Дисертації з теми "Consumption inequality"
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Walther, Herbert. "Competitive conspicuous consumption, household saving and income inequality." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2004. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1116/1/document.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаSeries: Working Papers Series "Growth and Employment in Europe: Sustainability and Competitiveness"
Velilla, Gómez Raúl Alfonso. "Intra-household consumption inequality: empirical evidence from Brazil." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2017. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/10576.
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A análise da desigualdade tradicionalmente tem-se baseado em medidas de renda em nível domiciliar, ignorando a distribuição de recursos dentro do agregado familiar. De fato, a análise tradicional da desigualdade baseia-se no modelo unitário de comportamento do consumidor, que assume uma distribuição igualitária dos recursos entre os membros da família. Ao fazê-lo, aspectos importantes como os ganhos decorrente do consumo conjunto, que poderiam influenciar o bem-estar individual, não são levados em consideração. Esta desvantagem ocorre porque os microdados sobre o consumo costumam fornecer informações ao nível do agregado familiar, em lugar de fornecê-lo ao nível individual, tornando impossível obter medições diretas da desigualdade com base no consumo individual. O Brasil não é exceção nesta questão e a análise de como o processo de alocação de recursos dentro dos domicílios é dado não tem recebido muita atenção e continua sendo um enigma. Para preencher essa lacuna, esta pesquisa aplica um modelo de consumo coletivo para analisar a desigualdade econômica entre indivíduos de famílias brasileiras. Para alcançar este objetivo, identificaram-se as chamadas parcelas de recursos, que são consideradas medidas das despesas de consumo individual e podem ser estimadas diretamente a partir de dados em nível domiciliar. Em particular, foi identificada a participação de cada membro no consumo total de sua família, por meio de suas despesas com bens privados, como roupas e sapatos. Assim, informações sobre o bem-estar econômico de cada membro da família foram obtidas. Este estudo utilizou microdados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF 2008/2009) coletada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). A análise foi restrita a famílias tradicionais, ou seja, casais sem ou com até três filhos. Os resultados empíricos revelaram a existência de desigualdade na alocação de recursos dentro dos domicílios. Em particular, verificou-se que nas famílias brasileiras os homens absorvem uma maior fração dos recursos familiares do que as mulheres, em todos os tamanhos das famílias analisadas. Verificou-se também que a proporção dos recursos totais dedicados às crianças aumenta com o número de crianças, mas a proporção média por criança decresce. Além disso, os resultados sugerem que o nível de educação dos adultos parece estar associado a uma maior parte de sua fração na despesa total, mas negativamente relacionado com os recursos de seu parceiro. Por outro lado, constatou-se um efeito positivo da participação das mulheres no mercado de trabalho e seu nível de educação sobre as parcelas dos recursos de seus filhos. Ademais, os resultados identificam uma possível heterogeneidade na alocação de recursos dentro do agregado familiar entre as regiões. Em particular, verificou-se que famílias localizadas nas regiões Sudeste e Nordeste parecem distribuir seus recursos de forma mais igualitária entre os seus membros comparados com às outras regiões. Em geral, os resultados obtidos não rejeitaram o modelo coletivo de comportamento dos domicílios em todas as estimativas. Em contrapartida, nós rejeitamos o modelo unitário padrão. Finalmente, esses resultados são informativamente cruciais para o desenho de políticas redistributivas ou programas sociais porque proporcionam uma visão mais ampla e mais precisa do bem-estar dos indivíduos. Mais precisamente, nossos resultados podem informar os formuladores de políticas sobre como beneficiar aos indivíduos efetivamente dentro dos domicílios, a fim de minimizar a incidência da desigualdade, bem como fornecer informações úteis para os programas de Transferência Condicionada de Renda (como Bolsa-Família) sobre como desenhar as transferências de forma mais eficiente.
The analysis of inequality has been traditionally based on measures of income at the household level, ignoring the distribution of resources within the household. In fact, the traditional analysis of inequality had been based on the unitary model of consumer behavior, which assume an equal distribution of resources among family members. In doing so, important aspects as gains from joint consumption, that could influence individual well-being, are not taken into account. This drawback has occurred because typical micro-data on consumption usually provide information at the household level instead of at individual level, making it impossible to obtain direct measures of inequality based on individual consumption. Brazil is not an exception on this issue and the analysis of how the intra-household resource allocation process is given has not received much attention and remains a puzzle. In order to fill this gap, this research apply a collective consumption model to analyze economic inequality among individuals of Brazilian families. To achieve this, we identify the so-called resource shares, which are considered useful measures of individual consumption expenditure and can be estimated directly from household level data. In particular, we identify each member’s share of total household consumption through his or her expenditure on a private assignable goods such as clothing and footwear. Therefore, we are able to recover information about the economic well-being of household members. This study used micro-level dataset from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF 2008/2009) collected by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Our analysis has focused on traditional families, married couples with zero to three children. Our empirical results reveal the existence of inequality in the allocation of resources inside the household. In particular, we found that in Brazilian families men absorb a higher fraction of family resources than women in all family sizes. We also found that the share of total resources devoted to children increases with the number of children, but the average per child share decreases. In addition, our results suggest that adults’ education level seems to be associated to a larger of his or her fraction of the total expenditure, but is negatively related with resources of her or his partner. Our finding reveal a positive effect of women’s participation in the labor market and her education level with the shares devoted to their children. Furthermore, our results identify a possible heterogeneity in the allocation of resources inside the household across regions. In particular, we found that families located in Southeast and Northeast regions seems to distribute their resources more equally among their members compared to the other regions. In general, our results did not reject the collective model in all estimations. By contrast, we do reject the standard unitary model. Finally, our results are informatively crucial for the design of redistributive policy or social programs, because they provide a broader and more accurate view of the well-being of individuals. More precisely, they could inform policy makers about how to target individuals effectively within households in order to minimize the incidence of inequality as well as provide useful information for Conditional Cash Transfer programs (such as Bolsa- familia) on how to address the transfers more efficiently.
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Crespo, Cuaresma Jesus, Jozef Kubala, and Kristina Petrikova. "Does income inequality affect aggregate consumption? Revisiting the evidence." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4787/1/wp210.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаSeries: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
Crespo, Cuaresma Jesus, Jozef Kubala, and Kristina Petrikova. "Does income inequality affect aggregate consumption? Revisiting the evidence." Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00181-017-1302-x.
Повний текст джерелаSebu, Joshua. "Essays on farm household credit constraint, productivity and consumption inequality in Malawi." Thesis, University of Kent, 2017. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/59977/.
Повний текст джерелаFIRPO, SERGIO PINHEIRO. "INCOME AND CONSUMPTION INEQUALITY OVER TIME: A COHORT ANALYSIS USING BRAZILIAN HOUSEHOLD DATA." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 1999. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=14579@1.
Повний текст джерелаBANCO DE INVESTIMENTO DA BAHIA
Este trabalho apresenta os dados de desilgualdade, entre as famílias, da renda, dos rendimentos do trabalho e do consumo de bens não duráveis, a partir dos microdados da PNAD [Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios] (Brasil, de 1976 a 1997) e da POF [Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares] (regiões metropolitanas 1987-88 e 1995-96). Para os dados da PNAD obtêm-se, a cada ano, índices de theíl da renda e da renda do trabalho para grupos de famílias com chefes nascidos ao mesmo ano e com a mesma escolaridade. Para a POF, obtêm-se esses índices para essas duas variáveis e para consumo, para famílias nascidas na mesma década e com a mesma escolaridade. Com os dados da POF, analisa-se a evolução temporal da desigualdade de consumo, a qual tende a ser um indicador bem mais fiel, do que a desigualdade de renda, da disparidade permanente de recursos disponíveis e de bem estar entre famílias. Segundo a hipótese de renda permanente, espera-se que a desigualdade de consumo para uma mesma coorte cresça com o tempo. Caso haja impedimentos à validade dessa hipótese, tais como consumidores prudentes (motivo precaução para a poupança), ou restrição de crédito, a desigualdade de consumo passa a depender da evolução da distribuição de rende e de rendimentos do trabalho, podendo, então, crescer ou não com o tempo.
This thesis presents income, earnings and consumption inequality data among Brazilian families. Those data were generated from two different sources: PNDA’s (National Household Survey) micro data for Brazil from 1976 to 1997 and POF’s (Household Expenditures Survey) micro data for the Brazilian metropolitan areas in 1987/88 and 1995/96. Theil’s indexes for family income and earnings among families headed by individuals with same age and educational level were calculated from the PNAD’s data for each year. The same procedure was used for POF’s data, but measures of consumption inequality were also done. From PNAD’s data, one can identify the part of inequality that is explained by age, cohorts, and time effects. The same sort of hypothesis tha Deaton and Paxson (1994) used to identify those three different effects was applied in this current work. In general, the consumption inequality tends to be a more accurate estimator of the permanent disparity of resources and of well being among families than the income inequality is. Therefore, calculations of consumption inequality were held using POF’s data. According to the permanent income hypothesis (PIH), one should expect that the consumption inequality among families of the same cohort grows as time evolves. In the case that there are some constraints to the PIH, as prudent consumers or credit constraints, the consumption inequality stars depending on the temporal evolution of income and earnings distribution, which allows that consumption inequality does not grow with time.
Ding, Yi. "Three Essays on Taxation, Growth and Consumption." FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1496.
Повний текст джерелаSihra, Colson Eve. "Consumption, social interactions and preferences." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IEPP0015/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe notion of need often characterizes the strict minimum amount of food and shelter to survive. Needs have however recurrently been described as essentially relative and context-driven. Indeed, cultural and social incentives tend to provide powerful motivations for individuals to engage in choices sometimes detrimental to their short- or long-term fitness. These choices reveal certain needs which are beyond mere sustenance. My thesis aims at better understanding these decisions by including cultural and social components to a standard theory of consumption. By doing so, it contributes to bridge the gap between two important branches of the literature: demand analysis and behavioral/social economics. The different chapters adress questions such as: Why do malnourished people spend a significant portion of their budget on conspicuous goods (first chapter)? Why do people of different social groups choose to consume different types of goods, given similar prices, income and demographics (second chapter)? Do social interactions contribute to the persistence of localized tastes (third chapter)? And does market integration contribute to taste convergence (fourth chapter)? These topics require to take into account the social meaning of consumption choices, aside from income, prices and functionality. In other words, they require to consider consumption as a language
Ren, Yanjun [Verfasser]. "Essays on food consumption, income inequality, and health-related issues in China / Yanjun Ren." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1130656616/34.
Повний текст джерелаXie-Uebele, Runli. "Three essays on skill-specific labor markets, inequality and consumption over the business cycle." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16342.
Повний текст джерелаThis dissertation addresses the labor market performance and consumption dynamics of different socioeconomic groups. The first part examines the connection between cyclical variations in skilled and unskilled labor markets. Using a business cycle model with search frictions in skill-specific markets, I find that imperfect substitution between skilled and unskilled labor creates an important channel for variations in the skill-specific markets. Together with a skill-neutral or -biased technology shock, the model generates downward-sloping Beveridge curves in aggregate and skill-specific labor markets. I extend the study to allow for a dynamic link between the skill-specific labor markets. Human capital investment is determined endogenously and idiosyncratic shocks shift the skilled labor share and change tightness in both skilled and unskilled markets. Upon a neutral shock, the decrease of total unemployment is two-staged: Firstly with a reduction in unskilled unemployment, and then with a sharp decline of skilled unemployment when skill substitution dominates. A larger elasticity of substitution between the two types of labor leads to higher volatility of the model variables and higher correlation between unemployment and vacancies. The second part studies the link between group-specific consumption growth and its volatility in a framework of heterogeneous agents, under the assumption of a consumption externality. Household preferences are related to the consumption growth volatility through asset holding decisions: The volatility decreases with groups'' patience, and increases with the eagerness to keep up with the group average. Moreover, consumption growth is expected to be positively related to its volatility. This last hypothesis is tested using household data imputed from the German Socio-Economic Panel and the German Income and Expenditure Survey, where a U-shaped relationship is found between nondurable consumption growth and its volatility.
Ma, Shaoying. "The Effect of Income Inequality on Household Consumption: Evidence from China Household Finance Survey Data." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1511399435116049.
Повний текст джерелаMorelli, Salvatore. "The long run evolution of inequality and macroeconomic shocks." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:03fd894e-581e-4c80-9ee6-bc965b9e5aed.
Повний текст джерелаBellet, Clément. "Essays on inequality, social preferences and consumer behavior." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IEPP0004/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis studies ways in which inequality between and within groups affects consumer behaviors and welfare through social comparison effects. The objective is to provide a better understanding of a number of economic phenomena, namely: How to understand the extensive use of credit by lower income households in periods of stagnating real income growth? How do visible identities such as race or caste affect consumption choices, and can social hierarchies lead to poverty traps? Do luxury goods become more necessary when inequality rises, and what does such a phenomenon tell us about the social limits to growth? To that aim, the thesis incorporates important findings of behavioural economics, in particular on other-regarding preferences and subjective well-being, into theories of consumption and savings. Chapter 1 presents a model of relative consumption which accounts for comparison effects over time and across goods. The following chapters identify these effects using representative survey data and large datasets obtained via web-scrapping techniques. Chapter 2 looks at mortgage debt in the United States when households care about the relative size of their house. Chapters 3 and 4 study the social component of expenditures in India and its implication in terms of malnutrition using standard and structural estimation techniques
Hughes, Peggy Janeane. "Paradise Lost." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5953.
Повний текст джерелаJibril, Ghazali Ado. "Trends in Household Consumption Expenditure among the Six Geopolitical Zones in Nigeria." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6101.
Повний текст джерелаThis study examined the trends in household consumption expenditure among the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria within the context of Engel's law of consumption. The study specifically set out to achieve the following objectives: to determine the trends in household consumption expenditure in Nigeria; to examine the food, health, education and non-food expenditures of households in Nigeria; to estimate the food share of total household expenditure through the estimation of the Engel curve for the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria; to determine if there are consumption economies of scale among households by estimating the Working-Leser form of the Engel curve; and, to examine consumption inequality among households in the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. The study used the Nigeria General Household Survey data wave 1 (2010-2011) and wave 2 (2012-2013) to estimate the Working-Leser form of the Engel curve to determine households' budget share for food consumption and the scale of consumption among the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria. The study used the Gini coefficient to measure consumption inequality among and between the six geopolitical zones.
Hvalgren, Niclas, and Davidsson Linnea Englund. "Income Inequality and Household Debt : A panel data study of 17 OECD-countries from 1995-2015." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-341849.
Повний текст джерелаThis bachelor thesis was awarded the highest grade, VG.
Rehm, Miriam, and Matthias Schnetzer. "Wealth Inequality and Power Imbalances: Shedding Some Heterodox Light on a Neglected Topic." Fachbereich Finanzwissenschaft und Infrastrukturpolitik am Department für Raumplanung der Technischen Universität Wien, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5348/1/Rehm_Schnetzer_2016_OeS_Wealth%2Dinequality.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаCheung, Diana. "Four essays on inequality and social reforms in China." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010094.
Повний текст джерелаHan, Yu [Verfasser], Michael [Gutachter] Krause, and Johannes [Gutachter] Pfeifer. "The Roles of Demographic Changes on Labor Market Dynamics and Consumption Inequality / Yu Han ; Gutachter: Michael Krause, Johannes Pfeifer." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1182533264/34.
Повний текст джерелаEinhorn, Laura [Verfasser], Mark [Gutachter] Lutter, and Clemens [Gutachter] Kroneberg. "Food, classed? Social inequality and diet: Understanding stratified meat consumption patterns in Germany / Laura Einhorn ; Gutachter: Mark Lutter, Clemens Kroneberg." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1222160560/34.
Повний текст джерелаSchön, Annie. "Skuldsättning och inkomstojämlikhet : En ekonometrisk studie av konsumtionsfunktionen." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap (from 2013), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-67881.
Повний текст джерелаThe years leading up to the latest financial crisis were characterized by generous credit markets and growing income inequality. It is well proven that high indebtedness increases the risk of financial instability, and there is growing evidence of income inequality affecting the debt-rate in a positive direction. Several, including Frank et. al. (2010), believes that the relationship between indebtedness and income inequality can be explained by people engaging in status-seeking consumption. Frank et. al. (2010) formulates a hypothesis to empirically investigate whether the consumption function should contain a relative factor, and the purpose of this paper is to test the validity of the expenditure cascade-hypothesis in a Swedish context. The hypothesis is tested by regressing the change in the number of people with debt registered at the Swedish Enforcement Authority on the changes in the gini-coefficient within municipalities in the years 2011-2016. The study finds no significant correlation between the number of debtors and the change in the gini-coefficient. The results may be explained by the fact that the geographical unit of observation is too large.
Ma, Li. "Essays in Housing Choices and Consumer Behavior." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337930256.
Повний текст джерелаXie-Uebele, Rinli [Verfasser], Michael C. [Akademischer Betreuer] Burda, and Monique [Akademischer Betreuer] Ebell. "Three essays on skill-specific labor markets, inequality and consumption over the business cycle / Runli Xie-Uebele. Gutachter: Michael C. Burda ; Monique Ebell." Berlin : Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1015129811/34.
Повний текст джерелаGüneş, Okay. "Domestic production, consumption, inequality and welfare of households : analysis of cross section data on monetary and time use in Turkey from 2007 to 2013." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E032.
Повний текст джерелаThe main focus of this dissertation is to examine the nature of time allocation decision with respect to domestic production technology pattern of each household in Turkey. Households’ main preference structure is defined under domestic production technology viewpoints. We measure the degree of complementarity and substitution for each consumption groups of the households. Therefore, our findings in this research highlights that the households resources are not only the function of market wage rates, as the opportunity cost of time, but also of the domestic production technology. However, demand elasticity measurement enables to identify the characteristics of decision-making of the households with regard to their domestic production technology. This measurement is highly important for political interventions. As a matter of fact, compensate of the loss, due to change in price or in income, in household’s welfare can be limited by domestic production technology. This finding underlines that the income and substitution effects as supposed by theory can be biased if domestic production technology is excluded from the model. The compensation of utility loss through inflation or decreasing purchasing power of the households may require good intensive domestic production for certain activities. However, this later points out a contradictory situation especially for developing countries. High level of working hours and constraints in labour markets may prevent households to compensate these lost thorough domestic activities. Thus, informal earnings appear to be the only solution to overcome shortages in time use and commodity used in domestic production. Lack of necessary goods and services with limited time allocation capacity inevitably yields increasing under reported incomes for these economies. Thus, the participation in informal activities rescue from income shortage for given labour supply which in turns reallocates income distributions and poverty within the society
Ragusa, Angela Theresa. "Social Change in the Media: Gay, Lesbian, Bi, Trans and Queer (GLBTQ) Representation and Visibility in The New York Times: A Critical, Qualitative Social-Historical Content Analysis of The New York Times." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26025.
Повний текст джерелаPh. D.
Lourenção, Ana Paula Souza Prado. "Ensejos das remodelações urbanas e o Largo da Batata: o sistema de transportes e a apropriação da paisagem." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16135/tde-02032010-094230/.
Повний текст джерелаWhen we refer to the transformations that occur in the urban space of big cities, the ones regarding the transport system are emblematic. With the rise of metropolitan regions - in which concentrated production and population have become a reality - the need for dislocation between house and work has turned into a determinant factor regarding quality of life and environment for great portions of the population. In this dissertation we sought to observe that the parameters which determine social relations are the same that determine the exchange and interaction space in a society; thus, the more equalitarian a society, the broader will be the access to the facilities and services and, therefore, to the infrastructures that allow dislocation to them. By observing the history of São Paulo, we could infer important characteristics from the society in which we live. Based on them, we elaborated a case study in which we evaluated the interventions being carried out in Largo da Batata, a location in the city that currently points out these social aspects.
Mello, Aline Veroneze de. "Qualidade da dieta e relação com determinantes sociais da saúde em residentes do município de São Paulo (2003 e 2015)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6138/tde-02102018-130316/.
Повний текст джерелаIntroduction - Diet quality is influenced by socioeconomic inequalities. However, there is lack of evidence regarding the level of inequalities in diet quality, and whilst there are wide-ranging efforts to promote healthier diets, issues regarding the dimensions of equity in health are neglected. Therefore, it is essential to understand these issues for development and appropriate implementation of specific interventions in public health. Objective - To evaluate diet quality of residents in São Paulo city of 2003, 2008 and 2015 and its association with SDH. Methods - Data from the ISA-Nutrition cross-sectional study of 2003, 2008 and 2015 were used, with a probabilistic sample of adolescents, adults and older adults residents in São Paulo city. Socioeconomic and lifestyle data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire and food consumption, through 24-hour dietary recalls. The diet quality was assessed based on the Revised Brazilian Healthy Eating Index (BHEI-R). The descriptive variables were compared using a 95% confidence interval. Differences between BHEI-R means, and its components were compared across age group, year of study and structural SDH. The association of inequalities and SDH with diet quality was based on multiple linear regression models and on the concentration index (CI), which allowed the identification of income-related inequality in diet quality among individuals with different socioeconomic levels. Results - We observed that the BHEI-R scores gradually improved over 12-years, with older adults showing the greatest improvement. The increase in overall population score was observed for total fruits, whole fruits, whole grains, oils and sodium. The main contributor to socioeconomic inequality in diet quality in 2003 was ethnic group, and in 2008 and 2015, it was per capita household income; age was a persistent factor of inequality in diet quality over the years. Concentration indices indicated that individuals with lower income had higher scores on BHEI-R in 2003; however, there was a shift in favor of higher income individuals in 2008 and 2015. In 2015, there were differences among BHEI-R components for education, income, occupation, sex and ethnic group, and the components whole grains, sodium and calories from solid fat, alcoholic beverage and added sugar are among the furthest from the index reference values. Factors positively associated with diet quality of residents in São Paulo city in 2015 were number of diseases, income and \"other\" category of occupation. Factors negatively associated were energy, alcohol consumption, education, ethnicity nonwhite and being unemployed. These factors explain the diet quality in 54%. Conclusions - The observed inequalities are useful to subsidize public policies and specific actions for different levels of education, income, occupation, sex, ethnic group and age groups, as well as to encourage actions aimed at a healthy lifestyle.
Carlin, Anaïs. "Inégalités de revenus et effets de démonstration : les comparaisons inter-individuelles affectent-elles la dynamique d'innovation ?" Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE0032.
Повний текст джерелаThis Ph.D. thesis focuses on the joint impact of increasing income inequality and demonstration effects on consumer demand. In particular, it attempts to define to what extent income inequality generates luxury consumption and participates in innovation dy- namics. The analysis is part of non-Homothetic preferences framework and discusses sociological aspects of consumer behaviour. The first chapter reviews the macroeconomic literature on income inequality and luxury consumption. It shows that the analysis of luxury from demand point of view comes up against the absence of a commonly accepted and precise definition of luxury goods. The chapter puts forward the interest to analyze the effect of the desire of social distinction within a model in which goods an- swering the want for prestige have, not only a social function, but also an intrinsic utility and can be the product of a technological innovation. The second chapter examines the notion of wants and its consequences on demand. It establishes the mechanism by which wants appear and develop in time. It brings a formal representation of the growth of consumption standards in a so- cial context and shows to what extent the growth of wants participates in the dynamics of technical change through individual consumption demand. This chapter provides a theoretical framework on which is built a dynamical model, exposed in the third chapter, in which the incentive to innovate comes from the consumer demand. Using agent-Based modeling, this chapter explores the relation between conspicuous consumption and product innovation under various states of income inequality and different social influences
Achury-Forero, Carolina. "Essays on fiscal policy and political economy." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/14166.
Повний текст джерелаSmushkova, Mariia, and de Clar Caoimhe Sweetman. "Collaboration in social movement organizations : Stockholm Stadsmission’s work for the circular economy." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-189511.
Повний текст джерелаFerrario, Marcela Nogueira. "Análise do impacto dos programas de transferência de renda sobre as despesas familiares com o consumo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-27032013-145310/.
Повний текст джерелаThe general objective of this research is to evaluate the impact of the \"Programa Bolsa Família\" (PBF) and \"Benefício de Prestação Continuada\" (BPC - a benefit to very poor elderly and people with deficiencies) on consumer expenditures on food, alcoholic beverages, fruits, meat and fish, poultry and eggs, vegetables, cereals and oilseeds, flour and pasta, tubers and roots, sugar, baked goods, education, hygiene, health and school supplies. Data from the Brazilian Family Budgets Survey (POF-2008/2009). Two control methods were used to estimate the effect: the per capita family income gross and per capita family income excluding the income of programs. Estimates of the impact of PBF and BPC on consumer expenditures, using observational data, were calculated from Multiple Regression and the comparison based on the Propensity Score Matching. The estimates of the ATT showed statistically significant results in expenditure on food, poultry and eggs, vegetables, cereals and oilseeds, flour, pasta and tubers and roots and sugar and others. According to the results found there was an increase in the purchase of foods what make the beneficiaries extreme poverty and malnutrition less hard. Also, for families beneficiary of the PBF, increase in school supplies shows greater investment in education. For the families with BPC beneficiaries increased their spending on consumer health and reduced expenditure on alcohol and tobacco.
Hadj-Boaza, Laure. "Politique de rééquilibrage et pauvreté des ménages en Nouvelle-Calédonie." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05H007.
Повний текст джерелаNew Caledonia is a French overseas collectivity with a sui generis status. According to international indicators New Caledonia is a developed territory, however significant resource inequalities exist. Research findings show that two economical systems (domestic and market economies) coexist with differences in wage earning, resource inequalities and solidarity. In 1989 a development policy was introduced to "adjust" the inequalities that exist among the three Provinces (Loyalty Islands, North Province and South Province). The objective of the policy has been to create a social and political environment favourable for a stable economy that would especially benefit the indigenous population, the Kanak. Based on population censuses and a household budget survey, a 20-year assessment of this provincial policy is offered. After providing an overview of the evolution of inequalities in academic degrees, employment opportunities and standards of living, I will focus on the most vulnerable groups, i.e. households below the relative poverty line. Their consumption structure is characterised by a hybrid system between the market economy and the non-market economy, which means that their social inclusion depends on both public and private solidarities. This mechanism is questioned by the strengthening of the welfare system since the 2000s
Hubar, Sylwia Patrycja. "Essays on redistributive policies and household finance with heterogeneous agents." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/8601.
Повний текст джерелаDevijver, Emilie. "Modèles de mélange pour la régression en grande dimension, application aux données fonctionnelles." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112130/document.
Повний текст джерелаFinite mixture regression models are useful for modeling the relationship between a response and predictors, arising from different subpopulations. In this thesis, we focus on high-dimensional predictors and a high-dimensional response. First of all, we provide an ℓ1-oracle inequality satisfied by the Lasso estimator. We focus on this estimator for its ℓ1-regularization properties rather than for the variable selection procedure. We also propose two procedures to deal with this issue. The first procedure leads to estimate the unknown conditional mixture density by a maximum likelihood estimator, restricted to the relevant variables selected by an ℓ1-penalized maximum likelihood estimator. The second procedure considers jointly predictor selection and rank reduction for obtaining lower-dimensional approximations of parameters matrices. For each procedure, we get an oracle inequality, which derives the penalty shape of the criterion, depending on the complexity of the random model collection. We extend these procedures to the functional case, where predictors and responses are functions. For this purpose, we use a wavelet-based approach. For each situation, we provide algorithms, apply and evaluate our methods both on simulations and real datasets. In particular, we illustrate the first procedure on an electricity load consumption dataset
Oloufade, Djoulassi Kokou. "Analysis of Legal Institutions, Conflict and Trade." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23165.
Повний текст джерела"Competitive conspicuous consumption, household saving and income inequality." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, 2004. http://epub.wu-wien.ac.at/dyn/dl/wp/epub-wu-01_77d.
Повний текст джерелаMosime, Dineo Ronald. "Income inequality and household consumption expenditure in South Africa: 2000-2014." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/21554.
Повний текст джерелаThis paper investigates the nature of relationship between income inequality and consumption expenditure by households. The link between the distribution of income and household spending was determined by exploring the relationship between income inequality and household saving. The econometric estimates show that the propensity of the bottom earners to consume is higher than that of the high income earners. The conclusions from this paper are that; the bottom earners used credit to smooth their consumption expenditure, income inequality has not boosted saving of the top earners and wealth inequality has a minimal effect (although positive) on aggregate consumption Some of these finding are consistent with the theoretical view on income and wealth inequality (Kaldor, 1957) and Aghion et al. (1999). The absence of coping mechanism (such as access to credit and employment), suggests high inequality might result in a decline in the household demand, since the bottom and low earners has high marginal propensities to consume compared with that of the top earners. The existence of imperfect capital markets suggests distributive policies and economic growth are important channels for reducing income and wealth disparities in South Africa.
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Aung, Lwin Lwin. "Accounting for consumption inequality in Myanmar: 2004/05 and 2009/10." Phd thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/110020.
Повний текст джерелаZhu, Guozhong. "Essays on housing and macroeconomics." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/15351.
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Tavares, Francisco De Azevedo Coutinho Pinto. "Inflation heterogeneity and its impact on inequality: evidence from the United States." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/121898.
Повний текст джерелаRoemling, Cornelia. "A Socioeconomic Analysis of Obesity and Intra-Household Nutritional Inequality in Indonesia." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-000D-EF3A-0.
Повний текст джерелаBernardino, Tiago. "Asset liquidity and fiscal consolidation programs." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/66785.
Повний текст джерелаFonseca, Miguel Ângelo De Sá Monteiro Da. "Fiscal consolidations: welfare effects of the adjustment speed." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/104271.
Повний текст джерелаSeriño, Moises Neil. "Is de-carbonized development possible? Household emissions and renewable energy in developing countries." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-9916-C.
Повний текст джерелаNguyen, Giang. "Essays on Economic Development in Southeast Asia." Phd thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/154837.
Повний текст джерелаIrfany, Mohammad Iqbal. "Economic development and de-carbonization paths: Micro and macro perspectives from Indonesia." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-9942-8.
Повний текст джерелаBarclay, Vaughn. "Patterns Perceptible: Awakening to Community." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/3656.
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