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1
Clarke, Chris. "The strain of constraint." Francosphères: Volume 10, Issue 2 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/franc.2021.18.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article seeks to define and illustrate the notion of ‘constraint’ as it applies to literary translation. After a brief discussion of various ways in which the concept of constraint intersects with literary translation, the focus turns to the notion of ‘elasticity’, which describes tensions exerted upon the translator by factors particular to a given translation project, whether these are stylistic, formal, lexical, or intentional literary constraints. This tension forces the translator to work ‘otherwise’ and dictates to a certain extent where the translator must situate him or herself along a continuum of ‘faithfulness’ that ranges from material form to semantic meaning. Four examples are taken from the author’s own work as a literary translator, drawing on translations of ‘constrained’ texts of progressive difficulty by Marcel Schwob, Raymond Queneau, Olivier Salon, and J.-A. Soubira. Finally, this illustration of varying textual elasticity and constraint is examined from a sociological angle, which seeks to explore practical constraints of literary translation in today’s American literary marketplace.
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Rędzioch-Korkuz, Anna. "Translating in a constrained environment." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 67, no. 6 (December 8, 2021): 707–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.00244.red.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Translating children’s literature has been an object of interest researched from a number of vantage points, including the question of constraining factors. Scholars have highlighted mainly the question of dual readership or cultural adaptation, frequently without a global and systemic analysis of all impediments. This article examines the Polish translation of the German book for children, Katharina von der Gathen’s Klär mich auf, from a constraint-based framework. This article focuses on the reconstruction of the constraints in the translation process: the point of departure is the framework with three basic factors that constrain translation, i.e., the intention of the author/translator, text type, and the profile of the audience. The presented argumentation incorporates other formal impediments, such as the visual layer of the book and the semiotic make-up of the source text, language taboo and censorship or the literary polysystems. The analysis of the constraint framework helps to comprehend the translation in terms of the ST-TT relationship regarding their intended audiences, genre-related features, and the child-adult duality.
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Weber, Elodie. "Traduire l’« agrammaticalité » durassienne : liberté ou contrainte ?" Translationes 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tran-2017-0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis paper explores the constraints language deconstruction and ungrammaticality in Margerite Duras’s novels impose on the translation process. Given its “value” in Duras’s work, ungrammaticality seems to dictate the translator’s choice of literal translation to English or Spanish, except when the differences between language systems do not allow for literal translation and require creative ways to capture the source text and its effects. However, a review of several published English and Spanish translations of Duras’s novels has revealed that a more powerful constraint is imposed on translation and conflicts with the above-mentioned mechanism. This fundamental constraint is the acceptability of the proposed translation by the target culture.
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Briggs, Kate. "Translation and the Lipogram." Paragraph 29, no. 3 (November 2006): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/prg.2007.0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article argues for a definition of translation as a form of writing under constraint. Quite straightforwardly, the translator must write the original text again in a language other than the one in which it was originally composed. Both inhibiting and enabling, that restriction is also translation's resource, ensuring its distinctiveness as a writing practice and providing the key to its unique transformative possibilities. Like lipogrammatical writing, translation is inaugurated by its constraint. The article explores the affinity between translation and the lipogram with reference to Georges Perec's La Disparition, where the prohibition of the letter e initiates a peculiarly inventive kind of writing. Peculiarly inventive, because the effects generated by writing without a given letter of the alphabet, or by writing a given text again in another, altogether different, language, are essentially unprogrammable: we do not know what is going to happen.
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Greenall, Annjo Klungervik. "Translating Breaches of Intersubjective Constraints on Interaction: the Case of Swearing in Roddy Doyle’s Novel The Commitments." Meta 56, no. 3 (March 6, 2012): 538–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1008332ar.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article investigates the translation of breaches of Gricean maxims (and other constraints on interaction) in situations where the “same” maxim/constraint displays different normative strengths within two cultures. It is argued that if a breach of such constraints is transferred directly, the result will be a different degree of attention-getting effect and a possible change in the implicature in the target text. This point is illustrated by the analysis of the Norwegian translation of the Irish novel The Commitments. Here the translator perhaps unwittingly ignores the fact that the “swearing constraint” is stronger in Norwegian than in Irish English. Many of the breaches are transferred more or less directly, which means that the translation contains a number of potential shifts: the potential attention-getting effect is far stronger, and the (social) implicature is most likely skewed, at least for a generalized segment of the audience.
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Rădulescu, Valentina. "Contrainte et réécriture-création dans la traduction des Exercices de style de Raymond Queneau." Translationes 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tran-2017-0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Our study presents a comparative analysis of selected texts from several translations of Queneau’s Exercices de style: the Romanian version (a collective work coordinated by Romulus Bucur), the English version (Barbara Wright) and the Italian one (Umberto Eco) that illustrate the variable degrees of difficulties in translating. The analysis is meant to confirm our research hypothesis: though disruptive and often hardly surmountable, translation constraint does not stifle translator’s creativity or his fidelity toward the original style; on the contrary, it stimulates the translational process and fosters the rewriting-creation.
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Zhou, Ding, Zhenhua Yu, Yanquan Zhang, and Shunli Li. "Translational and rotational motion planning for spacecraft close proximity using sampling-based methods." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 233, no. 10 (October 9, 2018): 3680–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410018803986.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For autonomous spacecraft close proximity under environments containing multiple obstacles and complicated constraints, incrementally rapid planning approaches stemming from sampling-based methods are investigated in this paper. Exploring planners are separately developed for the impulsive maneuvered translation and the piecewise constant controlled rotation, which, however, is constrained by the pointing limits coupling with relative positions during the proximity. Using a cost-informed parent-connecting strategy originating from dynamic programming as well as a sweeping growth fashion balanced between tree-based and graph-based methods, an asymptotically optimal unidirectional exploration method is proposed to search energy-efficient translational trajectory without collision. As for the rotation planning, the pointing constraints are taken as virtual obstacles in the state-space augmented with time horizon planned by the translation and, accordingly, a bidirectional exploration method is developed to generate constraint-satisfied slew paths with fast convergence rate. Numerical experiments indicate that the proposed sampling-based methods can rapidly return asymptotic optimal translation trajectory and rotation path satisfying collision avoidance and sensor field-of-view constraints.
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A. AlBzour, Baseel. "Optimal Constraints on Arabic-English Translation: a Case Study of Translating Surat AlFatiHa ‘The Opening’." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 10, no. 6 (November 30, 2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.10n.6p.68.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To add a useful brick to the huge mansion of translation theory in its modern scientific sense, this paper intrinsically endeavors to reduce the wide hiatus between the premises of conventional translation studies and modern linguistic theories in general and Optimality Theory (OT) in particular, in a very earnest hope that translation methods and techniques can find a solid and robust systematic ground that may enable professional translators and institutionalized translation agencies to conduct their translation quality assessment more accurately. Drawing on the assumptions and the mechanism of linguistically-channeled theory of Optimality in phonology, syntax and semantics, this researcher, therefore, banks on setting and implementing major OT constraints that specify the range of choices translators may opt for while oscillating between the clashing Faithfulness and Markedness principles in their vehement quest to achieve optimally the least detrimental effects to the source text and to the target text, instead of looking for the myth of closest equivalence, while translating Arabic texts into English and vice versa. Four different translations have been examined and optimally evaluated. The study shows how any choice that translators make must, therefore, be deliberately rationalized and precisely prioritized over other possible choices and candidates in light of universal violable constraints. Therefore, translation studies should be descriptively constraint-oriented and motivated instead of being prescriptively rule-controlled.
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Gan, Yan, Junxin Gong, Mao Ye, Yang Qian, Kedi Liu, and Su Zhang. "GANs with Multiple Constraints for Image Translation." Complexity 2018 (December 9, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4613935.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Unpaired image translation is a challenging problem in computer vision, while existing generative adversarial networks (GANs) models mainly use the adversarial loss and other constraints to model. But the degree of constraint imposed on the generator and the discriminator is not enough, which results in bad image quality. In addition, we find that the current GANs-based models have not yet been implemented by adding an auxiliary domain, which is used to constrain the generator. To solve the problem mentioned above, we propose a multiscale and multilevel GANs (MMGANs) model for image translation. In this model, we add an auxiliary domain to constrain generator, which combines this auxiliary domain with the original domains for modelling and helps generator learn the detailed content of the image. Then we use multiscale and multilevel feature matching to constrain the discriminator. The purpose is to make the training process as stable as possible. Finally, we conduct experiments on six image translation tasks. The results verify the validity of the proposed model.
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Atkins, Tim. "Seven Types of Translation: Translation Tables." English: Journal of the English Association 69, no. 267 (December 1, 2020): 379–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/english/efaa029.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This article and accompanying table provide an overview and catalogue of a large number of experimental translation methods that have been used by avantgarde poets. Poetic/experimental translation as defined and explored herein is a form of translation in which the aesthetic and execution of the translator is as important as that of the perceived intention of the original writer. The article’s seven-section table gives a definition of each method, and gives examples and expositions of a range of particular poets' work. The table of translation methods recognizes and explores the fact that of all forms of writing, poetry concerns itself with the ‘how it is said’ more than any other. The table outlines many different methods of translation, looking at how meaning, rhyme, sound, form, constraint, or style can be translated by the experimental writer when translating one or more source texts. These individual, intellectual, and aesthetic choices made by a wide range of poets are collated and detailed in seven discrete-yet-overlapping areas.
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Chung, Kwangho, Chong Hyuk Choi, Min Jung, Jeehoon Choi, Sung-Jae Kim, and Sung-Hwan Kim. "Factors Influencing the Initial Constraint Level of the Knee Joint and Its Effect on Clinical Outcomes After ACL Reconstruction With Hamstring Graft." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 232596712211484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671221148451.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: A force-based tension protocol that uses a certain amount of tension at graft fixation could still give rise to variations in initial constraint levels of the knee joint in terms of side-to-side difference (SSD) in anterior translation. Purpose: To investigate the factors influencing the initial constraint level in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)–reconstructed knees and compare outcomes according to the level of constraint in terms of anterior translation SSD. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Included were 113 patients who underwent ipsilateral ACL reconstruction using an autologous hamstring graft and had minimum 2-year follow-up outcomes. All grafts were tensioned and fixed at 80 N using a tensioner at the time of graft fixation. The patients were classified into the following 2 groups according to the initial anterior translation SSD, measured using the KT-2000 arthrometer: a physiologic constraint group with restored anterior laxity ≤2 mm (group P; n = 66) and a high-constraint group with restored anterior laxity >2 mm (group H; n = 47). Clinical outcomes were compared between the groups, and preoperative and intraoperative variables were evaluated to identify factors affecting the initial constraint level. Results: Between group P and group H, generalized joint laxity ( P = .005), posterior tibial slope ( P = .022), and anterior translation measured in the contralateral knee ( P < .001) were found to differ significantly. Measured anterior translation in the contralateral knee was the only significant predictor of high initial graft tension ( P = .001). No significant differences were found between the groups regarding clinical outcomes and subsequent surgery. Conclusion: Greater anterior translation measured in the contralateral knee was an independent predictor of a more constrained knee after ACL reconstruction. The short-term clinical outcomes after ACL reconstruction were comparable, regardless of the initial constraint level in terms of anterior translation SSD.
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Rędzioch-Korkuz, Anna. "Constraints on Opera Surtitling: Hindrance or Help?" Meta 63, no. 1 (July 11, 2018): 216–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1050522ar.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article addresses the problem of constraints typical of opera surtitling, an audiovisual translation modality that seems rather neglected as far as the academic discourse is concerned. Although the termconstraintmay appear to have mainly negative connotations, it seems that the idea of a constraint may often prove helpful, since it may facilitate the process of translation by restricting the scope of possibilities and hence justify the chosen techniques. The article is meant to propose a classification of potential constraints on the surtitling process, including the constraint of a live performance, music, audience design or relevance, and the resulting implications for the whole process. It is argued that the awareness of the constraints operating in the process of drafting surtitles helps to understand the rationale behind this particular translation activity and consequently helps to draft good quality surtitles which serve their original purpose.
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Pascal, Robert, and Laurent Boiteau. "Energy flows, metabolism and translation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1580 (October 27, 2011): 2949–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0135.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thermodynamics provides an essential approach to understanding how living organisms survive in an organized state despite the second law. Exchanges with the environment constantly produce large amounts of entropy compensating for their own organized state. In addition to this constraint on self-organization, the free energy delivered to the system, in terms of potential, is essential to understand how a complex chemistry based on carbon has emerged. Accordingly, the amount of free energy brought about through discrete events must reach the strength needed to induce chemical changes in which covalent bonds are reorganized. The consequence of this constraint was scrutinized in relation to both the development of a carbon metabolism and that of translation. Amino acyl adenylates involved as aminoacylation intermediates of the latter process reach one of the higher free energy levels found in biochemistry, which may be informative on the range in which energy was exchanged in essential early biochemical processes. The consistency of this range with the amount of energy needed to weaken covalent bonds involving carbon may not be accidental but the consequence of the abovementioned thermodynamic constraints. This could be useful in building scenarios for the emergence and early development of translation.
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Rędzioch-Korkuz, Anna. "Problems and Constraints in Translation: A Semiotic Perspective." Między Oryginałem a Przekładem 26, no. 47 (March 13, 2020): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/moap.26.2020.47.05.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Constraints are an integral part of translation: in addition to purely linguistic, social and cultural aspects, professionals often have to deal with ideological, technical and ethical problems, which unlocks the potential of semiotics for translation studies. The article presents a working typology of potential constraints operating in translation. It highlights the distinction between translation problems and constraints, with the latter understood as any potential and objective factor which limits the performance of translators, forcing them to apply problem-solving tactics to produce a relevant target text. It is argued that even though the terms “constraint” and “problem” have negative connotations, the knowledge of potential impediments can often prove helpful, since it can facilitate translation by restricting possibilities or justify chosen techniques. The argumentation is supported by examples of constraints, their sources, and accepted practice.
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Lungu Badea, Georgiana. "Traductions transfuges, oulipotentielles." Translationes 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tran-2014-0091.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In this paper, we present and analyse the challenges faced by the translator of potential literature. In the context of translation and thus of reconstruction according to a principle - a constraint that can be expressed mathematically, thus reducing the number and categories of readers - the translator’s task is even more difficult than in other translational situations. The Oulipians’ literature eludes traditional benchmarks and puts the translator to the test. However, the latter does not give in to the effort of “délabyrinther” the text
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Huber, Gerold, and Dirk Wollherr. "An Online Trajectory Generator on SE(3) for Human–Robot Collaboration." Robotica 38, no. 10 (December 10, 2019): 1756–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574719001619.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SummaryWith the increasing demand for humans and robots to collaborate in a joint workspace, it is essential that robots react and adapt instantaneously to unforeseen events to ensure safety. Constraining robot dynamics directly on SE(3), that is, the group of 3D translation and rotation, is essential to comply with the emerging Human–Robot Collaboration (HRC) safety standard ISO/TS 15066. We argue that limiting coordinate-independent magnitudes of physical dynamic quantities at the same time allows more intuitive constraint definitions. We present the first real-time capable online trajectory generator that constrains translational and rotational magnitude values of 3D translation and 3D rotation dynamics in a singularity-free formulation. Simulations as well as experiments on a hardware platform show the utility in HRC contexts.
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Lu, Yi, Yan Shi, and Jianping Yu. "Determination of singularities of some 4-DOF parallel manipulators by translational/rotational Jacobian matrices." Robotica 28, no. 6 (September 21, 2009): 811–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574709990518.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SUMMARYA novel analytic approach is proposed for determining the singularities of some four degree of freedom (DOF) parallel manipulators (PMs). First, the constraint and displacement of a general 4-DOF PM are analyzed. Second, a common 3 × 4 translational Jacobian matrix Jν and a common 3 × 4 rotational Jacobian matrix Jω are derived, and a 4 × 4 general Jacobian matrix J of the 4-DOF PMs is derived from Jν and Jω. Since a complicated process to determine singularities from the 4 × 6 Jacobian matrix is transformed into a simple process to determine singularity from J, the singularities of the some 4-DOF PMs with 3 translations and 1 rotation, or with 3 rotations and 1 translation, or with combined translation–rotations are analyzed and determined easily by this approach.
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Su, H. J., and C. Yue. "Type synthesis of freedom and constraint elements for design of flexure mechanisms." Mechanical Sciences 4, no. 2 (July 17, 2013): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-4-263-2013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. In this paper, we present the type synthesis of freedom and constraint elements for design of general flexure mechanisms. As an important step in the conceptual design stage, the goal of type synthesis is to qualitatively determine the topology or connectivity of flexure elements and rigid bodies in a mechanism. The synthesis procedure presented here is based on a recently emerging screw theory based approach for flexure mechanisms. We first categorize a list of commonly used atomic flexure primitives including blades, wires, notches and bellow springs etc. We then derive their twist and wrench matrices that mathematically represent their freedom and constraint spaces. The synthesis procedure rigorously follows screw algebra. Freedom elements including R-joints and P-joints are defined as basic motion elements that allow a single rotation or a single translation. By using parallel structures of these flexure primitives, eleven designs of R-joints and eight designs of P-joints are systematically synthesized. As a duality, constraint elements including P-constraints and R-constraints remove a single translation or rotation. In contract to freedom elements, we synthesized serial chains of flexure primitives and obtained six designs of P-constraints and three designs of R-constraints. These freedom and constraint elements form a catalogue of basic building blocks for designing more complex flexure mechanisms. At last we utilize four design examples to demonstrate how to synthesize hybrid structures with serial and parallel combination of these elements.
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Wong, Fai, Mingchui Dong, and Dongcheng Hu. "Machine translation using constraint-based synchronous grammar." Tsinghua Science and Technology 11, no. 3 (June 2006): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1007-0214(06)70193-6.
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Dong, Zhaofeng. "Research on Machine Translation Method of English-Chinese Long Sentences Based on Fuzzy Semantic Optimization." Mobile Information Systems 2022 (October 11, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4863623.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The machine translation of English-Chinese long sentences is out of order under the constraint of the mixed corpus. In order to improve the accuracy of machine translation of English-Chinese long sentences, a machine translation method based on fuzzy semantic optimization is proposed. By adopting the method of systematic semantic configuration structure fusion, the ontology mapping model of the English-Chinese long sentence subject list under the constraint of the mixed corpus is constructed. In the distribution structure space of English-Chinese long sentences under the constraint of the mixed corpus, the method of extracting the best semantic relevance and analyzing the concept tree of context semantic mapping is adopted to mine the dynamic features of the subject list of English-Chinese long sentence translation under the constraint of the mixed corpus. In the intrinsic distribution sequence of semantic mapping between concepts, the fuzzy semantic combination features of English-Chinese long sentences under the constraint of the mixed corpus are extracted. The distribution results of word knowledge priority selection sequence, the automatic translation of English-Chinese long sentences under the constraint of the mixed corpus is realized by scheduling a grammatical error correction task list. According to the simulation results, machine translation of long English-Chinese sentences under the restriction of mixed corpora is capable of good semantic configuration. The degree of linguistic structural similarity between English and Chinese is great, which enhances the automatic translation capacity of English-Chinese long sentences under the limitation of the mixed corpus.
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Clarke, Chris. "The Impact of Constraint Visibility on the Translation of Constraint-based Writing." MLN 131, no. 4 (2016): 877–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mln.2016.0063.
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RITT, M. J. P. F., R. A. BERGER, A. T. BISHOP, and K. N. AN. "The Capitohamate Ligaments." Journal of Hand Surgery 21, no. 4 (August 1996): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-7681(96)80044-1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The physical attributes of the three capitohamate interosseous ligaments were tested in a computer-controlled multi-axis testing machine using 12 human cadaver specimens. After an intact test run, selected ligaments were cut in random sequence and the test repeated. The remaining ligaments were tested to failure with servohydrolic stress at 5 mm/second. In the intact joint complex, the average dorsopalmar rotational displacement was approximately 9° in each direction. Under the load limit, the dorsopalmar translational displacement averaged 0.9 mm and 0.5 mm respectively, proximal–distal translational displacement averaged 0.8 mm and 0.4 mm respectively, and distractional displacement averaged 0.3 mm. Based on the sequential sectioning it was found that the dorsal ligament provided 76% (SD 14) of the rotational resistance with palmar rotation of the capitate and 44% (SD 19) of translational constraint with palmar translation of the capitate. The deep ligament provided 51% (SD 15) of the rotational resistance with dorsal rotation of the capitate and 63% (SD 24) of translational resistance with dorsal translation of the capitate. With proximal—distal translation, the dorsal ligament was the most important constraint in each direction. In resisting distraction, each of the three ligaments was equally effective. Failure testing showed the deep ligament was strongest at 289 N, followed by the palmar at 171 N and the dorsal at 133 N.
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Macpherson, J. M. "Changes in a postural strategy with inter-paw distance." Journal of Neurophysiology 71, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 931–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.71.3.931.
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1. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of changing initial stance conditions on the postural response of the cat to horizontal plane translations of the support surface. Cats were trained to stand, unrestrained, on a moveable force platform. The platform was translated linearly in each of 16 directions in the horizontal plane, with a ramp-and-hold displacement. The animal's response was quantified in terms of the forces exerted at the ground. The trajectory of the center of mass (CoM) was computed from the forces. 2. Stance length was varied along the longitudinal (sagittal) axis by adjusting the distance between the forepaw and hindpaw force plates. Translation perturbations of the platform were recorded at stance distances varying from 66 to 110% of the preferred stance distance. 3. Changing stance distance had a significant effect on the amplitude and direction of the active forces exerted by the cat both during quiet stance and during the response to platform translation. At long stance distances, each limb exerted a force outward, along the diagonals during quiet stance. The response to translation was characterized by an invariance in the direction of force exerted against the ground, a strategy that was described previously. At short stance distances, quiet stance forces were more laterally directed. The force constraint strategy was usually not observed for the response to translation. Nevertheless, the cats were equally effective at all stance distances in restoring the position of the center of mass after translation of the support surface. 4. There was no discrete boundary between the presence and absence of the force constraint, suggesting that the strategy for exerting forces against the support surface is characterized by a continuum of response, from a bimodal, or anisotropic distribution of force vectors on the one extreme, to a uniform, or isotropic distribution on the other. Arguments are developed to suggest that the force constraint strategy may be useful in stabilizing the vertebral column during the response to platform translation, to allow linear translation of the CoM rather than bending of the trunk.
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Seçkin, Sevcan. "The constraints in the field of institutional translation in Turkey." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 67, no. 6 (December 31, 2021): 758–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.00247.sec.
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Abstract This paper aims to examine the constraints in the institutional field within the framework of the sociology of translation. In the paper, the term “constraint” refers to the problems that cannot be solved due to many factors and negatively affect the translation process, translators, and therefore translation product. The paper will reveal all the constraints with an analysis of the position of the field within the field of power, the structure of the field, and the habitus of agents (here exclusively referring to translators), based on Pierre Bourdieu’s model of field analysis. The study draws on the case studies of four institutions to analyze all the dynamics of the institutional field and their impact on the translation process and translation product. The institutions are the European Union Translation Coordination Presidency (EUTCP) and the Prime Ministry Directorate General of Press and Information (PDGPI) as a national institution, the United Nations World Food Program (WFP) as an international institution, and the Association of Solidarity with Asylum Seekers and Immigrants (ASAM) as a non-governmental organization. Face-to-face interviews with these four institutions, which carry out different translation activities for different purposes, will reveal the big picture of the field. However, more empirical work is needed to generalize about the constraints of this field.
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Meyers, Charlène. "The Translation Duel as a Gamified Hybrid Learning Activity." Journal of Research in Higher Education 6, no. 2 (December 5, 2022): 88–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/jrhe.2022.2.5.
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This paper intends to show how a translation competition, namely the “translation duel,” can be turned into a useful pedagogical tool to train translation students to adapt their target text to imposed discursive parameters and consequently learn the skopos theory in an intuitive, applied, and playful way. A translation duel can be defined as a translation competition between two translators (or two teams of translators) who compete against the clock to translate a source text under the constraint of imposed discursive parameters. The target text of both translators is projected on large screens to let spectators see the translations typed in real time including idea changes, correction of spelling mistakes, last-minute editing, etc. Finally, at the end of the round, the target texts are read out loud and the spectators can vote for their favorite target text. The concept of translation duel is largely inspired by the “lucha libro,” which is a creative writing competition in which writers are invited to produce a creative text in a very short time. This paper guides the reader through the implementation of a real translation duel that took place during the COVID-19 pandemic between translation students from the University of Mons (Belgium) and translation students from the Université Laval (Canada). Most importantly, this article argues that this type of activity provides four main advantages: first, a translation duel provides an intuitive introduction to the skopos theory. Secondly, it enables students to develop the natural skills on which a professional translator usually relies, such as rapidity, creativity, composure, team spirit, and interpersonal competence. Thirdly, it can take place either on-site, remotely, or in hybrid mode, with translators competing (and spectators watching) from different parts of the world. Finally, the translation duel can be seen a gamified activity that allows to enhance learning.
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HOLZBAUR, CHRISTIAN, MARIA GARCIA DE LA BANDA, PETER J. STUCKEY, and GREGORY J. DUCK. "Optimizing compilation of constraint handling rules in HAL." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 5, no. 4-5 (July 2005): 503–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068405002413.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper we discuss the optimizing compilation of Constraint Handling Rules (CHRs). CHRs are a multi-headed committed choice constraint language, commonly applied for writing incremental constraint solvers. CHRs are usually implemented as a language extension that compiles to the underlying language. In this paper we show how we can use different kinds of information in the compilation of CHRs to obtain access efficiency, and a better translation of the CHR rules into the underlying language, which in this case is HAL. The kinds of information used include the types, modes, determinism, functional dependencies and symmetries of the CHR constraints. We also show how to analyze CHR programs to determine this information about functional dependencies, symmetries and other kinds of information supporting optimizations.
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Hu, Bo, and Yi Lu. "Solving stiffness and deformation of a 3-UPU parallel manipulator with one translation and two rotations." Robotica 29, no. 6 (January 5, 2011): 815–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574710000846.
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SUMMARYThe stiffness modeling and elastic deformation of 3 degrees of freedom, 3-universal joints–prismatic pairs–universal joints (UPU) parallel manipulator (PM) with one translation and two rotations are studied. First, the constraint wrenches are derived corresponding to the special orientation of universal joints in each of the UPU legs. Second, the elastic deformation of active legs produced by these active forces and constrained wrenches are derived. Third, a 6 × 6 Jacobian matrix is derived from constraint and active forces, and the statics is solved. Finally, the stiffness matrix of 3-UPU PM is established and its elastic deformation is solved.
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DU, Y., and S. H. WANG. "Translation of output constraint into event constraint in the control of discrete event systems." International Journal of Control 50, no. 6 (December 1989): 2635–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207178908953519.
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Pathanasin, Saranya, and Wirote Aroonmanakun. "A Centering Theory Analysis of Discrepancies on Subject Zero Anaphor in English to Thai Translation." MANUSYA 17, no. 1 (2014): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01701003.
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Centering theory (CT) has been adopted in analyzing 84 zero anaphors in 50 informative texts. It is found that most zero anaphors occur in Continuation state both in English texts (source texts (ST)) and Thai translation (target texts (TT)). Zero anaphors in the TT outnumber those in ST and are found in more environments. In terms of translation, most zero anaphors in source texts remain in the same form in the target texts although some items are translated into different anaphor forms. Results indicate that zero anaphor is used to keep discourse coherence and to refer to the backward-looking center (Cb) of current utterances in both languages. Therefore, most zero anaphors in source texts are translated into zero anaphors in target texts when the CT transition state of utterances in source texts and target texts is Continuation, and are translated into other anaphors when the CT transition state in source texts is changed to another transition state in the target texts. Constraints in translation of zero anaphors can be explained in terms of anaphor interpretation, salience of entities, syntactic constraint, and naturalness of translation. However, this paper focuses only on one type of anaphor, namely subject zero anaphor; investigation of other types of anaphor will reveal other discrepancies in using and translating anaphors from this language pair.
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LIERLER, YULIYA, and BENJAMIN SUSMAN. "On relation between constraint answer set programming and satisfiability modulo theories." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 17, no. 4 (June 28, 2017): 559–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068417000114.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractConstraint answer set programming is a promising research direction that integrates answer set programming with constraint processing. It is often informally related to the field of satisfiability modulo theories. Yet, the exact formal link is obscured as the terminology and concepts used in these two research areas differ. In this paper, we connect these two research areas by uncovering the precise formal relation between them. We believe that this work will boost the cross-fertilization of the theoretical foundations and the existing solving methods in both areas. As a step in this direction, we provide a translation from constraint answer set programs with integer linear constraints to satisfiability modulo linear integer arithmetic that paves the way to utilizing modern satisfiability modulo theories solvers for computing answer sets of constraint answer set programs.
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Fu, Rongbo. "Comparing modal patterns in Chinese-English interpreted and translated discourses in diplomatic setting." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 62, no. 1 (May 19, 2016): 104–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.62.1.06fu.
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This paper, with an eye to the interpersonal component in translational activities, adopts a systemic functional approach to the examination and comparison of modal patterns in interpreted and translated discourses of Chinese Premier’s press conferences and his reports on the work of the government from 2008 to 2012. Following a comprehensive analysis of modality in terms of type, orientation and value, the study shows that, despite their differences in translational mode (i.e. written and spoken) and temporal constraint (i.e. prepared and impromptu), interpreted and translated diplomatic discourses share some common trends in modal distribution. In particular, the massive use of modulation and the favorite collocation of first person pronouns with volitive modal verbs such as will are classic in discourses as such. Additionally, only a minimal number of low-valued modality is used in both translation and interpretation. Given the political sensitivity and policy orientation of diplomatic translation and the institutional identity of diplomatic translators, it is argued that an effective manipulation of modality is essential to their fulfillment of the capacity of “policy endorsers” in reproducing interpersonal connotations embedded in the source language. The paper may also shed some light on the research on translator/interpreters’ role.
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Shapiro, Alan, Corey K. Potvin, and Jidong Gao. "Use of a Vertical Vorticity Equation in Variational Dual-Doppler Wind Analysis." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 26, no. 10 (October 1, 2009): 2089–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jtecha1256.1.
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Abstract The utility of the anelastic vertical vorticity equation in a weak-constraint (least squares error) variational dual-Doppler wind analysis procedure is explored. The analysis winds are obtained by minimizing a cost function accounting for the discrepancies between observed and analyzed radial winds, errors in the mass conservation equation, errors in the anelastic vertical vorticity equation, and spatial smoothness constraints. By using Taylor’s frozen-turbulence hypothesis to shift analysis winds to observation points, discrepancies between radially projected analysis winds and radial wind observations can be calculated at the actual times and locations the data are acquired. The frozen-turbulence hypothesis is also used to evaluate the local derivative term in the vorticity equation. Tests of the analysis procedure are performed with analytical pseudo-observations of an array of translating and temporally decaying counterrotating updrafts and downdrafts generated from a Beltrami flow solution of the Navier–Stokes equations. The experiments explore the value added to the analysis by the vorticity equation constraint in the common scenario of substantial missing low-level data (radial wind observations at heights beneath 1.5 km are withheld from the analysis). Experiments focus on the sensitivity of the most sensitive analysis variable—the vertical velocity component—to values of the weighting coefficients, volume scan period, number of volume scans, and errors in the estimated frozen-turbulence pattern-translation components. Although the vorticity equation constraint is found to add value to many of these analyses, the analysis can become significantly degraded if estimates of the pattern-translation components are largely in error or if the frozen-turbulence hypothesis itself breaks down. However, tests also suggest that these negative impacts can be mitigated if data are available in a rapid-scan mode.
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Li, Teng, Yanzhe Xu, Teresa Wu, Jennifer R. Charlton, Kevin M. Bennett, and Firas Al-Hindawi. "BlobCUT: A Contrastive Learning Method to Support Small Blob Detection in Medical Imaging." Bioengineering 10, no. 12 (November 29, 2023): 1372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10121372.
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Medical imaging-based biomarkers derived from small objects (e.g., cell nuclei) play a crucial role in medical applications. However, detecting and segmenting small objects (a.k.a. blobs) remains a challenging task. In this research, we propose a novel 3D small blob detector called BlobCUT. BlobCUT is an unpaired image-to-image (I2I) translation model that falls under the Contrastive Unpaired Translation paradigm. It employs a blob synthesis module to generate synthetic 3D blobs with corresponding masks. This is incorporated into the iterative model training as the ground truth. The I2I translation process is designed with two constraints: (1) a convexity consistency constraint that relies on Hessian analysis to preserve the geometric properties and (2) an intensity distribution consistency constraint based on Kullback-Leibler divergence to preserve the intensity distribution of blobs. BlobCUT learns the inherent noise distribution from the target noisy blob images and performs image translation from the noisy domain to the clean domain, effectively functioning as a denoising process to support blob identification. To validate the performance of BlobCUT, we evaluate it on a 3D simulated dataset of blobs and a 3D MRI dataset of mouse kidneys. We conduct a comparative analysis involving six state-of-the-art methods. Our findings reveal that BlobCUT exhibits superior performance and training efficiency, utilizing only 56.6% of the training time required by the state-of-the-art BlobDetGAN. This underscores the effectiveness of BlobCUT in accurately segmenting small blobs while achieving notable gains in training efficiency.
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Wang, Zhiguo, and Chengqing Zong. "Large-scale Word Alignment Using Soft Dependency Cohesion Constraints." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 1 (December 2013): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00228.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dependency cohesion refers to the observation that phrases dominated by disjoint dependency subtrees in the source language generally do not overlap in the target language. It has been verified to be a useful constraint for word alignment. However, previous work either treats this as a hard constraint or uses it as a feature in discriminative models, which is ineffective for large-scale tasks. In this paper, we take dependency cohesion as a soft constraint, and integrate it into a generative model for large-scale word alignment experiments. We also propose an approximate EM algorithm and a Gibbs sampling algorithm to estimate model parameters in an unsupervised manner. Experiments on large-scale Chinese-English translation tasks demonstrate that our model achieves improvements in both alignment quality and translation quality.
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Hoyez, Henri, Cédric Schockaert, Jason Rambach, Bruno Mirbach, and Didier Stricker. "Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translation: A Review." Sensors 22, no. 21 (November 6, 2022): 8540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218540.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Supervised image-to-image translation has been proven to generate realistic images with sharp details and to have good quantitative performance. Such methods are trained on a paired dataset, where an image from the source domain already has a corresponding translated image in the target domain. However, this paired dataset requirement imposes a huge practical constraint, requires domain knowledge or is even impossible to obtain in certain cases. Due to these problems, unsupervised image-to-image translation has been proposed, which does not require domain expertise and can take advantage of a large unlabeled dataset. Although such models perform well, they are hard to train due to the major constraints induced in their loss functions, which make training unstable. Since CycleGAN has been released, numerous methods have been proposed which try to address various problems from different perspectives. In this review, we firstly describe the general image-to-image translation framework and discuss the datasets and metrics involved in the topic. Furthermore, we revise the current state-of-the-art with a classification of existing works. This part is followed by a small quantitative evaluation, for which results were taken from papers.
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Saxena, Divya, Tarun Kulshrestha, Jiannong Cao, and Shing-Chi Cheung. "Multi-Constraint Adversarial Networks for Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translation." IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 31 (2022): 1601–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tip.2022.3144886.
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Cai, Cheng, Qirun Zhang, Zhiqiang Zuo, Khanh Nguyen, Guoqing Xu, and Zhendong Su. "Calling-to-reference context translation via constraint-guided CFL-reachability." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 53, no. 4 (December 2, 2018): 196–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3296979.3192378.
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HOU, BO-YU, and YAO-ZHONG ZHANG. "COMMENT ON THE CONSTRAINT FOR ANOMALOUS JACOBI IDENTITY." Modern Physics Letters A 01, no. 02 (May 1986): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732386000154.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A 4-fold identity for infinitesimal generators of finite group transformations which impose a constraint for anomalous Jacobi identity is obtained. The differences between the resulting non-associative algebra and the so-called Malcev algebra are revealed. Simple applications of our results to the translation group are also discussed.
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Facchini, G., K. Sekimoto, and S. Courrech du Pont. "The rolling suitcase instability: a coupling between translation and rotation." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 473, no. 2202 (June 2017): 20170076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2017.0076.
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A two-wheel suitcase or trolley can exhibit undamped rocking oscillations from one wheel to the other when pulled fast enough. We study this instability both experimentally—with a toy model of a suitcase rolling on a treadmill—and theoretically. The suitcase oscillates only if a finite perturbation is applied. This is because intrinsic dissipation occurs when the supporting wheel switches. When unstable, the suitcase either increasingly rocks until overturning or reaches a stable limit cycle. The friction force at the rolling wheels constrains wheels to roll without slipping. This constraint imposes a coupling between the translational motion and the three-dimensional rotational motion of the suitcase that drives the rocking instability. The same behaviours are observed in the experiments and in the simulations. The asymptotic scaling laws we observe in the simulations are explained by means of a simplified model where the coupling force is explicit.
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Quang-Hung LE and Anh-Cuong LE. "Syntactic Pattern Based Word Alignment for Statistical Machine Translation." International Journal of Knowledge and Systems Science 5, no. 3 (July 2014): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijkss.2014070103.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Word alignment is the task of aligning bilingual words in a corpus of parallel sentences, and determining the probabilities for these aligned bilingual word pairs. It is the most important factor affecting the quality of any Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) systems. The IBM word alignment models are most well-known in the SMT research community. These models are pure statistical models and therefore they are not good for some language pairs which have differences in linguistic aspects (e.g. grammatical structures). This paper aims to improve the IBM models by using syntactic information. The authors first propose a new type of constraint based on bilingual syntactic patterns, and then integrate it into the IBM models. Finally, they show how to estimate the models' parameters using this new type of constraint. The experiments are conducted on the English-Vietnamese language pair for evaluation.
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Zou, Deyan, and Jing Chen. "Cognitive Process and Skill Training of Time-Limited Sight Translation." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 13, no. 9 (September 1, 2023): 2331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1309.20.
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In sight translation, a written message is converted into a spoken message, or a written text must be read aloud in another language. Sight translation has long been considered a hybrid of translation and interpreting and a preparatory training method for simultaneous interpreting. However, because the information input in sight translation is in the form of text rather than fleeting speech, not enough attention is paid to the time factor of sight translation. This paper addresses the definition, cognitive process, and training of the skills of time-limited sight translation. The aim is to highlight the importance of time constraint in sight translation to strengthen the role of sight translation in language skill acquisition, including supplementing cognitive knowledge and improving bilingual conversion ability.
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Ruan, Chuanjing, Wei Zhuang, Jiamin Yao, Yang Zhao, Zenghan Ma, Cong Yi, Qin Tian, Shuqing Wu, Fang Fang, and Yinghong Wen. "A Transportable Atomic Gravimeter with Constraint-Structured Active Vibration Isolation." Sensors 24, no. 8 (April 9, 2024): 2395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24082395.
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Many efforts have been taken in recent years to push atomic gravimeters toward practical applications. We demonstrate an atomic gravimeter named NIM-AGRb2 that is transportable and suitable for high-precision gravity measurements. Constraint-structured active vibration isolation (CS-AVI) is used to reduce the ground vibration noise. The constraint structure in CS-AVI ensures that the isolation platform only has vertical translation, with all other degrees of freedom (DoFs) being constrained. Therefore, the stability of active vibration isolation is enhanced. With the implementation of CS-AVI, the sensitivity of NIM-AGRb2 reached as low as 20.5 μGal/Hz1/2. The short-term sensitivity could be further reduced to 10.8 μGal/Hz1/2 in a seismologic observation station. Moreover, we evaluated the system noise of the gravimeter, and the results were consistent with our observations.
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Chen, Ziming, Wen-ao Cao, Huafeng Ding, and Zhen Huang. "Continuous motion of a novel 3-CRC symmetrical parallel mechanism." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 230, no. 3 (September 16, 2015): 392–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406215602282.
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Parallel mechanisms (PMs) with three degrees of freedom (DOFs) have been studied extensively, especially the PMs with two rotational and one translational DOFs (2R1T PMs). One major problem of the 2R1T PMs is the inherent parasitic motion. In this paper, a novel 2R1T symmetrical parallel mechanism with no parasitic motion is proposed and studied. The moving platform and the base of this mechanism are mirror symmetric with respect to a mid-plane. This moving platform can realize continuous rotation about any axis or any point on the mid-plane and can have continuous translation along the normal line of the mid-plane. The constraint and motion characteristics of this mechanism are analyzed. The kinematics solutions and the Jacobian matrix are derived. The singularities of this PM are discussed. In the end, several numerical examples are given to show the continuous rotations and continuous translations of this PM. This kind of PMs has outstanding advantages of easy path planning and controlling.
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Park, Kabyong. "A Constraint on Lexical Transfer: Implications for Computer-Assisted Translation(CAT)." Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information 21, no. 11 (November 30, 2016): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9708/jksci.2016.21.11.009.
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YETKİN KARAKOÇ, Nihal. "Text Reduction as a Technical Constraint in Subtitling versus Humor Translation." Modern Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi /Journal of Modern Turkish Studies 10, no. 4 (February 2, 2014): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1501/mtad.10.2013.4.49.
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Chang, Yin-Wen, and Michael Collins. "A Polynomial-Time Dynamic Programming Algorithm for Phrase-Based Decoding with a Fixed Distortion Limit." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 5 (December 2017): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00046.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Decoding of phrase-based translation models in the general case is known to be NP-complete, by a reduction from the traveling salesman problem (Knight, 1999). In practice, phrase-based systems often impose a hard distortion limit that limits the movement of phrases during translation. However, the impact on complexity after imposing such a constraint is not well studied. In this paper, we describe a dynamic programming algorithm for phrase-based decoding with a fixed distortion limit. The runtime of the algorithm is O( nd! lh d+1) where n is the sentence length, d is the distortion limit, l is a bound on the number of phrases starting at any position in the sentence, and h is related to the maximum number of target language translations for any source word. The algorithm makes use of a novel representation that gives a new perspective on decoding of phrase-based models.
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Potts, Christopher, Joe Pater, Karen Jesney, Rajesh Bhatt, and Michael Becker. "Harmonic Grammar with linear programming: from linear systems to linguistic typology." Phonology 27, no. 1 (April 16, 2010): 77–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675710000047.
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AbstractHarmonic Grammar is a model of linguistic constraint interaction in which well-formedness is calculated in terms of the sum of weighted constraint violations. We show how linear programming algorithms can be used to determine whether there is a weighting for a set of constraints that fits a set of linguistic data. The associated software package OT-Help provides a practical tool for studying large and complex linguistic systems in the Harmonic Grammar framework and comparing the results with those of OT. We first describe the translation from harmonic grammars to systems solvable by linear programming algorithms. We then develop a Harmonic Grammar analysis of ATR harmony in Lango that is, we argue, superior to the existing OT and rule-based treatments. We further highlight the usefulness of OT-Help, and the analytic power of Harmonic Grammar, with a set of studies of the predictions Harmonic Grammar makes for phonological typology.
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Chen, Yuzeng, Yuqi Tang, Te Han, Yuwei Zhang, Bin Zou, and Huihui Feng. "RAMC: A Rotation Adaptive Tracker with Motion Constraint for Satellite Video Single-Object Tracking." Remote Sensing 14, no. 13 (June 28, 2022): 3108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14133108.
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Single-object tracking (SOT) in satellite videos (SVs) is a promising and challenging task in the remote sensing community. In terms of the object itself and the tracking algorithm, the rotation of small-sized objects and tracking drift are common problems due to the nadir view coupled with a complex background. This article proposes a novel rotation adaptive tracker with motion constraint (RAMC) to explore how the hybridization of angle and motion information can be utilized to boost SV object tracking from two branches: rotation and translation. We decouple the rotation and translation motion patterns. The rotation phenomenon is decomposed into the translation solution to achieve adaptive rotation estimation in the rotation branch. In the translation branch, the appearance and motion information are synergized to enhance the object representations and address the tracking drift issue. Moreover, an internal shrinkage (IS) strategy is proposed to optimize the evaluation process of trackers. Extensive experiments on space-born SV datasets captured from the Jilin-1 satellite constellation and International Space Station (ISS) are conducted. The results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over other algorithms. With an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.785 and 0.946 in the success and precision plots, respectively, the proposed RAMC achieves optimal performance while running at real-time speed.
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Musumeci, Andrea, Dominic Glynn, and Qu Qifei. "The constraints of translating martial arts fiction." Francosphères: Volume 10, Issue 2 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 245–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/franc.2021.17.
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This article comments on the notion of ‘constraint’ by analysing the specific difficulties in the translation of a martial arts (‘wuxia’) novel into French and English. The Legend of the Condor Heroes (射鵰英雄傳, she diao ying xiong zhuan) is the first part of the ‘Condor Trilogy’ (射鵰三部曲, she diao san bu qu), the masterpiece of Chinese writer Jin Yong (金庸). Little known in the West, the novel was recently translated by Anna Holmwood and Wang Jiann-Yuh. This article studies the strategies adopted by each translator to render the cultural specificities of the source context in the target culture. By so doing, it contributes to theoretical debates concerning transfers between two distant literary and cultural systems.
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Han, Yujuan. "Evaluating the Quality of Engineering Translator Training Based on the DEA Model." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (October 11, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6282298.
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This paper adopts the DEA model to conduct in-depth research and analysis on the evaluation of the quality training of engineering English translation talents. The BIM application performance of nine engineering projects is empirically analyzed, including slack value analysis, correlation validity analysis, and BIM application performance path optimization. The nine cases have an unreasonable allocation of resources invested in BIM application in the early stage so that the performance path optimization is carried out to find out the key paths for the reallocation of resources. Further analysis of BIM application performance improvement strategies, including strengthening the training of BIM application professionals. The fuzzy two-stage DEA model with adjustable fuzzy opportunity constraint constructed for the situation where both intermediate and final processes have non-desired outputs. First, the additive efficiency decomposition model in the exact number environment is extended to the non-desired output situation. Second, the generalized fuzzy measure and opportunity constraint planning are applied to further extend the model to a non-expected output fuzzy DEA model, and a two-stage DEA model with adjustable fuzzy opportunity constraints is constructed. There are still some differences between the two. Strengthening practice is the general trend of current curriculum reform in our country. Finally, the proposed model is applied to the evaluation problem of quality training of engineering English translators. The adjustable fuzzy opportunity-constrained DEA model proposed in this paper can effectively evaluate the efficiency of real production and operation activities. The research results of this paper not only enrich the existing DEA model theoretical system but also have broad application prospects and values in practical problems. We provide a reasonable guarantee in terms of system and funding and pay attention to the follow-up communication with employers to strengthen the implementation of the influence of social forces on the quality evaluation of English teaching in higher education. To a certain extent, this study enriches the theoretical research on the quality evaluation of English translation talents’ quality training and can play a role in strengthening and improving the quality evaluation of translation talents’ quality training at the present stage.