Книги з теми "Constraint translation"

In common with others, Hilary sees passions or emotions as causing instability (mutabilitas), which prevents human action from being purely rational. In the Psalms commentaries (but not elsewhere) he suggests we cannot control our thoughts (cogitationes) which then might lead to destructive passions. This seems to be a translation of Origen’s (dia)logismoi, which in turn is related to a Stoic concept. The literature is assessed, concluding that the cogitationes should not be considered as Stoic pre-passions (propatheiai) but as impressions, an earlier step in the mental processes leading to action. Hilary is ambiguous on whether we are morally responsible for our thoughts, but certainly disagrees with the idea that a Christian should strive for apatheia or impassibility.

This chapter discusses a cluster of English verse translations of Milton’s Poemata that emerged in the long eighteenth century. Focusing on versions by Symmons, Cowper, and, to a lesser degree, Strutt and others, it foregrounds a variety of contexts—biographical, literary, discursive—that engendered, it is argued, an intellectual discourse on translational methodology that is still relevant today. It is a discourse, moreover, that raises a host of important theoretical questions: about the nature and function of translation; the viability of rendering a neo-Latin source text in a target language; the potential ‘fetters’ that, in Drydenesque terms, might constrain ‘the Verbal Copyer’, or perhaps the quasi-liberating fluency, described by Venuti as the ‘fluent strategy’, attendant upon recourse to verse as translational medium.

Translating and interpreting are unpredictable social practices framed by historical, ethical, and political constraints. Using the concepts of situatedness and performativity as anchors, the authors examine translation practices from the perspectives of identity performance, cultural mediation, historical reframing, and professional training. As such, the chapters focus on enacted events and conditioned practices by exploring production processes and the social, historical, and cultural conditions of the field. These outlooks shift our attention to social and institutionalized acts of translating and interpreting, considering also the materiality of bodies, artefacts, and technologies involved in these scenes.

This highly interdisciplinary practitioner research explores the outsourced legal translation environment, with a view to optimizing fundamental aspects of procurement—commissioning and performance. The results of a global survey are analysed: participants comprised 84 principals, for the most part from leading law firms and corporations, and 303 legal translation practitioners (41 countries, 6 continents). Concepts from corporate agency theory are used to shed light on market dysfunctions, such as a tortuous chain of supply, while perspectives from genre theory, comparative law, and functionalist translation studies are applied to offer a multidimensional model for legal translation performance, and to foreground its risks and constraints. Fitness-for-purpose is examined as a workable quality criterion associated with translation briefs supplied. Professionalization and empowerment are raised as key factors with potential to significantly improve target text quality. Extensive fieldwork has brought to light ‘hot spots’ for risk, such as severely impeded information flows, insufficient interaction between market actors, and deficient translation briefs. The groundwork for dissemination to practice has already been laid, for example using a briefing template specifically developed for the outsourcing of legal translation, set to benefit commissioning clients by increasing the fitness-for-purpose of translated texts. The types of legal texts outsourced have proved in many instances to be highly sensitive, which further emphasizes the gravity of the problem and the need to take action.

This chapter is concerned with the laws of motion of matter—particles, fluids, or fields—in the presence of an external gravitational field. In accordance with the equivalence principle, this motion will be ‘free’. That is, it is constrained only by the geometry of the spacetime whose curvature represents the gravitation. The concepts of energy, momentum, and angular momentum follow from the invariance of the solutions of the equations of motion under spatio-temporal translations or rotations. The chapter shows how the action is transformed, no longer under a modification of the field configuration, but instead under a displacement or, in the ‘passive’ version, under a translation of the coordinate grid in the opposite direction.

“Discipline” explores how the performance of justice, with its associated aesthetics and normative codes, involves disciplines that seek to “translate” discourse, bodily movement, and subjectivity into a juridical form, one that asserts the liberal democratic, right-bearing subjectivity the transitional justice imaginary aspires to produce. Drawing in part on translation theory, this chapter notes that such translation involves power, discourse, control, and a sort of exile as speech and actions are shaped into a form according with juridical order. These attempts to realize the transitional justice imaginary, however, are unable to contain an excess—a surplus of meanings creating cracks in the justice facade—that emerges from the lived experience and understandings of particular actors. These juridical disciplines were manifest at a 2008 Reenactment described in the section preamble, as the victims and defendants were invested with rights and agency that enabled (and constrained) their actions within this juridical performance. They were also evident in the testimony given by another S-21 artist and survivor, Bou Meng, who participated as a civil party in Duch’s trial and is the focus of Chapter 6. In particular, the chapter explores how the court disciplined Bou Meng, “translating” what he said, how he felt, and even how he moved his body into a legalistic form. Despite this juridical canalization, an excess of meaning was evident throughout Bou Meng’s testimony, as illustrated by his invocation of Buddhist understandings and spirit beliefs, including the soul of his wife. This “bushy undergrowth” of meaning is largely occluded by the justice facade even as it remains central to lived experience and practice.

Oxford University Press, with a long tradition of publishing scholarly books on English literature, canonical authors, and anthologies of poetry, did not introduce a contemporary poetry list until the 1960s. Under the direction of Jon Stallworthy, himself a noted poet, and with the support of the Delegates, the Press developed a vibrant list that included the work of poets from Britain, Ireland, America, Australia, and New Zealand, as well as English poetic translations of European titles. Despite its critical success the poetry list was not profitable, and, facing serious financial constraints across the business, the Finance Committee decided to discontinue the list in 1998. The chapter discusses the financial considerations behind the decision, the heated debate it provoked both within the University and in the media, and the lasting impact of the controversy on the Press.

This work examines the labyrinth of complexities that confronts the Intelligence Community in its efforts to provide accurate and timely intelligence in support of American foreign policy and national security interests. Kennedy begins with an analysis of the collection processes and the obstacles that must be overcome if accurate and meaningful information is to be obtained. He addresses such issues as the need for strategic vision and clarity in setting priorities, as well as constraints imposed by the executive branch and the complexities associated with translating priorities into collection programs. The focus then shifts to the obstacles that confront those tasked to analyze collected information, examining such issues as the impact of people, technology, and budgets on the overall analytical effort. The third area of emphasis for Kennedy centers on the quality control of collection and analysis, addressing both Executive Branch and Congressional Oversight of the intelligence processes. Finally, he examines issues associated with the distribution and use of the intelligence products - the so-called end game obstacles. Issues addressed include the lack of presidential support for and confidence in the Intelligence Community, the impact of worst-case planning, and the coloring of intelligence to suit policy preferences. Ultimately, the component parts provide the reader with a broad understanding of the Intelligence Community and the difficulties it faces as it strives to keep the United States safe and informed. In the wake of recent intelligence failures, the Intelligence Community has come under increasing attack. Yet few people outside of government, and all too frequently many inside of government, do not understand just how difficult and complex are the processes of collecting, analyzing, disseminating, and effectively using gathered intelligence. The purpose of this undertaking is to illustrate the many road blocks the Intelligence Community confronts as it attempts to meet the needs of policymakers and to provide the average American, students of foreign and security policy, and many inside of government with a more comprehensive understanding of the overall intelligence effort. The complex processes for identifying, prioritizing, and communicating requirements to the intelligence community are further complicated by a lack of strategic vision on the part of American policy makers. Kennedy contends that those problems are compounded by Executive department oversight of the Intelligence Community, which has contributed significantly to past failures of intelligence. Moreover, the lack of effective oversight by Congress of the Intelligence Community in terms of the quality of its product upon which Congress has often been required to make life and death decisions too often has been either seriously deficient or non-existent. All too frequently, Kennedy notes, what could be called political coloring adversely affects the intelligence product. Intelligence findings are often colored to suit the preferred policies of decision-makers. As a result, actions are taken based on assumptions and opinions that are not supported by existing intelligence.