Дисертації з теми "Consumer Animus"
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Seitz, Anderson Luís. "Doença do armazenamento lisossomal induzida pelo consumo de sida carpinifolia (Malvaceae) em ovinos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/3139.
Повний текст джерелаGupta, Meeta. "Consumer behavior towards chicken fed with genetically modified high available phosphorus (HAP) corn." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 1.87Mb, 129 p, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1428261.
Повний текст джерелаPupe, Rafael Carvalho. "Avaliação do consumo de goma arábica e guar no comportamento alimentar e peso de micos-estrela cativos (Callithrix penicillata)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2010. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/6992.
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O mico-estrela (Callithrix penicillata) é um primata bem descrito nas suas características fisiológicas, mas pouco se conhece sobre a ecologia alimentar desses animais. Apresentam uma estratégia generalista na exploração de recursos alimentares e escarificam árvores gomíferas para a obtenção de goma. Essa é um polissacarídeo complexo, relevante na dieta dos micos, pois é uma fonte regular de energia e minerais. Na verdade, em animais cativos, a gomivoria e os comportamentos associados podem ser resgatados via do enriquecimento ambiental ou alimentar. Portanto, este estudo investigou a viabilidade de introduzir a goma na rotina alimentar de micos-estrela mantidos em cativeiro, avaliando especificamente a preferência entre dois tipos de goma, diferentes soluções de goma e horários de fornecimento e o peso dos animais. Dezoito animais adultos, pesando entre 280 e 400 g, foram testados aos pares em seus próprios viveiros de moradia. Os pares de micos foram divididos em três grupos (n=6/cada): controle, goma guar e goma arábica. Ambas as gomas foram avaliadas nas soluções 50, 25 e 15% m/m (goma:água) e oferecidas três vezes das 07:30-8:30 e três vezes das 15:00-16:00h. O grupo controle recebeu apenas água nas nove sessões. Após a colocação da goma/água, iniciou-se a observação dos animais durante 5 min, com registro dos dados no programa Etholog® v2.25. Depois de 30 min da colocação do recipiente com goma/água, o mesmo foi retirado e pesado. Ambos os tipos de goma foram prontamente ingeridos pelos micos, enquanto que a água não foi consumida. Além disso, a quantidade de goma arábica consumida foi significativamente maior que a da guar, sugerindo uma preferência pela primeira. Contudo, o consumo foi semelhante entre as três soluções testadas e os dois horários avaliados. O tempo de forrageamento e a latência para o primeiro consumo não diferiram entre os dois tipos de goma ou as soluções testadas, assim como o peso dos micos no início e final do estudo permaneceu constante. As características da goma arábica – consistência, cor e odor – podem ter contribuído para o seu maior consumo, enquanto que o curto período de seu fornecimento tenha limitado qualquer possível ganho de peso dos animais em resposta ao consumo da goma. Portanto, o provimento de diferentes tipos de goma aos micos-estrela mantidos em ambiente de cativeiro demonstrou ser uma estratégia viável de enriquecimento alimentar nesses primatas. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Black tufted-ear marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) are well described in terms of their physiological characteristics, yet little is known about the feeding ecology of these primates. They demonstrate a generalist strategy for exploring food resources and scarify gummiferous trees to obtain exsudate/gum. This complex polysaccharide is an important component of the marmosets’ diet, as it represents a regular source of energy and minerals. In fact, gummivory and its associated behaviors can be stimulated in captive individuals by environmental and dietary enrichment. Therefore, the present study investigated the viability of introducing gum in the dietary routine of captive black tufted-ear marmosets. The preference between two types of gum, different solution levels and feeding schedules were evaluated, as well as the animals’ body weight. Eighteen adult marmosets, weighing 280 to 400 g, were pair-tested in their own home-cages. Subject pairs were assigned to one of three groups (n=6): control, guar gum and arabic gum. Both types of gum were evaluated as 50, 25 and 15% m/m (gum:water) solutions and provided three times between 07:30 and 08:30 h and three times from 15:00 to 16:00 h. Control marmosets received only water during all nine trials. Following gum/water placement, each animal was observed during a 5-min period and data recorded on the Etholog® 2.25 program. The gum/water container was removed from the home-cage and weighed after 30 min. Both types of gum were readily ingested by the marmosets, while water was not consumed. Moreover, the amount of arabic gum consumed was significantly greater than that of guar, suggesting a preference for former. However, gum consumption was similar among the three solutions and the two feeding schedules tested. Foraging time and latency to first intake did not differ between the different gums and solutions tested. The marmosets’ weight at the beginning and end of the study also remained constant. Characteristics of the arabic gum – such as consistency, color and odor – may have contributed to its higher consumption, whereas the short period in which the gum solutions were offered possibly limited the animals’ weight gain. Therefore, the introduction of different types of gum to the diet of captive marmoset demonstrated to be a viable strategy for dietary enrichment in these primates.
Chen, Yun-Ju (Kelly). "Consumer preferences for wool production attributes." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1035.
Повний текст джерелаDunne, Hilary. "Consumer concerns about animal welfare and its impact on food choice in Ireland." Thesis, University of Reading, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496964.
Повний текст джерелаViegas, Inês Ferreira. "Consumers’ willingness to pay for safer, cleaner and animal friendlier beef." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6413.
Повний текст джерелаThe variety of food products available in supermarkets shelves is endless, fulfilling necessities that go beyond the need for food. In such perspective, there are an infinite number of products that might be valued by consumers, but are not available in markets, i.e. non-market goods. Alongside these potential, consumers have increased levels of awareness and concern about the way food is produced, namely food products of animal origin. Some consumer segments are even willing to pay more for products produced under standards they consider to meet their concerns. Within this framework, this thesis’ research topic involves the economic valuation of beef products which are differentiated through the presence of attributes related with beef safety, animal welfare an environmental protection. Therefore, the question central to this research is: Are consumers willing to pay for beef products with specific attributes such as food safety, animal welfare or environmental standards, going beyond legally imposed minimums? This question was answered having in mind the following specific goals: the review of the most relevant technical issues still to be solved and worth analyzing; the discussion during focus groups of consumers’ main concerns regarding animal welfare, food safety and the environment related with beef production and beef products; the implementation of a choice-experiment survey to allow estimating how much, on average, are consumers’ willing to sacrifice from their households’ budgets in order to buy this differentiated beef product, through the use of a MNL model. Our sample of Portuguese consumers stated they are willing to pay a premium for differentiated beef. A high significance for the MNL estimates was achieved and we found evidence of the need to jointly value closely related attributes namely due to the expected presence of very significant negative interactions. Additional conclusions include the suggestion that some of the stated consumer preferences are in fact citizens’ preferences, which may arise from the undisputable public nature of food safety, animal welfare and the environment. Finally, from a corporate perspective, this research shows some potentially differentiating strategies that could be implemented based on attributes such as national origin and traditional production systems.
RESUMO - A variedade de produtos alimentares disponíveis nas prateleiras dos supermercados é interminável, satisfazendo necessidades que vão muito além da necessidade alimentar. Nesta perspetiva, há uma infinidade de produtos que podem ser valorizados pelos consumidores, mas que não estão disponíveis nos mercados. Paralelamente a este potencial, os consumidores têm aumentado os seus níveis de consciência e preocupação com a forma como os alimentos são produzidos, nomeadamente em relação a produtos alimentares de origem animal. Alguns segmentos de consumidores estão mesmo dispostos a pagar mais por produtos produzidos sob padrões que eles consideram atender às suas preocupações. Neste contexto, o tema de investigação desta tese envolve a valoração económica de produtos de carne bovina, que são diferenciados pela presença de atributos relacionados com a segurança sanitária da carne, bem-estar animal e proteção ambiental. Portanto, a questão central desta pesquisa é: estarão os consumidores dispostos a pagar por produtos de carne de bovino com atributos específicos, tais como a segurança sanitária, bem-estar animal ou normas ambientais, que vão além dos requisitos mínimos legalmente impostos? Esta pergunta foi respondida tendo em vista os seguintes objetivos específicos: a revisão das questões técnicas mais relevantes a serem resolvidas tendo em conta a sua relevância para os consumidores; a realização de grupos de discussão para avaliar quais as principais preocupações dos consumidores sobre bem-estar animal, segurança sanitária da carne e meio ambiente no contexto da produção de carne de bovino; a implementação de um estudo de experiências de escolha para permitir estimar (através da utilização de um modelo MNL) o quanto, em média, estão os consumidores dispostos a sacrificar dos seus orçamentos familiares, a fim de comprarem esta carne diferenciada. Esta amostra de consumidores portugueses declarou estar disposta a pagar mais pela carne diferenciada. A elevada significância das estimativas MNL alcançada sugere a necessidade de valorar em conjunto atributos intimamente relacionados, nomeadamente devido à presença esperada de interações negativas muito significativas. As conclusões incluem a sugestão de que algumas das preferências dos consumidores são na realidade preferências de cidadãos, o que pode advir da indiscutível natureza pública da segurança sanitária, bem-estar animal e meio ambiente. Finalmente, do ponto de vista empresarial, esta pesquisa mostra algumas estratégias de diferenciação possíveis, que podem ser implementadas com base em atributos como a origem nacional e os sistemas de produção tradicionais.
This work was funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, grant SFRH/BD/37715/2007
Dórea, João Ricardo Rebouças. "Níveis de suplemento energético para bovinos em pastagens tropicais e seus efeitos no consumo de forragem e fermentação ruminal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-10022011-095534/.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this trial was to evaluate the effects of different levels of energy supplementation on metabolic parameters (blood and ruminal), forage intake, animal behavior and ruminal kinetics of Nelore steers raised in tropical pasture during the rainy season. Each level of supplementation was considered a treatment and consisted of: T1) control (only mineral supplementation); T2) supply of 0.3% BW of energetic concentrate; T3) supply of 0.6% of BW of energetic concentrate; T4) supply of 0.9% of BW of energetic concentrate. Eight Nelore rumen-cannulated steers, averaging 410 kg BW and 48 months of age were assigned to two 4x4 Latin square and allotted in 1 ha of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pasture. The parameters evaluated were forage intake, ruminal pH and concentration of NH3 and short chain fatty acids (SCFA), blood nitrogen urea and blood glucose, ruminal kinetics, microbial synthesis, nitrogen excretion and animal behavior. The marker that better estimated the intake was chromium oxide. Forage intake (% BW) decreased (P<0.05) and total DM intake increased (P<0.05) as levels of supplementation increased. Substitution rates decreased (P<0.05) as the supplementation level increased, explaining the higher total DM intake. Among the ingestive behavior variables, only grazing time, that decreased (P<0.05), and rest time, that increased (P<0.10), as the supplement level increased, were affected by supplementation. Among the SCFA, only the propionate concentration was affected (P<0.05) by the treatments, increasing as the levels increased. The ruminal pH was not affected by supplementation and was among the recommended values for maintenance of cellulolytic microorganisms. The concentration of NH3 and nitrogen excretion decreased (P<0.05), and the microbial synthesis increased (P<0.05) as levels of supplement increased, as a result of the better synchronization between energy and protein in the rumen. Blood variables (glucose and urea nitrogen content) were not affected by treatments. Supplementation improved fiber degradation, by increasing the potential degradable fraction of NDF (P<0.05). There was no effect on the lag time of fiber degradation, confirming that the supplementation had no negative effects on the ruminal environment. The decreasing on forage intake as the supplement level increased was not associated neither to inadequate ruminal pH nor to impairment of fiber degradation. Energetic supplementation for beef cattle grazing tropical pastures intensively managed during rainy season improves microbial synthesis and fiber degradation.
Torren, Edo Jordi. "Monitoring of sales of antimicrobials for animal use in the EU/EEA and Switzerland, years 2010 to 2016; a regulatory and statistical analysis." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669745.
Повний текст джерелаLos problemas causados por bacterias resistentes a los antibióticos han aumentado durante los últimos años reduciendo las opciones terapéuticas para tratar enfermedades infecciosas resistentes a múltiples fármacos en humanos y animales. Para reducir la aparición de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos (AMR) es necesario reducir el uso de antimicrobianos. Mediante un enfoque de salud única, reducir el uso de antimicrobianos en animales puede resultar en una reducción de AMR en animales y humanos. Durante el período estudiado, años 2010-2016, el consumo de antimicrobianos en animales se ha reducido sustancialmente en muchos países de la UE/EEA y Suiza. Este informe analiza los datos de los años mencionados del proyecto de la EMA, el ESVAC. Se encontró una disminución significativa en las ventas de antimicrobianos para animales productores de alimentos en 27 países entre los años 2010-2016, con una disminución promedio de 17.1% en mg/kg PCU. Los países que ya habían tenido un bajo consumo de antimicrobianos (AMC) en 2010 han seguido disminuyendo el AMC en 2016. En el período estudiado, la reducción del AMC no ha resultado en una reducción estadísticamente significativa de algunos de los antimicrobianos de importancia crítica de la OMS (cefalosporinas de tercera y cuarta generación, quinolonas y polimixinas), lo que sugiere que se requieren medidas adicionales para reducir el uso de estos antimicrobianos. Se encontró una fuerte correlación entre el AMC general y las ventas de polimixinas. El uso elevado de formas orales de antimicrobianos se correlaciona con el uso elevado de antimicrobianos. Los países con muchas ventas totales de antimicrobianos tienen una correlación muy fuerte con el uso de premezclas. La relación entre los antimicrobianos expresados en mg/kg de PCU y el % de ventas orales para el tratamiento de grupos de animales no es lineal sino exponencial, lo que parece indicar que las ventas muy altas deben administrarse principalmente por vía oral a los animales, dado que los tratamientos individuales no darán lugar a ventas tan elevadas. También sugiere que la reducción del % de antimicrobianos orales administrados por vía oral podría dar como resultado una reducción exponencial de la AMC. Los países con recopilación histórica de datos de AMC tienen un AMC más bajo que aquellos que comenzaron a recopilar datos de AMC más tarde. La recopilación de datos por especies animales (según un criterio establecido) no da como resultado un AMC más bajo. Esto parece sugerir que la recopilación de datos de ventas de AMC se correlaciona con una disminución de AMC que podría deberse a muchas razones, incluidas las actividades de sensibilización en los países que recopilan dichos datos y la participación requerida de las partes interesadas, productores de animales hasta los veterinarios. El AMC está relacionado con la temperatura en el país, lo que sugiere que los países con mayor temperatura ambiental podrían tener un AMC más alto. Los países con alta temperatura ambiental deben implementar políticas proactivas para reducir el AMC. Los datos de ventas de AMC en animales son una herramienta poderosa para concienciar y mejorar el conocimiento sobre el uso de antimicrobianos, pero los datos a nivel de granja permiten el uso de mejores indicadores y la implementación de, esquemas de evaluación de consumo comparativa entre granjas y una mejor comparación de resultados en AMC entre países. Los enfoques multifacéticos incluyen; establecer objetivos, mejorar la bioseguridad, la evaluación comparativa de AMC en granja, la vacunación y evitar el uso rutinario de antimicrobianos parece haber contribuido en gran medida a la reducción del uso de antimicrobianos en los animales. En la UE / EEE, un nuevo Reglamento veterinario debería facilitar una nueva disminución general de AMC en la UE/EEA.
The problems caused by bacteria resistant to antibiotics have increased during the last years reducing the therapeutic options to treat multi-drug resistant (MDR) infectious diseases in humans and animals. In order to minimise the onset of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) it is necessary to reduce antimicrobial consumption (AMC). Through a One Health approach, reducing the use of antimicrobials in animals can result in a reduction of AMR in animals and humans. During the studied period, years 2010 to 2016, antimicrobial consumption in animals has been substantially reduced in many European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) countries and Switzerland. This report analyses data from the mentioned years of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) project, the European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption (ESVAC). A significant decrease in sales of antimicrobials for food-producing animals for 27 countries between the years 2010 to 2016, was found with a mean decrease of 17.1% when expressed as mg/kg of Population Correction Unit (PCU). Countries that had already had a low AMC in 2010 have continued decreasing AMC by 2016. In the studied period, the reduction of overall AMC has not resulted into a statistically significant reduction of some of the World Health Organisation (WHO) highly critically important antimicrobials (3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins, quinolones and polymyxins), suggesting that further action is required to reduce the use of those important antimicrobials. A strong correlation between overall AMC and sales of polymyxins was found, suggesting that the fewer antimicrobials sold, the fewer polymyxins consumed, and vice versa. High use of oral forms of antimicrobials is correlated to high use of antimicrobials. Countries with high overall sales of antimicrobials have a very strong correlation with the use of premixes, and the contrary. Oral use of antimicrobials might be favoured in countries with high consumption of antimicrobials for economical and practical reasons. The relationship between the antimicrobials expressed as mg/kg PCU and the % of oral sales for group treatment is not linear but exponential, which seems to indicate that very high sales have to be administered mostly orally (in group treatments) to the animals, as individual treatments will not result in such high sales. It also suggests that reducing the % of oral antimicrobials administered orally could result in an exponential reduction of AMU. Countries with historical collection of AMC data (before 2007, pre-ESVAC) have lower AMC than those that started to collect AMC data later. But collecting data by animal species (according to a set criteria) does not result in a lower AMC during the studied period. This seems to suggest that collecting sales data on AMC is correlated with an AMC decrease which could be caused by many reasons including the activities of awareness in countries that collect such data and the required involvement of stakeholders, from animal producers to veterinarians. AMC is linked with temperature in the country, which suggests that those countries with higher environmental temperature might have higher AMC. Countries with high environmental temperature should proactively implement policies to reduce AMC. Sales data on AMC in animals is a powerful tool to raise awareness and knowledge on the use of antimicrobials, but data at farm level allows for the use of better indicators, and implementation of e.g. benchmarking schemas between farms, and better comparison of results on AMC between countries. Multifaceted approaches including; setting targets, improved biosecurity, benchmarking, vaccination and avoiding the routine use of antimicrobials seem to have strongly contributed to the reduction of antimicrobial use in animals. In the EU/EEA a new veterinary Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2019/6) should facilitate a further overall decrease of AMC in the EU/EEA during the following years.
Nocella, Giuseppe. "Farm Animal Welfare in Europe: Exploring the Impact of Planned Behaviour on Consumer Choice Models." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485863.
Повний текст джерелаLiljenstolpe, Carolina. "Consumer valuation studies and structural modelling of the pig industry : a focus on animal welfare /." Uppsala : Dept. of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/200835.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаAlbertini, Tiago Zanetti. "Consumo, eficiência alimentar e exigências nutricionais de vacas de corte na lactação e terminação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-02032007-112133/.
Повний текст джерелаThis study estimated the requirements and feed efficiency of non-pregnant lactating beef cows, as well as cow calf pairs. It also correlated the efficiency of the cows and their progeny during lactation to efficiency determined for the same cows in a finishing trial after weaning. In the lactating phase cow calf pairs were evaluated from just after birth (17±5, d) to weaning at 210 d. The finishing trial for the mature cows started after weaning and lasted 67 d after wich cows were slaughtered. Twenty adult cows were evaluated, 10 ½ Caracu x Nelore (CN) and 10 Angus x Nelore, bred to Red Angus (RA) and Canchim (CC) bulls, respectively. During lactation the diet (2.30 Mcal ME/kg and 12.4% CP) was offered in variable amounts to maintain individual live weight and condition score constant. The same diet was offered ad libitum to the calves. During the finishing phase cows were fed ad libitum (2.37 Mcal ME/kg e 10.5% CP). The dry matter feed intake of cows was 92,4 and SD 2,9 g DM/kg BW0,75. AN cows had fat corrected milk 12% higher compared to CN cows (P<0.05). However, milk energy content (Mcal/kg) was 9.4% higher (P<0.05) for CN cows. Efficiency of milk production (Mcal milk/Mcal ME intake) was not different. Metabolizable energy for lactation (MEl) was higher (P<0.05) for AN cows in comparison to CN, respectively 90.1 and 74.2 (MEl, kcal MEl/kg BW0,75). ME milk intake was 11.3% (P<0.05) higher for ½CC¼AN¼NE calves. Rates of gain were not different between calves, but ½RA¼CR¼NE were 10.7% more efficient (g LWG210d/Mcal MEI milk+solid diet). There was no difference in cow calf pairs efficiency, but there was a great individual variability with a mean of 35,31 g and SD of 4,08 g LWG210d/Mcal EM for the pair. Cow/calf pair efficiency was positively related to calf weight gain (r=0.79; P<0.01) and negatively to the pair metabolizable energy intake (r=-0.58; P<0.05). At slaughter CN cows presented backfat thickness 29% lower, longissimus muscle area 13% higher and higher empty body weight protein (P<0,05). AN cows had 14.7% higher relative internal organ weight and higher total intestine weight (P<0.01). The phenotypical correlations between efficiency indexes indicate moderate association between cow efficiency measured during lactation and in a short finishing period after weaning (r=0.43; P=0.09). Exist correlations between cow efficiency lactation and efficiency of the pair (r=0.68; P<0.01). Residual Feed Intake (RFI) during the finishing phase was moderately correlated to the RFI calculated during the lactation period for the cow calf pairs RFI (r=0.62; P<0.01) and the cows (r=0.53; P<0.05) indicated that beef cows more efficient in feed conversion during the finishing phase are more efficient during the lactation period.
Franco, Fernando Masello Junqueira. "Consumo de monensina sódica via suplemento mineral por bovinos de corte em pastagens." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-13032008-154936/.
Повний текст джерелаA four hundred thirty growing beef cattle (250 kg initial live weight) were allocated by gender and breed in three complete blocks, comprising three treatments, in a total of nine plots. Weekly there were made intake evaluations of the control plot with mineral supplement (TC = Nutron PROBEEF 60), and of the two with monensin supplements added (TR = Nutron PROBEEF 60 + 1500 ppm monensin sodium as Rumensin 200 and TM = Nutron PROBEEF 60 + 1500 ppm monensin sodium in a special medium made by ELANCO ANIMAL HEALTH). The animals were maintained in tropical grasslands under continuous stocking. The individual intake was estimated in four occasions with a twenty eight days interval, using lithium as blood marker. The addition of monensin sodium or Rumensin reduced the mean intake of supplement by the herd. (TC=56,9g/head/day, TR=27,5g/head/day, TM=36,1g/head/day, P<0,05). The treatments with added monensin showed reduced mean intake (P<0,01), reduced amount consumed per trough visit (P<0,01) reduced visit frequency (P<0,01) and reduced the probability of intake (P<0,01).
Suarez, Santiago Luis Benquet. "Fatores envolvidos no consumo de matéria seca." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2014. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5827.
Повний текст джерелаPrediction of animals voluntary intake is a subject that has drawn attention for several decades because of the impact it has on animal performance, not only for its economic and productive importance, but also for the need to reduce emissions of methane, nitrogen and phosphorus in the environment. The factors that regulate the dry matter intake in ruminants are multiple and complex, and not yet fully understood. Therefore, consumption estimates are necessary to predict the performance and nutrient requirements of beef cattle. The factors related to the animals (gender, body condition, age and physiological state), food (diet composition, digestibility, energy concentration, passage rate, fermentation and palatability), management (proximity or remoteness of food, frequency, additives used, anabolic agents, minerals, stables or pasture), environment (temperature, humidity and photoperiod) and their interactions are important variables that must be taken into account in predicting the voluntary intake; however, to know how and what should be included to predict it, more experimentation and research on the subject are necessary. Thus, the objectives of this research were to discuss the factors that affect the consumption of dry matter and suggest an equation to estimate the dry matter intake of animals finished in feedlots in Uruguay. The observed consumption was obtained from a feedlot fattening system developed in 2013 in the city of Salto, Uruguay. The characteristics of this system are animals mainly crossbred from Angus and Hereford; feedlot time: 100 to 104 days; initial body weight: 340 to 380 kg; final body weight: 500 to 520 kg; and complete diets(TMR = Total Mixed Ration), consisting in sorghum silage, grains of maize, sorghum, sunflower cake and vitamin/mineral premix). Consumption data were obtained on a daily basis, in kilogram of natural matter given per day and per lot. The average daily intake for each pen was obtained per kilogram given per day and per pen, divided by the number of animals in the pen. An equation was adjusted according to the model described by BR Corte (2010) to estimate the dry matter intake (CMS), including the days in the feedlot. It was observed that the maximum CMS was estimated at 100.2 days in the feedlot.
A predição do consumo voluntário de animais é um tema que tem chamado a atenção há várias décadas, em razão do impacto que tem no desempenho animal, não só pela importância econômica e produtiva do mesmo, mas também pela necessidade de reduzir as emissões de metano, nitrogênio e o fósforo no meio ambiente. Os fatores que regulam o consumo de matéria seca em ruminantes são multíplos e complexos, não sendo ainda totalmente compreendidos. Portanto, estimativas do consumo são necessárias para predizer o desempenho e os requerimentos nutricionais de bovinos de corte. Os fatores relativos ao animal (sexo, condição corporal, idade e estado fisiológico), ao alimento (composição da dieta, digestibilidade, concentração de energia, taxa de passagem, fermentação e palatabilidade), ao manejo (proximidade ou afastamento do alimento, frequência, aditivos usados, agentes anabólicos, sais minerais, estabulado ou pasto), ao ambiente (temperatura, umidade e fotoperíodo) e suas interações são importantes variáveis que devem ser levadas em consideração na predição do consumo voluntário; contudo, como e quais devem ser incluídos para predizê-lo, ainda é necessário mais experimentação e investigação no tema. Desta forma, foram objetivos desta pesquisa discutir os fatores que afetam o consumo de matéria seca e sugerir uma equação para estimar o consumo de matéria seca de animais terminados em confinamento no Uruguai. Os consumos observados foram obtidos de um sistema de engorda em confinamento desenvolvido em 2013 na cidade de Salto, Uruguai. A característica deste sistema é a seguinte: animais cruzados principalmente de Angus e Hereford; tempo de confinamento: 100 a 104 dias; peso corporal inicial: 340 a 380 kg; peso corporal final: 500 a 520 kg; dietas completas (TMR = total mixed ration) constituídas de silagem de sorgo, grãos de milho, sorgo, torta de girassol, premix vitamina-minerais). Os dados do consumo foram obtidos de forma diária, em kg de matéria natural oferecida por dia por lote. O consumo diário médio de cada curral foi obtido por kg oferecidos por dia por curral dividido pelo número de animais do curral. Foi ajustada uma equação conforme o modelo descrito pelo BR Corte (2010) para estimar o consumo de matéria seca (CMS), incluindo os dias de confinamento. Observou-se que o CMS máximo foi estimado aos 100,2 dias de confinamento.
Silva, George Ernesto da. "Características comportamentais de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR), Lewis e Wistar, relacionadas ao consumo de álcool." Florianópolis, SC, 2005. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/101636.
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O presente trabalho avaliou características comportamentais de linhagens que diferem quanto ao comportamento relacionado à ansiedade, comparando-as com o consumo de álcool. Os animais SHR ("menos ansiosos") apresentaram uma maior auto-administração de álcool, solução de sacarina e quinino em comparação às linhagens Lewis (LEW) ("mais ansiosos") e Wistar (WIS) (população heterogênea quanto à ansiedade). O efeito ansiolítico do álcool foi detectado no modelo do labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE) para as linhagens LEW e WIS. Enquanto que, no modelo do campo aberto (CA), apenas a linhagem SHR foi sensível ao álcool, o qual produziu um efeito ansiolítico/estimulante nesta linhagem. Durante a abstinência de álcool, somente a linhagem SHR apresentou uma alteração no nível basal de ansiedade, apresentando um comportamento do tipo ansioso. O consumo do álcool na linhagem SHR não foi afetado com a administração das drogas naltrexona, antagonista opióide e SR141716A, antagonista canabinóide. Assim, os resultados obtidos mostram que a ansiedade inata não predispõe a um maior consumo de álcool. Além disso, como demonstrado no presente trabalho, a sensibilidade ao efeito ansiolítico/estimulante do álcool, poderia justificar um maior consumo desta droga. Pelas características apresentadas pelos animais SHR, esta linhagem poderia ser proposta para o estudo da auto-administração de álcool.
Silva, Juliana da [UNESP]. "Frequências de alimentação sobre o comportamento ingestivo, digestibilidade do amido e flutuação de consumo em bovinos Nelore confinados." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/123197.
Повний текст джерелаO objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as frequências de alimentação sobre o comportamento ingestivo, digestibilidade do amido e FDN e flutuação do consumo de massa seca (CMS) em bovinos Nelore confinados. Foram utilizados 48 machos não castrados com peso corporal médio inicial de (358,2±19,4kg), divididos em 4 tratamentos: 1) fornecimento da ração (1x ao dia, 8:00h), 2) (2x, 8:00h e 14:00h), 3) (3x, 8:00h, 11:00h e 17:00h) e 4) (4x, 8:00h, 11:00h, 14:00h e 17:00h), caracterizando delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 12 animais por tratamento (1animal/baia). O experimento teve duração de 94 dias, sendo 9 dias de adaptação (ADAP) com aumento do nível de concentrado de 60% para 86%. A dieta de terminação (TERM) continha: 67% de grãos de milho quebrados, 14% de bagaço de cana, 9% de casca de soja, 5,5% de farelo de soja, 4,0% de núcleo mineral com uréia, 0,5% de calcáreo. Na fase de ADAP, com o aumento da frequência de alimentação a variação do CMS, expressa em % e kg, foi afetada de forma cúbica (P = 0,05), entretanto na fase de TERM, expressa em %, não foi afetada (P > 0,10), quando expressa em kg, na fase de TERM e período total de confinamento foram afetados de forma linear e quadrática (P < 0,05). Para o comportamento ingestivo na fase de ADAP somente as variáveis CMS e Consumo de FDN foram afetados de forma quadrática (P = 0,06) e cúbica (P = 0,02), respectivamente. No entanto, na fase de TERM o CMS foi afetado de forma linear (P = 0,02), o tempo de ruminação e ócio foram afetados de forma cúbica (P < 0,01) e consumo de FDN, eficiência de alimentação e ruminação de FDN foram afetados de forma quadrática e cúbica (P < 0,01). Na fase de ADAP digestibilidade do amido foi afetada de forma linear (P = 0,03) e cúbica (P < 0,01). Contudo, na fase de TERM somente a porcentagem de amido fecal foi afetada de forma quadrática (P = 0,05). Para a seletividade dos ingredientes não houve influência da ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate feeding frequency on feeding behavior, digestibility of starch and NDF and fluctuation of dry matter intake (DMI) in confined Nellore. Were used 48 no neutered males with average initial body weight (358.2±19,4kg), divided into 4 treatments: 1) (1x; 0800h), 2) (2x; 0800h and 1400h), 3) (3x; 0800h, 1100h and 1700h) and 4) (4x; 0800h, 1100h, 1400h and 1700h), indicating delineation randomized blocks, with 12 animals per treatment (1animal / pen). The experiment lasted 94 days, and the adaptation (ADAP) lasting nine days with the increased level of 60% to 86% concentrate diet. Diet finishing (FINISH) contained: 67% broken grains of corn, 14% of sugar cane, 9% soybean hulls, 5.5% soybean meal, 4.0% mineral mixture with urea, 0.5% limestone. ADAP in phase, with increasing feeding frequency variation DMI, and expressed % in kg was affected cubically (P = 0.05), however the phase FINISH, expressed in %, was not affected (P > 0.10), when expressed in kg, during the FINISH and total period of confinement were affected linearly and quadratically (P < 0.05). For the feeding behavior in phase ADAP only the DMI and consumption of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) variables were affected quadratically (P = 0.06) and cubic (P = 0.02), respectively. However, during FINISH the DMI was affected linearly (P = 0.02), the time of ruminating and resting were affected cubically (P <0.01) and intake NDF, feed efficiency and rumination NDF were affected quadratic and cubic (P <0.01) respectively. In phase ADAP only starch digestibility was affected linearly (P = 0.03) and cubic (P <0.01). However, during the FINISH only the percentage of fecal starch was affected quadratically (P = 0.05). For the selection of ingredients in stages ADAP and FINISH there was no influence of feeding frequency. Practically, Nellore food at least three times a day seems to be the most indicaded option
Silva, Juliana da. "Frequências de alimentação sobre o comportamento ingestivo, digestibilidade do amido e flutuação de consumo em bovinos Nelore confinados /." Dracena, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/123197.
Повний текст джерелаCo-orientador: Danilo Domingues Millen
Banca: Cristina Andrighetto
Banca: Marco Aurelio Factori
Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as frequências de alimentação sobre o comportamento ingestivo, digestibilidade do amido e FDN e flutuação do consumo de massa seca (CMS) em bovinos Nelore confinados. Foram utilizados 48 machos não castrados com peso corporal médio inicial de (358,2±19,4kg), divididos em 4 tratamentos: 1) fornecimento da ração (1x ao dia, 8:00h), 2) (2x, 8:00h e 14:00h), 3) (3x, 8:00h, 11:00h e 17:00h) e 4) (4x, 8:00h, 11:00h, 14:00h e 17:00h), caracterizando delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 12 animais por tratamento (1animal/baia). O experimento teve duração de 94 dias, sendo 9 dias de adaptação (ADAP) com aumento do nível de concentrado de 60% para 86%. A dieta de terminação (TERM) continha: 67% de grãos de milho quebrados, 14% de bagaço de cana, 9% de casca de soja, 5,5% de farelo de soja, 4,0% de núcleo mineral com uréia, 0,5% de calcáreo. Na fase de ADAP, com o aumento da frequência de alimentação a variação do CMS, expressa em % e kg, foi afetada de forma cúbica (P = 0,05), entretanto na fase de TERM, expressa em %, não foi afetada (P > 0,10), quando expressa em kg, na fase de TERM e período total de confinamento foram afetados de forma linear e quadrática (P < 0,05). Para o comportamento ingestivo na fase de ADAP somente as variáveis CMS e Consumo de FDN foram afetados de forma quadrática (P = 0,06) e cúbica (P = 0,02), respectivamente. No entanto, na fase de TERM o CMS foi afetado de forma linear (P = 0,02), o tempo de ruminação e ócio foram afetados de forma cúbica (P < 0,01) e consumo de FDN, eficiência de alimentação e ruminação de FDN foram afetados de forma quadrática e cúbica (P < 0,01). Na fase de ADAP digestibilidade do amido foi afetada de forma linear (P = 0,03) e cúbica (P < 0,01). Contudo, na fase de TERM somente a porcentagem de amido fecal foi afetada de forma quadrática (P = 0,05). Para a seletividade dos ingredientes não houve influência da ...
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate feeding frequency on feeding behavior, digestibility of starch and NDF and fluctuation of dry matter intake (DMI) in confined Nellore. Were used 48 no neutered males with average initial body weight (358.2±19,4kg), divided into 4 treatments: 1) (1x; 0800h), 2) (2x; 0800h and 1400h), 3) (3x; 0800h, 1100h and 1700h) and 4) (4x; 0800h, 1100h, 1400h and 1700h), indicating delineation randomized blocks, with 12 animals per treatment (1animal / pen). The experiment lasted 94 days, and the adaptation (ADAP) lasting nine days with the increased level of 60% to 86% concentrate diet. Diet finishing (FINISH) contained: 67% broken grains of corn, 14% of sugar cane, 9% soybean hulls, 5.5% soybean meal, 4.0% mineral mixture with urea, 0.5% limestone. ADAP in phase, with increasing feeding frequency variation DMI, and expressed % in kg was affected cubically (P = 0.05), however the phase FINISH, expressed in %, was not affected (P > 0.10), when expressed in kg, during the FINISH and total period of confinement were affected linearly and quadratically (P < 0.05). For the feeding behavior in phase ADAP only the DMI and consumption of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) variables were affected quadratically (P = 0.06) and cubic (P = 0.02), respectively. However, during FINISH the DMI was affected linearly (P = 0.02), the time of ruminating and resting were affected cubically (P <0.01) and intake NDF, feed efficiency and rumination NDF were affected quadratic and cubic (P <0.01) respectively. In phase ADAP only starch digestibility was affected linearly (P = 0.03) and cubic (P <0.01). However, during the FINISH only the percentage of fecal starch was affected quadratically (P = 0.05). For the selection of ingredients in stages ADAP and FINISH there was no influence of feeding frequency. Practically, Nellore food at least three times a day seems to be the most indicaded option
Mestre
Oliveira, Dimas Estrasulas de. "Uso da técnica de n-alcanos para medir o aporte de nutrientes através de estimativas do consumo de forragem em bovinos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-27112003-080517/.
Повний текст джерелаN-alkanes have been used as markers in studies of intake estimation and diet botanical and/or morphological composition with domestic and wild ruminants and non-ruminant animals. It has been done three experiments, which in the first was evaluated the n-alkanes release rate from controlled-release capsules in rumen-fistulated animals kept in metabolism cages. Also in the fist experiment was evaluated the validation of forage intake predictions for the animals allocated in three different forage : concentrate ratios. In the second experiment was evaluated the n-alkanes release-rate from controlled-release capsules with the same animals kept on pasture and allocated in three distinct treatments with concentrate supplementation. Release rates were measured with a caliper removing the capsule through ruminal fistula and measuring the distance passed through by the embolus capsule which push the tablets containing the marker at 3, 7, 10, 13, and 17 days after rumen insertion. There were not effect (P>0.05) of diet and interaction between diet and day of measure in the daily release rate both in the animals maintained on the metabolism cages as on pasture. It was possible to combine the equations generated from each experiment resulting in a marker released amount of 345 mg.d -1 . The estimated intake with the n-alkanes C33:C32 pair in the metabolism cage animals did no differ (P>0.05) from the actual intake. The objectives of the third experiment were to establish the n-alkanes profile on Cynodon nlemfüensis Vanderyst var nlemfüensis and to estimate intake and morphological composition of the forage consumed by lactating dairy cows on pasture supplemented with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) or Megalac (MEG), using a linear regression between the requirements and the daily intake of metabolizable energy. It was found n-alkanes with the carbon chain length ranging between 22 and 35 atoms, being the odd chain prevalent over the even chain n-alkanes. The C33, C31, and C29 n-alkanes were found in higher concentrations. Among the even chain n-alkanes, the C26, C28, and C30 were found in higher concentrations. In the first study period the average forage dry matter intake did not differ (P>0.05) between the animals supplemented with CLA or controls (CLA = 11.2 vs. MEG = 11.1 kg.day -1 ). The total dry matter intake also did not differ (P>0.05) between treatments (CLA = 14.6 vs. MEG = 14.3 kg.day -1 ). In the third study period the average forage dry matter intake did not differ (P>0.05) between the animals supplemented with CLA or controls (CLA = 11.8 vs. MEG = 12.6 kg.day -1 ). The total dry matter intake also did not differ (P>0.05) between treatments (CLA = 15.4 vs. MEG = 16.2 kg.day -1 ). In the first study period, the estimates of forage intake and consumed plant parts were precise and accurate (b = 1, C.V. = 9.3 %), while in the third period the estimates were precise but inaccurate (b ≠1, C.V. = 5.0 %).
Prasher, Sanjay. "Examining the Predictors of Technical and Consumer Innovation in Black-Capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus)." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38447.
Повний текст джерелаOLIVEIRA, Cristiane do Socorro Barros de. "Óleo de fritura residual na alimentação de ovinos: consumo e digestibilidade." Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014. http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/handle/2011/8417.
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Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão de óleo de fritura residual no consumo e digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca e dos nutrientes das dietas e balanço de nitrogênio. No ensaio do consumo e digestibilidade aparente utilizou-se 20 cordeiros da raça Santa Inês, com idade média de 90 dias e peso corporal médio inicial de 19,29±3,17 kg, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. O período experimental teve duração de 19 dias, 14 dias de adaptação e cinco de coleta total das dietas fornecidas, sobras, fezes e urina. A coleta total das fezes foi realizada em coletores de plástico e pesada diariamente. A urina foi coletada em baldes de plástico e adicionada diariamente nos coletores solução de ácido clorídrico a 10%. Os animais foram alojados em gaiolas metabólicas individuais e alimentados duas vezes ao dia, com dietas a base de volumoso e concentrado (50:50), enquanto o óleo residual foi incluído nas dieta nas concentrações 0; 2; 4; 6 e 8% da matéria seca do concentrado. A adição do óleo de fritura residual não apresentou efeito significativo (p>0,05) no consumo de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), matéria orgânica (MO), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente acido (FDA), carboidrato total (CHOT), carboidrato não fibroso (CNF). No entanto, o consumo de extrato etéreo (CEE) aumentou linearmente com a inclusão de óleo no concentrado, Y= 0,0244+0,0051X (p<0,01). Também, não houve efeito na digestibilidade da MS, PB, MO, FDN, FDA, CHOT e CNF e balanço de nitrogênio. A digestibilidade do EE aumentou linearmente com a inclusão do óleo na dieta, Y= 83,68+1,66X (p<0,01). A inclusão do óleo de fritura residual, na dieta de ovinos, no nível de inclusão de até 8% na matéria seca no concentrado pode ser utilizada sem prejuízo ao consumo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes.
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of inclusion of residual frying oil consumption and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients in the diet and nitrogen balance. In consumption test and the apparent digestibility was used 20 Santa Inês lambs, with an average age of 90 days and average body weight of 19.29±3.17 kg, in a completely randomized design. The experimental period lasted 19 days, 14 days of adaptation and five total collection of the diets fed, orts, feces and urine. The total collection of feces was performed on plastic collectors and weighed daily. Urine was collected in plastic buckets and added daily in collectors hydrochloric acid 10%. The animals were housed in individual metabolic cages and fed twice daily with diets based on roughage and concentrate (50:50), while residual oil was included in the diet at concentrations of 0; 2; 4; 6 to 8% of the dry matter of the concentrate. The addition of the residual frying oil had no significant effect (p>0.05) on dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), detergent fiber acid (FDA), total carbohydrate (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC). However, consumption of lipids (EEC) increased linearly with the inclusion of oil in the concentrate, Y=0.0244 + 0,0051X (p<0.01). Also, there was no effect on the digestibility of DM, CP, OM, NDF, ADF, CNF and TCHO and nitrogen balance. The digestibility of EE increased linearly with the addition of oil in the diet, Y = 83.68 + 1,66X (p<0.01). The inclusion of the residual frying oil in the diet of sheep, in the inclusion of up to 8% of dry matter in the concentrate can be used without damage to the intake and digestibility of nutrients.
Webb, Megan Jean. "Influence of Production System on Animal Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Meat Quality, Environmental Impacts, Production Economics, and Consumer Preference for Beef." Thesis, South Dakota State University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10748940.
Повний текст джерелаThe overall objective of this study was to determine if the level of growth promotant technology used among production systems influence animal and carcass performance, meat quality, production economics, the environmental impact, and determine consumer preferences and perception. Angus Х Simmental steer calves (n =120) were stratified by birth date, birth weight, and dam age in a completely randomized design and assigned to one of four treatments: 1) no antibiotics (NA, receiving no technology); 2) non-hormone treated (NHTC, fed monensin and tylosin); 3) implant (IMPL, administered a series of three implants), and 4) implant plus fed a beta-agonist (IMBA, administered the same implant strategy as IMPL plus, fed ractopamine-HCI for the last 30 d prior to harvest). Animal weight, production expenses, and environmental factor data were collected from the production segments including: cow-calf, backgrounding, and finishing. During the finishing segment, animal feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), and efficiency was obtained. Carcass meat quality and yield performace was assessed. Striploins were collected for analyses post fabrication. Steaks were designated to specific postmortem aging periods, utilized for Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), crude fat, and consumer sensory analyses. The consumer analyses evaluated beef production system information undisclosed and disclosed or simiply, without and later with information to assess palatability only, perception only, and perception plus palatability among untrained consumer panelists.
IMPL had the greatest (P < 0.01) ADG and gain to feed (G:F). The final calculated body weight and hot carcass weight was similar (P > 0.05) and heavier (P < 0.01) for IMPL and IMBA in comparison to NA and NHTC, which were similar (P > 0.05). The actual branded carcass value was similar ( P > 0.01) for NA and IMPL and greater (P < 0.05) than NHTC and IMBA, which was similar (P > 0.05). Excluding the cost of the calf, production costs were similar (P > 0.05) and lowest (P < 0.05) for NA and IMPL, NHTC was intermediate (P < 0.05), and IMBA had the greatest ( P < 0.05) production cost. Net return was similar (P > 0. 01) between NA and IMPL, which was greater (P < 0.01) than NHTC and IMBA, which were similar (P > 0.01). In the environmental analysis, IMPL reduced GHG (CO2e/kg HCW) emissions by 8%, energy use (MJ/kg HCW) by 6%, water use (kg H2O/kg HCW) by 6%, and reactive N loss (g N/kg HCW) by 6%. The IMBA reduced GHG emissions by 7%, energy use by 3%, and reactive N loss by 1%.
Meat quality analyses for marbling score and crude fat among NA and NHTC did not differ (P > 0.05) but were greater (P < 0.05) than IMPL and IMBA, which were similar (P > 0.05) and lower in crude fat. Steaks from NA and NHTC did not differ (P > 0.05) for WBSF though were more tender (P ≤ 0.05) than IMPL and IMBA, which were similar (P ≤ 0.05) and tougher (P ≤ 0.05). During the Undisclosed without Meat panel, NA was most preferred (P ≤ 0.05) and IMBA was least preferred (P ≤ 0.05) while NHTC and IMPL were intermediate and similar (P > 0.05). All samples differed (P ≤ 0.05) during the Disclosed with Meat panel where, NHTC was most preferred followed by NA, IMPL, and IMBA. Despite improvements from use of monensin, tylosin, growth promoting implants with and without ractopamine HCl, cattle within IMPL and IMBA resulted in greater animal and carcass weights, were most effective at minimizing the environmental impact, and improved producer net return (IMPL only). However, consumers may have detected reductions in tenderness and palatability as IMPL and IMBA were least preferred. Consumers preferred the palatability of meat raised with judicious use of antimicrobials and antibiotics to ensure animal health when production information was disclosed (NHTC).
Drury, R. C. "Identifying and understanding consumers of wild animal products in Hanoi, Vietnam : implications for conservation management." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/16275/.
Повний текст джерелаMcKillip, Kassandra. "Determination of the repeatability and accuracy of the Pressed Juice Percentage (PJP) method at sorting beef strip loin steaks into categories of known juiciness." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32578.
Повний текст джерелаDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
Travis G. O'Quinn
The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of enhancement on consumer and trained beef palatability scores of three quality grades when cooked to three degrees of doneness (DOD) and to determine the accuracy and repeatability of the Pressed Juice Percentage (PJP). Striploins of USDA Prime, Low Choice, and Low Select quality grades were used in this study. To maximize variation in juiciness, steaks were either enhanced (formulated for 108% pump with a solution of water, salt, and alkaline phosphates) or non-enhanced, and cooked to three degree of doneness (Rare: 60°C, Medium: 71°C, or Very Well-Done: 82°C). All samples were evaluated for Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), Slice Shear Force (SSF), PJP, and palatability traits by consumer and trained panelists. Consumer panelists rated all enhanced treatments similar (P > 0.05) to each other and greater (P < 0.05) for juiciness, tenderness, flavor liking, and overall liking than all non-enhanced treatments. Consumer ratings of juiciness, tenderness, and overall liking scores increased (P < 0.05) as DOD decreased. Consumer panelists rated all enhanced treatments similar (P > 0.05) and greater (P < 0.05) for the percentage of steaks classified as premium quality. For trained panel initial juiciness, all enhanced treatments and non-enhanced Prime samples were similar (P > 0.05) and greater (P < 0.05) than other treatments cooked to Medium and Very Well Done. Results indicated PJP had a relatively high repeatability coefficient (0.70), indicating that only 30% of the variation observed was due to sample measurement differences. The PJP threshold values evaluated accurately segregated steaks by the probability of a sample being rated “juicy” by consumers, with the actual percentage of “juicy” samples determined to be 41.67%, 72.31%, 89.33%, and 98.08% for the <50%, 50 – 75%, 75 – 90%, and >90% categories, respectively. Therefore, enhancement has a substantial, positive effect on beef palatability. Enhancing higher quality beef does not provide an additional palatability benefit; hence the greatest economic advantage is in enhancing lower quality beef products. Results of this study indicate the PJP juiciness method is both repeatable and accurate at sorting steaks based on the likelihood of a steak being “juicy”.
MENEZES, Bruno Peres de. "Consumo, digestibilidade, balanço de nitrogênio e composição bromatológica da torta de murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru var. murumuru Mart.), na alimentação de ruminantes." Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012. http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/handle/2011/4701.
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Foi avaliado a torta de murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru var. murumuru, Mart.), oriunda do processamento de amêndoas, após a extração do óleo pela indústria cosmética, sobre os efeitos da substituição dos níveis 0%; 10%, 20%, 40% e 60%, na dieta básica da gramínea mombaça (Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça) sobre o consumo e digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (CDMS); matéria orgânica (CDMO); extrato etéreo (CDEE); proteína bruta (CDPB); fibra em detergente neutro (DAFDN); fibra em detergente ácida (CDFDA); celulose (CDCEL) e hemicelulose (CDHCEL) e balanço de nitrogênio. Foi realizado ensaio metabólico com 20 ovinos castrados, peso vivo médio de 24 kg, distribuídos em cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Houve período adaptativo de 21 dias, com cinco dias de coleta de dados da dieta fornecida e sobras, fezes e urina. Os CMS, CMO, CEE, CPB, CFDN, CFDA, CHCEL, CLIG apresentaram efeitos quadráticos em função dos níveis de substituição com torta na dieta. Os CDMS; CDMO e CDPB não apresentaram efeitos significativos. Os CDEE, com nível de substituição ótimo de 56,64% e digestibilidade máxima de 88,62%, CDFDN com nível de substituição ótimo de 42,45% e digestibilidade máxima de 68,25%, CDFDA com nível de substituição ótimo de 31,63% e digestibilidade máxima de 66,80%, CDCEL com nível de substituição ótimo de 27,45% e digestibilidade máxima de 72,21% apresentaram efeito quadrático devido à substituição com torta de murumuru. O balanço de nitrogênio não apresentou efeito significativo no intervalo de inclusão de 0% a 60% de torta. Conclui-se que a torta de murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru var. murumuru, Mart.), tem como principal limitação o baixo consumo alimentar e digestibilidade, além da impossibilidade de sua utilização como concentrado exclusivo na dieta de ovinos mostrando-se como alternativa alimentar em até 20% de substituição em dietas para ovinos.
We assessed the pie murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru var. murumuru, Mart.), from processing kernels after oil extraction by the cosmetic industry, the effects of the substitution levels of 0%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 60% in the basic diet of Mombaça grass (Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça) on intake and digestibility of dry matter (CDDM), organic matter (CDOM), ether extract (CDEE), crude protein (CDCP), fiber neutral detergent (CDFND), fiber acid detergent (CDFDA), cellulose (CDCEL) and hemicellulose (CDHCEL) and nitrogen balance. Metabolism trial was conducted with 20 castrated sheep, live weight of 24 kg, distributed in five treatments and four replications in a completely randomized design. Adaptation period was 21 days with five days of data collection of diet and refusals, feces and urine. The CMS, CMO, EEC, CCP, FND, CFDA, CHCEL, CLIG showed a quadratic effect as a function of the substitution with pie in the diet. The CDDM, and CDCP CDMO showed no significant effects. The CDEE with optimal replacement level 56,64% and 88,62% maximum digestibility, CDFND with optimal replacement level 42,45% and 68,25% maximum digestibility, CDFDA with optimal replacement level of 31,63% and maximum digestibility of 66,80%, CDCEL with optimal replacement level 27,45% and 72,21% maximum digestibility showed a quadratic effect due to substitution murumuru pie. Nitrogen balance had no significant effect of inclusion in the grass of 0% to 60% of pie. It is concluded that the pie murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru var.Murumuru Mart.), Has as its main limitation is the low dietary intake and digestibility, in addition to impossibility of its use as a concentrate exclusively on the diet of sheep showing up as an alternative food for up to 20% replacement in diets.
Morais, Lorraine Cristina Oliveira de. "Estimativas de (co)variâncias e predições de valores genéticos do consumo alimentar residual e características associadas em touros da raça nelore." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/3153.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Among various measures for assessing feed efficiency, consumption residual feed (CAR) has highlighted as lacking correlation with growth characteristics. Animals that exhibit negative CARs are more efficient when compared to animals with positive CAR due to consume less than the predicted amount for the same weight gain. Selecting more efficient animals, have been not only reducing costs production as well as reduced environmental impact because of the dimiuição emission of greenhouse gases, manure production and pasture area. The aim of this study was to estimate (co) variances, parameters and values Genetic CAR and associated features, aiming at their inclusion in breeding programs. Data from 238 bulls were analyzed Nellore, from the breeding program Nellore Qualitas. The MTDFREML application was used to estimate the components of (co) variances, heritability and genetic and phenotypic correlations of characteristics analyzed. The heritability values found for the characteristics were generally moderate to low, probably by small sample size of animals evaluated (n = 238). The inclusion of the contemporary group of animals allowed to obtain results more consistent estimates of parameters and predictions of genetic values for the measures assessed. Comparison of phenotypic values and predictions of genetic value for CAR showed that the phenotype of own animal is a poor indicator of their genetic value, especially in cases like this that the heritability of the trait analyzed was low (h² = 0.10).
Dentre várias medidas de avaliação da eficiência alimentar, o consumo alimentar residual (CAR) tem destaque por não possuir correlação com características de crescimento. Animais que apresentam CAR negativo são mais eficientes quando comparados a animais com CAR positivo em razão de consumirem menos que a quantidade predita para o mesmo ganho em peso. Selecionando animais mais eficientes, têm-se não só a redução dos custos de produção como também menor impacto ambiental por conta da dimiuição de emissão de gases efeito estufa, produção de esterco e área de pastagens. Objetivou-se neste trabalho estimar (co)variâncias, parâmetros e valores genéticos do CAR e de características associadas, visando a sua inclusão em programas de melhoramento genético. Foram analisados dados de 238 touros da raça Nelore, provenientes do programa de melhoramento genético Nelore Qualitas. O aplicativo MTDFREML foi utilizado para estimar os componentes de (co)variâncias, herdabilidades e correlações genéticas e fenotípicas das características analisadas. Os valores de herdabilidade encontrados para as características foram, em geral, de moderados a baixos, provavelmente pelo pequeno tamanho amostral dos animais avaliados (n=238). A inclusão do efeito do grupo contemporâneo dos animais permitiu a obtenção de resultados mais consistentes das estimativas de parâmetros e predições de valores genéticos para as medidas analisadas. A comparação dos valores fenotípicos e das predições de valor genético para o CAR mostrou que o fenótipo próprio do animal é um fraco indicador do seu valor genético, principalmente em casos como este que a herdabilidade da característica analisada foi baixa (h²= 0,10).
Jager, Bart Albert Fokko Klein de. "Consumer confidence and business cycles : a casy study for the Netherlands : are business cycles driven by animal spirits?" Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/137445.
Повний текст джерелаAutor no envia autorización para el ingreso a texto completo de su documento
In this paper, an attempt is made to explore the relevance of a consumer confidence index in forecasting business cycles in the Netherlands. Furthermore, the possible heterogeneity regarding the information content of individual questions is addressed, and it is investigated whether this information can be attributed to the information view or to the animal spirits view. This paper constructs a Bayesian VAR (BVAR), which includes a consumer confidence index, the unemployment rate, a composite leading indicator, producer confidence, and the Michigan consumer sentiment index. The results show that for the 24-month-ahead forecast and the 48-month-ahead forecast of unemployment, consumer confidence explains respectively 3.96% - 8.06% and 10.25% - 15.99% of the error variance. Moreover, there seems to be significant heterogeneity among the individual questions in the consumer confidence survey. Finally, it is concluded that the additional predictive power of consumer confidence can be attributed to the information view.
Kodaira, Vanessa [UNESP]. "Avaliação de sistema de climatização em Poedeiras comerciais." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/126407.
Повний текст джерелаO bem-estar animal é um dos temas mais discutidos na cadeia produtiva animal e, no que diz respeito à avicultura, muitas críticas estão voltadas para as práticas envolvidas na produção de ovos comerciais. A maioria das grandes empresas avícolas produtoras de ovos caminha para a automação completa de aviários, mas poucas oferecem às aves um ambiente adequado para que elas possam expressar sua máxima produtividade. Objetivou-se comparar a viabilidade de um aviário automatizado e climatizado para poedeiras e de um não climatizado, em uma granja produtora de ovos localizada no município de Bastos-SP. Temperatura de bulbo seco, umidade relativa e temperatura de globo negro foram registradas durante um ano, a cada 30 minutos, para a determinação do índice de conforto térmico. Mortalidade das aves, produção de ovos e consumo de ração foram registrados diariamente. As variáveis da qualidade de ovos foram registradas, analisando-se 90 ovos de cada galpão, a cada 28 dias. Os cálculos de custos de ração, depreciação de equipamentos, mão-de-obra e consumo de energia elétrica foram utilizados para análise da lucratividade dos dois galpões em estudo. Paralelamente, analisou-se a temperatura superficial de cristas e áreas empenadas das aves em diversos pontos de ambos os galpões, através de imagens termográficas e parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos foram analisados e posteriormente correlacionados ao índice de conforto térmico, com o intuito de monitorar o estresse térmico das aves, coletando-se sangue de 15 aves de ambos os galpões a cada 28 dias. Os resultados mostram que o sistema climatizado foi eficaz, proporcionando a redução da temperatura e um ambiente térmico mais adequado à criação de aves com maior índice de ovos por ave alojada, maior peso de ovo durante todo o período da pesquisa e melhor qualidade externa dos ovos no período do verão. Quando não...
The animal welfare is one of the most discussed topics in the animal production chain and, with respect to poultry, many critics are aimed at the practices involved in the production of commercial eggs. Most of the large poultry companies producing eggs are opting for complete automation of their aviaries, but few of them offer the birds a suitable environment so that they can express their maximum productivity. The aim of this study was to compare the feasibility of an automated and acclimated and a non-acclimated aviary for laying hens in a poultry farm located in Bastos, SP. Dry bulb temperature, relative humidity and black globe temperature were recorded every 30 minutes, for one year, to determine the index of thermal comfort. Mortality of the birds, egg production and feed consumption were recorded daily. The variable of egg quality were recorded, analyzing 90 eggs from each shed, every 28 days. The calculations of feed costs, depreciation of equipment, labor and consumption of electrical power were used for the analysis of the profitability of the two sheds in study. At the same time, the surface temperature of the crests and feathered areas of the birds in various points of both sheds were analyzed, through infrared images, and hematological and biochemical parameters were analyzed and subsequently correlated with the index of thermal comfort, with the purpose of monitoring the heat stress of the birds, collecting blood from 15 laying hens of both sheds every 28 days. The results show that the acclimated system was effective, providing a reduction in the temperature and a thermal environment more suitable for creation of hens with higher hen-housed eggs and greater egg weight during the entire period of research and better egg shell quality in the summer period. When there are no failures in the supply of electrical energy, the acclimated system has better economic feasibility, providing ...
Kodaira, Vanessa. "Avaliação de sistema de climatização em Poedeiras comerciais /." Ilha Solteira, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/126407.
Повний текст джерелаCo-orientador: Leda Gobbo de Freitas Bueno
Banca: Priscilla Ayleen Bustos Mac Lean
Banca: Irenilza de Alencar Naas
Resumo: O bem-estar animal é um dos temas mais discutidos na cadeia produtiva animal e, no que diz respeito à avicultura, muitas críticas estão voltadas para as práticas envolvidas na produção de ovos comerciais. A maioria das grandes empresas avícolas produtoras de ovos caminha para a automação completa de aviários, mas poucas oferecem às aves um ambiente adequado para que elas possam expressar sua máxima produtividade. Objetivou-se comparar a viabilidade de um aviário automatizado e climatizado para poedeiras e de um não climatizado, em uma granja produtora de ovos localizada no município de Bastos-SP. Temperatura de bulbo seco, umidade relativa e temperatura de globo negro foram registradas durante um ano, a cada 30 minutos, para a determinação do índice de conforto térmico. Mortalidade das aves, produção de ovos e consumo de ração foram registrados diariamente. As variáveis da qualidade de ovos foram registradas, analisando-se 90 ovos de cada galpão, a cada 28 dias. Os cálculos de custos de ração, depreciação de equipamentos, mão-de-obra e consumo de energia elétrica foram utilizados para análise da lucratividade dos dois galpões em estudo. Paralelamente, analisou-se a temperatura superficial de cristas e áreas empenadas das aves em diversos pontos de ambos os galpões, através de imagens termográficas e parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos foram analisados e posteriormente correlacionados ao índice de conforto térmico, com o intuito de monitorar o estresse térmico das aves, coletando-se sangue de 15 aves de ambos os galpões a cada 28 dias. Os resultados mostram que o sistema climatizado foi eficaz, proporcionando a redução da temperatura e um ambiente térmico mais adequado à criação de aves com maior índice de ovos por ave alojada, maior peso de ovo durante todo o período da pesquisa e melhor qualidade externa dos ovos no período do verão. Quando não...
Abstract: The animal welfare is one of the most discussed topics in the animal production chain and, with respect to poultry, many critics are aimed at the practices involved in the production of commercial eggs. Most of the large poultry companies producing eggs are opting for complete automation of their aviaries, but few of them offer the birds a suitable environment so that they can express their maximum productivity. The aim of this study was to compare the feasibility of an automated and acclimated and a non-acclimated aviary for laying hens in a poultry farm located in Bastos, SP. Dry bulb temperature, relative humidity and black globe temperature were recorded every 30 minutes, for one year, to determine the index of thermal comfort. Mortality of the birds, egg production and feed consumption were recorded daily. The variable of egg quality were recorded, analyzing 90 eggs from each shed, every 28 days. The calculations of feed costs, depreciation of equipment, labor and consumption of electrical power were used for the analysis of the profitability of the two sheds in study. At the same time, the surface temperature of the crests and feathered areas of the birds in various points of both sheds were analyzed, through infrared images, and hematological and biochemical parameters were analyzed and subsequently correlated with the index of thermal comfort, with the purpose of monitoring the heat stress of the birds, collecting blood from 15 laying hens of both sheds every 28 days. The results show that the acclimated system was effective, providing a reduction in the temperature and a thermal environment more suitable for creation of hens with higher hen-housed eggs and greater egg weight during the entire period of research and better egg shell quality in the summer period. When there are no failures in the supply of electrical energy, the acclimated system has better economic feasibility, providing ...
Mestre
Palma, Bendezu Hilda Cristina. "Modelos para estimar consumo e exigências nutricionais para poedeiras comerciais /." Jaboticabal, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/136394.
Повний текст джерелаCoorientador: Nilva Kazue Sakomura
Coorientador: Robert Mervyn Gous
Banca: Nei André Arruda Barbosa
Banca: MelinaAparecida Bonato
Banca: Luciano Hauschild
Banca: Edney Pereira da Silva
Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar um modelo para calcular as ingestões de aminoácidos e energia para a fase de maturação sexual e produção de ovos. As exigências de energia, aminoácidos e consumo de ração foram calculados pelo método fatorial, considerando na fase de maturação sexual a quantidade de nutrientes requerida para mantença e a quantidade de nutrientes necessários para crescimento e deposição de nutrientes corporais em cada componente do corpo (ovário, oviduto, corpo livre de penas e penas); na fase de produção foram considerados a quantidade de nutrientes exigida para mantença e a quantidade de nutrientes exigida para a produção de ovos com base no potencial de postura das aves. Foram realizados três ensaios. Os dois primeiros ensaios foram realizados na fase da maturação sexual (de 16 a 28 semanas), no ensaio foram utilizadas 96 aves da linhagem Isa Brown para descrever o crescimento dos órgãos reprodutivos. Duas vezes por semana foram abatidas quatro aves e foi registrado o peso da ave com e sem pena, o peso do ovário e oviduto, adicionalmente se tomara amostra de cada uma destas para posterior analises no laboratório. Nesta mesma fase foi realizado um segundo experimento para avaliar os resultados do consumo predito. Foram utilizadas 76 frangas de 15 a 24 semanas de idade da linagem Hy-Line e ISA-Brown e foi mensurado o consumo diário antes do primeiro ovo. No ensaio da fase de produção (18 a 60 semanas), foram utilizadas 60 aves da linhagem Isa Brown e ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The aim of this study was to develop a model to calculate the feed intake and the nutrient requirement for pre-laying and laying phase. energy and amino acids intake were calculated by the factorial method, taking into account the nutrients required for maintenance and growth of each body component (ovary, oviduct, feather-free body and feathers) in the pre-laying phase and in laying phase were considered the amount of nutrients required for maintenance and for egg production. Two trials were carried out in the sexual maturation phase (16-28 weeks), 96 Isa Brown laying hens were used to describe the growth of the reproductive organs. Twice a week, four birds were slaughtered and measured the body weight with and without feather and the weight of the reproductive organs (ovary and oviduct), additionally samples were taken to analysis in the laboratory (dry matter, gross energy and crude protein). A second experiment in the same phase, it was conducted to evaluate the results of predicted feed intake. Seventy six Hy-Line and ISA-Brown pullets from 15 to 24 weeks of age were used to measure daily feed intake before the first egg. In the laying phase (18-60 weeks), sixty laying birds of Isa Brown and Hy-line were used to register the egg production, egg weight and the weight of the egg components (yolk, albumen and shell). The growth parameters of reproductive organs were estimated by Gompertz equation in the pre-laying phase, and based on this information were predicted feed int... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
Ribeiro, Andrea Frozino. "Caracterização molecular e comportamental de um modelo animal de consumo de etanol." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUOS-8L9LD3.
Повний текст джерелаPela primeira vez, foi demonstrada a relação entre genes responsáveis pelo metabolismo energético do cérebro, genes da via GABAérgica e comportamento aditivo em um modelo animal. Foram utilizados camundongos machos Swiss, não-isogênicos, expostos a um modelo de livre escolha entre três soluções (água, etanol 5% v/v e 10% v/v) por um período que consistia de quatro fases: aquisição (AQUI), abstinência (ABS), reapresentação (RE) e adulteração com quinina (AD). Depois, os camundongos foram classificados comportamentalmente em três grupos: consumidor sem-controle (A; preferência por etanol e alto consumo dessa droga durante todas as fases), consumidor pesado (P; preferência por etanol e alto consumo durante a fase AQUI e redução significativa na fase AD) e consumidor leve (L; preferência por água e baixo consumo de etanol em todas as fases). Análise de microarranjo usando RNA total dos núcleos da amígdala cerebral mostrou que a via do metabolismo do ácido graxo estava alterada pelo tratamento por livre escolha. Análises posteriores usando reação de cadeia de polimerase em tempo real dos genes selecionados pelos dados do microarranjo mostraram que, o gene Acss2 estava significativamente aumentado apenas nos camundongos sem-controle. Ainda, nesse grupo foi observada uma correlação inversamente significativa entre os níveis dos transcritos do gene Hadh e outros genes do metabolismo energético cerebral nessa mesma área, sugerindo que talvez alterações nessa via possam contribuir para a manutenção do consumo de etanol nos camundongos sem-controle. Para avaliar o envolvimento do receptor GABAB, o RNAm dos genes Gabbr1 e Gabbr2 foi quantificado pela reação de cadeia de polimerase em tempo real no córtex pré-frontal, hipotálamo, hipocampo e estriado. No córtex pré-frontal dos camundongos do grupo A, foi observado um aumento dos níveis dos transcritos do Gabbr1 e Gabbr2, sendo significativo para o Gabbr1 comparado com os outros grupos. No hipocampo foi observada uma redução nos níveis desses dois genes, sendo significativo para o Gabbr2 nos animais do grupo A comparado aos demais grupos. No estriado, foi encontrado um aumento significativo nos níveis dos transcritos do Gabbr1 apenas no grupo A. Nenhuma diferença foi observada na região do hipotálamo. Considerando que as áreas cerebrais analisadas são relevantes para o comportamento de consumo das drogas, nossos resultados revelam que esses genes podem estar envolvidos com o consumo alto e persistente no grupo A. Além disso, o estudo do metabolismo energético cerebral e do receptor GABAB tem o potencial de produzir novas perspectivas para o delineamento da neuroplasticidade associada ao alcoolismo.
Virginio, Júnior Gercino Ferreira. "Observações sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade de nutrientes e de energia por bovinos arraçoados com níveis crescentes de fibra." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2014. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5822.
Повний текст джерелаCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The basic objective established for this study was to quantify the consumption of dry matter, nutrients and digestible energy of cattle depending on the supply of fiber in the diet. The experiment was conducted in two latin square and balanced for four treatments. Four levels of daily supply of insoluble neutral detergent fiber (3, 6, 9 and 12 g / (kg.dia)), scaled to the body mass of animals were used. Eight crossbred steers, four with 298 ± 27 kg and four with 219 ± 16 kg, were randomly divided, at the beginning of the experiment, as columns in latin squares. Consecutive experimental periods lasted for 21 days, as follows: adjustment period of 14 days and the collection period of seven days. Samples of diets offered, orts and feces were dried, ground and analyzed for dry matter, crude fat, ash, crude protein, neutral detergent insoluble fiber and gross energy. The nutrient intake, digestible nutrients, digestible energy and the amount of feces produced daily were scaled to metabolic size. The exceptions were for the intake of fiber and lignin, corrected for W1 (g/(kg.dia). The linear mixed model was fitted to the variables described staggered, after logarithmic transformation. The statistical model was fitted using the Proc Mixed of SAS, using the method of restricted maximum likelihood (REML). The probability likelihood of the different structures of variance and covariance was assessed using the Akaike information criterion, corrected for small samples. Null hypotheses on the treatment factor and the respective linear and quadratic components were rejected when P < 0.05. The relationship between digestible energy intake and fiber intake, and intake of digestible protein and fiber intake were analyzed considering the allometric model and five hypotheses. The models in these assumptions were adjusted using Proc Mixed of SAS. The same variance and covariance structures listed above were considered and employed the same criteria of verisimilitude already described for the choice (s) best (s) event (s) represent the reality of the data. The adjustment of the variables, using different structures of covariance showed that the structure of variance components was the best choice for most variables, followed by unstructured variance-covariance, heterogeneous structure composed symmetry, Spatial and Spatial power. The variables FAsh , RAsh , RLig , FLig , FFC e DFC showed a quadratic effect, while the other variables showed a linear effect, which can be seen by their equations. With the increase of fiber content in the diet, there is a growing incidence of observed values for variables neutral detergent fiber, dry matter, ash and lignin. However, close to the level of 12 g, there is a tendency of stabilization of the predicted values. In terms of these variables, just the curve of mineral matter excretion in feces presents different behavior, being more stable to level 3 g up to 6 g, and growing from this level. Variables compounds neutral detergent soluble, organic matter, dry matter, crude protein and gross energy showed predicted values with linear growth, which indicates a non-limiting consumption of these variables by increasing the fiber content in the diet. However, the nonfiber carbohydrates and crude fat results showed constant intake and digestibility, indicating that increasing the fiber content in the diet did not influence these data. The relationship between digestible energy intake and fiber intake was analyzed according to the assumptions described in the methodology, and the one that most fit to the data of the present study was the hypothesis 5, whatever they are α1 , α2 , β1 and β2 . The variance-covariance structure that best fit the hypothesis was variance components, with a significant quadratic effect of level of NDF actually consumed. The relationship between consumption of digestible protein and fiber intake was also analyzed and showed similar results to the assumptions previously tested and the variance- covariance structures. Therefore, it can be concluded that the consumption of fiber per dairy crossbred cattle exhibits a tendency towards stabilization, near the level of supply of NDF in the diet of the order of 10.9 ± 2.6 g/(kg.day). The intake and excretion of lignin are coincident within the range of 3 to 7 g/(kg.day) supply of NDF in the diet. This may explain why lignin be characterized as a nutritional entity digestion trials conducted maintenance level, whose offer of NDF find yourself situated within the limits of the present study.
O objetivo básico estabelecido para o presente trabalho foi o de quantificar o consumo de matéria seca, nutrientes e energia digestível de bovinos em função da oferta de fibra na dieta. O experimento foi conduzido em dois quadrados latinos simultâneos e balanceados para quatro tratamentos. Foram utilizados quatro níveis de oferta diária de fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro, escalonada para a massa corporal dos animais: 3, 6, 9 e 12 g/(kg.dia). Oito bovinos mestiços, quatro com 298 ± 27 kg e quatro com 219 ± 16 kg, foram divididos aleatoriamente, no início do experimento, como colunas nos quadrados latinos. Os períodos experimentais consecutivos tiveram duração de 21 dias, assim distribuídos: período de adaptação de 14 dias e período de coleta de sete dias. Amostras das dietas oferecidas, sobras e fezes foram secas, moídas e analisadas para matéria seca, gordura bruta, cinzas, proteína bruta, fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro e energia bruta. O consumo de nutrientes, de nutrientes digestíveis, de energia digestível e a quantidade de fezes produzidas diariamente foram escalonadas para o tamanho metabólico. As exceções foram para a ingestão de fibra e lignina, por seus turnos, corrigidas para W1 (g/(kg.dia). O modelo linear misto descrito foi ajustado às variáveis escalonadas, após transformação logarítmica. O modelo estatístico foi ajustado utilizando-se o Proc Mixed do SAS, por meio do método de máxima verossimilhança restrita (reml). A probabilidade de verossimilhança das diferentes estruturas de variâncias e covariâncias foi avaliada a partir do critério de informação de akaike, corrigido para pequenas amostras. Hipóteses nulas sobre o fator tratamentos e seus respectivos componentes linear e quadrático foram rejeitadas sempre que P<0,05. As relações entre o consumo de energia digestível e o consumo de fibra, e consumo de proteína digestível e consumo de fibra foram analisadas considerando-se o modelo alométrico e cinco hipóteses. Os modelos constantes nestas hipóteses foram ajustados por meio do Proc Mixed do SAS. Foram consideradas as mesmas estruturas de variâncias e covariâncias listadas anteriormente e empregados os mesmos critérios de verossimilhança já descritos para escolha da(s) melhor(es) hipótese(s) a representar(em) a realidade dos dados. O ajuste das variáveis, utilizando diferentes estruturas de variância-covariância, mostrou que a estrutura de componentes de variância foi a melhor escolha para a maioria das variáveis, seguido por variância- covariância não estruturada, estrutura heterogênea, simetria composta, Spatial power e Spatial. As variáveis FCinza , RCinza , RLig , FLig , FCF e DCF apresentaram efeito quadrático, enquanto as demais variáveis apresentaram efeito linear, o que pode ser observado pelas suas equações. À medida que aumentou-se o teor de fibra na dieta, observa-se um crescente aumento dos valores observados para variáveis fibra em detergente neutro, matéria seca, cinzas e lignina. No entanto, próximo ao nível de 12 g, observa-se uma tendência de estabilização dos valores preditos. Em relação a essas variáveis, apenas a curva de excreção de matéria mineral nas fezes apresenta comportamento diferente, sendo mais estável do nível 3 g até o 6 g, e crescendo a partir desse nível. As variáveis nutrientes digestíveis solúveis, matéria orgânica, matéria seca, proteína bruta e energia bruta apresentaram valores preditos com crescimento linear, o que indica uma não limitação do consumo dessas variáveis pelo aumento do teor de fibra na dieta. Contudo, as variáveis carboidratos não fibrosos e gordura bruta apresentaram resultados constantes de consumo e digestibilidade, indicando que o aumento do teor de fibra na dieta não influenciou esses dados. A relação entre o consumo de energia digestível e o consumo de fibra foi analisada segundo as hipóteses descritas na metodologia, e a que mais se ajustou aos dados do presente trabalho foi a hipótese 5, quaisquer que sejam α1 , α2 , β1 e β2 . A estrutura de variância-covariância que melhor se ajustou à hipótese foi componente de variância, sendo significativo o efeito quadrático do nível de FDN efetivamente consumido. A relação entre consumo de proteína digestível e consumo de fibra também foi analisada e apresentou o mesmo resultado para as hipóteses testadas anteriormente e das estruturas de variância-covariância. Portanto, pode-se concluir que o consumo de fibra por bovinos mestiços leiteiros apresenta tendência à estabilização, próximo ao nível de oferta de FDN na dieta da ordem de 10,9 ± 2,6 g/(kg.dia). O consumo e a excreção de lignina são coincidentes dentro da faixa de 3 a 7 g/(kg.dia) de oferta de FDN na dieta. Tal fato pode explicar o porquê de a lignina ser caracterizada como entidade nutricional em ensaios de digestão conduzidos em nível de mantença, cuja oferta de FDN encontre-se situada nos limites encontrados no presente estudo.
Salih, Salih Mustafa. "Authenticity and quality of muscle foods : assessing consumer trust and fraud detection approaches." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/10384.
Повний текст джерелаOlszynko-Gryn, Jesse. "Pregnancy testing in Britain, c.1900-67 : laboratories, animals and demand from doctors, patients and consumers." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708529.
Повний текст джерелаReed, DeMetris Deon Jr. "Perceptions of Modern Meat-Animal Production from Consumers Two to Three Generations Removed from the Farm." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29522.
Повний текст джерелаNorth Dakota Beef Commission
Jacobs, Silvana. "Consequências do consumo materno de dieta de cafeteria sobre o perfil endócrino e a função reprodutiva da prole." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/87569.
Повний текст джерелаOverweight and obesity are a major public health problem all over the world, reaching all the age groups, including children. In this respect, it is noted an important relation between maternal and childhood obesity, tending to persist in adulthood. However it is not clear the impact of different factors influencing the development of childhood obesity, such as the changes in the intrauterine and neonatal environment. Angiotensin II (ang II) has been related to pathological alterations associated with obesity such as hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2).This study analyzed the consequences of the maternal consumption of cafeteria diet, offered in different phases of reproduction on endocrine, metabolic and reproductive aspects in the offspring of Wistar rats. For that, rats were fed standard chow (PAD control group) for 10 weeks since weaning. On the first day of gestation, the groups were subdivided: half of the control group was given cafeteria diet until the end of lactation (PAD/CAF group) and half of the cafeteria diet group was given standard chow until the end of lactation (CAF/PAD group). After pups weaning, it was analyzed the body weight, content of abdominal fat, plasma concentration of insulin, leptin, angiotensin II, prolactin, triglycerides, total cholesterol and glucose in mothers. In the male rat offspring, when adults, the same parameters plus plasma doses of LH, FSH and testosterone were evaluated as well as the sexual behavior. In female rats, it was demonstrated that the consumption of cafeteria diet produced increase of body weight, abdominal fat, and insulin, leptin, ang II and triglycerides concentrations, being also observed increase of maternal care. Offspring of female rats, which had fed cafeteria diet during gestation/lactation, presented, when adult, increase of abdominal fat content, insulin, leptin, and triglycerides. These findings were more pronounced in the offspring of female rats receiving cafeteria diet since weaning until the end of lactation. However, it was observed that the offspring of all the female rats, which at some moment had received cafeteria diet, presented modifications in the reproductive hormone concentrations, together with inhibiton of sexual behavior. AngII AT1 receptor blockade, through Losartan administration in the drinking water of mothers in the four different groups, avoided the increase of body weight and the other alterations observed with the consumption of that diet. There was also normalization of different parameters of maternal behavior. Thus, it was prevented the negative repercussions of maternal obesity on the offspring, so that the descendents, when adults, did not present increase of abdominal fat and other endocrine and metabolic alterations previously described. Still, there was also the normalization of different parameters of sexual behavior in association with the restoration of physiological concentrations of reproductive hormones. The results of this study has shown that the onset of childhood obesity seems to be the result of the sum of different factors, including maternal obesity and the modification of neonatal environment, represented by the increase of maternal care. Furthermore, the administration of the antagonist Losartan in female rats submitted to cafeteria diet since weaning, prevents the obesity and its associated modifications. Consequently, it is possible to prevent many adverse negative effects observed in their descendents.
Laster, Megan Ann. "Tenderness, flavor, and yield assessments of dry-aged beef." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011.
Повний текст джерелаSarmiento, Rubiano Luz Adriana. "Influencia del consumo de sorbitol en la microbiota intestinal de un modelo animal." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/2184.
Повний текст джерелаSarmiento Rubiano, LA. (2008). Influencia del consumo de sorbitol en la microbiota intestinal de un modelo animal [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/2184
Palancia
Fernandez, Carla Dal Bianco. "Função reprodutiva em ratos machos obesos por consumo de dieta hipercalórica." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/318035.
Повний текст джерелаTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: O sobrepeso e a obesidade estão aumentando rapidamente, tornando-se uma epidemia mundial. Estas duas condições podem ser definidas simplesmente como o acúmulo excessivo de gordura nos adipócitos, células do tecido adiposo responsáveis pela síntese e liberação de leptina, um hormônio protéico cuja principal ação é inibir o apetite e estimular o gasto energético, mas que também atua na regulação do eixo hipotalâmico-hipofisáriogonadal. As concentrações séricas de leptina apresentam-se elevadas, proporcionalmente à quantidade de gordura, em muitos modelos animais de obesidade e na obesidade humana. Recentemente alguns estudos têm mostrado a relação entre obesidade e infertilidade masculina, mas até o momento os resultados são controversos. Da mesma forma, o papel da leptina no sistema reprodutor masculino não está muito esclarecido, principalmente quando este hormônio está em excesso, como na obesidade. Assim, os objetivos do presente estudo foram investigar os efeitos da obesidade induzida por consumo de dieta rica em gordura em parâmetros reprodutivos de ratos machos. Também foi investigado o papel da leptina na fertilidade e em alguns parâmetros espermáticos, em ratos machos adultos. Para isso, ratos machos da variedade Wistar foram alimentados com dieta hipercalórica rica em gordura (DH) ou com dieta padrão (DP) durante 15, 30 ou 45 semanas, e foram avaliados quanto ao índice de obesidade, níveis séricos de leptina, peso dos órgãos reprodutores e contagens espermáticas. Em um segundo experimento, os animais receberam as diferentes dietas apenas por 15 semanas, tempo suficiente para provocar obesidade. Esses animais foram avaliados quanto às dosagens dos hormônios sexuais, comportamento sexual, motilidade e morfologia espermática, fertilidade após cruzamento natural e inseminação artificial in utero. Além disso, ratos machos adultos não-obesos foram tratados com leptina exógena, ou com salina, ip, por 42 dias e avaliados quanto ao peso dos órgãos reprodutores, contagens espermáticas, motilidade dos espermatozóides e fertilidade após inseminação artificial. Após 15, 30 ou 45 semanas, os animais alimentados com DH apresentaram um aumento significativo no índice de obesidade e nos níveis de leptina. O peso dos órgãos reprodutores e as contagens espermáticas foram similares entre os dois grupos, em todos os períodos estudados. Nos animais que receberam DH por 15 semanas, o comportamento sexual e a fertilidade após acasalamento natural foram semelhantes aos do grupo controle. Da mesma forma, os níveis de testosterona não foram alterados, mas os de estradiol aumentaram nos animais que ingeriram DH. Além disso, a qualidade espermática foi reduzida nestes animais, como evidenciado pela baixa porcentagem de espermatozóides com movimento progressivo. A alteração da motilidade espermática foi seguida por uma redução quantitativa do potencial de fertilidade após inseminação artificial in utero. Os animais tratados com leptina não apresentaram diferenças nas contagens espermáticas nem na motilidade quando comparados aos animais controle. No entanto, o potencial de fertilidade reduziu cerca de 40% e a taxa de perdas pré-implantação foi duas vezes maior nos animais tratados com leptina. Juntos, esses resultados indicam que a obesidade diminuiu a qualidade espermática, prejudicando a fertilidade dos ratos machos, e que, provavelmente a leptina está relacionada a este prejuízo
Abstract: Overweight and obesity are rapidly becoming a worldwide epidemic that affects children and adults. These two statuses are often defined simply as a condition of abnormal or excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue, whose cells are responsible for synthesis and release of leptin. This is a protein hormone whose main action is to decrease appetite and increase energy expenditure, but it also act as regulatory signal for gonadal axis, among other functions. Serum leptin concentration is augmented in several obesity animal models and in obese human, proportionately to the amount of fat. Some studies have shown a relationship between obesity and male infertility, but until now it remains controversial. In the same way, the role of leptin on male reproductive function is not clear, mainly when the hormone is in excess as occur in obesity. Thus, the aims of the present study were to investigate the effects of high-fat diet-induced obesity on male rats' reproductive parameters. Furthermore it was evaluated the possible role of the excess of leptin on fertility and some sperm parameters in adult male rats. To achieve these aims, male Wistar rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or standard chow (SD) for 15, 30 or 45 and were evaluated by adiposity index, serum leptin levels, reproductive organ weights and sperm counts. In a second experiment rats received HFD or SD only for 15 weeks, long enough to cause obesity. Sexual hormones, sexual behavior, sperm morphology and motility, fertility after natural mating and after artificial in utero insemination were evaluated. Moreover, non-obese adult male rats were treated with exogenous leptin ip (30?g/kg/day) or vehicle for 42 days and were evaluated for sperm count in testis and epididymis, sperm motility and fertility after in utero artificial insemination. After 15, 30 or 45 weeks, HFD-fed animals presented significant increases in obesity index and serum leptin levels. Reproductive organ weights and sperm counts in the testis and epididymis were similar between the two groups at all timepoints studied. In HFD-fed animals only for 15 weeks, sexual behavior and fertility after natural mating were not altered by the diet regimen. In these animals, intergroup testosterone levels were also comparable, but estradiol levels were increased in HDF rats. Furthermore, sperm quality was reduced in 15 weeks HFD-fed animals as evidenced by their decreased percentage of sperm with progressive movement. This altered motility parameter was followed by a quantitative reduction in fertility potential after artificial in utero insemination. Leptin treated animals did not show any differences in sperm counts either in the testis or epididymis. In the same way, the percentage of progressive, non-progressive and immotile sperm was similar between the two groups. However, the fertility potential showed a reduction of about 40% whereas the pre-implantation loss rate increased more than two fold in leptin treated animals. These results indicate that obesity lead to a decrease in sperm quality, impairing male fertility and probably the excess of leptin is related with this alteration of fertility
Doutorado
Biologia Celular
Doutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
Menezes, Rayanne Galdino. "Consumo alimentar residual, digestibilidade aparente e comportamento ingestivo de touros da raça nelore." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4009.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Feed efficiency of cattle and its correlation with feeding behavior and apparent digestibility of nutrients is the objective of this work. Feed efficiency is one of the most important traits in livestock .Processes responsible for more than 25% of feed efficiency variation have not been clarified. Explain variation sources and identifying efficient animals are the most importantobjectives for the beef cattle production nowadays. An alternative tool to evaluate the feed efficiency is the residual feed intake (RFI), was developed in 1963, but only in the 90’sit started to be used to identify and select efficient animals. Feeding behavior is directly related to feed ingested quantity, which differs in efficient or inefficient animals . The feeding behavior and apparent digestibility of 120 Nellore animalswere evaluated in completely randomized design with respect to feed conversion ratio (FCR) and the three classes of residual feed intake: low, medium and high RFI. The age and initial body weight were 20 months and 397 ± 35 kg. The animals were placed in individual pens fitted with feeding troughs and dri nkers. The diet offered to the animals consisted of 23% forage and 77% concentrate. The experimental period lasted 84 days, with weighings every 28 days. All weighings were preceded by fasting for 16 hours. The behavior evaluation was performed in a 24 hour period. Samples were collected from the diet offered and the leftovers at the beginning of adaptation and weekly during the experimental period, moreover, were also collected stool samples during three consecutive days at different times in order to obtain a sample throughout the day.The duration time of all activities was similar among the different groups.The variables evaluated digestibility did not differ (P > 0.05) between animals of three classes of RFI. It can be concluded that the RFI has no correlation with feeing behavior and apparent digestibility of nutrients in the diet.
A eficiência alimentar de bovinos e a sua correlação com comportamento ingestivo e digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes é o objetivo deste trabalho. A eficiência alimentar é uma das características mais importantes em animais de produção.Processos responsáveis por mais de 25% da variação da eficiência alimentar ainda não foram esclarecidos. Explicar as fontes de variação e identificar animais eficientessão objetivos importantes para a produção de bovinos de corte.Uma ferramenta alternativa para avaliar a eficiência alimentar é o consumo alimentar residual (CAR), que foi desenvolvido em 1963, porém começou a ser utilizado somente na década de 90 para identificar e selecionar animais mais eficientes. O comportamento ingestivo está diretamente associado à quantidade de alimento que o animal ingere, diferindo em animais mais ou menos eficientes. O comportamento ingestivo e a digestibilidade aparente da dieta de 120 animais da raça Neloreforam avaliados em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso divididos em três classes: baixo, médio e alto CAR . A idade e peso médio inicial foram de 20 meses e 397 ± 35 kg. Os animais foram alocados em baias individuais providas de cochos de alimentação e bebedouros. A dieta oferecida aos animais foi composta por 23% de volumoso e 77% de concentrado.O período experimental teve duração de 84 dias, com pesagens a cada 28 dias. Todas as pesagens eram precedidas por jejum alimentar de 16 horas. A avaliação comportamental foi realizada em um período de 24 horas. Foram coletadas amostras da dieta oferecida e das sobras no início da adaptação e semanalmente durante o período experimental, além disso, também foram coletadas amostras de fezes durante três dias consecutivos em horários diferentes a fim de obter uma amostra.O tempo de duração de todas as atividades foi similar entre os diferentes grupos.As variáveis de digestibilidade não diferiram (P>0,05) entre as três classes de CAR.Pode-se concluir que o CAR não possui correlação com comportamento ingestivo e digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes da dieta.
Curran, Kassie. "Consumer acceptance of omega-3 enhanced beef in surveys and retail trials." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20413.
Повний текст джерелаAgricultural Economics
John A. Fox
This study examines consumer acceptance of omega-3 enhanced beef using data from a choice experiment and a retail trial. The retail trial was conducted in collaboration with La Vaca Meat Company, Littleton, CO which offered omega-3 enhanced beef products for sale both online and in-store. Prices were adjusted periodically, and online customers were surveyed to gather information about their purchase decisions. The choice experiment was included in an online survey conducted with a nationally representative sample of consumers. One version of the survey focused on ground beef and another focused on steak. Within each version separate treatments examined the impact of providing information about how levels of the most beneficial omega-3s could be enhanced in beef. The choice experiment evaluated how variation in meat attributes such as omega-3 content, safety, and tenderness influenced purchase decisions. Data from the choice experiment were analyzed using multinomial logit models. Results indicate that overall acceptance and willingness to pay for omega-3 enhanced beef was below that of grass-fed beef. Additional information about omega-3s increased willingness-to-pay for enhanced omega ground beef, but had no impact on willingness-to-pay for enhanced omega steak. The analysis showed significant heterogeneity in preferences, and, in particular, females had significantly higher willingness-to-pay for grass-fed ground beef than males. Average willingness-to-pay for grass-fed steak was estimated at $3.69/lb above conventionally raised product, compared to an estimated premium of $1.86/lb for enhanced omega steak. For ground beef the average premium for grass-fed product was estimated to be $1.27/lb compared to $0.79/lb for the enhanced omega product.
Reis, Simone Frotas dos. "Características de crescimento e qualidade da carne de novilhas de corte de diferentes classes de consumo alimentar residual." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2009. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5636.
Повний текст джерелаResidual feed intake (RFI), as an index to evaluate feed efficiency, has been widely used, because is independent of growth traits of the animals. However, the relationship between RFI groups, nutritional and growth parameters are insufficient and the data are contradictory. Therefore, were evaluated, to growth traits, nutrients digestibility and performance thirty one beef heifers, three-cross, of three different genetic groups: CRANN- ½ Caracu ¼ Angus ¼ Nellore (n=9), CRVN- ½ Caracu ¼ Valdostana ¼ Nellore (n=13) and RCN- ½ Red Angus ¼ Caracu ¼ Nellore (n=9). The initial age and initial body weight of the animals were 22 months and 342±14 kg; 311±16 kg; 352±14 kg, to genetic groups CRANN, CRVN and RCN, respectively. The animals were allocated in individual pens in feedlot for 84 days, receiving a diet of roughage: concentrate ratio of 40:60. They were separated in three different efficiency groups (high, medium and low CAR), according to their residual feed intake. The residual feed intake was defined as the difference between an animal s actual feed intake and its expected feed requirements for it's gain. No difference were observed for RFI groups (P>0.05) in performance (1.40 kg/day) and apparent digestibility of nutrients, that were similar (P>0,05) between the RFI groups. The means values for apparent digestibility for the nutrients were; dry matter (64.00%), crude protein (60.01%), ether extract (72.90%), neutral detergent fiber (54.80%), nonfiber carbohydrate (78.91%). The growth traits; backfat thickness, Longissumus muscle area and rump fat thickness, evaluated by ultrasound, also were similar in the different residual feed intake groups. The carcass traits and meat quality do not differ between residual feed intake groups (P>0.05). The selection by residual feed intake is interesting, since the low CAR (efficient animals) have the same quality pattern of the meat and carcass than high CAR (inefficient animals).
O consumo alimentar residual (CAR), como forma de avaliação da eficiência alimentar, vem sendo amplamente estudado por ser independente de características de crescimento dos animais. Entretanto as associações entre as classes de CAR com atributos de crescimento dos animais, digestibilidade dos nutrientes e características qualitativas da carne são insuficientes e os dados existentes na literatura são contraditórios. Portanto, foram avaliadas, quanto às características de crescimento, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, desempenho e características qualitativas da carne, 31 novilhas de corte three-cross de 3 grupos genéticos: CRANN- ½ Caracu ¼ Angus ¼ Nelore (n=9), CRVN- ½ Caracu ¼ Valdostana ¼ Nelore (n=13) e RCN- ½ Red Angus ¼ Caracu ¼ Nelore (n=9). A idade média inicial dos animais era de 22 meses e peso corporal médio inicial de 342±14 kg; 311±16 kg; 352±14 kg para os grupos genéticos CRANN, CRVN e RCN, respectivamente. Os animais permaneceram em média 102 dias em confinamento, recebendo dieta à vontade, com relação volumoso:concentrado de 40:60, foram divididos em 3 classes de eficiência alimentar de acordo com o consumo alimentar residual (alto, médio e baixo). O CAR de cada animal foi obtido pela diferença entre o consumo de matéria seca observado (kg/dia) deste e o consumo estimado, através de uma equação de regressão entre o peso corporal médio metabólico e o ganho médio diário (kg/dia) dos animais. Animais alto CAR consumiram 4,56% mais matéria seca (kg/dia) que animais baixo CAR (P<0,05). O desempenho foi semelhante entre as classes de CAR (1,40 kg/dia). Não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre as classes de CAR para digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, matéria seca (64,00%), proteína bruta (60,01%), extrato etéreo (72,90%), fibra em detergente neutro (54,80%) e carboidratos não-fibrosos (78,91%). Para as características de crescimento avaliadas por ultrassonografia as classes de CAR apresentaram-se semelhantes, (P>0,05), quanto à deposição de gordura subcutânea e gordura na garupa. O crescimento da área de olho de lombo entre os grupos de CAR não foi distinto (P>0,05). Para as características qualitativas da carne e da carcaça, também não foram encontradas diferenças (P>0,05) entre as classes de CAR. A seleção pelo CAR é interessante já que animais eficientes produzem carne de semelhante qualidade a de animais ineficientes com menor ingestão de matéria seca.
Almeida, Thiago Santos. "Desempenho, comportamento e composição corporal de touros da raça nelore classificados pelo consumo alimentar residual." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4099.
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The residual feed intake is a measure of feed efficiency that is independent of weight gain and adult weight. With this you can select efficient animals without compromising the size at maturity of the animals. Faced with the need to understand the factors that influence the variability in efficiency of feed utilization by cattle, aimed to evaluate the performance, behavior and estimated body composition of Bos Indicus . Hundred and nineteen Nellore with a mean age of 18 months (±36 days) and average weight of 392 kg (±47kg) for the classification of animals of high, medium and low feed efficiency were used . The experimental design was completely randomized and the criterion for classification of animals for residual feed intake (RFI) used was 0,5 standard deviations above or below the average, which showed a percentage of 32 % of the total for better efficiency (low RFI), 43,7 % average and 24,3 % showed low efficiency (high RFI). The animals were housed in individual pens for 83 days provided with feed trough and drinking fountain. The supplied diet contained 68,4 % total digestible nutrients (TDN) and 11,3 % crude protein (CP) in a ratio of 62,6 % concentrate and 37,4 % forage. The consumption ratio and the predicted dry matter intake observed showed a coefficient of determination of 0,5462. Metabolic mean body weight of the animals, the average daily gain, initial body weight, final and metabolizable energy intake showed no significant association with residual feed intake (P>0,05). Significant correlations between the CAR and dry matter intake (DMI) (r= 0,57), feed conversion (FC) (r=-0,38) and feed efficiency (EA) (r=0,42) were found. The less efficient animals that were older than those with the highest efficiency (P<0,05). As for the ultrasound measurements (loin eye area, fat thickness and rump fat thickness) and also for body composition (muscle tissue, fat and bone) there was no significant difference (P<0,05) between the classes CAR. The first evaluation of escape velocity (V1) showed a significant difference (P< 0,05) between classes of CAR, as well as the time lying ruminating (P<0,05). Selected for low RFI animals have better efficiency in the use of food without compromising body composition, and present more docile animals at the end of the study.
O consumo alimentar residual é uma medida de eficiência alimentar que independe do ganho de peso e do peso adulto. Com isso pode-se selecionar animais eficientes sem comprometer o tamanho à maturidade dos animais. Diante da necessidade de compreensão dos fatores que influenciam a variabilidade de eficiência da utilização de alimentos pelos bovinos, objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho, o comportamento e a estimativa da composição corporal de bovinos Bos Indicus. Foram utilizados 119 animais da raça Nelore com idade média de 18 meses (± 36 dias) e peso vivo médio de 392 kg (± 47 kg) para classificação de animais de alta, média e baixa eficiência alimentar. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado e o critério para classificação dos animais para consumo alimentar residual (CAR) utilizado foi o de 0,5 desvio-padrão acima ou abaixo da média, que apresentou percentual de 32% do total para melhor eficiência (baixo CAR), 43,7% média e 24,3% apresentaram baixa eficiência (alto CAR). Os animais ficaram alojados em baias individuais durante 83 dias providos de cocho de alimentação e bebedouro. A dieta fornecida continha 68,4% de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e 11,3% de proteína bruta (PB) numa relação de 62,6% de concentrado e 37,4% de volumoso. A relação de consumo de matéria seca predito e o consumo observado apresentou um coeficiente de determinação de 0,5462. O peso corporal médio metabólico dos animais, o ganho médio diário, peso vivo inicial, final e consumo de energia metabolizável não apresentaram relação significativa com o consumo alimentar residual (P>0,05). Foram encontradas correlações significativas entre o CAR e o consumo de matéria de seca (CMS) (r=0,57), conversão alimentar (CA) (r=-0,38) e eficiência alimentar (EA) (r=0,42). Os animais menos eficientes apresentaram idade superior que os de maior eficiência (P<0,05). Quanto às medidas ultrassonográficas (área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea e espessura de gordura da picanha) e também à composição corporal (tecidos muscular, adiposo e ósseo) não houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) entre as classes de CAR. A primeira avaliação de velocidade de fuga (V1) apresentou diferença significativa (P<0,05) entre as classes de CAR, assim como o tempo de ruminação deitado (P<0,05). Animais selecionados para baixo CAR apresentam melhor eficiência na utilização de alimentos sem comprometer a composição corporal, além de apresentar animais mais dóceis ao final do estudo.
Almeida, Rodrigo de. "Consumo e eficiência alimentar de bovinos em crescimento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-09112005-150314/.
Повний текст джерелаAlthough selection for feed efficiency was withdrawn to a minor role by the beef industry in the past, nowadays there is a growing attention by studies dealing with feed efficiency traits in beef cattle and this subject was discussed in the first chapter. The second chapter analyzed dry matter (DM) intake data of 36 Nellore young bulls from the Selected Nellore (NeS) line and 36 from the Control Nellore (NeC), both from Experimental Station of Sertãozinho. Overall average for residual feed intake (RFI) was 0.00±0.41 kg/day, with minimum and maximum RFI estimates of 0.73 and +0.95 kg/day. These estimates confirm that there is enough variability for this new trait among Bos indicus animals. Selected Nellore young bulls were heavier at the beginning and at the end of the trial and they grown more rapidly than NeC young bulls. Selected Nellore young bulls showed larger DM intakes than NeC young bulls, when expressed on kg/day or g/kg mid-BW0.75. Control Nellore young bulls were more efficient and showed lower RFI estimates than NeS young bulls. While NeS young bulls showed retained energy estimates 11.7% greater than NeC cattle, NeS estimates for heat production were 17.9% larger. Lastly, NeS young bulls showed greater maintenance requirements than NeC young bulls. Current prediction equations for DM intake from NRC were mainly obtained from Bos taurus breeds, from cattle implanted with a growth-promoting implant and fed low forage diets, supplemented with ionophores. The third chapter developed and validated a DM intake prediction equation for Zebu cattle. Meta-analyses methods were applied to 17 experiments conducted with Nellore cattle. Among the 193 experimental units, dietary energy concentration ranged from 51.2 to 78.0% TDN. The suggested equation to predic feed intake by Bos indicus cattle is: DMI (kg/d) = (SBW0,75 * (0.2039*NEm 0.03844*NEm 2 0.07376))/NEm Above 1.4 Mcal/kg the new equation predicted progressively lower intakes for Nellore than European genotypes. These results showed that the intake behaviour from Bos indicus cattle in a broad range of dietary NEm concentration is incorrectly predicted by the current NRC equations. The fourth chapter described the relationships of dry matter intake and feed efficiency to days on feed for young bulls in feedlots. The trial was conducted on Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, and included records from 188 beef young bulls from four different genetic groups: purebred Nellore (NE), ½Canchim + ½Nellore (CN), ½Angus + ½Nellore (AN), and ½Simental + ½Nellore crossbreds (SN), distributed on three years and 85 pens. Animals were distributed on pens in a ramdomized block design by genetic group and previous experimental treatment. NE young bulls showed a lower DM intake (kg/day) than AN, CN and SN crossbreds bulls. The analysis did not show a lower feed efficiency for NE bulls compared with the feed efficiency estimated for the remaining genetic groups. Partial compensatory growth and better feed efficiency for the bulls that were not supplemented with a concentrate before being fully fed during the experimental period diminished the advantages of supplementation during the grazing period. The fifth chapter evaluated the effects of breed and gender on performance traits em two large commercial feedlots in the Brazilian Central Region. After editing the original data set, it remained 116,376 animals distributed on 608 pens. Crossbreds showed higher average daily gains and DM intakes than Nellore animals. Consequently, it was not observed significant differences on feed efficiency between crossbreds and Bos indicus cattle. Average daily gain was higher for the bulls. When DM intake was expressed as kg/day, bulls showed higher intakes than steers. There were not statistically differences between bulls and steers for the feed efficiency traits analyzed. The equations to predict DM feed intake clearly underestimated the observed intakes. This suggests a large heterogeneity among animals coming into a feedyard and the absence of adjusting factors for compensatory growth.
Costa, Douglas Rodrigues da. "Uso de inoculante microbiano em silagem de grãos de milho e de sorgo reidratados para ovinos em crescimento." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2017. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/20162.
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A presente dissertação foi elaborada com base em dois experimentos. No primeiro, avaliou-se a utilização de inoculante microbiano em relação a melhora no consumo voluntário e na digestão dos nutrientes das dietas, e avaliar a substituição do milho pelo sorgo em relação ao desempenho, e sobre as alterações sensoriais na carne de cordeiros terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 28 cordeiros machos não castrados F1 Dorper × Santa Inês, com peso corporal médio inicial de 20,0±0,7 kg e idade entre três e quatro meses. Inicialmente, quatro animais foram abatidos e tomados como referência para estimar o peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ) inicial dos animais remanescentes no experimento. Os demais 24 animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 × 2, e cada grupo foi alimentado com uma das dietas composta por dois tipos de grãos ensilados e reidratados: milho (MR) ou sorgo (SR), adicionados (I) ou não de inoculante microbiano (composto de Lactobacillus plantarum, Propionibacterium acidipropionici e sacarose), com seis repetições. Os grãos de milho e sorgo foram reidratados para 65% de matéria seca, sendo ensilados em toneis plásticos. O volumoso foi a silagem de milho. O experimento foi dividido em três períodos de 28 dias. As digestibilidades das dietas foram avaliadas dos 35o aos 40o dias e 75° aos 80o dias do período experimental, utilizando-se a fibra em detergente neutro indigestível (FDNi) para estimar a excreção fecal. Ao final dos 84 dias, todos os animais foram abatidos. Não houve interação (P > 0,05) entre tipo de grão e inoculante para nenhumas das variáveis avaliadas. Os consumos de matéria seca (MS), e dos nutrientes assim como dos nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) não foram influenciados pelo tipo de grão (milho ou sorgo) ou pela presença de inoculante (P > 0,05). Os coeficientes de digestibilidade para MS e demais nutrientes, também não foram alterados (P > 0,05) pelo tipo de grão ou pela inclusão de inoculante microbiano. O ganho médio diário (GMD), o rendimento de carcaça (RC), a eficiência alimentar (EA) e os atributos qualitativos da carne como perdas por cocção (PCc), descongelamento (PD) e total (PT), maciez (FC), pH, acabamento de gordura (EGS) e cor, também não foram influenciados pelo tipo de grão ou pela presença do inoculante microbiano (P > 0,05). Conclui-se que as dietas contendo silagem de grãos reidratados de milho ou sorgo foram igualmente eficientes para a terminação de ovinos e que o inoculante microbiano utilizado não foi capaz de promover melhorias no desempenho produtivo de ovinos. No segundo experimento, avaliou-se utilização de inoculante microbiano, o processamento na forma de reidratação e ensilagem dos grãos de milho e sorgo em relação à melhora da digestão do amido e digestão dos nutrientes das dietas, no crescimento microbiano ruminal e a retenção de nitrogênio no organismo do animal. Foram utilizados cinco ovinos não castrados com peso médio inicial de 30,0±2,4 kg distribuídos em um delineamento em quadrado latino 5 × 5, em esquema fatorial 2 × 2 + 1, constituídos por dois tipos de grãos reidratados: milho (MR) ou sorgo (SR), adicionados (I) ou não de inoculante microbiano e um tratamento contendo milho moído (M). Os grãos de milho e sorgo no tratamento de reidratação alcançou 65% de matéria seca, sendo ensilados em toneis plásticos. O volumoso utilizado foi a silagem de milho. O experimento teve a duração de 105 dias, dividido em cinco períodos de 21 dias cada, sendo 14 dias para adaptação e sete dias para coleta de amostras. Houve interação (P < 0,05) entre tipos de grãos e uso de inoculante microbiano apenas para a digestibilidade do amido, dentre as variáveis testadas. O consumo de MS, dos demais nutrientes e dos nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), assim como os coeficientes de digestibilidade não foram influenciados pela interação (P > 0,05) tipo de grão (milho ou sorgo) e adição ou não de inoculante. Adicionalmente, não se observaram efeito (P > xi0,05) do tipo de grão, inoculante (P > 0,05) e do tipo de processamento (M vs grãos de milho e sorgo reidratados (GR; P > 0,05). Entretanto, a digestibilidade do amido, apresentou interação (P < 0,05) entre tipo entre tipos de grãos e uso de inoculante microbiano, e também, foram influenciados (P < 0,05) pelo tipo de grão (milho ou sorgo), inclusão de inoculante e tipo de processamento (seco ou reidratado), sendo maior a digestibilidade do amido dos grãos que passaram pelo processamento de reidratação e uso de inoculante. Não houve efeito de interação entre tempo e dietas experimentais (P > 0,05) sobre os valores de pH no fluido ruminal; no entanto, observou-se efeito de tempo sobre esta variável (P < 0,05). Adicionalmente, não se observaram efeitos de interação entre tipo de grão e inoculante (P > 0,05), efeito do tipo de grão (P > 0,05), inoculante e do tipo de processamento (M vs GR). Não houve efeito de interação entre tempo e dietas experimentais (P > 0,05) sobre as concentrações de N-NH 3 no fluido ruminal; no entanto, observou-se efeito de tempo sobre esta variável (P < 0,05). Adicionalmente, observou-se efeitos (P < 0,05) para o tipo de processamento (M vs GR), em que os grãos reidratados obtiveram maiores médias. O balanço de nitrogênio e eficiência microbiana não foram influenciados pela interação (P > 0,05) tipos de grãos e adição ou não de inoculante. Também, não se observou efeito (P > 0,05) sobre tipo de grão, inoculante (P > 0,05) e do tipo de processamentos (M vs GR; P > 0,05). Conclui-se que dietas contendo grãos processados na forma seca ou reconstituída foram igualmente eficientes no funcionamento do rúmen, que o tipo de grãos também não altera os parâmetros ruminais e que o inoculante microbiano utilizado não foi capaz de promover melhorias na digestibilidade das dieta de ovinos.
The present dissertation was elaborated based on two experiments. In the first one was evaluated the effect of the microbial inoculant and the substitution of maize by sorghum on voluntary consumption and nutrient digestion of diets, performance, and sensorial changes in the meat of lambs finished in confinement. Were used 28 male lambs, not castrated F1 Dorper × Santa Inês, with initial body weight of 20,0 ± 0,7 kg, and age between three and four months. Initially, four animals were slaughtered and taken as reference to estimate the initial empty body weight (EBW) of the animals remaining in the experiment. The remaining 24 animals were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme, and each group was fed with one of the diets composed of two types of grains ensiled and rehydrated corn (RC) or sorghum (RS), added (A) or not of inoculant microbial (compound of Lactobacillus plantarum, Propionibacterium acidipropionici and sucrose), with six replicates. The corn and sorghum grains were rehydrated to 65% of dry matter, being ensiled in plastic sherds. The volume was corn silage. The experiment was divided into three periods of 28 days. The digestibilities of the diets were evaluated from the 35 th to the 40 th day, and from the 75th to the 80th day of the experimental period, using the indigestible neutral detergent fiber (INDF) to estimate fecal excretion. At the end of the 84 days, all animals were slaughtered. There was no interaction (P > 0,05) between grain type and inoculant for any of the evaluated variables. Consumption of dry matter (DM) and nutrients as well as total digestible nutrients (TDN) were not influenced by the type of grain (corn or sorghum) or by the presence of inoculant (P > 0,05). The digestibility coefficients for DM and other nutrients were also not altered (P > 0,05) by grain type or by the inclusion of microbial inoculant. The average daily gain (ADG), carcass yield (CY), feed efficiency (FE) and the qualitative attributes of the meat as cooking losses (CL), thawing (TL) and total, softness (FC), pH, fat finishing (FF) and color were also not influenced by the type of grain or by the presence of the microbial inoculant (P > 0,05). It was concluded that the diets containing rehydrated grain silage of maize or sorghum were equally efficient for the finishing of sheep and that the microbial inoculant used was not able to promote improvements in the productive performance of sheep. In the second experiment, the use of microbial inoculant was evaluated in the processing, in the rehydration and ensilage of maize and sorghum grains and on the digestion of the starch and other nutrients of the diets, microbial growth and retention of nitrogen in the animal's organisms.Were used five uncastrated lambs with an initial average weight of 30.0 ± 2.4 kg distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square design, in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial scheme, consisting of two types of rehydrated grains corn (RC) or sorghum (RS), added (A) or not of microbial inoculant and a treatment containing ground corn (C). The maize and sorghum grains in the rehydration treatment reached 65% dry matter, being ensiled in plastic barrels. The volume used was corn silage. The experiment lasted 105 days, divided into five periods of 21 days each, being 14 days for adaptation and seven days for sample collection. There was interaction (P < 0,05) between grain types and use of microbial inoculant only for starch digestibility, among the variables tested. Consumption of (DM), of others dietary constituents and total digestible nutrients (TDN), as well as the digestibility coefficients were not influenced by the type of grain (corn or sorghum) interaction (P > 0,05) and addition or absence of inoculant. In addition, no effect (P > 0,05) of the grain type was observed, and the type of processing (dry corn grains vs rehydrated corn and sorghum grains (RG; P > 0,05) However, the digestibility of the starch presented interaction (P < 0.05) between grain types and the use of microbial inoculant, and was also influenced by xivthe (P < 0,05) type of processing (dry or rehydrated), being greater the digestibility of starch obtained for the grains that went through the processing of rehydration and use of inoculant. There was no interaction effect between time and experimental diets (P > 0,05) on pH values in the ruminal fluid however, we observed a time effect on this variable (P < 0,05). In addition, no interaction effects were observed between grain type and inoculant (P> 0.05), effect of grain type (P > 0,05), inoculant and type of processing (C vs RG). There was no interaction effect between time and experimental diets (P > 0,05) on the concentrations of N-NH3 in the ruminal fluid. However, we observed a time effect on this variable (P < 0,05). In addition, an effect (P < 0,05) was observed for the type of processing (C vs RG), in which the rehydrated grains obtained higher averages. Nitrogen balance and microbial efficiency were not influenced by the interaction (P > 0,05), grain types and addition or not of inoculant. Also, no effect (P > 0,05) was observed on grain type, inoculant (P > 0,05) and type of processing (C vs RG; P > 0,05). It is concluded that diets containing grains processed in dry or reconstituted form were equally efficient in rumen function, that the type of grains also does not alter the ruminal parameters, and that the microbial inoculant used was not able to promote improvements in the digestibility of sheep diets.
Canada, Ana Rita Figueira Boavida. "Protecção do ambiente e consumo de produtos tradicionais de origem animal da Região do Alentejo." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/15824.
Повний текст джерелаTomé, Maysa Pereira. "Desenvolvimento e sobrevivência de Euborellia annulipes com dieta vegetal, animal e mista." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2018. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/jspui/handle/tede/3011.
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The Dermaptera order is composed by species considered generalist predators, much used in the biological control of several insect pests. The earwigs, Euborellia annulipes (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae) is an omnivorous species, considered an important controlling agent for larvae and pupae of boll weevil and other insect pests of economic importance. However, a few studies claim that this earwig is predominantly phytophagous, with the potential to become a secondary pest in protected crops. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine the development and survival of E. annulipes with cotton leaves and/or cotton boll weevil larvae. The experiment was conducted at the Entomology Laboratory of the Embrapa Cotton, municipality of Campina Grande, Paraiba, Brazil. The experimental design was completely random, with three treatments and 50 replicates. The treatments consisted of nymphs of the earwigs fed with: (1) disc of cotton leaves and water (vegetable diet); (2) third instar larvae of boll weevil and water (animal diet) and (3) larvae of boll weevil, cotton leaf and water (mixed diet). The nymphs of the earwigs were fed 'ad libitum' with one of the three diets mentioned and kept in climatic chambers of type B.O.D. at 25 °C, relative humidity of the 60 ± 10% and 12 hours of the photoperiod until the end of the bioassay. Subsequently, adults of the earwigs were sexed, grouped into couples for copulation and after mating individualized in plastic pots and fed with the three types of diet mentioned and kept in a climatic chamber until death. The survival and duration of each instar and nymphal stage of E. annulipes were determined by recording the interval in days between ecdises, as well as sexual ratio, adult longevity and the following morphometric data: body length, number of antenomers and abdominal segments. The results obtained in this research indicate that only the consumption of vegetable diet by E. annulipes is not enough to meet the nutritional requirements of its immature stages. Nymphs of early stages of development prefer to feed on an animal diet, while the more advanced stages of development and adults prefer to feed on mixed diet, exhibiting zoophytophagous behavior. Nymphs of E. annulipes fed with mixed diet presented higher number of antenomers in the third, fourth and fifth instars, originating a larger number of females. Regardless of the diet consumed, fifth and sixth instars of E. annulipes were longer than the fourth instar adults.
A ordem Dermaptera é composta por espécies consideradas predadoras generalistas, muito utilizadas no controle biológico de diversos insetos-praga. A tesourinha, Euborellia annulipes (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae) é uma espécie onívora, considerada um importante agente controlador de larvas e pupas do bicudo e de outros insetos-praga de importância econômica. No entanto, alguns poucos estudos afirmam que essa tesourinha é predominantemente fitófaga, com potencial de tornar-se praga secundária em cultivos protegidos. Portanto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência de E. annulipes com folhas de algodão e/ou larvas do bicudo. O experimento foi conduzido no laboratório de Entomologia da Embrapa Algodão, município de Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso, com três tratamentos e 50 repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de ninfas da tesourinha alimentadas com: (1) disco de folhas de algodão e água (dieta vegetal); (2) larvas de terceiro instar do bicudo e água (dieta animal) e (3) larvas do bicudo, folha de algodão e água (dieta mista). As ninfas da tesourinha foram alimentadas „ad libitum' com uma das três dietas mencionadas e mantidas em câmaras climatizadas do tipo B.O.D. a 25°C, umidade relativa de 60±10% e fotoperíodo de 12 horas até o término do bioensaio. Posteriormente, adultos da tesourinha foram sexados, agrupados em casais para cópula e, depois de acasalados individualizados em potes plásticos e alimentados com os três tipos de dieta mencionados e mantidos em câmara climatizada até a morte. Foram determinadas a sobrevivência e a duração de cada instar e fase ninfal de E. annulipes, registrando-se o intervalo, em dias, entre ecdises, assim como, a razão sexual, longevidade dos adultos e os seguintes dados morfométricos: comprimento do corpo, peso, número de antenômetros e de segmentos abdominais. Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa indicam que apenas o consumo de dieta vegetal por E. annulipes não é suficiente para atender as exigências nutricionais de seus estágios imaturos. Ninfas de estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento preferem se alimentar de dieta animal, enquanto os estágios mais avançados de desenvolvimento e os adultos preferem se alimentar de dieta mista, apresentan do comportamento zoofitófago. Ninfas de E. annulipes alimentadas com dieta mista apresentaram maior número de antenômeros nos terceiro, quarto e quinto instares, originando maior número de fêmeas. Independente da dieta consumida, adultos de quinto e sexto instares de E. annulipes foram mais longevos que os de quarto ínstar.
Azevedo, Eduardo Bohrer de. "Consumo e utilização de nutrientes por ovinos em pastagem de azevém anual." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/34698.
Повний текст джерелаLevels of forage supply for sheep fed with Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) were studied. Trials were carried out in metabolic cages, offering levels (1.5, 2, 2.5% of live weight of dry matter and ad libitum) at three plant phenological stages (vegetative, pre-flowering and flowering). With the data of these trials, equations were generated to estimate intake and digestibility of organic matter by fecal markers (nitrogen and acid detergent fiber). Using these equations, the intake and digestibility were estimated to test the effect of allowance levels of Italian Ryegrass for sheep in pasture, evaluating weight, intake and nitrogen excretion. Three grazing intensities (high, moderate and low) as defined by herbage allowance were used to represent 1.25, 2.5 or 5 times the potential intake in continuous grazing. Pasture measurements (herbage mass, sward height, morphological composition) were carried out and live weight gain and nitrogen excretion measured. By testing in metabolism cages, it was verified that the dry matter intake increases with the increase of ryegrass intake, regardless of developmental stage of the plant. However nutrient intake only increases when the animal is able to select higher quality components. The digestibility and utilization of nutrients are affected by intake, are dependent on the chance of selection that is given to the animal. Depending on the quality of forage that is offered, the animal modulates its digestive kinetics in order to intake more energy and retain more nitrogen. It was also found that the fecal nitrogen has great potential use to estimate intake and digestibility by sheep grazing Italian Ryegrass. In the grazing trial, the structure and morphological composition of Italian Ryegrass are affected in different ways by different grazing intensities by sheep. These modifications vary depending on the phenological stage of the pasture. These changes interfere on weight gain, which offers up to 3.10 times the potential intake are recommended. Intake and digestibility are affected at different ways in maturity stages evaluated, mainly due to the participation of leaves, without affecting, however, the excretion of nitrogen.
Brâncio, Patrícia Amarante. "Comportamento animal e estimativas de consumo por bovinos em pastagens de Panicum maximum Jacq. (cultivares Tanzânia, Mombaça e Massai)." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2000. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/11441.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de caracterizar pastagens de três cultivares de Panicum maximum submetidas a pastejo rotativo, antes e após o período de ocupação dos piquetes, tanto em termos quantitativos quanto qualitativos. Objetivou-se, ainda, estimar a composição botânica e química da forragem selecionada, o comportamento ingestivo, o consumo de matéria seca e ganho de peso. Ainda, na cultivar Tanzânia, estudou-se a opção da adubação nitrogenada no final do período das chuvas. As amostragens foram realizadas em junho, setembro e novembro de 1998 e março de 1999, representando meados e final do período seco e início e meados do período chuvoso. Para caracterizar as pastagens, foram realizados cortes das forrageiras, estimando-se disponibilidade de matéria seca e participação de folhas, colmos e material morto, sendo feitas estimações da altura e densidade de matéria seca. As mesmas mensurações foram realizadas em estratos de 20 cm. Realizaram-se simulação de pastejo e colheita de extrusa, utilizando-se quatro novilhos fistulados no esôfago. Determinaram-se ixa digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica e os teores de proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, lignina, celulose e sílica em amostras de forragem, estratificadas ou não, e em amostras provenientes de simulação de pastejo e de colheita de extrusa. Foi estimada a composição botânica da extrusa. Os componentes do comportamento ingestivo – tamanho de bocado, tempo de pastejo e taxa de bocado – foram estimados utilizando-se animais esôfago-fistulados, vibracorder e observação direta dos animais, respectivamente. O consumo de matéria seca foi estimado pelos métodos agronômico e indireto com o uso de óxido crômico e pelo comportamento animal. Observaram-se algumas diferenças entre tratamentos, com tendência de menores disponibilidades de forragem e maiores proporções de colmos na cv. Mombaça, e de menores proporções de colmo, bem como maiores teores de fibra em detergente neutro e menores teores de proteína bruta e digestibilidade das folhas na cv. Massai. A dieta dos animais foi constituída principalmente de folhas, independentemente do tratamento e da época. Características da forragem, como participação de folha, colmo e material morto, relação folha:colmo e teores de proteína bruta e digestibilidade, foram as que mais influenciaram positivamente o comportamento ingestivo dos animais e o consumo, enquanto a lignina influenciou negativamente. O tamanho de bocados foi considerado o principal componente do consumo. As estimativas de consumo obtidas pelo método agronômico foram mais simples, porém menos confiáveis, e pelo comportamento animal elas foram superestimadas. As obtidas pelo método indireto foram menos variáveis, mais trabalhosas e mais correlacionadas com o ganho de peso. Pelo método indireto, os animais consumiram semelhante quantidade de forragem nos diversos tratamentos, enquanto pelo método do comportamento animal os consumos na cv. Mombaça e na cv. Tanzânia tenderam a ser maiores em setembro e novembro e maiores na cv. Tanzânia + N e na cv. Massai, em março. Em todas as épocas, os ganhos de peso por animal na cv. Massai foram menores que os observados na cv. Tanzânia + N, enquanto os ganhos de peso por área superaram os das cultivares Tanzânia e Mombaça no período chuvoso. Não se observou diferença significativa na disponibilidade de matéria seca com a adubação nitrogenada, mas houve influência positiva sobre o teor de proteína bruta em março, resultando em maiores ganhos de peso por área.
The objective of this research was to characterize pastures of three Panicum maximum cultivars submitted to rotative grazing, before and after grazing, both in quantitative and qualitative terms. Another objective was to estimate the botanical and chemical composition of the selected forage, intake behavior, dry matter consumption and weight gain. For the Tanzania cultivar, the selection of nitrogenated fertilization at the end of the raining period was also studied. Sampling was carried out in June, September and November, 1998 and March 1999, representing mid and late dry periods and early and mid raining periods. Forage cuttings were conducted to characterize the pastures by estimating dry matter availability and leaf, culm and dead matter participation, by estimating dry matter height and density. The same measurements were also carried out in 20 cm strata. Pasture and extrusion collect simulations were also conducted, using four esophagus-fistulated bullocks. Organic matter in vitro digestibility and crude protein contents, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent xifiber, lignin, cellulose and silica in forage samples, stratified or not, and in samples from pasture simulation and extrusion collect were determined. Extrusion botanical composition was determined. The intake behavior components – portion size, pasture time and bite rate – were estimated, by using esophagus-fistulated animals, vibracorder and direct observation of the animals, respectively. Dry matter consumption was estimated by aplying the agronomic and indirect methods, using chromic oxide and by animal behavior observation. Some differences among treatments were observed, tending to smaller availability of forage and higher culm proportions in the cultivar Mombaça, and to smaller culm proportions as well as higher neutral detergent fiber contents and lower raw protein and leaf digestibility contents for cv. Massai. Animal diet was constituted mainly by leaves, regardless of the treatment and period of time. Forage characteristics, such as participation of leaf, culm and dead matter, leaf: culm relation and crude protein and digestibility contents were the ones which most positively influenced the animals’ intake behavior and consumption, while lignin was found to have a negative influence. Portion size was considered the main consumption component. Consumption estimates obtained by applying the agronomical method were simpler yet less reliable and overestimated when obtained based on animal behavior. Those obtained by the indirect method were less variable, more laborious and more correlated with weight gain. Under the indirect method, the animals consumed similar amount of forage under the various treatments, while under the animal behavior method, cv. Mombaça and cv. Tanzania consumptions tended to be higher in September and November and higher for cv. Tanzania + N and cv. Massai, in March. During all time periods, weight gains per animal for cv. Massai were lower than those observed in cv. Tanzania + N, while weight gains per area were higher than those of cv. Tanzania and Mombaça during the raining period. No significant difference was observed for dry matter availability with nitrogenated fertilization, but there was a positive influence on crude protein content in March, resulting in greater weight gains, per area.
Longo, Cibele. "Avaliação do uso de Leucaena leucocephala em dietas de ovinos da raça Santa Inês sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade e a retenção de nitrogênio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64132/tde-28042004-103446/.
Повний текст джерелаThis study intended to investigate the Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) addition as a protein supplement in sheep diet upon the voluntary dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen (N) retention. The experiment was conducted in a change-over design using 6 diets and 12 male Santa Inês sheep in 3 periods of 21 days. The diets L20, L40 and L60 consisted of Cynodon x cynodon (tifton) hay and leucaena at 3 levels, (20, 40 and 60%) of the total dry matter (DM), respectively. The control diets, CL20, CL40 and CL60, consisted of tifton hay and concentrate, at the same rate of protein as L20, L40 and L60, respectively. Sources of variation were analyzed by Analyses of Variance and the least square means were compared by non-orthogonal contrasts and linear and quadratic regression according to GLM procedures from SAS (2000). Dry matter intake (DMI) ranged from 52,0 (L20) to 67,7 (L40) g kgBW- 0 , 7 5d- 1. There was no significant effect with addition of leucaena (P>0,05). Significant differences on DMI were observed among the three levels of leucaena (P<0,05). Animals fed L40 showed 30% increase of DMI (67,7 g kgBW-0,75) related to L20 (52,0 g kgBW-0,75). Results from digestibility trial showed lower apparent digestibility of DM (P<0,05) with values of 39,0; 37,4; 39,0; 51,1; 50,4; 52,8 % for diets L20, L40, L60, CL20, CL40 and CL60, respectively. Apparent digestibility of PB was also reduced with addition of leucaena (P<0,05) related to control diets, showing values of 33,7, 32,0 36,7 % for L20, L40, L60 and 52,2, 63,0, 66,7 % for CL20, CL40 and CL60, respectively. Apparent digestibility of fiber was affected with inclusion of leucaena (P<0,05). The coefficients of NDF digestibility were 39,2; 35,7; 34,9; 50,0; 45,9; 45,3 and ADF were 34,8; 26,9; 25,1; 47,0; 55,7; 54,1 for diets L20, L40, L60, CL20, CL40 and CL60, respectively. Either addition or level of leucaena did not affect N retention (P>0,05) and presented values of 1,4; 0,9; 3,3; 0,4; 3,8; 5,4 for L20, L40, L60, CL20, CL40 and CL60, respectively. Diets containing leucaena led to an increase of faecal N losses (6,2; 11,4; 12,4 g d-1, respectively; P<0,01) and reduction of urinary N losses (4,0; 4,4; 6,3, respectively; P<0,01). Faecal and urinary N increased linearly (P<0,01) with level of supplementation. These results show that the use of leucaena for Santa Inês sheep did not affect DMI and N retention comparing to control diets; however, it reduced nutrients digestibility, urinary N and increased faecal N. Among level of leucaena included, the level of 40% caused maximum DMI and faecal and urinary N losses presented a linear behaviour.
RODRIGUES, Laurena Silva. "Consumo, digestibilidade e balanço de nitrogênio da torta de cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum Schum) proveniente da agroindústria cosmética." Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012. http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/handle/2011/4799.
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Para avaliar substituição da gramínea Mombaça (Panicum maximum) com níveis crescentes (0%, 10%, 20%, 40% e 60%) de torta de cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), subproduto da agroindústria cosmética, efetuou-se o consumo voluntário, digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e balanço de nitrogênio. Realizouse ensaio metabólico, com 20 carneiros, na Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Pará (1º28′ S 48º27′ W), durante 26 dias, dos quais 21 de adaptação e ajustes e cinco de coleta de dados de alimentos fornecidos, sobras de alimentos, fezes e urina. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em cinco tratamentos e quatros repetições: Tratamento A (Controle) = 100% de volumoso (Panicum maximum); Tratamento B = 90% P. maximum + 10% de torta de cupuaçu (TC); Tratamento C = 80% P. maximum + 20% TC; Tratamento D = 60% P. maximum + 40% TC; e Tratamento E = 40% P. maximum + 60% TC. Foram avaliados consumo e coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), extrato etéreo (EE), celulose (CEL), hemicelulose (HEM) e balanço de nitrogênio (BN) das dietas. A substituição de gramínea Mombaça por torta de cupuaçu não influenciou significativamente os consumos (P>0,05) de MS, MO, CEL, HEM, FDA, FDA, LIG e MM, todavia os teores de EE e PB apresentaram diferenças significativas. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da MS, MO, PB, FDN e FDA foram significativamente diferentes, porém não apresentaram diferenças significativas para EE, CEL e HEM. Não houve diferença significativa no BN (P>0,05). A torta de cupuaçu constitui alternativa para suplementação alimentar de ruminantes, como boa fonte protéica e energética.
To evaluate replacement of Mombaça grass (Panicum maximum) with increasing levels (0%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 60%) pie cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), a byproduct of agribusiness cosmetics, it was made voluntary intake, apparent digestibility and nitrogen balance. Held metabolism trial, 20 sheep, at Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Pará (1º28'S/48º27'W), during 26 days, there were in 21 days adaptation and adjustment, and five data collection of food provided, leftover food, feces and urine. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in four replications and five treatments: Treatment A (control) = 100% forage (Panicum maximum), Treatment B = 90% P. maximum + 10% pie cupuaçu (TC), Treatment C = 80% P. maximum + 20% TC; Treatment D = 60% P. maximum + 40% TC and Treatment E = 40% P. maximum + 60% TC. We assessed intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE), cellulose (CEL), hemicellulose (HEM) and nitrogen balance (NB) of the diets. The replacement of grass Mombaça by pie cupuaçu did not significantly influence (P> 0.05) for consumption of DM, OM, CEL, HEM, FDA, FDA, lignin, and MM, but the levels of EE and CP showed significant difference. The apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF were significantly different, but no significant difference for EE, CEL, and HEM. There was no significant difference in NB (P> 0.05). The pie cupuaçu is alternative to supplemental feeding of ruminants, as a good source of protein and energy.
Villa, Farfán Julio Martín. "Mejora de procesos en una empresa comercializadora de productos de limpieza, consumo masivo y nutricional animal." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/8630.
Повний текст джерелаTesis