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1
Tack, F. M. G., and B. Vandecasteele. "Metal Contaminated Dredged Sediment Derived Soils: A Case Of Diffuse Contamination." E3S Web of Conferences 1 (2013): 33009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20130133009.
2
Johnsen, Anders R., and Ulrich Karlson. "Diffuse PAH contamination of surface soils: environmental occurrence, bioavailability, and microbial degradation." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 76, no. 3 (June 27, 2007): 533–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-007-1045-2.
3
Meinardi, C. R., A. H. W. Beusen, M. J. S. Bollen, O. Klepper, and W. J. Willems. "Vulnerability to diffuse pollution and average nitrate contamination of european soils and groundwater." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 8 (April 1, 1995): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0288.
Анотація:
From the Atlantic Ocean to the Ural Mountains, European soils are threatened by diffuse pollution from modern agriculture and increased atmospheric deposition. The vulnerability of the soil to diffuse pollution depends on land cover, topsoil features, net precipitation, aquifer type, groundwater recharge and age. The elaboration of the various elements was realized by applying Geographical Information Systems (GISs). Precipitation and the actual evapotranspiration were estimated using meteorological data. The resulting net precipitation is discharged by groundwater recharge and surfacial runoff, with the division of net precipitation in groundwater recharge and surfacial flow following from climate and soil features. The average groundwater age was based on aquifer depth, porosity and the recharge. The vulnerabilities of the soil and groundwater were estimated by establishing a ranking of the combined risks of a diffuse contamination for the topsoil and for groundwater in aquifers. Nitrogen compounds in soils are caused mainly by manuring and fertilization of agricultural lands and atmospheric deposition. The varying doses of fertilizer and manure and the atmospheric deposition of nitrogen compounds were assessed for an actual situation. Only part of the applied doses leached into the soil. The leaching of nitrate to a level of 1 m below land surface was estimated by applying empirical relations derived from the northwest European experience, based on land use, features of the topsoil and net precipitation. The subsequent leaching to deeper strata and a further denitrification also depend on groundwater recharge and aquifer type. The average nitrate concentration in the various aquifers was assessed by estimating the nitrogen doses to European soils in the course of time in combination with the groundwater age. Results, attained using GIS and presented in the form of maps, show the leaching of nitrate concentrations to a level of 1 m below land surface and also the average concentration in the upper aquifer system.
4
Biasioli, Mattia, and Franco Ajmone-Marsan. "Organic and inorganic diffuse contamination in urban soils: the case of Torino (Italy)." Journal of Environmental Monitoring 9, no. 8 (2007): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b705285e.
5
Kabir, M. I., H. Lee, G. Kim, and T. Jun. "Monitoring and assessing heavy metals in topsoils as potential diffuse pollutants in the Pyeongchang River Basin, Korea." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 12 (June 1, 2010): 3156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.233.
Анотація:
Topsoils, mainly from crop fields, orchards, forests, and barns around the Pyeongchang River, were collected to investigate their heavy metal concentrations. Pollution load index, ecological risk index, and enrichment factor were applied to assess levels of heavy metal contamination for topsoils. The concentrations of cadmium (Cd) (1.7 mg/kg) and chromium (Cr) (4.1 mg/kg) exceeded the troublesome level in one site, whereas zinc (Zn) (396.7 to 711.1 mg/kg) and nickel (Ni) (40.1 to 95.3 mg/kg) in several topsoils exceeded the troublesome to countermeasure levels, according to soil contamination standards for the study areas. A significant risk of contamination was observed for mercury (Hg) by all indices, although the concentration in most of the topsoils was below the guideline. As expected, a positive linear correlation was observed for the values of pollution load index and ecological risk index, demonstrating lower heavy metal contamination in upstream areas compared to those downstream. High to extremely high ecological risk was observed in several samples for Zn and Ni, while all of the soils were unpolluted to slightly polluted, according to the pollution load index. A baseline study was not performed earlier for these sites, so these assessed values of heavy metals should be used as reference values for further assessment.
6
Kookana, R. S., S. Baskaran, and R. Naidu. "Pesticide fate and behaviour in Australian soils in relation to contamination and management of soil and water: a review." Soil Research 36, no. 5 (1998): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s97109.
Анотація:
Pesticides, if used as recommended, are generally expected to cause little adverse impact on the environment. However, it is evident that trace levels of pesticide residues present in soil, water, air, and sometimes food, may result in harmful effects on human and environmental health. Pesticides can pose health risks through several exposure pathways including direct occupational related exposure, through food, or through the residues present in the environment. This paper reviews available information on the nature and extent of pesticide contamination of Australian soils, surface water, and groundwaters. Published studies on the fate and behaviour of pesticides in Australian soils have also been reviewed, covering the key processes controlling the fate and behaviour of pesticides in soils, namely sorption-desorption, degradation (biological and abiotic), and volatilisation in soil and their off-site transport into surface and groundwaters. Some management options for minimising the diffuse source pollution of soils and waters by pesticides and remediation of contaminated soils and water have also been discussed. The review concludes that contamination of soils and water with pesticides has occurred in Australia and there is a need to understand the behaviour of pesticides in the soil environment in order to develop management practices to minimise any adverse impact on our environment in future.
7
Kim, Nicholas D., Matthew D. Taylor, Jonathan Caldwell, Andrew Rumsby, Olivier Champeau, and Louis A. Tremblay. "Development and Deployment of a Framework to Prioritize Environmental Contamination Issues." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 11, 2020): 9393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229393.
Анотація:
Management and regulatory agencies face a wide range of environmental issues globally. The challenge is to identify and select the issues to assist the allocation of research and policy resources to achieve maximum environmental gain. A framework was developed to prioritize environmental contamination issues in a sustainable management policy context using a nine-factor ranking model to rank the significance of diffuse sources of stressors. It focuses on contamination issues that involve large geographic scales (e.g., all pastoral soils), significant population exposures (e.g., urban air quality), and multiple outputs from same source on receiving environmental compartments comprising air, surface water, groundwater, and sediment. Factor scores are allocated using a scoring scale and weighted following defined rules. Results are ranked enabling the rational comparison of dissimilar and complex issues. Advantages of this model include flexibility, transparency, ability to prioritize new issues as they arise, and ability to identify which issues are comparatively trivial and which present a more serious challenge to sustainability policy goals. This model integrates well as a planning tool and has been used to inform regional policy development.
8
Panagos, Panos, Cristiano Ballabio, Emanuele Lugato, Arwyn Jones, Pasquale Borrelli, Simone Scarpa, Alberto Orgiazzi, and Luca Montanarella. "Potential Sources of Anthropogenic Copper Inputs to European Agricultural Soils." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (July 9, 2018): 2380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072380.
Анотація:
In the European Union (EU), copper concentration in agricultural soil stems from anthropogenic activities and natural sources (soil and geology). This manuscript reports a statistical comparison of copper concentrations at different levels of administrative units, with a focus on agricultural areas. Anthropogenic sources of diffuse copper contamination include fungicidal treatments, liquid manure (mainly from pigs), sewage sludge, atmospheric deposition, mining activities, local industrial contamination and particles from car brakes. Sales of fungicides in the EU are around 158,000 tonnes annually, a large proportion of which are copper based and used extensively in vineyards and orchards. Around 10 million tonnes of sewage sludge is treated annually in the EU, and 40% of this (which has a high copper content) is used as fertilizer in agriculture. In the EU, 150 million pigs consume more than 6.2 million tonnes of copper through additives in their feed, and most of their liquid manure ends up in agricultural soil. These three sources (sales of fungicides, sewage sludge and copper consumption for pigs feed) depend much on local traditional farming practices. Recent research towards replacing copper spraying in vineyards and policy developments on applying sewage and controlling the feed given to pigs are expected to reduce copper accumulation in agricultural soil.
9
Dupuy, A., O. Banton, and M. Razack. "Contamination nitratée des eaux souterraines d'un bassin versant agricole hétérogène: 1. Évaluation des apports à la nappe (modèle Agriflux)." Revue des sciences de l'eau 10, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705268ar.
Анотація:
Au cours des dernières décennies, la hausse de la productivité agricole s'est accompagnée d'une forte augmentation des fertilisations azotées qui a entraîné l'augmentation des concentrations en nitrates dans les eaux souterraines. Récemment, les études sur la gestion des pollutions diffuses agricoles ont intégré l'échelle du bassin versant hydrologique. Dans cet article, une approche basée sur un découpage en secteurs pédologiquement et agronomiquement homogènes a été élaborée pour permettre l'utilisation d'un modèle d'évaluation (AgriFlux), et obtenir les flux d'eau et de nitrates sortant de la zone racinaire sur l'ensemble d'un bassin. La modélisation du bassin de La Jannerie a porté sur une période de quatre ans impliquant 19 zones de simulation. L'influence du cycle végétatif des cultures et leur nature sur l'évolution des flux de nitrates a été mise en évidence par des simulations préliminaires, de même que l'influence du type de sol. L'évolution des concentrations moyennes saisonnières en nitrates sortant de la zone racinaire montre que les fertilisations minérales ne sont pas les seules sources importantes de nitrates dans les sols. Les pratiques culturales, comme le retournement des prairies, l'enfouissement des résidus de récoltes ou l'assolement, ont une forte influence sur la dynamique spatiale et temporelle des flux de nitrates percolant vers la nappe.
10
Barbour, S. L., and N. Yang. "A review of the influence of clay–brine interactions on the geotechnical properties of Ca-montmorillonitic clayey soils from western Canada." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 30, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): 920–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t93-090.
Анотація:
Natural Ca-montmorillonite clay soils or engineered clay barriers in western Canada are often used to contain brine generated from the surface disposal of potash tailings or from drilling activities associated with the oil and gas industry. The performance of these barriers has ranged from excellent to poor. The influence of salt brines on the geotechnical properties of these soils has been recognized as a potentially important factor for some time. It has been well documented in the literature that the behavior of clayey soils is strongly influenced by physicochemical interactions between clay particles and pore-fluid chemistry; consequently, the properties of these soils are sensitive to changes in the electrolyte concentration of the pore fluid. An increase in the concentration of the pore fluid to the levels of a concentrated brine can cause significant changes in the geotechnical properties of the soil. In this paper, the impact of brine contamination on the geotechnical properties of two Ca-montmorillonitic clayey soils of glacial origin from western Canada is reviewed. The influence of clay–brine interactions on the index properties (liquid limit, plastic limit, plastic index, mineralogy, density, grain size, and compaction characteristics), mechanical properties (volume change and shear strength), and hydraulic properties (hydraulic conductivity) is described. A quantitative explanation for the changes that occur in the hydraulic and mechanical properties of these soils as a result of brine permeation is also provided. This explanation relates the changes in pore-fluid chemistry to changes in an effective physicochemical stress state. This approach may be used to predict the changes in hydraulic conductivity, volume, or shear strength of a clayey soil as a result of brine contamination. Key words : clay–brine interactions, diffuse double layer, hydraulic conductivity, soil structure, physicochemical.
11
Agrawal, G. D. "Diffuse agricultural water pollution in India." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 3 (February 1, 1999): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0131.
Анотація:
Concern over agricultural diffuse pollution sources in integrated water quality management has been growing recently. Such sources are likely to be even more critical in developing countries, including India, where agriculture and rural habitats are still dominant, unlike the G7 or other affluent industrialised nations. A number of special features of the Indian scene need to be considered. These include: (i) extremely varying rainfall and stream-flow patterns; (ii) still largely traditional agricultural practices with average application of fertilizers and pesticides and significant areas under dry farming or only marginal irrigation; (iii) a very large cattle population, with agriculture almost always linked with animal husbandry; (iv) a culture of living close to the river (if not in the river) with dominating instream uses of bathing, washing, cattle wading, waste disposal, etc. and large-scale floodplain farming; and (v) scant respect for rules, regulations and laws alongside an extremely weak law-enforcement machinery. The paper shows that in the non-monsoon (non-flood) periods, which may account for all but 2 months of a year, agricultural diffuse pollution sources seem to have no impact on stream water quality. During these periods flows are low to minimal and pollution is dominated by the in-stream uses, sullage waters of rural communities and point discharges from urban/industrial sources, if any. Pollution due to agricultural return waters, either as wash-off or as seepage, appears to be rare during the 8-10 fair weather months. However, surface wash-off of pollutants from agricultural sources becomes the dominant factor during flood flows, and seepage/drainage from agricultural fields/soils continues to pollute streams for a month or two after the monsoons are over. Application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides (or any other agricultural chemicals) in India is still low compared to developed countries, and while eutrophication due to high levels of washed-off nutrients is observed in rural ponds and other stagnant bodies of water receiving agricultural drainage, and excessive pesticide residuals are often reported for vegetables, fodder, milk, etc., monitoring of streams and rivers does not show any significant pollution due to nutrients or pesticides from agricultural diffuse pollution during fair weather months. High nitrate concentrations have been reported in groundwater and in many areas, such as Punjab and Haryana, these can often be linked directly to diffuse agricultural sources. The major problem of agricultural diffuse pollution appears to be the heavy silt loads, along with large quantities of dissolved salts, nutrients, organics and even heavy metals and bacterial contaminants washed off during floods. The silt tends to clog up the flow channel to further encourage seasonal floodplain agriculture. This results in a vicious circle, which degrades the channel, increases flood-damage and is undesirable from ecological and sustainability points of view. High concentrations of salts and nutrients encourage growth of weeds and macrophytes after the floods have passed. The presence of organics, heavy metals and bacterial contamination renders the streamwater unfit for in-stream use or abstraction. With the introduction of intensive agriculture and adoption of modern farming techniques involving the application of much irrigation water and agricultural chemicals, the problems caused by diffuse agricultural pollution are bound to grow. Routine pollution control methods of discharge permits (or consent letters), EIAs or environmental audits, and normal enforcement measures by regulatory agencies are not likely to work for control of such pollution. Using the example of a small river in central India, Paisuni (Mandakini), the paper brings out the nature of the problems, and suggests a possible management approach.
12
García, Víctor, Carmen Márquez, Andrés Cedeño, and Kleber Montesdeoca. "Assessing Bioremediation of Soils Polluted with Fuel Oil 6 by Means of Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy." Resources 8, no. 1 (February 13, 2019): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8010036.
Анотація:
This study aimed to assess the bioremediation of soils polluted with fuel oil 6 (FO6) using diffuse reflectance (DR) spectroscopy in the visible and near infrared (Vis-NIR) electromagnetic spectrum. To achieve our goal, we determined the spectral signature of fuel oil 6 (FO6), developed a calibration model to quantify the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and assessed the bioremediation in soils contaminated with FO6 and inoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Surface soil samples (SS) (0–30 cm depth) from uncontaminated Entisol soil from Termoesmeraldas Thermal Power Plant, Ecuador and quart sand (QS) samples were spiked with FO6 at a known contamination of 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 wt.% on a gravimetric basis. A sample of contaminated Entisol soil was taken to isolate P. aeruginosa from a spill site located in Termoesmeraldas. P. aeruginosa was successfully augmented in a molasses medium. The results suggested that the C–H stretch combination overtone band around 2300 nm is the one that makes the significant contribution to the FO6 spectral signature and for the analysis of FO6 contaminated Entisols soil. The calibration model for QS samples and SS showed an excellent agreement with experimental data R2 = 0.9989 and R2 = 0.9968, respectively. The TPH at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 23 days after inoculation were found using a calibration model developed and the Unach hydrocarbon index (UHI). While the QS samples showed the lower recovery rate (13.6%), the Entisols SS showed the higher recovery rate (45.8%) in 23 days. The use of DR spectroscopy and determination of the FO6 spectral signature allowed the assessment of the bioremediation process of QS and Entisols SS samples. The results showed that DR decreased with increasing the FO6 concentration and soil properties affected the degree of biodegradation.
13
Steiner, Laure, Walter Rosselli, Jean Combe, Vincent Barbezat, and Alexandre Buttler. "Reboisement de sites pollués – Enseignements tirés d'une étude de cas avec des métaux lourds | Reforestation of polluted soils – results of a case study on heavy metals." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 157, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2006.0157.
Анотація:
Les Abattes (Le Locle, Canton Neuchâtel) is an ancient dump contaminated by metals, like thousands of others in Switzerland,which, according to the law, does not require a reclaiming. Local trees have been grown on this site and data have been collected for 15 years between 1991 and 2005. Lessons grown from this experience are mixed. The plantation has stabilised the soil physically and immobilised the metals more rapidly than natural pioneer plants would. However growing trees have not been able to extract enough metals from soil. The risk of a diffuse metal contamination of surface water and food chain is still present. Therefore reforestation of low-contaminated sites has to be seen as a temporary solution requiring a continuous supervision in a longterm. At best it could provide timber under certain conditions. It is recommended to clearly indicate these constraints in the forest guiding plans which are now being elaborated.
14
Karczmarczyk, Agnieszka. "Hauled liquid waste as a pollutant of soils and waters in Poland." Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW. Land Reclamation 48, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sggw-2016-0009.
Анотація:
Abstract Hauled liquid waste as a pollutant of soils and waters in Poland. Improperly maintained holding tanks are often underestimated source of contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water. As a rule, wastewater stored in holding tanks, should be transported and treated in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). There are 2,257,000 holding tanks in Poland, located mainly in rural areas. The article presents the results of analysis of wastewater management in 20 rural and urban-rural communes, which were chosen at random from the total number of 2,174 communes in Poland. The only criterion of commune selection was total or partial lack of sewerage system. Analysis of the collected data showed that on average only 27% of liquid waste from holding tanks ended at the WWTPs. The median is even lower and amounts to 17.5%. More than 4,000 Mg of P and 26,000 Mg of N is dispersed in the environment in uncontrolled manner. Those diffuse point sources of pollution may be one of the reasons in the difficulty of achieving of good ecological status of rivers and affect the quality of the Baltic Sea.
15
Śliwińska, Smolinski, and Kucharski. "Simultaneous Analysis of Heavy Metal Concentration in Soil Samples." Applied Sciences 9, no. 21 (November 4, 2019): 4705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9214705.
Анотація:
The application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to the simultaneous analysis of heavy metal concentration in soil samples was demonstrated in this paper. Two spectral techniques, namely, attenuated total reflectance (ATR) and diffuse reflectance (DRIFT), were applied and the whole infrared spectral region, i.e., far IR, mid IR, and near IR were considered in this work. Spectral data with reference to the results of laboratory analysis enabled the development of calibration partial least squares (PLS) models. The PLS models for the ATR near IR were characterized by a good fit and good prediction abilities. According to the results obtained, the most accurate description and prediction were realized in the case of mid/far and near IR for the mercury and nickel concentration in soil. Application of far IR slightly improved the prediction possibilities of the model. The construction of PLS models based on the Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra enables the perception of FT-IR spectroscopy as a supplementary method that is useful in the estimation and monitoring of the contamination level in soils.
16
Gventsadze, Giorgi, Giorgi Ghambashidze, Zaur Chankseliani, Ioseb Sarjveladze, and Winfried E. H. Blum. "Impacts of Crop-Specific Agricultural Practices on the Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Soil in Kvemo Kartli Region (Georgia): A Preliminary Assessment." Sustainability 16, no. 10 (May 17, 2024): 4244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16104244.
Анотація:
Maintaining sufficient levels of plant nutrients in the soil and controlling certain heavy metals, which can be toxic to the environment, are critical to ensure sustainable agricultural production. The study aimed to assess the linkage of crop-specific agricultural practices established by farmers in the Kvemo Kartli region (Georgia) with metal accumulation in soils of agricultural lands being subject to influence from polluted irrigation water in the past. In particular, we tried to identify the primary sources of micro-nutrients, including iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn), and toxic elements such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), and the share of the contaminated irrigation water and other factors related to agricultural practices under different land uses, such as intensive and extensive arable farming, vineyards, orchards, and permanent pastures having the least disturbed soil. Based on principal component analysis, five primary sources were identified and categorized according to farmer interviews and previous studies conducted in the region. The results showed that increased concentrations of plant-available Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb were mainly associated with irrigation water and intensive use of fungicides; Fe, Mn, and Ni were closely linked to several factors, such as the mineralogical composition of soils, minerals, and organic fertilizers inputs; and atmospheric deposition from diffuse sources, where exhausts from transport are probably the primary source. During our study, we attempted to differentiate irrigation water inputs from fungicides using simulation based on irrigation patterns and irrigation water quality on the one hand and fungicide application rates and their metal contents on the other. The simulation revealed that the intensive application of fungicides, especially in vineyards, is more significant in enriching soils with Cu and Zn than irrigation water. Identification of factorial dependences was supported by statistical analysis and application of several contamination assessment methods: contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), single-factor pollution index (PI), Nemerow’s comprehensive pollution index (PIN), enrichment factor (EF), and geo-accumulation index (Igeo). Applied environmental indices indicate that the soils under the former and existing vineyards are the most enriched with Cu and Zn, highlighting the significance of agricultural practices on heavy metal accumulations in the soils of agricultural lands.
17
Mbadugha, Lenka, Duncan Cowper, Sapar Dossanov, and Graeme I. Paton. "Geogenic and anthropogenic interactions at a former Sb mine: environmental impacts of As and Sb." Environmental Geochemistry and Health 42, no. 11 (July 7, 2020): 3911–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00652-w.
Анотація:
Abstract Mining activities are acknowledged to introduce contaminants into localised environments and cause wider spread diffuse pollution. The concentration, distribution and fate of arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) were studied at the former metalliferous Louisa Mine at Glendinning, Scotland. Soils and surface water were sampled and subsequently analysed to map the distribution of contamination and identify pollution sources. The maximum concentrations of As and Sb of 15,490 and 1504.2 mg kg−1, respectively, were determined in soils associated with the ore processing area and spoil heaps. The fractions of dissolved As and Sb in soils were < 1 and < 5% of total soil content, respectively, confirming findings of previous studies that As and Sb are relatively immobile. Yet, the concentrations of As and Sb released by soils exceeded regulatory limits. Concentrations of As and Sb in surface water in the immediate vicinity of the mine were impacted by a gully discharge, but rapidly diluted. While the concentrations affected by the run-off waters did not exceed EU environmental standards for freshwater, the concentrations of both, As and Sb, sharply increased above the said environmental standards approximately 100 m downstream of the mine site. The unaltered As-to-Sb ratio in water samples suggests a geogenic source. While there is a justifiable concern about the soil pollution caused by the historic mining in the area, the Glenshanna Burn is affected more by indigenous geochemical processes than the derelict mine.
18
Severini, Edoardo, Marco Bartoli, Monica Pinardi, and Fulvio Celico. "Reactive Silica Traces Manure Spreading in Alluvial Aquifers Affected by Nitrate Contamination: A Case Study in a High Plain of Northern Italy." Water 12, no. 9 (September 9, 2020): 2511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092511.
Анотація:
In the northern sector of the Po River Plain (Italy), widespread intensive agriculture and animal farming are supported by large amounts of water from Alpine lakes and their emissaries. Flood irrigation and excess fertilization with manure affect both the hydrology and the chemical quality of surface and groundwater, resulting in diffuse nitrogen pollution. However, studies analyzing the mechanisms linking agricultural practices with vertical and horizontal nitrogen paths are scarce in this area. We investigated groundwater quality and quantity in an unconfined, coarse-grained alluvial aquifer adjacent to the Mincio River (a tributary of the Po River), where steep summer gradients of nitrate (NO3−) concentrations are reported. The effects of manure on solutes’ vertical transport during precipitation events in fertilized and in control soils were simulated under laboratory conditions. The results show high SiO2 and NO3− leaching in fertilized soils. Similarly, field data are characterized by high SiO2 and NO3− concentrations, with a comparable spatial distribution but a different temporal evolution, suggesting their common origin but different processes affecting their concentrations in the study area. Our results show that SiO2 can be used as a conservative tracer of manure spreading, as it does not undergo biogeochemical processes that significantly alter its concentrations. On the contrary, nitrate displays large short-term variations related to aquifer recharge (i.e., flood irrigation and precipitation). In fact, aquifer recharge may promote immediate solubilization and stimulate nitrification, resulting in high NO3− concentrations up to 95.9 mg/L, exceeding the Water Framework Directive (WFD) thresholds. When recharge ends, anoxic conditions likely establish in the saturated zone, favoring denitrification and resulting in a steep decrease in NO3− concentrations.
19
Derra, Moumouni, Telado Luc Bambara, Karim Kaboré, Yalgado Zakaria Sawadogo, Ousmane Cissé, and François Zougmoré. "Estimation of the Degree of Heavy Metal Pollution in Market Gardening Soils in Kadiogo Region, Burkina Faso." Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 42, no. 45 (November 29, 2023): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2023/v42i454284.
Анотація:
The objective of this study is to estimate the degree of heavy metal pollution (As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Tl and Zn) of market gardening soils in the Kadiogo region. This work provides reassurance about the quality of the studies soils in the central region of Burkina Faso. Thirty-two (32) market garden soil samples, including two (02) for the background, were measured using ICP-MS. Indeed, the results show that the average concentrations of heavy metals in the 0-20 cm soil profile respect the recommended limits. However, Contamination Factors (CF) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) show that certain soils are polluted. These indices reveal that the pollution of exploited soils differs not only from one site to another but also between the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm levels. Thus, the most polluted soil on the surface (0-10 cm) is SK2 in Koubri with a PLI of 8.20 compared to 0.24 for STD1 in Tanghin-Dassouri. For the 10-20 cm horizon, the PLI values show that the soils PO5 (Pissy), PO1 (CHU-YO), PO2 (CHU-YO) and PK3 (Koubri) already polluted at the surface (0-10 cm) the rest in profile (10-20 cm). Also, we can emphasize that the presence of non-essential trace metal elements such as Pb, As and Hg constitute a threat to the health of consumers of market garden products from these sites. In addition, the low concentrations of metals in the soil samples suggest that this is diffuse pollution.
20
Pietrini, Fabrizio, Laura Passatore, Valerio Patti, Fedra Francocci, Alessandro Giovannozzi, and Massimo Zacchini. "Morpho-Physiological and Metal Accumulation Responses of Hemp Plants (Cannabis Sativa L.) Grown on Soil from an Agro-Industrial Contaminated Area." Water 11, no. 4 (April 18, 2019): 808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040808.
Анотація:
Hemp is a promising plant for phytomanagement. The possibility to couple soil restoration to industrial crop cultivation makes this plant attractive for the management of contaminated sites. In this trial, Cannabis sativa L. plants were grown in a greenhouse on soils from two sites of “Valle del Sacco” (Lazio Region, Italy), a wide area contaminated by agro-industrial activities. One site was representative of moderate and diffuse metal(loid) multi-contamination, above the Italian concentration limit for agriculture (MC—moderately contaminated). The second site showed a metal(loid) content below the aforementioned limit, as a typical background level of the district (C—control). After 90 days, biometric and physiological parameters revealed satisfactory growth in both soil types. MC-grown plants showed a slight, but significant reduction in leaf area, root, and leaf biomass compared with C-grown plants. Chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, namely the quantum yield of primary photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and the Performance Index (PIABS), confirmed the good physiological status of plants in both soils. Metal(loid) analyses revealed that As, V, and Pb accumulated only in the roots with significant differences in MC- and C-grown plants, while Zn was found in all organs. Overall, preliminary results showed a satisfactorily growth coupled with the restriction of toxic metal translocation in MC-grown hemp plants, opening perspectives for the phytomanagement of moderately contaminated areas.
21
Aghzar, N., H. Berdai, A. Bellouti, and B. Soudi. "Pollution nitrique des eaux souterraines au Tadla (Maroc)." Revue des sciences de l'eau 15, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 459–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705465ar.
Анотація:
Dans les périmètres irrigués du Maroc, la pollution nitrique diffuse des eaux souterraines augmente le risque de détérioration de la qualité des ressources hydriques et engendre un risque sanitaire pour la population rurale s'approvisionnant le plus souvent directement de l'aquifère. La présente étude, réalisée dans le périmètre du Tadla (3600 km2), située au centre du Maroc, vise à faire l'état des lieux de la contamination des eaux souterraines par les nitrates et à identifier les causes potentielles de cette pollution. Le suivi de la concentration des eaux souterraines en nitrates a été réalisé durant la période août 1996 - avril 1998 dans un réseau de cent puits. Les paramètres du milieu physique et des pratiques culturales ont été déterminés soit par des mesures au champs, des analyses au laboratoire ou par enquête auprès des agriculteurs dans un réseau de 40 sites. Les résultats sont présentés sous forme de cartes thématiques par le SIG. Le niveau actuel de la pollution nitrique des eaux souterraines dans le périmètre irrigué du Tadla commence à devenir critique. De part la pollution ponctuelle mise en évidence aux alentours de quelques agglomérations urbaines et à l'aval des sucreries, les zones dont les teneurs en nitrates des eaux souterraines dépassent 50 mg NO3- /l sont localisées en aval des Béni Amir et en aval et à l'Est des Béni Moussa Est. Béni Moussa Ouest reste en général moins polluée que Béni Moussa Est. Les apports excessifs en eau et en engrais azotés pour les cultures pratiquées (blé, betterave, cultures maraîchères, arboriculture et luzerne), sont les causes directes de la pollution diffuse. Par ailleurs, il est certain que la texture du sol (argileuse, argilo-limoneuse et limono-argileuse), la teneur en argile (29% à 55%) et tous les paramètres qui leurs sont corrélés notamment la réserve utile du sol, réduisent le risque de lixiviation des nitrates en profondeur et assurent en conséquence un contrôle naturel de la pollution nitrique des eaux souterraines. Néanmoins, tous les autres facteurs étudiés notamment le niveau des nappes faible par rapport au sol (<4m-12m), la vitesse d'infiltration du sol en milieu saturé généralement élevée (20-450 mm/h), les teneurs assez importantes du sol en matière organique (1.5%-3.5%) et en azote total (0.10%-0.15%), joueraient positivement sur la vulnérabilité de la nappe à cette pollution. De même, le pouvoir de minéralisation élevé des sols couplé aux conditions écologiques favorables à une minéralisation intense de la matière organique native du sol, assez caractéristique des régions irriguées à climat méditerranéen, seraient en partie responsable de cette pollution. Néanmoins, Aucune corrélation n'a été mise en évidence entre la teneur en nitrate des eaux souterraines et les combinaisons linéaires des variables du milieu physique. Ceci serait dû à l'homogénéité du milieu physique et à l'accumulation de la pollution suivant le sens d'écoulement des nappes de l'amont vers l'aval hydraulique. Vu le niveau d'intensification agricole que connaît cette région, la situation risquerait de s'aggraver rapidement induisant, en dehors de toute mesure de prévention, la détérioration de la qualité des eaux souterraines dans cette région.
22
Kookana, R. S., and R. E. White. "Measuring nutrient and pesticide movement in soils: benefits for catchment management." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 7 (1998): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea97154.
Анотація:
Summary. The movement of nutrients, especially NO3- and H2 PO4-, and pesticides from soils into receiving waters can pose problems for the management of water quality in catchments. This paper briefly reviews the reactions of these materials in soil, and the processes involved in their transport by water over and through soils in the field. The natural heterogeneity of soils, and fluctuations in the source strength of pesticides and nutrients due to biophysical factors and environmental conditions, have a profound effect on measurements. Preferred techniques are discussed for measuring losses from drained systems (sampled as point sources, which provide an integration of spatial and temporal variability in the areas drained) and undrained systems (sampled as diffuse sources, where the reliability of areal averaging depends on the efficiency of the sampling strategy). Pathways of nitrogen, phosphorus and pesticide movement from soil into receiving waters (surface and groundwater) are identified, and examples given of the quantities lost in solution and solid phases under various land uses. The importance of recognising the likelihood of 3-dimensional flow of water and entrained solutes in the landscape is emphasised. Techniques to obtain representative samples are discussed and sampling protocols for good quality assurance–quality control are identified. The concepts of precision, accuracy, completeness and comparability are defined. Sampling equipment is reviewed and procedures for preventing contamination in the field and laboratory, and the preservation of samples, are recommended. The application of techniques is illustrated by case histories for pesticide monitoring. The role of models for integrating the various processes that determine the fate of nutrients and pesticides under a specific management practice is discussed. The scope and current limitations for extrapolating the results of site-specific measurements to larger areas, such as whole catchments, through simulation modelling are briefly discussed.
23
Wang, Xi, Shi An, Yaqing Xu, Huping Hou, Fuyao Chen, Yongjun Yang, Shaoliang Zhang, and Run Liu. "A Back Propagation Neural Network Model Optimized by Mind Evolutionary Algorithm for Estimating Cd, Cr, and Pb Concentrations in Soils Using Vis-NIR Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010051.
Анотація:
Visible and near infrared spectroscopy is an effective method for monitoring the content of heavy metals in soil. However, due to the difference between polluted soil with phytoremediation and without phytoremediation, the common estimation model cannot meet accuracy requirements. To solve this problem, combined with an ecological restoration experiment for soil contamination using the plant Neyraudia reynaudiana, this study explored the feasibility of using a hyperspectral technology to estimate the heavy metal content (Cd, Cr, and Pb) of soil under phytoremediation. A total of 108 surface soil samples (from depths of 0–20 cm) were collected. Inversion models were established using partial least squares regression (PLSR) and the back propagation neural network optimized by a mind evolutionary algorithm (MEA-BPNN). The results revealed that: (1) modeling with derivative-transformed spectra can effectively enhance the correlation between soil spectral reflectance and heavy metal content. (2) Compared with the BP neural network model, the estimation accuracy (R2) was improved from 0.728, 0.737, and 0.675 to 0.873, 0.884, and 0.857 using the MEA-BP neural network model. The residual prediction deviation (RPD) values for the three heavy metals Cd, Cr, and Pb using the MEA-BPNN model were 2.114, 3.000, and 2.560, respectively. Among them, the estimated model of Cd was an excellent prediction. (3) Compared with PLSR, the model prediction results established by the MEA-BP neural network had higher estimation accuracy. In summary, the use of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to predict heavy metal content provides a theoretical basis for further study of the large-scale monitoring of soil heavy-metal pollution and its remediation evaluation in the polluted area, which is of great significance.
24
Jolánkai, Zsolt, Máté Krisztián Kardos, and Adrienne Clement. "Modification of the MONERIS Nutrient Emission Model for a Lowland Country (Hungary) to Support River Basin Management Planning in the Danube River Basin." Water 12, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030859.
Анотація:
The contamination of waters with nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus originating from various diffuse and point sources, has become a worldwide issue in recent decades. Due to the complexity of the processes involved, watershed models are gaining an increasing role in their analysis. The goal set by the EU Water Framework Directive (to reach “good status” of all water bodies) requires spatially detailed information on the fate of contaminants. In this study, the watershed nutrient model MONERIS was applied to the Hungarian part of the Danube River Basin. The spatial resolution was 1078 water bodies (mean area of 86 km2); two subsequent 4 year periods (2009–2012 and 2013–2016) were modeled. Various elements/parameters of the model were adjusted and tested against surface and subsurface water quality measurements conducted all over the country, namely (i) the water balance equations (surface and subsurface runoff), (ii) the nitrogen retention parameters of the subsurface pathways (excluding tile drainage), (iii) the shallow groundwater phosphorus concentrations, and (iv) the surface water retention parameters. The study revealed that (i) digital-filter-based separation of surface and subsurface runoff yielded different values of these components, but this change did not influence nutrient loads significantly; (ii) shallow groundwater phosphorus concentrations in the sandy soils of Hungary differ from those of the MONERIS default values; (iii) a significant change of the phosphorus in-stream retention parameters was needed to approach measured in-stream phosphorus load values. Local emissions and pathways were analyzed and compared with previous model results.
25
Cachada, Anabela, Ana Dias, Amélia Reis, Eduardo Ferreira da Silva, Ruth Pereira, Armando Duarte, and Carla Patinha. "Multivariate Analysis for Assessing Sources, and Potential Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Lisbon Urban Soils." Minerals 9, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9030139.
Анотація:
Urban soils quality may be severely affected by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination, as is the case of Lisbon (Portugal). However, to conduct a risk assessment analysis in an urban area can be a very difficult task due to the patchy nature and heterogeneity of these soils. Thus, the present study aims to provide an example on how to perform the first tier of a risk assessment plan in the case of urban soils using a simpler, cost effective, and reliable framework. Thus, a study was conducted in Lisbon to assess the levels of PAH, their potential risks to the environment and human health, and to identify their major sources. Source apportionment was performed by studying PAHs profiles, their relationship with potentially toxic elements, and general characteristics of soil using multivariate statistical methods. Results showed that geostatistical tools are useful for evaluating the spatial distribution and major inputs of PAHs in urban soils, as well as to identify areas of potential concern, showing their usefulness in risk assessment analysis and urban planning. Particularly, the prediction maps obtained allowed for a clear identification of areas with the highest levels of PAHs (close to the airport and in the city center). The high concentrations found in soils from the city center should be a result of long-term accumulation due to diffuse pollution mostly from traffic (through atmospheric emissions, tire debris and fuel exhaust, as well as pavement debris). Indeed, most of the sites sampled in the city center were historical gardens and parks. The calculation of potential risks based on different models showed that there is a high discrepancy among guidelines, and that risks will be extremely associated with the endpoint or parameters used in the different models. Nevertheless, this initial approach based on total levels was useful for identifying areas where a more detailed risk assessment is needed (close to the airport and in the city center). Therefore, the use of prediction maps can be very useful for urban planning, for example, by crossing information obtained with land uses, it is possible to define the most problematic areas (e.g., playgrounds and schools).
26
Kravsun, Tatiana. "Phytotesting of heavy metal contamination of Donbass soils." Diversity of plant world 3 (6) (December 11, 2020): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22281/2686-9713-2020-3-37-44.
Анотація:
The article presents the results of phytotesting of soil solutions with high concentrations of heavy metal ions. The sensitivity of Donbass species plant to soil pollution was established by specific transformations in the structures of the embryonic root Achillea nobilis L., Artemisia vulgaris L., Centaurea diffusa Lam., Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Senecio vulgaris L., Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch. Bip. Model experiments on plant germination were carried out in laboratory conditions with fixed concentrations of individual metals and with joint pollution, as well as when testing soil samples taken in the zones of influence of industrial facilities of Don-bass.
27
Fraga, Micael De Souza, Laura Thebit de Almeida, Marcel Carvalho Abreu, Felipe Bernardes Silva, Guilherme Barbosa Reis, and Renan Gon Ferreira. "Avaliação da qualidade das águas superficiais na circunscrição hidrográfica do rio Piranga utilizando análise estatística multivariada e não-paramétrica." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 14, no. 2 (April 14, 2021): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v14.2.p694-710.
Анотація:
No estado de Minas Gerais, as campanhas de coleta e análise da qualidade da água nos corpos hídricos contemplam até 51 variáveis, o que dificulta a análise e interpretação desse conjunto de dados e a identificação das variáveis determinantes para a qualidade da água. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as principais fontes de poluição, bem como o comportamento da qualidade da água ao longo do tempo de monitoramento, por meio de diferentes análises estatísticas na circunscrição hidrográfica do rio Piranga. Pelos resultados obtidos, a análise fatorial/análise de componentes principais apontou a alta susceptibilidade que a bacia apresenta à erosão do solo, a contaminação pelo lançamento de efluentes domésticos e a variabilidade da qualidade das águas em virtude dos metais pesados. As variáveis Escherichia coli, ferro dissolvido, fósforo total e manganês total apresentaram os valores de violação da classe de enquadramento mais críticos. A análise de tendência mostrou padrões diferentes para o índice de qualidade da água e para as variáveis mais relevantes para a qualidade da água. Dentre as variáveis que compõe o índice, destacam-se as tendências de aumento de nitrato em todas as estações analisadas. De maneira geral, os resultados mostraram que a qualidade da água na área de estudo varia em função da erosão do solo, do alto grau de contaminação por efluentes domésticos, da poluição difusa advinda das áreas agrícolas e dos metais pesados, sendo as variáveis de qualidade da água vinculadas a estes fatores as mais importantes. Surface water quality assessment in the hydrographic region of the Piranga River using multivariate and non-parametric statistical analysis ABSTRACTIn the state of Minas Gerais, campaigns to collect and analyze water quality in water bodies include up to 51 variables, which makes it difficult to analyze and interpret this data set and to identify the determining variables for water quality. Therefore, the objective of this work was to identify the main sources of pollution, as well as the behavior of water quality over the monitoring time, through different statistical analyzes in the hydrographic region of the Piranga River. Based on the results obtained, the factor analysis/principal component analysis out the high susceptibility that the hydrographic region presents to soil erosion, contamination by the release of domestic effluents and the variability of water quality due to heavy metals. The variables Escherichia coli, dissolved iron, total phosphorus and total manganese presented the most critical values of violation of the framework class. The trend analysis showed different patterns for the water quality index and for the most relevant variables for water quality. Among the variables that make up the index, the trends of nitrate increase in all analyzed stations stand out. In general, the results showed that the water quality in the unit varies depending on soil erosion, the high degree of contamination by domestic effluents, the diffuse pollution from agricultural areas and heavy metals, with water quality variables being linked to these factors the most important.Keywords: environmental analysis, Minas Gerais, water pollution, water resources.
28
Diop, Tidiane, Abdoulaye Diarra, Mouhamadou Abdoulaye Diallo, Mame Mor Dione, and Abdoulaye Diop. "Impact d’une décharge urbaine sur la contamination métallique des sols : cas de la décharge de Mbeubeuss (Dakar)." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 16, no. 6 (March 12, 2023): 2992–3002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v16i6.41.
Анотація:
La contamination des sols par des éléments traces métalliques est l’un des problèmes environnementaux les plus pressants. La mise en décharge d’ordures ménagères est une source de cette contamination. La présente étude a pour objectif d’évaluer l’impact de la décharge urbaine de Mbeubeuss (Dakar) sur la contamination en Éléments traces Métalliques (ETM). La méthodologie consiste à prélever cinq (5) échantillons de sols retenus en fonction de leur proximité au point central de la décharge afin de caractériser les paramètres physico-chimiques (pH et conductivité électriques) et les teneurs en Éléments Traces Métalliques (ETM). Les valeurs des pH, comprises entre 6,5 et 8,1, montrent que les sols sont neutres ou légèrement alcalins avec des conductivités électriques élevées [0,98-0,11ms/cm]. Les résultats des analyses des teneurs en ETM par XRF montrent que les sols de la décharge de Mbeubeuss sont riches en Cu (16,97-216 ppm), Fe (4250-12500 ppm), Zn (45,04-279,88 ppm), Pb (ld-322,78 ppm), Mn (652,11-803,25 ppm), Cr (37,52 – 67,17 ppm) et Ti (515,4-3753 ppm). L’évaluation de la contamination a été faite en calculant les indices de pollution et de géo accumulation. Cette étude montre une diminution de la pollution au fur et à mesure que l’on s’éloigne du point central et une accumulation de Zn et Pb à proximité de la décharge.
Contamination of soils with trace metals is one of the most pressing environmental problems. The dumping of household waste is a source of this contamination. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the impact of the urban landfill of Mbeubeuss (Dakar) on the contamination of Trace Metal Elements (TME). The methodology consists of taking five (5) soil samples selected according to their proximity to the central point of the landfill in order to characterize the physico-chemical parameters (pH and electrical conductivity) and the levels of Trace Metal Elements (TME). The pH Values, between 6.5 and 8.1, show that the soils are neutral or slightly alkaline with high electrical conductivities [0.98-0.11ms/cm]. The results of XRF analyses of TME content show that the soils of the Mbeubeuss dump are rich in Cu (16.97-216 ppm), Fe (4250-12500 ppm), Zn (45.04-279.88 ppm), Pb (ld-322.78 ppm), Mn (652.11-803.25 ppm), Cr (37.52-67.17 ppm) and Ti (515.4-3753 ppm). The contamination assessment was done by calculating the pollution and geo accumulation indices. This study shows a decrease in pollution as one moves away from the central point and an accumulation of Zn and Pb near the landfill.
29
Simard, R. R., and S. Beauchemin. "Relation entre la richesse du sol en phosphore et la concentration en phosphore de l'eau de drainage dans deux agro-écosystèmes." Revue des sciences de l'eau 15 (April 12, 2005): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705489ar.
Анотація:
Des concentrations en P excédant le seuil d'eutrophisation sont fréquemment mesurées dans l'eau des affluents du fleuve Saint-Laurent au Québec, Canada. Un enrichissement excessif en P des sols agricoles en serait la source. Une norme relative à la saturation en P des sols a été proposée comme critère de risque de contamination en P des eaux de surface. L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier le lien entre la richesse en P du sol et la teneur en P de l'eau de drainage dans deux agro-écosystèmes du Québec. Le bassin versant de la rivière Boyer (BVB), dominé par des sols en pente, une forte densité animale et des productions fourragères et les Basses Terres de Montréal (BTM), dominées par des sols plats utilisés pour la production intensive de maïs et une faible densité animale sont étudiés. Le degré de saturation en P des sols du BVB est de 8 à 10 % alors que celui des BTM dépasse très souvent 15 %. Le pool du P organique est plus faible dans les sols des BTM que dans le BVB. La concentration moyenne en P de l'eau de drainage est plus élevée dans les sols du BVB (171 µg L-1) que dans ceux des BTM (98 µg L-1). Elle est corrélée à la teneur en P extrait à l'oxalate des sols argileux et à la teneur en P soluble dans l'eau ou à l'index de sorption en P des sols grossiers. Ces relations sont plus étroites pour la couche 0-5 cm de sol que pour les couches plus profondes. Les résultats de cette étude démontrent qu'il est difficile de prédire la concentration en P de l'eau de drainage de sols contrastants. Regrouper les sols selon leur texture améliore la précision de la prédiction de la teneur en P de l'eau de drainage à partir de leurs propriétés.
30
Roy, M., and D. Couillard. "Mobilité des métaux et risque de contamination des eaux lors de la valorisation sylvicole des boues de station d'épuration municipales au Québec : une revue." Revue des sciences de l'eau 10, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 507–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705291ar.
Анотація:
La présence de métaux dans les boues municipales demeure l'obstacle majeure à leur valorisation comme fertilisant agricole ou forestier. L'utilisation des boues en milieu forestier diminue certes les risques de contamination de la chaîne alimentaire humaine. Cependant, nos connaissances sur le comportement à long terme des métaux ajoutés aux sols forestiers sont encore très limitées. Le risque de lessivage des métaux vers les écosystèmes aquatiques situés en aval des zones traitées doit être évalué. Cet article propose une comparaison des risques de contamination de l'eau selon que l'application des boues s'effectue en forêt ou en milieu agricole. Les concentrations de métaux dans les boues municipales, leurs formes et leur mobilité dans les sols amendés sont passées en revue. Et finalement, les normes québécoises qui ont été établies pour protéger le milieu récepteur contre les métaux présents dans les boues sont comparées à celles recommandées par l'U.S. EPA.
31
Maggi, L., M. Carmona, A. Zalacain, G. L. Alonso, M. Martínez Tomé, M. A. Murcia, and L. García Diz. "SAFFRON AS ENVIRONMENTAL BIOMARKER OF DIFFUSE CONTAMINATION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 850 (January 2010): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2010.850.45.
32
Duchesne, Josée, and Guy Mercier. "Établissement d'une méthode de caractérisation minéralogique décrivant les sols contaminés par le plomb." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 40, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 731–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t03-029.
Анотація:
Many metal-contaminated soils originate in old abandoned industrial sites. One of the problems encountered in the reclamation of soils lies in the selection of the decontamination techniques. Few data are available to predict the efficiency of the extraction of metals from the contaminated soils. Moreover, a signifiant part of the contamination is often found as particles. These can be extracted from the soils by means of mineralurgical separation techniques. A trial and error procedure is often used for selecting the technique and the procedure parameters. The purpose of this study is to develop a method of mineralogical characterization for the identification and localisation of the metal contamination so as to allow a more enlightened choice of the mineralurgical treatments. Besides the identification of the contaminant particles, the method takes into account the distribution of contaminants, which can be found on the surface of the particles or included within the volume of the particle, the average proportion and the size of the contaminants in the contaminated particles, and the association of the iron oxide contaminant. The frequency of appearance of the particles depending on the different categories of the method guides the choice of the treatment technologies to be used so as to optimize the extraction of contaminant particles.Key words: metals, contamination, soils, lead, mineralurgical techniques, mineralogy.[Journal translation]
33
Larichev, Yurii V. "Experience of Using DLS to Study the Particle Sizes of Active Component in the Catalysts Based on the Oxide and Non-Oxide Supports." Inorganics 10, no. 12 (December 8, 2022): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10120248.
Анотація:
The present study reports the use of the dynamic light scattering (DLS) method to analyze metal nanoparticle sizes in supported catalysts (as a model system for different metal-oxide nanocomposites, ceramics, etc.). The selective dissolution of matrices has been used to transform solids to sols for DLS analysis. DLS/STS (from solid to sol) technique was tested on a wide number of different sets of supported metal catalysts (Pt, Pd, Ru metals and Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, C3N4, carbon and polymers as supports). The transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction (TEM/XRD) results for the initial supported catalysts and the DLS results for the sols prepared from them showed good agreement with each other. Moreover, it has been shown that this approach can identify the minor contamination of catalysts by large particles or aggregates which are difficult to detect by TEM/XRD.
34
Ye, Lambiénou, Désiré Jean Pascal Lompo, Aboubakar Sako, and Hassan Bismarck Nacro. "Evaluation of trace metal content in soils subjected to inputs of solid urban wastes." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 9 (March 25, 2021): 3361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i9.31.
Анотація:
Large amounts of solid urban waste (SUW), sometimes containing trace metal (TM), are used to fertilize agricultural soils. The aim of this study was to assess concentrations of TM in peri-urban agricultural soils exposed to SUW inputs around Bobo-Dioulasso. Composite samples of fourteen soil profiles (0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm) were collected in the classified Dindéréso forest in the outskirts of Bobo-Dioulasso. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) was used to analyze TM concentrations in the samples. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn varied broadly according to the sampling sites and soil horizons. The maximum concentrations of the analyzed elements in all sites were lower than the limit concentrations. Regardless soil horizons, the pollution index were less than 1, suggesting that the sampled soils were not subject to multiple contaminations of TM.
D’importantes quantités de déchets urbains solides (DUS), renfermant parfois des éléments traces métalliques (ETM), sont utilisées pour fertiliser les sols agricoles. Le but de cette étude est d’évaluer les concentrations en ETM des sols péri-urbains de la ville de Bobo-Dioulasso soumis à l’épandage des DUS. Des échantillons composites de sols ont été prélevés, suivant les horizons 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm et 40-60 cm, sur quatorze sites dans la forêt classée de Dindérésso située à la périphérie de la ville de Bobo-Dioulasso. L’analyse des échantillons de sol a été effectuée par spectrométrie de masse avec plasma à couplage inductif (ICP/MS). Les résultats montrent que les concentrations en Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb et Zn des sols sont très variées. Elles varient en fonction de l’ETM, du site et de l’horizon du sol. Les concentrations des différents ETM dans les sols sont inférieures aux valeurs limites sur tous les sites. L’index de pollution de chaque site est inférieur à 1, quel que soit l’horizon de sol, suggérant ainsi que les sites de la zone ne font pas l’objet d’une contamination multiple de leurs sols par les ETM.
35
Tichý, R., and V. Mejstřík. "Heavy metal contamination from open-pit coal mining in Europe's Black Triangle and possible remediation." Environmental Reviews 4, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 321–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a96-117.
Анотація:
An area heavily impacted by open-pit coal mining was used to demonstrate risks associated with the presence of toxic metals. The area is located in northern Bohemia, Czech Republic, and is currently categorized as among the most deteriorated landscapes on earth. Open-pit mining and the subsequent landscape restoration may present certain risks of contamination with metals, both in the short and long term. A rather uncertain parameter in this is the behaviour of metals deposited in the mining spoil over the long term. A second important factor is that of reduction in the intensity of agricultural production in the region, which leads to remobilization of metals from the soils. The role of wetlands and their management in the landscape is indispensable in controlling metal mobility and distribution. In setting up priorities for remediation, pollution from point sources should be sharply distinguished from the diffused sources. This review includes a description of the intensive remediation techniques suitable for point sources, as well as the extensive techniques applicable to diffused pollution.Key words: heavy metals, open-pit mining, spoil banks, wetlands, risks.
36
Courchesne, François, Jean-Pierre Hallé, and Marie-Claude Turmel. "Bilans élémentaires holocènes et altération des minéraux dans trois sols forestiers du Québec méridional." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 56, no. 1 (July 14, 2004): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/008601ar.
Анотація:
RésuméNous avons calculé les flux élémentaires holocènes et le taux d’altération historique dans trois sols forestiers par la méthode du bilan de masse de Brimhallet al. (1991 a, b). Les sols (Hermine : HER ; Rouyn-1 : RN1 ; Rouyn-4 : RN4) se distinguent par leur matériel d’origine et leur niveau d’exposition aux dépôts atmosphériques de métaux traces. L’indice de changement volumétrique (ICV) calculé avec Zr est positif (expansion) dans RN1 et dans les horizons B de HER et est positivement corrélé à la concentration en C organique et en oxydes de Al et Fe. L’analyse des profils permet de dégager trois groupes d’éléments. Un premier groupe (Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Si) montre des concentrations qui diminuent de l’horizon C vers la surface du profil en réponse à l’intensification de l’altération des minéraux. Le second groupe (Al, Fe, P, Ti, Cr, Ni) présente des zones d’enrichissement dans les horizons B et des pertes dans le Ae. Ce patron mixte reflète l’effet combiné de la formation d’oxydes (Al, Fe, Ti) et de la rétention des éléments par ces oxydes (P, Cr, Ni). Le troisième groupe (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) affiche des flux fortement positifs dans les horizons de surface en réponse à la contamination atmosphérique des sols et à la bioconcentration des métaux traces. Les taux d’altération holocènes moyens des éléments majeurs correspondent très bien aux taux publiés pour une variété de sols forestiers de milieux comparables. Le classement des éléments en ordre de mobilité relative décroissante est : Mn > Mg > Ca > Na > K > P > Si > Al > Fe > Ti.
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Lanman, Adam E., Jonathan C. Pober, Nicholas S. Kern, Eloy de Lera Acedo, David R. DeBoer, and Nicolas Fagnoni. "Quantifying EoR delay spectrum contamination from diffuse radio emission." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 494, no. 3 (April 16, 2020): 3712–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa987.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT The 21 cm hyperfine transition of neutral hydrogen offers a promising probe of the large-scale structure of the universe before and during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR), when the first ionizing sources formed. Bright radio emission from foreground sources remains the biggest obstacle to detecting the faint 21 cm signal. However, the expected smoothness of foreground power leaves a clean window in Fourier space where the EoR signal can potentially be seen over thermal noise. Though the boundary of this window is well defined in principle, spectral structure in foreground sources, instrumental chromaticity, and choice of spectral weighting in analysis all affect how much foreground power spills over into the EoR window. In this paper, we run a suite of numerical simulations of wide-field visibility measurements, with a variety of diffuse foreground models and instrument configurations, and measure the extent of contaminated Fourier modes in the EoR window using a delay-transform approach to estimate power spectra. We also test these effects with a model of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) antenna beam generated from electromagnetic simulations, to take into account further chromatic effects in the real instrument. We find that foreground power spillover is dominated by the so-called pitchfork effect, in which diffuse foreground power is brightened near the horizon due to the shortening of baselines. As a result, the extent of contaminated modes in the EoR window is largely constant over time, except when the Galaxy is near the pointing centre.
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ROOKLIDGE, S. "Environmental antimicrobial contamination from terraccumulation and diffuse pollution pathways." Science of The Total Environment 325, no. 1-3 (June 5, 2004): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.11.007.
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Baker, Andy. "Fluorescence Tracing of Diffuse Landfill Leachate Contamination in Rivers." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 163, no. 1-4 (May 2005): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-005-0279-9.
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Saab, Hamid Bou, Nadine Nassif, Antione G. El Samrani, Rosette Daoud, Samir Medawar, and Naim Ouaïni. "Suivi de la qualité bactériologique des eaux de surface (rivière Nahr Ibrahim, Liban)." Revue des sciences de l'eau 20, no. 4 (January 21, 2008): 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/016909ar.
Анотація:
Résumé Le bassin versant du Narh Ibrahim est classé parmi les sites du patrimoine mondial. Les rejets sauvages solides et liquides ont un impact important sur le développement d’une contamination bactériologique tout au long de la rivière. Dans cette étude, des paramètres physico-chimiques et bactériologiques ont été suivis sur neuf sites de prélèvement qui couvrent la rivière Nahr Ibrahim de son amont jusqu’à son estuaire. L’ensemble des paramètres est étudié pendant des périodes de l’année caractérisées par un temps sec ou un temps de crue. Au cours de ces périodes, ces paramètres ont révélé une influence importante du type d’occupation des sols et des phénomènes de lessivage sur la composition bactériologique de la rivière. L’origine et le degré de la contamination bactérienne instantanée ont été également identifiés. Une approche statistique multivariée a montré que l’effet de la localisation du site masque l’effet date sur un même site et pendant la même période. Les sites en aval de la rivière sont caractérisés par une pollution en nitrate et une contamination bactériologique alors que les sites en amont sont marqués par une contamination bactériologique seulement.
41
Christenson, Kurt. "Rinsing: A Critical Process in Contamination Removal." Journal of the IEST 40, no. 5 (September 1, 1997): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.2.40.5.y8p9788532364675.
Анотація:
The rinsing process of silicon wafers is normally carried out in an "overflow" bath in which water flows past the wafers at average velocity of 1 cm/s. But the velocity is zero at the wafer surface. The efficiency of rinsing is limited by the rate at which contaminants diffuse away from the silicon surface and into the flow stream. This paper reports the improvement in rinsing efficiency gained by repeating a 1-min cycle of first allowing the contaminants to diffuse into the stagnant layer and then "dumping" the rinse tank to remove most of the contaminated stagnant layer. A further 10-fold improvement in rinsing efficiency per rinse cycle can be achieved by spinning the wafer and using centrifugal force to remove a greater fraction of the stagnant layer. This allows the complete removal of soluble contaminants with a 20-fold reduction in water usage compared to present immersion techniques.
42
Fenech, C., K. Nolan, L. Rock, and A. Morrissey. "Development of a decision-support tool for identifying the most suitable approach to achieve nitrate source determination." Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts 16, no. 11 (2014): 2564–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3em00620d.
Анотація:
A decision-support tool using IDEF0 modelling methodology was developed to differentiate point and diffuse sources of nitrate contamination. Using this tool, the environmental hazards and processes resulting from nitrate contamination can be better understood and appropriate actions for limiting the impacts of such can be taken.
43
Li, Yong, and Jiabao Zhang. "Agricultural diffuse pollution from fertilisers and pesticides in China." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 3 (February 1, 1999): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0129.
Анотація:
Although contamination of waterbodies by nitrates and pesticides in rural regions as the main element of agricultural diffuse pollution has been gradually realised by agricultural and environmental scientists, and supported by rapidly growing pollution cases, it is still not considered a high priority environmental problem in China because of a lack of efficient monitoring programs to provide systematic analytical data. This paper brings together evidence in terms of surface water, groundwater and the agricultural ecosystem to show the current situation of water contamination related to excess applications of inorganic fertilisers and pesticides on arable land, research on the above topics, and the importance of understanding and support from both the public and government in association with further studies.
44
Abdul Rida, Abdul Motalib Mohammed. "L’effet de la contamination des sols sur le rôle lombricien dans la disponibilité du potassium." Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie) 50, no. 2 (1995): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/revec.1995.2165.
45
Fabian, Karl, Clemens Reimann, and Patrice de Caritat. "Quantifying Diffuse Contamination: Method and Application to Pb in Soil." Environmental Science & Technology 51, no. 12 (May 14, 2017): 6719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00741.
46
Stiegman, Albert E. "Ultraviolet stability and contamination analysis of Spectralon diffuse reflectance material." Optical Engineering 32, no. 4 (1993): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.132374.
47
HEADWORTH, H. G. "Contamination of Groundwaters from Diffuse Sources arising from Farming Activities." Water and Environment Journal 3, no. 5 (October 1989): 517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01426.x.
48
Sadeghian, Parastoo, and Sasan Sadrizadeh. "Impact of design parameters of diffuse ceiling ventilation systems on indoor air quality in school classrooms: a numerical assessment." E3S Web of Conferences 362 (2022): 14001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236214001.
Анотація:
Indoor air quality directly impacts an individual’s productivity and health condition in office buildings, hospitals, schools, and residential buildings. Diffuse ceiling systems have been used widely in classrooms at schools that have high heat loads. In this regard, this study investigated the role of diffuse ceiling design parameters, including active diffuse panels’ configuration and contamination locations, on indoor air quality in a classroom. The spread of airborne infectious diseases was simulated using computational fluid dynamics techniques. The results revealed that the central configuration of diffuse ceiling panels had the minimum spread of contaminations in the classroom compared to the dispersed configuration.
49
Pollicino, Licia C., Marco Masetti, Stefania Stevenazzi, Loris Colombo, and Luca Alberti. "Spatial Statistical Assessment of Groundwater PCE (Tetrachloroethylene) Diffuse Contamination in Urban Areas." Water 11, no. 6 (June 10, 2019): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061211.
Анотація:
Contamination by chlorinated solvents is typically associated with point sources, which are able to release high concentrations and to generate well defined plumes. Nevertheless, in urban settings (especially in functional urban areas—FUAs), multiple-point sources are frequently present, consisting of a series of unidentifiable small sources clustered within large areas, generating a diffuse, anthropogenic contamination. This situation results in the coexistence of single plumes with higher contaminant concentrations, and larger areas where the concentration is lower but still higher than the maximum admissible concentration limits. This paper proposes a methodology devised to cope with the diffuse contamination by chlorinated solvents within shallow aquifers due to multiple-point sources in FUAs. The approach is based on a Bayesian model that helps to spatially evaluate the likelihood of having active multiple-point sources, and to relate their impact on the shallow aquifer to the hydrogeological features of the area. Moreover, the approach allows testing of the efficiency of the monitoring network to properly characterize the contamination in the aquifer. The consistency of the results of the analysis was also checked for the Milan FUA (Italy) by a comparison to a previous study, performed through an inverse numerical modelling approach within a Monte Carlo statistical framework to identify the areas with the highest likelihood to host potential multiple-point sources.
50
Soutter, M., and M. Musy. "Contamination des eaux souterraines par des pesticides: cartes de risque et d'incertitudes." Revue des sciences de l'eau 10, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705272ar.
Анотація:
Une procédure d'évaluation régionale des risques de contamination des eaux souterraines par des pesticides a été développée et appliquée à une partie de la plaine du Rhône valaisanne. La combinaison d'une application stochastique (Monte–Carlo) de modèles déterministes simulant localement le devenir de pesticides et des techniques d'interpolation géostatistique permet d'évaluer également les incertitudes entachant les prédictions effectuées. Les divers types de modèles utilisés (solution analytique et résolution numérique de l'équation de convection-dispersion, modèle capacitif) conduisent en général à des résultats très similaires. Les cartes obtenues montrent que le risque de contamination est très élevé. Les incertitudes sont d'un ordre de grandeur similaire, i.e. ± 0.2-0.3 pour des indices de risque compris dans l'intervalle [0,1]. Ces incertitudes proviennent à raison d'environ 40-50 % des propriétés des pesticides et d'environ 30-40 % de la profondeur de la nappe phréatique, le 20 % restant étant dû aux incertitudes entachant les caractéristiques des sols, essentiellement leurs teneurs en carbone organique.