Papineau’s qualitative account has respectable antecedents in the history of philosophy, and is also probably the view adopted by most non-specialists, be they reflective high school students, practising neuroscientists, or philosophers working outside the philosophy of perception. By placing the qualitative theory on a firm footing, Papineau shows all those curious about experience that they need not be restricted to the options on the contemporary philosophical menu.
13
Goldschmidt, Tyron, and Kenneth L. Pearce, eds. Idealism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746973.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Idealism is a family of metaphysical views each of which gives priority to the mental. The best-known forms of idealism in Western philosophy are the versions developed by George Berkeley and Immanuel Kant. Although idealism was once a dominant view in Western philosophy, it has suffered almost total neglect over the last several decades. The contemporary debate has focused almost exclusively on physicalism and dualism, though the alternative views of panpsychism and neutral monism are beginning to receive more attention. This book remedies the situation by bringing together seventeen new essays by leading philosophers on idealism. They explain, attack, or defend a variety of forms of idealism—not only Berkeleyan and Kantian versions, but also Buddhist and Jewish versions, and others besides. The essays are all contributions to metaphysics, but variously focus on philosophy of mind, philosophy of religion, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of science, philosophy of language, and other areas of philosophy.
14
Pattison, George. A Metaphysics of Love. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813521.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The book is the third and final part of a philosophy of Christian life. The first part applied a phenomenological approach to the literature of the devout life tradition, focussing on the feeling of being drawn to devotion to God; the second part examined what happens when this feeling is interpreted as a call or vocation. At its heart, this is the call to love that is made explicit in the Christian love-commandment but is shown to be implied every time human beings address each other in speech. A metaphysics of love explores the conditions for the possibility of such a call to love. Taking into account contemporary critiques of metaphysics, Dante’s vision of ‘the love that moves the sun and other stars’ challenges us to account for the mutual entwining of human and cosmic love and of being/God and beings/creatures in love. Conditions for the possibility of love are shown to include language, time, and social forms that mediate between immediate individual existence and society as a whole. Faced with the history of human malevolence, love also supposes the possibility of a new beginning, which Christianity sees in the Incarnation, manifest as forgiveness. Where existential phenomenology sees death as definitive of human existence, Christianity finds life’s true measure in love. Thus understood, love reveals the truth of being.
15
Bliss, Ricki, and Graham Priest. The Geography of Fundamentality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755630.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The dominant view amongst contemporary analytic metaphysicians working on notions of metaphysical dependence and the overarching structure of reality is one according to which that reality is hierarchically structured (the hierarchy thesis), well-founded (the fundamentality thesis), populated by merely contingent fundamentalia (the contingency thesis), and consistent (the consistency thesis). The introduction to this volume addresses the reasons commonly offered in defence of these theses and evaluates their merits. If it is correct that these are the core commitments of the metaphysical foundationalist, then it is proposed that the view is not nearly on such firm footing as one might suppose. The chapter also argues that the alternatives to this view—metaphysical infinitism and metaphysical coherentism—ought to be taken more seriously.
16
Hubner, Karolina, ed. Human. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876371.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The book examines the history of metaphysical accounts of human nature, and the ethical and political consequences of such accounts. In so doing, it produces a history of the concept “human,” illuminating how our self-understanding as human has evolved across time and place. The book starts with ancient Greek, classical Chinese, and medieval Arabic accounts of human nature and ends with contemporary evolutionary theory and the transhumanist movement. It examines problems ranging from the intelligibility of Christian Incarnation (a relationship between divine person and human beings) to problems posed by genetic engineering and artificial intelligence. It spans not just history of philosophy but also political science, religion, medical ethics, and the history of art and science fiction. It examines the role that the concept “human” has had for racist, sexist, and speciesist thought. Finally, the book highlights a long-standing battle between naturalistic accounts of human beings (on which human beings are just another part of nature) and rationalist-exceptionalist accounts (on which human beings are not merely distinctive but superior to other kinds of things in virtue of their cognitive capacities).
17
Jones, Karen, and François Schroeter, eds. The Many Moral Rationalisms. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797074.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This volume of thirteen original essays investigates the four core theses of moral rationalism: (i) the psychological thesis that reason is the source of moral judgement; (ii) the metaphysical thesis that moral requirements are constituted by the deliverances of practical reason; (iii) the epistemological thesis that moral requirements are knowable a priori; and (iv) the normative thesis that moral requirements entail valid reasons for action. The essays explore a variety of interpretations of these core theses, offer new arguments in their favour, and explore challenges to the rationalist project. The five essays in Part I (“Normativity”) offer contemporary defences or reconstructions of Kant’s attempt to ground the normative thesis, that moral requirements entail valid reasons for action (thesis iv), in the nature of practical reason and practical rationality. Some, but not all, rely on constructivist commitments about the metaphysical dependence of moral requirements on practical reason (thesis ii). The four essays in Part II (“Epistemology and Meaning”) consider the viability of claims to a priori moral knowledge (thesis iii). The authors of all four essays are sympathetic to a realist moral metaphysics and thus forgo the straightforward constructivist road to a priority. The four essays in Part III (“Psychology”) each grapple with the implications for rationalism of the role of emotions and unconscious processes in moral judgement and action (thesis i). The volume demonstrates that moral rationalism identifies not a single philosophical position but rather a family of philosophical positions, which resemble traditional rationalism, as exemplified by Kant, to varying degrees.
18
Barnes, Elizabeth. Symmetric Dependence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755630.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Metaphysical orthodoxy maintains that the relation of ontological dependence is irreflexive, asymmetric, and transitive. The goal of this paper is to challenge that orthodoxy by arguing that ontological dependence should be understood as non-symmetric, rather than asymmetric. A series of cases across a wide range of ontological commitments are presented, and it is argued that each case should be understood as one in which the relation of dependence holds symmetrically. If these arguments work, however, they provide reasons to be skeptical of the way in which contemporary discussions typically lump dependence together with relations such as grounding and in virtue of, which arguably need to be understood as asymmetric. If the asymmetry of dependence is relinquished, interesting things follow for what can be said about metaphysical explanation—particularly for the prospects of explanatory holism.
19
Casati, Filippo, and Daniel Dahlstrom, eds. Heidegger on Logic. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108869188.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Does adherence to the principles of logic commit us to a particular way of viewing the world? Or are there ways of being – ways of behaving in the world, including ways of thinking, feeling, and speaking – that ground the normative constraints that logic imposes? Does the fact that assertions, the traditional elements of logic, are typically made about beings present a problem for metaphysical (or post-metaphysical) prospects of making assertions meaningfully about being? Does thinking about being (as opposed to beings) accordingly require revising or restricting logic's reach – and, if so, how is this possible? Or is there something precious about the very idea of thinking the limits of thinking? Contemporary scholars have become increasing sensitive to how Heidegger, much like Wittgenstein, instructively poses such questions. Heidegger on Logic is a collection of new essays by leading scholars who critically ponder the efficacy of his responses to them.
20
Azzouni, Jody. Transcendence and Immanence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190622558.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Current metaphysical debates (between, e.g., Hirsch, Sider, Hawthorne, and others) are historically centered in an earlier debate between Carnap and Quine. This was a debate over whether formal languages can function as replacements for natural language or whether instead they offer techniques that can be used to modify natural languages. This debate continues to be relevant to contemporary debates between Hirsch and his opponents. Hirsch presupposes the natural-language-centered Quinean position; many of his opponents take Ontologese to be a cogent alternative for metaphysical discourse. In addition, it’s shown that Hirsch’s attempts to demarcate substantial from purely verbal debates derail because of the technical failure to show that finitely specified sentence-to-sentence mappings between disputant claims are available. It’s shown further that quantifier-variant views make no sense of ontological debate. Participants in ontological debate need to share an existence concept if they are to argue successfully with one another.
21
King, Jeffrey C. Propositions and Truth-Bearers. Edited by Michael Glanzberg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199557929.013.12.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The chapter begins by reviewing the roles that advocates of propositions take them to play. Then it turns to the question of the nature of the things that play these roles. What is the correct metaphysics of propositions? Since most contemporary thought about the nature of propositions is traceable in some way to the classical theories of propositions of Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell, those theories are discussed in some detail. Then accounts of the metaphysics of propositions developed in 1960s are discussed. The chapter concludes by reviewing other accounts of propositions developed between the 1960s and the present.
22
Pakes, Anna. Choreography Invisible. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199988211.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Focusing on Western theatre dance, Choreography Invisible explores the metaphysics of dances and choreographic works. It draws on a range of resources from analytic philosophy of art to develop the argument that dances are repeatable structures of action. The book also analyses the idea of the dance work in long-term historical perspective. Tracing different ways in which dances have been conceptualised across time, the book considers changing notions of authorship, fixity, persistence, and autonomy from the fifteenth century to the present day. The modern work-concept is interrogated, its relativity and contested status (particularly within contemporary dance practice) acknowledged. As the dance work disappears from contemporary discourse, what can be said about the kind of thing it is? Choreography Invisible considers the materials of dance making and the nature (and limits) of choreographic authorship. It explores issues of identity and persistence, including why distinct (and sometimes quite various) performances are still treated as performances of the same work. The book examines how dances survive through time and what it means for a dance work to be lost, considering the extent to which practices of dance reconstruction and reenactment can recuperate or reconstitute lost choreography. The focus here is dance, but the book addresses issues with wider implications for the metaphysics of art, including how the historical relativity of art practices should inflect analytic arguments about the nature of art works, and what place such works have within a broader ontology of human and natural worlds.
23
Chakravartty, Anjan. Dispositions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190651459.003.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Armed with the framework for thinking about naturalized metaphysics given in the previous chapters, this chapter turns to a case study in the metaphysics of science. By considering a case in some detail, various aspects of the prior framework are exemplified in a concrete way. The example considered comes from a popular arena of discussion in contemporary metaphysics of science: the attribution of a specific kind of property, dispositional properties, in giving interpretations of scientific work and practices such as explanation. The appeal to dispositional properties represents a case study of how some have attempted to use scientific knowledge and practice as a starting point or inspiration for ontological theorizing—one in which answers to certain questions, such as what stands in need of explanation and what is genuinely explanatorily powerful, figure centrally.
24
Finnigan, Bronwyn. Madhyamaka Ethics. Edited by Daniel Cozort and James Mark Shields. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198746140.013.10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There are two main loci of contemporary debate about the nature of Madhyamaka ethics. The first investigates the general issue of whether the Madhyamaka philosophy of emptiness (śūnyavāda) is consistent with a commitment to systematic ethical distinctions. The second queries whether the metaphysical analysis of no-self presented by Śāntideva in his Bodhicaryāvatāra entails the impartial benevolence of a bodhisattva. This chapter critically examines these debates and demonstrates the ways in which they are shaped by competing understandings of Madhyamaka conventional truth or reality (saṃvṛtisatya) and the forms of reasoning admissible for differentiating conventional truth from falsity and good from bad.
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Ogden, Stephen R. Averroes on Intellect. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192896117.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book on the Muslim philosopher Averroes (Ibn Rushd) provides a detailed analysis of his (in)famous unicity thesis—the view that there is only one separate and eternal intellect for all human beings. It focuses directly on Averroes’ arguments, both from the text of Aristotle’s De Anima and, more importantly, his own philosophical arguments in the Long Commentary on the De Anima. Ogden defends Averroes’ interpretation of Aristotle’s DA III.4–5 (using Greek, Arabic, Latin, and contemporary sources). Yet, the author insists that Averroes is not merely a “commentator” but also an incisive philosopher in his own right. Ogden thus reconstructs and analyzes Averroes’ two most significant independent philosophical arguments, the Determinate Particular Argument and the Unity Argument. Alternative ancient and medieval views are considered throughout, especially from two important foils before and after Averroes, namely Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā) and Thomas Aquinas. Aquinas’s most famous and penetrating arguments against the unicity thesis are also addressed. Finally, Ogden considers Averroes’ own objections to broader metaphysical views of the soul such as Avicenna’s and Aquinas’s, which agree with him on several key points (e.g., the immateriality of the intellect and the individuation of human souls by matter), while still diverging on the number and substantial nature of the intellect. The central aim of the book is to provide readers a single study of Averroes’ most pivotal arguments on intellect, consolidating and building on recent scholarship and offering a comprehensive case for his unicity thesis in the wider context of Aristotelian epistemology and metaphysics.
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Suárez, Mauricio. Representation in Science. Edited by Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.25.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article provides a state-of-the-art review of the philosophical literature on scientific representation. It first argues that the topic emerges historically mainly out of what may be called the modelling tradition. It then introduces a number of helpful analytical distinctions and goes on to divide contemporary approaches to scientific representation into two distinct kinds, substantive and deflationary. Analogies with related discussions of artistic representation in aesthetics and the nature of truth in metaphysics are pursued. It is finally urged that the most promising approaches—and the ones most likely to feature prominently in future developments—are deflationary. In particular, a defense is provided of a genuinely inferential conception of representation.
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Eikelboom, Lexi. Rhythm. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828839.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book argues that, as a pervasive dimension of human existence with theological implications, rhythm ought to be considered a category of theological significance. Philosophers and theologians have drawn on rhythm—patterned movements of repetition and variation—to describe reality, however, the ways in which rhythm is used and understood differ based on a variety of metaphysical commitments with varying theological implications. This book brings those implications into the open, using resources from phenomenology, prosody, and the social sciences to analyse and evaluate uses of rhythm in metaphysical and theological accounts of reality. The analysis relies on a distinction from prosody between a synchronic approach to rhythm—observing the whole at once and considering how various dimensions of a rhythm hold together harmoniously—and a diachronic approach—focusing on the ways in which time unfolds as the subject experiences it. The text engages with the twentieth-century Jesuit theologian Erich Przywara alongside thinkers as diverse as Augustine and the contemporary philosopher Giorgio Agamben, and proposes an approach to rhythm that serves the concerns of theological conversation. It demonstrates the difference that including rhythm in theological conversation makes to how we think about questions such as “what is creation?” and “what is the nature of the God–creature relationship?” from the perspective of rhythm. As a theoretical category, capable of expressing metaphysical commitments, yet shaped by the cultural rhythms in which those expressing such commitments are embedded, rhythm is particularly significant for theology as a phenomenon through which culture and embodied experience influence doctrine.
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Mills, Charles W. Critical Philosophy of Race. Edited by Herman Cappelen, Tamar Szabó Gendler, and John Hawthorne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199668779.013.15.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article tries to provide a genealogy for, and a characterization of, “critical philosophy of race,” which has only recently begun to gain formal recognition as a subject within the discipline. After discussing the contested periodization of race and racism, the author turns to the related question of whether they have affected the history of Western philosophy from the classical epoch to modernity. Then he reviews contemporary scholarship in critical philosophy of race, looking at standard divisions of the field: metaphysics (the metaphysics of race); epistemology (social epistemology, standpoint theory, and “whiteness”); aesthetics (race and structures of feeling, racism and anti-racism in works of art); ethics (the moral challenges of slavery, white supremacy, and their ongoing legacy); social and political philosophy (competing analyses of racism as a concept, competing etiologies of racism as a reality, racial domination and racial justice); and existentialism, phenomenology, and pragmatism (the lived experience of race).
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Stang, Nicholas F. Transcendental Idealism Without Tears. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746973.003.0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter is an attempt to explain Kantian transcendental idealism to contemporary metaphysicians and make clear its relevance to contemporary debates in what is now called ‘meta-ontology.’ It first introduces some Kantian ideas about what objects are and argues that we understand the concept <object> through understanding what can be the referent of singular mental reference by some intellect (what Kant calls an ‘intuition’), human or otherwise. It then argues that explanatory understanding requires the ability to understand instances of relevant concepts, which in turn requires the ability to intuit objects that instantiate relevant concepts. This places a constraint on our ontology: we can have explanatory understanding only if our quantifiers are restricted to objects we can intuit (so-called ‘phenomena’). We can speculate about some of the recherché objects of contemporary metaphysics (e.g. physical simples, instantaneous temporal parts) but we cannot understand them.
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Schwartz, Gary E. The Role of Spirituality in Integrative Preventive Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190241254.003.0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Substantial research documents a positive association between religious practice and improved health and well-being. Research on the relationship between spirituality and health is less developed but also positive. Generally speaking, Western science and medicine explain these positive associations via psychological and social mechanisms rather than spiritual (or “metaphysical”) ones. However, contemporary theory and research in consciousness science, including research on near-death experiences and life after death, are pointing to a profound paradigm change in science, shifting from conventional materialist models of nature and the cosmos to postmaterialist models. This chapter introduces the reader to the emerging postmaterialist paradigm in science and considers some of its important implications for understanding and applying spirituality in integrative preventive medicine.
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McDaniel, Kris. Ways of Being. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719656.003.0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter develops a version of ontological pluralism that appeals to semantically primitive restricted quantification and naturalness. It also articulate different ways of formulating versions of ontological pluralism. Although the author defends ontological pluralism from some objections, the main goals of this chapter are to get some versions of ontological pluralism on the table, show that they are intelligible and worthy of consideration, and show how concerns about ontological pluralism connect up with historical and contemporary meta-metaphysical issues. The chapter considers versions of ontological pluralism that say that substances have a different mode of being than attributes, that things in time have a different mode of being than atemporal objects, that stuff has a different mode of being than things, and many others.
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Zangwill, Nick. Beauty. Edited by Jerrold Levinson. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279456.003.0018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article discusses several related issues about beauty. These are: the place of beauty among other aesthetic properties; the general principle of aesthetic supervenience; the problem of aesthetic relevance; the distinction between free and dependent beauty; the primacy of our appreciation of free beauty over our appreciation of dependent beauty; personal beauty as a species of beauty; and the metaphysics of beauty. In contemporary philosophy, beauty is often thought of as one among many aesthetic properties, albeit one with a special role.
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Andrew, Bowie. Aesthetic Dimensions of Modern Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847737.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Much of contemporary philosophy, especially in the analytical tradition, regards aesthetics as of lesser significance than epistemology, ethics, metaphysics, and the philosophy of language. In Aesthetic Dimensions of Modern Philosophy Andrew Bowie, in contrast, explores the idea that art and aesthetics have crucial implications for those areas of philosophy. In the modern period, the growth of warranted scientific knowledge is accompanied both by heightened concern with epistemological scepticism and by a new philosophical attention to art and the beauty of nature. This suggests that modernity involves problems concerning how human beings make sense of the world that go beyond questions of knowledge, and are reflected in the arts. The relationship of art to philosophy is explored in Montaigne, Descartes, Hume, Kant, Schelling, the early German Romantics, and Hegel. The book then considers Cassirer’s and the hermeneutic tradition’s exploration of close links between meaning in language and in art. The work of Karl Polanyi, Marx, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Adorno, Dewey, and others is used to investigate how the modern sciences and the development of capitalism change both humankind’s relations to nature and the nature of value, and so affect the role of art in human self-understanding. The aesthetic dimensions of modern philosophy help to uncover often neglected historical shifts in how ‘subjective’ and ‘objective’ are conceived. Seeing art as a kind of philosophy, and philosophy as a kind of art reveals unresolved tensions between the different cultural domains of the modern world, and questions some of the orientation of contemporary philosophy.
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McDaniel, Kris. The Fragmentation of Being. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719656.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book attempts to answer some of the most fundamental questions in ontology. There are many kinds of beings but are there also many kinds of being? The world contains a variety of objects, each of which, let us provisionally assume, exists, but do some objects exist in different ways? Do some objects enjoy more being or existence than other objects? Are there different ways in which one object might enjoy more being than another? Most contemporary metaphysicians would answer “no” to each of these questions. So widespread is this consensus that the questions this book addresses are rarely even raised let alone explicitly answered. But this book carefully examines a wide range of reasons for answering each of these questions with a “yes.” In doing so, it connects these questions with many important metaphysical topics, including substance and accident, time and persistence, the nature of ontological categories, possibility and necessity, presence and absence, persons and value, ground and consequence, and essence and accident. In addition to discussing contemporary problems and theories, this book discusses the ontological views of many important figures in the history of philosophy, including Aquinas, Aristotle, Descartes, Heidegger, Husserl, Kant, Leibniz, Meinong, and many more.
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Machery, Edouard. The Method of Cases. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807520.003.0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Many areas of philosophy rely on the method of cases: Philosophers consider actual or hypothetical situations (which cases or thought experiments describe) in order to determine what facts hold in these situations and to bring them to bear on philosophical controversies. Surprisingly, however, the characterization of the method of cases is controversial. Chapter 1 defends a particular characterization of the method of cases and identifies some of the roles it plays in contemporary philosophy. Alternative characterizations, which appeal to notions such as metaphysical or epistemological analyticity, conceptual competence, or intuition, are rejected. Only a minimalist characterization, according to which cases elicit everyday judgments, is philosophically adequate—it does not rely on empty notions or on notions useless to characterize the method of cases—and descriptively adequate—it captures how philosophers really use cases.
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Vogt, Katja Maria. The Long Goodbye from Relativism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190692476.003.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chapter 4 rethinks Protagoras’s Measure Doctrine from a non-relativist, realist perspective. It coins the term Measure Realism, according to which human beings are the measure of what is good for them. This proposal is developed via a series of arguments against contemporary Truth Relativism and against a purely epistemic notion of standards of assessment. Human beings, it is argued, are the measure in a metaphysical way: qua the beings we are, we are the standard that is needed in ethical theory. It also makes sense to ask “what is the good for animals?” and “what is the good for the universe?” And it makes sense to imagine better cognizers than us, aiming to supersede what appear to be our limitations. Still, ethical theorizing examines how we are to live as human beings, which includes concern with the good of other beings and how we should aim to be better cognizers and agents.
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Lebens, Samuel. The Principles of Judaism. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843252.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this book Samuel Lebens takes the three principles of Jewish faith, as they were proposed in the fifteenth century by Rabbi Joseph Albo, and seeks to scrutinize and refine them with the toolkit of contemporary analytic philosophy. What could it mean for a perfect being to create a world out of nothing? Could such a world be anything more than a figment of God’s imagination? What is the Torah, and what must a person believe before it would make sense to treat it as Orthodox Judaism does? What does Judaism expect from a Messiah, and what would it mean for a world to be redeemed? These questions are explored in conversation with a wide array of Jewish sources—the Bible, Philo, the rabbis of the Mishna and Talmud, the medieval rationalists and mystics, the Hassidim, and more, with an eye towards diverse fields of contemporary research, such as cosmology, logic, the ontology of literature, and the metaphysics of time. This book is an attempt to articulate the most fundamental axioms of Orthodox Judaism in the vernacular of contemporary philosophy.
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Glick, David, George Darby, and Anna Marmodoro, eds. The Foundation of Reality. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831501.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Are space and time fundamental features of our world or might they emerge from something else? This volume brings together metaphysicians and philosophers of physics working on space, time, and fundamentality to address this timely question. Recent developments in the interpretation of quantum mechanics and the understanding of certain approaches to quantum gravity have led philosophers of physics to propose that space and time might be emergent rather than fundamental. But such discussions are often conducted without engagement with those working on fundamentality and related issues in contemporary metaphysics. This volume aims to correct this oversight. The diverse contributions to this volume address topics including the nature of fundamentality, the relation of space and time to quantum entanglement, and space and time in theories of quantum gravity. Only through consideration of a range of different approaches to the topic can we hope to get clear on the status of space and time in our contemporary understanding of physical reality.
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Pfeiffer, Christian. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779728.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Introduction locates the study of body within Aristotle’s philosophy and within contemporary metaphysics. Today, philosophers discuss these topics in the field of mereology or, more specifically, mereotopology. They study concepts such as ‘part’, ‘whole’, ‘being connected’, ‘being continuous’, or ‘having a boundary’. Although Aristotle had no formal theory of parts and wholes and their spatial relations, it is true that modern‐day philosophers are working with a conception that has been shaped by Aristotle. Putting it in the context of Aristotle’s philosophy, the treatment of bodies is important for Aristotle’s conception of the physical sciences because almost all branches of physical science employ the notion of body and related notions.
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Pereboom, Derk. Transcendental Arguments. Edited by Herman Cappelen, Tamar Szabó Gendler, and John Hawthorne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199668779.013.18.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article explores Immanuel Kant’s transcendental argument in philosophy. According to Kant, a transcendental argument begins with a compelling first premise about our thought, experience, knowledge, or practice, and then reasons to a conclusion that is a substantive and unobvious presupposition and necessary condition of the truth of this premise, or as he sometimes puts it, of the possibility of this premise’s being true. Transcendental arguments are typically directed against skepticism of some kind. For example, Kant’s Transcendental Deduction targets Humean skepticism about the applicability of a priori metaphysical concepts, and his Refutation of Idealism takes aim at skepticism about an external world. The article first considers the nature of transcendental arguments before analysing a number of specific transcendental arguments, including Kant’s Transcendental Deduction and Refutation of Idealism. It also discusses contemporary arguments, such as those forwarded by P. F. Strawson and and Christine Korsgaard, together with their problems and prospects.
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Berryman, Sylvia. Aristotle on the Sources of the Ethical Life. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835004.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This work challenges the common belief that Aristotle’s virtue ethics is founded on an appeal to human nature, an appeal that is thought to be intended to provide both substantive ethical advice and justification for the demands of ethics. It is argued that it is not Aristotle’s intent, but the view is resisted that Aristotle was blind to questions of the source or justification of his ethical views. Aristotle’s views are interpreted as a ‘middle way’ between the metaphysical grounding offered by Platonists and the scepticism or subjectivist alternatives articulated by others. The commitments implicit in the nature of action figure prominently in this account: Aristotle reinterprets Socrates’ famous paradox that no one does evil willingly, taking it to mean that a commitment to pursuing the good is implicit in the very nature of action. This approach is compared to constructivism in contemporary ethics.
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Vogt, Katja Maria, and Justin Vlasits, eds. Epistemology After Sextus Empiricus. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190946302.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pyrrhonian skepticism is defined by its commitment to inquiry. The Greek work skepsis means inquiry—not doubt, or whatever else later forms of skepticism took to be at the core of skeptical philosophy. The book proposes that Sextus Empiricus’s legacy in the history of epistemology is that he developed an epistemology of inquiry. The volume’s authors investigate epistemology after Sextus, both ways in which he has influenced the history of philosophy and ways in which he and the Pyrrhonian tradition he represents ought to contribute to contemporary debates. As a whole, the book aims to (re)instate Sextus as an important philosopher in these discussions in much the same way that Aristotle has been brought into discussions in contemporary ethics, action theory, and metaphysics. Sextus provides a fresh take on contemporary debates because he approaches issues of perception, disagreement, induction, and ignorance from the perspective of inquiry. The volume’s contributions address four core themes of Sextus’s skepticism: (1) appearances and perception, (2) the structure of justification and proof, (3) belief and ignorance, and (4) ethics and action. These themes are explored in some historical authors whose work relates to Sextus, including Peripatetic logicians, Locke, Hume, Nietzsche, and German idealists; and they are explored as they figure in today’s epistemology, philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and ethics.
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Reutlinger, Alexander, and Juha Saatsi, eds. Explanation Beyond Causation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777946.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Explanations are very important to us in many contexts: in science, mathematics, philosophy, and also in everyday and juridical contexts. But what is an explanation? In the philosophical study of explanation, there is long-standing, influential tradition that links explanation intimately to causation: we often explain by providing accurate information about the causes of the phenomenon to be explained. Such causal accounts have been the received view of the nature of explanation, particularly in philosophy of science, since the 1980s. However, philosophers have recently begun to break with this causal tradition by shifting their focus to kinds of explanation that do not turn on causal information. The increasing recognition of the importance of such non-causal explanations in the sciences and elsewhere raises pressing questions for philosophers of explanation. What is the nature of non-causal explanations—and which theory best captures it? How do non-causal explanations relate to causal ones? How are non-causal explanations in the sciences related to those in mathematics and metaphysics? This volume of new essays explores answers to these and other questions at the heart of contemporary philosophy of explanation. The essays address these questions from a variety of perspectives, including general accounts of non-causal and causal explanations, as well as a wide range of detailed case studies of non-causal explanations from the sciences, mathematics and metaphysics.
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Franco, Chiara de. The Media and Postmodern Conflict. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.339.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Contemporary conflicts and warfare are invariably connected to some recurrent elements: globalization; the decline of the State; the emergence of transnational relations, both cultural and economic; late capitalism; post-industrialism; the end of ideologies and metaphysics; and the rise of the “society of spectacle” and the information age. These elements are all generally recognized as being the distinctive characteristics of postmodernity. The media plays an important role in understanding conflict dynamics and in illuminating some characteristics of postmodern conflict. The literature on the relationship between the media and conflict develops concepts and theories which are essential for understanding the role of the media in the evolution and conduct of contemporary conflicts. This literature focuses on two different aspects: firstly, the specific activities of the mass media, i.e. the media coverage of conflicts, and secondly, the interaction between the media and the political and military decision-making processes. Following either the powerful media paradigm or the limited effects hypothesis, these works develop in the same period very different concepts like propaganda and the CNN effect. It is important to keep in mind that these concepts are the result of an attempt to clarify the existing conceptualization of the role of the media in present conflicts and do not represent consolidated categories as such.
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Abraham, William J. Divine Agency and Divine Action, Volume I. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786504.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book lays the groundwork for a constructive contribution to the contemporary debate regarding divine action. It argues that the concept of divine action is not a closed concept, like knowledge, but an open concept with a variety of context-dependent meanings. In the first part of this volume, the author charts the history of debate about divine action among key Anglophone philosophers of religion, and observes that they were largely committed to this erroneous understanding of divine action as a closed concept. After developing an argument that divine action should be understood as an open, fluid concept, the author engages the work of William Alston, Process metaphysics, quantum physics, analytic Thomist philosophy of religion, and the theology of Kathryn Tanner. Deficiencies in these proposals regarding divine action are noted appreciatively. Then the author argues that divine action as an open concept must be shaped by distinctly theological considerations, and thus all future work on divine action among philosophers of religion must change to accord with this vision. Only deep engagement with the Christian theological tradition will remedy the problems ailing contemporary discourse on divine action.
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Fontinell, Eugene. Self, God and Immortality. Fordham University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823220700.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Can we, who have been touched by the scientific, intellectual, and experimental revolutions of modern and contemporary times, still believe that we as individual persons are immortal? Indeed, is there even good cause to hope that we are? In examining the present relationship of reason to faith, can we find justifying reasons for faith? These are the central questions in this book, a compelling exercise in philosophical theology. Drawing upon the works of William James and the principles of American Pragmatism, the book extrapolates carefully from “data given in experience” to a model of the cosmic process open to the idea that individual identity may survive bodily dissolution. Presupposing that the possibility of personal immortality has been established in the first part, the second part of the book is concerned with desirability. Here, it is shown that, far from diverting attention and energies from the crucial tasks confronting us here and now, such belief can be energizing and life enhancing. The wider importance of the book lies in its pressing both immortality-believers and terminality-believers to explore both the metaphysical presuppositions and the lived consequences of their beliefs. It is the author's expressed hope that such explorations, rather than impeding, will stimulate co-operative efforts to create a richer and more humane community.
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Beebee, Helen, Christopher Hitchcock, and Peter Menzies, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Causation. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279739.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Oxford Handbook of Causation provides an overview of topics related to causation, as well as the history of the causation debate from the ancient Greeks to the logical empiricists. Causation is a central topic in many areas of philosophy. In metaphysics, philosophers want to know what causation is, and how it is related to laws of nature, probability, action, and freedom of will. In epistemology, philosophers investigate how causal claims can be inferred from statistical data, and how causation is related to perception, knowledge, and explanation. In the philosophy of mind, philosophers want to know whether and how the mind can be said to have causal efficacy, and in ethics, whether there is a moral distinction between acts and omissions and whether the moral value of an act can be judged according to its consequences. In addition, causation is a contested concept in other fields of enquiry, such as biology, physics, and the law. The articles, which are all written by leading experts in the field of causation, provide surveys of contemporary debates, while often also advancing novel and controversial claims.
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Peacock, Howard. The Third Man and the Coherence of the Parmenides. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805762.003.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The ‘Third Man’ in the Parmenides is often reconstructed in terms of unstated background commitments of the Theory of Forms; thus it seems to threaten the internal coherence of that theory. However, the regress can be derived solely from premises explicitly stated within the dialogue, and blocked simply by giving up one candidate account of participation, leaving the central commitments of the Theory of Forms intact. Consequently, the problem highlighted by the argument is not an infinite regress of Forms, but merely the lack of an adequate account of participation. This reading facilitates a coherent account of the dialogue as a whole, using the ‘scorecard’ approach outlined by Zeno himself, and developed more recently for contemporary metaphysics by Lewis and Armstrong: Part I acknowledges non-fatal difficulties for the Forms which are then eclipsed by more serious issues for Eleatic monism in Part II.
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Stump, Eleonore, and Thomas Joseph White, eds. The New Cambridge Companion to Aquinas. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781009043595.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This new Companion to Aquinas features entirely new chapters written by internationally recognized experts in the field. It shows the power of Aquinas's philosophical thought and transmits the worldview which he inherited, developed, altered, and argued for, while at the same time revealing to contemporary philosophers the strong connections which there are between Aquinas's interests and views and their own. Its five sections cover the life and works of Aquinas; his metaphysics, including his understanding of the ultimate foundations of reality; his metaethics and ethics, including his virtue ethics; his account of human nature; his theory of the afterlife; his epistemology and his theory of the intellectual virtues; his view of the nature of free will and the relation of grace to free will; and finally some key components of his philosophical theology, including the incarnation and atonement, Christology, and the nature of original sin.
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Carter, J. Adam, and Jesper Kallestrup. Extended Circularity: A New Puzzle for Extended Cognition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769811.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mainstream epistemology has typically presumed a traditional picture of the metaphysics of mind, whereby cognitive processes (e.g., memory storage and retrieval) play out within the bounds of skull and skin. Contemporary thinking in the philosophy of mind and cognitive science decreasingly favors this simple “intracranial” picture. Likewise, proponents of active externalist approaches to the mind—e.g., the hypothesis of extended cognition (HEC)—have largely proceeded without asking what epistemological ramifications should arise once cognition is understood as criss-crossing between brain and world. This chapter aims to motivate a puzzle that arises once these thought strands are juxtaposed, and highlights a condition of epistemological adequacy that should be accepted by proponents of extended cognition. Once this condition is motivated, the chapter demonstrates how attempts to satisfy it apparently inevitably devolve into a novel epistemic circularity. Eventually, proponents of extended cognition have a novel epistemological puzzle on their hands.