Дисертації з теми "Constitutional amendment power"

Este trabalho avalia o impacto do processo legislativo no emendamento da Constituição brasileira de 1988, até 2010. O objetivo é melhor explicar o contínuo crescimento e detalhamento da Constituição. Para tanto, foram elaboradas hipóteses a partir da literatura sobre a interação entre Executivo e Legislativo no sistema político brasileiro. As duas principais hipóteses testadas são 1) dominância do Executivo no emendamento constitucional, a partir do funcionamento do presidencialismo de coalizão; e 2) influência do poder legislativo no emendamento constitucional, ilustrando os custos do processo decisório e a relação entre a heterogeneidade de uma base política parlamentar e seu impacto na produção legislativa. Para a construção do banco de dados, foi utilizada a Metodologia de Análise Constitucional (MAC). Aplicou-se a metodologia às propostas de emenda constitucional (PECs) que se tornaram emendas à Constituição, assim como a todos os substitutivos aprovados nas fases deliberativas internas ao Congresso Nacional. Dessa maneira, foi possível avaliar cada mudança realizada em cada dispositivo das PECs oferecidas e aprovadas ao longo do processo legislativo, assim como o quanto cada fase contribuiu para a definição do texto final das emendas e para o detalhamento e crescimento do texto constitucional. Os resultados permitiram a comprovação da preponderância da hipótese 2 em detrimento da 1, demonstrando a importância do Poder Legislativo na definição de matéria legislativa constitucional, em detrimento das propostas do Poder Executivo. Além disso, foi possível realizar uma crítica às teorias comparativas que relacionam o impacto da regra de emendamento nas taxas de emendamento das Constituições, demonstrando que, pelo menos no caso brasileiro, a combinação de maiorias qualificadas e heterogeneidade parlamentar levou a um aumento no emendamento da Constituição de 1988.
This work evaluates the impact of the legislative process on the brazilian constitution, from 1988 to 2010. Its objective is to better explain the continuous growth and growing specificity of the constitution. In order to do that, hypotheses were elaborated from the literature on the interaction between the Executive and Legislative branches of the brazilian political system. The two main hypotheses tested here are 1) Is the Executive dominant in the constitutional amendment process, through the mechanism of coalitional presidency; and 2) the influence of the Legislative on the constitutional amendment, illustrating the costs of the decision making process and the relation between an heterogeneous parliamentary base, and its impact on the legislation. To test these two hypotheses, a data set was gathered, using the Methodology of Constitutional Analysis (MCA). The MCA was applied to all the constitutional amendment proposals (CAPs) that eventually became constitutional amendments, as well as to all the substitute versions of the CAPs that were approved on the various deliberative forums inside the National Congress. By doing that, it was possible to evaluate each change made to the PECs that eventually became amendments to the constitution, as well as how each moment of the legislative process contributed to the growth of the constitutional text. The results proved the prevalence of the hypothesis 1 over the hypothesis 2, thus demonstrating the importance of the Legislative branch in defining the contents of the constitution. Furthermore, it was possible develop a criticism on the current comparative theories on constitutional amendment that relates formal procedures of amendment and constitutional rigidity to rate of constitutional amendment. At least in the brazilian case, we observed that the combination of qualified majorities and parliamentary heterogeneity further spurred, and didnt restrict, constitutional amendment

O presente trabalho pretende estudar a rev1sao constitucional periódica estabelecida na Constitu ição da República Portuguesa de 1976 como ferramenta de aprimoramento institucional, vislumbrando a sua adequação ao ordenamento constitucional brasileiro. Inicialmente, resgatam-se os conceitos ligados ao poder reformador para depois estabelecer a trad ição histórica da reforma constitucional em Portugal, traçando um paralelo comparativo com o procedimento de alteração constitucional adotado no Brasil. Para tanto, foi necessária a análise do instituto da revisão constitucional portuguesa , explicitando, em especial, a periodicidade revisional, para verificar, através da experiência lus itana, a eficácia do instituto em questão. Por fim, apresenta-se a revisão constitucional periódica como instrumento apto para gerar estabilidade constitucional aliado a sua capacidade de oportunizar periodicamente o aprimoramento das institu ições do Estado.
This study aims to investigate the periodic constitutional review established as an institutional improvement tool in the Portuguese Constitution of 1976, setting a sight on its adequacy concerning the Brazilian constitutional order. This research recovers the concepts related to the reforming power in order to establish the historical tradition of the constitutional reform in Portugal, drawing a comparison with the constitutional amendment procedure adopted in Brazil. Therefore, the analysis of the Portugues.e lnstitute of constitutional review was necessary to particularly explain the reviewing periodicity in order to verify the effectiveness of the institute through the Portuguese experience. Finally, this study presents the periodic constitutional review as an effective means to generate constitutional stability together with its facility to periodically provide the opportunity for improvement of the national institutions.

This research project stems from a single puzzle: how can constitutional amendments be unconstitutional? Adopting a combination of theoretical and comparative enquiries, this thesis establishes the nature and scope of constitutional amendment powers by focusing on the question of substantive limitations on the amendment power, looking at both their prevalence in practice and the conceptual coherence of the very idea of limitations to amendment powers. The thesis is composed of three parts. The first part is comparative. It examines substantive explicit and implicit limitations on constitutional amendment powers through manifold descriptions of a similar constitutional phenomenon across countries, demonstrating a comprehensive pattern of a constitutional behaviour. This process is theory-driven, and the second part of the thesis constructs a general theory of unamendability, which explains the nature and scope of amendment powers. The third part explains how judicial review of amendments is to be conceived in light of the theory of unamendability, and further assesses the possible objections to the theory of unamendability. The theory of unamendability identifies and develops a middle ground between constituent power and pure constituted power, a middle ground that is suggested by the French literature on ‘derived constituent power’. Undergirding the discussion, therefore, is a simple yet fundamental distinction between primary constituent (constitution-making) power and secondary constituent (constitution-amending) power. This distinction, understood in terms of an act of delegation of powers, enables the construction of a theory of the limited (explicitly or implicitly) scope of secondary constituent powers. This distinction is supplemented by a further one, between various shades of secondary constituent powers along a ‘spectrum’, a theoretical construct that links amendment procedures to limitations on amendment powers. The theory of unamendability explicates the limited nature of amendment powers and the practice of judicial review of amendments, thus clarifying the puzzle of unconstitutional constitutional amendments.

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Certain that has received a review Montesquieu adapting it to the aspirations and social dynamism, so that the division of powers can respond with greater agility and speed expectations of the Company, however, emphasize the need to maintain a fair balance between the powers, fundamental point, to ensure that national and perpetuate democracy; However, we are faced with the political scene, whose Democracy was built based on precepts and fears of a totalitarian recent past, whose effects were perpetuated during the Constituent Assembly and, consequently, the Constitution of 1988 which brought in its wake traces of control and concentration of power primarily to the Executive, with emphasis on the legislative process, and especially with the adaptation of the Institute of decree-Law, Constitutional Law, originating in Brazil in 1937, resumed in 1965 and resurfaced in the mold of Italian decree-law in Federal Brazilian Constitution dated 1988, identified an atrophy of the national legislative power in the legislature; Faced with this scenario, confronted the historical development of the country, both in the doctrinal, legal and social, highlighting the importance of the Legislature for Democracy and proposing, in an attempt at least to minimize the effects of the supremacy of the Executive time as can be observed during the study, this trend is over by proving inevitable media aimed at strengthening the Congress.
Certo que a teoria de Montesquieu tem merecido uma reanálise adequando-a aos anseios e ao dinamismo social, para que a divisão dos poderes consiga responder com maior agilidade e presteza as expectativas da sociedade, no entanto, ressalta-se a necessidade de manter um justo equilíbrio entre os poderes, fundamental ponto, para que garanta e perpetue a democracia nacional. Ao nos deparamos com o cenário político brasileiro, cuja democracia foi construída embasada em preceitos e receios de um passado recente totalitário, cujos efeitos se fizeram perpetuar no decorrer da assembleia constituinte e, consequentemente, na constituição de 1988 que trouxe no seu bojo resquícios de controle e concentração de poder primordialmente para o executivo, com ênfase no processo legislativo e, sobretudo, com a adaptação do instituto do decreto-lei, originário no direito constitucional brasileiro em 1937, retomado em 1965 e ressurgido nos moldes do decreto-legge italiano na constituição de 1988, identificamos uma atrofia do poder normativo no legislativo nacional. Diante de tal cenário, confrontou-se a evolução histórica do país, tanto na esfera doutrinária, legal e social, evidenciando a importância do poder legislativo para a democracia e propondo, na tentativa, ao menos, de minimizar os efeitos da supremacia do executivo, vez que conforme pode ser observado no decorrer do estudo, tal tendência acaba-se por provar inevitável, meios que visem o fortalecimento do congresso nacional.

On constate une inflation des révisions constitutionnelles en Afrique qui touchent essentiellement la clause de limitation du nombre des mandats présidentiels. Les chefs d’État qui en sont à l’initiative cherchent à faciliter leur réélection. Ces velléités réformistes provoquent des crises politiques et sociales importantes. Pour les acteurs politiques, les organisations de la société civile ou encore les mouvements citoyens, la clause de limitation des mandats présidentiels est un élément fondamental des constitutions et ne peut pas, à ce titre, faire l’objet de révision constitutionnelle. Cette thèse entend démontrer que le pouvoir de révision n’est pas souverain. Il est soumis à deux impératifs. Le premier, d’ordre formel, impose de suivre la procédure régulière de révision fixée par la constitution. Le second impératif est finaliste et met à la charge du pouvoir de révision une obligation de consolider le système institutionnel en préservant ses principes fondateurs. Ces derniers forment la structure basique de la constitution. Il apparaît que ces deux impératifs ne sont pas toujours observés par les révisions en Afrique. La présente étude permet également de montrer qu’il existe, tant au niveau national que régional, un ensemble de mécanismes politiques et juridictionnels originaux, mais encore balbutiants, d’encadrement et de contrôle du pouvoir de révision
African countries have been experiencing an increasing number of constitutional amendments, mainly affecting the presidential term limit clause. Leaders, who initiate them, seek to facilitate their re-election. Such reformist inclinations lead to major political and social crises. From the political actors, civil society organisations and citizen movements point of view, the presidential term limit clause is a key feature of constitutions and as such it should not be the subject of constitutional amendments. This thesis aims at demonstrating that constitutional amendment power is not absolute power. It must comply with two requirements. The first is formal. The amendment process provided by constitutions needs to be followed. The second is an objective. The duty of constitutional amendment power is to consolidate the institutional system by preserving its founding principles. These form the basic structure of constitutions. In Africa, it appears that these two requirements are not always observed when amending constitutions. This research also highlights that at both national and regional levels, there is a set of original mechanisms supervising constitutional amendment power, which are political and jurisdictional, but still in their infancy

A teoria do Poder Constituinte Derivado de Equivalência às Emendas Constitucionais busca abarcar por completo o fenômeno jurídico da aprovação de tratados e convenções internacionais sobre direitos humanos como equivalentes às emendas constitucionais, nos termos do §3º do art. 5º da Constituição, inserido pela Emenda Constitucional nº 45/04. Após a descrição crítica do panorama constitucional, doutrinário e jurisprudencial em que foi engendrado este novo dispositivo do art. 5º e o procedimento pelo qual foi aprovada a incorporação da Convenção sobre os Direitos das Pessoas com Deficiência e de seu Protocolo Facultativo como equivalentes às Emendas, seguem as três partes essenciais e imprescindíveis que compõem a abordagem do tema. A primeira está voltada à caracterização da presença de uma nova manifestação de Poder Constituinte, com o objetivo de oferecer soluções coerentes e consistentemente respaldadas em um arcabouço teórico comum para toda a problemática envolvida, que será especificamente examinada a partir das questões enfrentadas na Parte II. Já a terceira parte está mais atrelada às questões materiais, ao se preocupar com o objeto da equivalência constitucional: se esta inclui todo o diploma internacional; exclusivamente os direitos humanos nele previstos; ou também normas de outra natureza, abstraindo e projetando conclusões a partir da experiência concreta da Convenção. A mais intensa contribuição para o pensamento jurídico encontra-se evidentemente na identificação de uma nova modalidade do Poder Constituinte Derivado; mas também, na conceituação das normas equivalentes às emendas constitucionais; ao se apontar o exato objeto do §3º do art. 5º, desvelando-se a complexidade dos fenômenos envolvidos na introdução da Convenção e de seu Protocolo Facultativo; na delimitação do espectro normativo das normas equivalentes às emendas constitucionais; e na obtenção de uma maior conformidade teórica com os fundamentos dos sistemas jurídicos constitucional e internacional, a partir do entrelaçamento entre as teorias do direito e do Estado; e as disciplinas do direito constitucional; internacional; e dos direitos humanos.
The theory of Constitutional Amendments Equivalence of Derived Constitutional Power seeking to embrace fully the phenomenon of legal approval of international treaties and conventions on human rights as equivalent to constitutional amendments, pursuant to §3º of art. 5º of the Constitution, inserted by Constitutional Amendment nº 45/04. After critically describing the constitutional, jurisprudential and doctrinaire panorama in that was engendered in this new device of art. 5º and the procedure by which the incorporation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its Optional Protocol was approved as equivalent to the Amendments, follow three essential parts that make up the approach to the subject. The first is directed to describe the presence of a new manifestation of constituent power, with the goal of providing solutions coherent and consistently backed into a theoretical framework common to all the problems involved, which will be examined specifically from the issues faced in Part II. The third part is more tied to material issues, to worry about the object of constitutional equivalence: if this includes the entire international diploma; exclusively human rights therein, or also rules otherwise, abstracting and projecting findings from the concrete experience of the Convention. The most intense contribution to legal thought is evidently in the identification of a new type of constitutional derived power; but also in the conceptualization of equivalence to constitutional amendments norms; when pointing the exact object of §3º of art. 5º; revealing the complexity of the phenomena involved in the introduction of the Convention and its Optional Protocol; the delimitation of the spectrum of equivalent to constitutional amendments norms; and in obtaining greater theoretical conformity with the fundamentals of the constitutional and international legal systems, from entanglement between the theories of law and the State; and the disciplines of constitutional law; international law; and human rights

A Constituição é produto do Poder Constituinte. Após a elaboração e edição da Constituição, o Poder Constituinte continua a existir em estado de latência. Contudo, a Constituição, como norma jurídica que é, necessita ser adaptada à realidade social cambiante, caso contrário não será apta a reger a vida da sociedade e do Estado e terá de ser substituída pela ação revolucionária do Poder Constituinte. Assim, o Poder Constituinte incumbe um órgão ou um complexo de órgãos da reforma da Constituição, o qual, contudo, com ele não se confunde. Como o Poder de Reforma Constitucional é um poder instituído, sujeita-se às regras impostas pelo Poder Constituinte, que o cria, e, entre estas regras, encontram-se as limitações à reforma da Constituição. Certa doutrina rejeita as limitações à reforma da Constituição, pela impossibilidade de uma geração vincular as gerações futuras; outra parte defende a superação das limitações por um processo de dupla revisão; finalmente, uma terceira corrente defende as limitações alicerçando-as em três argumentos principais: o precompromentimento constitucional, o dualismo democrático e a defesa da democracia e dos direitos humanos. A Constituição Federal de 1988 prevê quatro espécies de limitações à reforma da Constituição: material, formal, circunstancial e temporal. Os maiores questionamentos, contudo, apresentam-se em relação às limitações materiais, que formam o núcleo intangível da Constituição. Para a garantia de existência de limitações, a reforma da Constituição sujeita-se ao controle de constitucionalidade por parte do Supremo Tribunal Federal.
The Constitution is a product of Constituent Power. After elaborating the Constitution, the Constituent power remains asleep. Nevertheless, the Constitution, as a law, necessits to be adjusted to the social reality or will not be able to rule the live of the State and the society and will be replaced by the Constituent Power revoluctionary action. Therefore, the Constituent Power imputes to an Assembly the function of amending the Constitution; however, both of them are not the same phenomenon. The power of amending the Constitution is created by the Constituent Power and consequently is submited to the limitations established. Some authors refuse the limitations of amending process, because the generation can not bind the future generations; others support the possibility to overcome the limitations by a double amending process; finaly, there is a tendency to defend the limitations presenting three mainly arguments: constitutional precommitment, dualist democracy and the defense of the democracy and the human rights. The Brazilian Constitution ordains four sorts of limitations: substantial, formal, circunstantial and temporal. The deepest disagreement refer to the substantial limitations that obstruct the reform of the Constitution nucleus. To guarantee the existence of the limitations, the amending process submits to the control by the Supreme Court.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed September 23, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 166-174).

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The objectives of this paper are to reflect upon the exercise of the political fundamental right of citizen s initiative. In order to fulfill this constitutional aspiration under the scope of citizenship and the democratic rule of law, it is essential to consider the concept of citizenship and the analysis of citizen s initiative in the federal, state, district. The legal system points out to the fundamental principle of citizenship and the democratic rule of Law, communicating constitutional laws implied in the process of the exercise of citizenship, disseminating them throughout the legal system. Based on the idea of principle, this paper analyzes citizen s initiative expressed in the federal, state and municipal realms in order to sustain the feasibility of the right to exercise this fundamental political right in the lawmaking process for constitutional amendments. In order to do that, in the light of constitutional law, there is the need to recognize the innate citizen as the only one entitled to propose and initiate amendments to the Constitution. In this sense, constitutional law is an open inter-text and the study of history is fundamental, because without it human beings would never have found conditions to evolve. For this reason, the path to understand citizen s initiative should consider the Brazilian constitutional history, especially the review of the Assembly s annals of the 1987 National Constitution Assembly in order to evaluate and challenge the writing of the constitutional and infra-constitutional laws related to citizen s initiative in order to demonstrate, by the interpretation of constitutional laws, that innate citizens have the possibility of exercising their political fundamental right in relation to the lawmaking process and constitutional amendments
O objetivo deste trabalho centraliza-se na reflexão do exercício do direito político fundamental de iniciativa popular das leis prevista na Constituição brasileira de 1988. Para alcançar o significado desiderato constitucional, sob o prisma da cidadania, torna-se mister a perseguição do conceito de cidadão e a análise da iniciativa popular nas esfera federal, estadual, distrital, municipal e, caso haja no futuro, no território federal. O sistema jurídico aponta a observância dos princípios fundamentais da soberania popular, do Estado Democrático de Direito e da cidadania, informando as normas constitucionais implicadas em processo do exercício da cidadania e disseminando por todo ordenamento jurídico. Partindo da ideia de sistema, analisa-se a iniciativa popular de lei no âmbito federal, estadual e municipal para sustentar a viabilidade do exercício desse direito político fundamental no processo legislativo de Emenda à Constituição. Para esse enfrentamento à luz do Direito Constitucional brasileiro, há necessidade de reconhecimento do cidadão nato, como único legitimado a propor e a iniciar o processo legislativo de Emenda à Constituição. O Direito Constitucional é intertexto aberto e, nesse sentido, o estudo da história é fundamental, pois sem ela o cidadão jamais teria encontrado condições para evoluir. Por isso, o caminho a ser trilhado é o entendimento da iniciativa popular de lei passa pela história constitucional brasileira, em especial pela análise dos Anais da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte de 1987

A Constituição de 1988 classifica-se como Rígida, porque seu procedimento de transformação é mais solene do que o das demais leis e normas. A despeito dos limites à sua transformação, experimentou amplas e reiteradas emendas, o que a faz instável. Logo, a Estabilidade constitucional é um dos fins perseguidos pela rigidez constitucional, mas com ela não se confunde. Por Estabilidade entende-se a capacidade de uma Constituição ou de uma organização constitucional de persistir e transformar-se no tempo, preservando suas principais características. A Estabilidade, enquanto categoria foi compreendida de maneira diferente na Antiguidade, na Idade Média e a partir das revoluções liberais. Deve-se a James Bryce a classificação das Constituições em Rígidas e Flexíveis. Nas primeiras, centros decisórios distintos produzem normas constitucionais e infraconstitucionais; nas segundas, uma única fonte. O autor também cotejou essas Constituições com a concepção de Estabilidade. O passar dos anos obscureceu essa implicação, a recomendar a revisitação de sua obra. As Constituições Rígidas são dotadas de uma imutabilidade relativa e de uma supremacia formal. Garantidas por um modelo de controle de constitucionalidade e de institutos de superação de crises. A competência reformadora é obstaculizada por limites normativos, o que faz da Mutação Constitucional, em princípio, a expressão de sua atualização. A história constitucional brasileira é caracterizada por uma sucessão de Constituições, o que denota uma instabilidade, provocada pelos mais diferentes motivos. A Constituição de 1988 dispõe de adequados limites à alteração formal e de um complexo modelo de controle de constitucionalidade. De outro lado, não lhe impediu diversas emendas. Todavia, ainda não lhe desestruturou a identidade das normas materialmente constitucionais, sendo uma instabilidade de superfície ou aparente. O perigo é que a banalização das reformas produza uma instabilidade de fundo, que comprometa regras materialmente constitucionais. A advertência recomenda que se investigue uma solução.
The Constitution of 1988 is classified as rigid because its procedure for transformation is more solemn than that of other laws and rules. Despite the limits to its transformation, it has repeatedly undergone ample amendment, which makes it unstable. Hence, constitutional stability is one of the ends sought by constitutional rigidity, but must not be confused with it. Stability is understood as the ability of a Constitution or constitutional organization to endure and transform itself in time, while preserving its primary characteristics. Stability as a category has been understood in different ways in Antiquity, in the Middle Ages, and with the coming of liberal revolutions. Classifying Constitutions as rigid and flexible is something we owe to James Bryce. In the former, distinct decision-making centers produce constitutional and sub-constitutional rules; in the latter, a single source does. That author has also compared such Constitutions to the conception of stability. The course of time has cast a shadow on that implication, so revisiting his works might be commendable. Rigid Constitutions are endowed with a relative immutability and a formal supremacy, and assured by a framework for controlling constitutionality, and by doctrines for overcoming crises. Reformative jurisdiction has the hurdles of regulatory limits, making Constitutional Mutation, in principle, the expression of their updating. Brazilian constitutional history is characterized by a succession of Constitutions, belying an instability caused by a wide variety of reasons. The Constitution of 1988 is provided with suitable limits to formal change, and with a complex framework for controlling constitutionality. This, on the other hand, has not prevented its various amendments. However, it has not yet taken apart the identify of materially constitutional rules, as such instability is only superficial or apparent. The danger lies in the triteness of reforms leading to an in-depth stability that compromises materially constitutional rules. This warning commends looking into a solution.

O constituinte reformador decidiu tratar do problema da morosidade da justiça, à semelhança de outros países e de diversos tratados internacionais a respeito. A presente dissertação tem por fulcro a análise do novo inciso LXXVIII do art. 5º da Constituição Federal que instituiu a celeridade processual como direito fundamental. É feita cuidadosa abordagem de todos os princípios constitucionais pertinentes à matéria, especialmente o devido processo legal, desde o seu surgimento, na common law inglesa, com a Magna Carta de 1215, evoluindo pela interpretação da Suprema Corte nos Estados Unidos, de modo a conhecer sua vertente substantiva, até ser consagrado no Brasil, de modo expresso, cerca de 200 anos depois, pela Constituição de 1988. Outros princípios apresentam-se igualmente de grande relevância, como o acesso à justiça, eficiência e igualdade. Constata-se que não era imprescindível a positivação de regra específica para que a Justiça estivesse jungida ao dever de julgar com rapidez. Revela-se, porém, profícua a abordagem do tema na Constituição, dentre os direitos fundamentais. Verifica-se a ocorrência de eventuais conflitos no plano concreto envolvendo a celeridade processual e os princípios do contraditório e da ampla defesa, bem como a segurança jurídica. Dedica-se especial atenção ao papel da Emenda Constitucional n. 45, de 2004 e diversos institutos por ela trazidos no intento de se obter um Poder Judiciário mais célere e organizado de modo mais eficaz e uniforme, embora se constate a necessidade de mudanças que se sobressaem à atuação do legislador. Realiza-se pesquisa histórica e descritiva com supedâneo na doutrina brasileira e no direito comparado, especialmente nas literaturas jurídicas francesa, inglesa, portuguesa e estadunidense. Ao se analisar a repercussão do dispositivo à luz do direito constitucional, nota-se a necessidade de muitas outras alterações para que a Reforma atinja seu desiderato. Constata-se que o Poder Judiciário possui papel preponderante na salvaguarda dos direitos fundamentais, de modo que, atuando a contento, a celeridade processual pode se tornar poderoso instrumento de efetividade de tais direitos e da própria Constituição Federal.
The constituent reformer decided to face the problem of the delays of Justice, likewise that in other countries and various international treaties of the subject. This dissertation focuses on the analysis of the new item LXXVIII of article 5th of the Federal Constitution which set the celerity of procedure as a fundamental right. A careful approach is made from all constitutional principles relevant to the subject, especially the due process of law, since its emergence in the English common law, with the Magna Carta of 1215, evolving through United States Supreme Courts interpretation, in order to meet its substantive aspect, to be explicitly devoted in Brazil, about 200 years later, by the Constitution of 1988. Other principles also have great relevance, such as access to justice, efficiency and equality. It appears to be unessential to insert a specific rule by which the Justice would be bound by duty to judge rapidly. However, it is useful to approach the subject in the Constitution, among the fundamental rights. Possible conflicts are analyzed in concrete plan involving the speedy trial clause and the principles of adversarial and legal defense, as well legal certainty. Proper attention is paid to the role of the 45th Amendment of 2004 and various institutes brought by it, in the attempt to achieve a faster and more uniform and well organized Justice, although evidences the need of changes that overcome the role of the legislator. Takes place a historical and descriptive research takes place in Brazilian doctrine and comparative law, especially in French, English, Portuguese and American legal literature. By analyzing of the clauses effect under the constitutional law, its notice the demand of many other changes to the Reform reach your goal. Its seen that the Judiciary has a predominant role in safeguarding the fundamental rights, so that, working properly, speedy trial clause may become a powerful tool of effectiveness of such rights and of the own Constitution.

Marinha do Brasil
O texto constitucional brasileiro de 1988 sofreu diversas alterações em matéria tributária e financeira. Praticamente todas as emendas constitucionais tiveram sua constitucionalidade questionada em razão de alegadas violações aos limites materiais do poder de reforma constitucional. O presente trabalho procura delinear alguns parâmetros para a construção de contornos mais precisos dos limites do poder de reforma constitucional em matéria tributária e financeira. A delimitação de tais parâmetros de reforma, além de contribuir para o exercício da jurisdição constitucional na análise da constitucionalidade das emendas constitucionais, permite que sejam mais bem delineadas quais as decisões fundamentais que a Constituição adotou na seara financeira e tributária, relacionadas ao federalismo, aos direitos fundamentais e à separação de poderes.
This study aims to analyze the constitutional amendments and to examine the limitations to which they are submitted in tax and public finance law. Constitutional changes are necessary as means of preservation and conservation of the Constitution. Constitutional norms are not to be considered perfect but are yet in a constant state of mutual interaction with reality. The obtained results with the research enables us to evaluate the limitations that are imposed to constitutional amendments, the binding orders of the Constitutional Court, the prohibition of abolition of perpetual clauses, as the prohibition retreating to fundamental rights, federalism and separation of powers.

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The interim measure is an act of the Executive with force of law, by constitutional provision. Since ordinarily this legislative power has no jurisdiction to express and sometimes expresses dysfunctional abuse of the (Brazilian) President when it invades the jurisdiction of the Legislature, it confronts these powers. Within 120 days of its issue, if Congress does not appreciate it converting it into law, or rejects it, it loses its effectiveness with ex tunc effects. The legal relationship consummated under its support will be regulated by decree of the Legislature, issued within 60 days of these events. There will be legislative vacuum in fact, until the legislative decree is issued. Missing this, it will validate to the discipline of the legal relations it raised, causing questions about the constitutionality of this phenomenon. For this research, it was necessary literature on the subject that, in addition to numerous books, was marked by articles and journals, internet files and papers listed in the bibliography list of this work. After defining its juridical nature and studying its historical origins, with forays into the comparative Constitutional Law, claiming its constitutional condition, the clash of Power motivated by it is analyzed. A solution is proposed by concentrated control of constitutionality of the qualification requirements of provisional measures. It is impossible that void in law and claiming the unconstitutionality of co validation of provisional measures due to the lack of legislative decree, it is intended that these relations no longer depend on it and should be resolved by the judiciary
A medida provisória é ato do Executivo com força de lei, por dispositivo constitucional. Como ordinariamente este Poder não tem competência legislativa e por exprimir às vezes abuso disfuncional do Presidente da República quando invade a competência do Legislativo, confronta estes Poderes. Em 120 dias de sua edição, se o Congresso Nacional não a apreciar, convertendo-a em lei ou se a rejeitar, ela perderá eficácia com efeitos ex tunc. As relações jurídicas consumadas sob sua égide regulamentar-se-ão por decreto do Legislativo, editado em até 60 dias desses eventos. Haverá vácuo legislativo de fato, até que o decreto legislativo seja editado. Faltante esse, ela convalidar-se-á para disciplina das relações jurídicas que ensejou, causando indagações sobre a constitucionalidade deste fenômeno. Para esta pesquisa, foi necessário levantamento bibliográfico sobre o tema que, para além de inúmeros livros, pautou-se por artigos e periódicos, arquivos de internet e monografias, constantes na bibliografia do trabalho. Após definir sua natureza jurídica e estudar histórico de suas origens, com incursões pelo Direito Constitucional comparado, afirmando-se sua condição constitucional, analisa-se o confronto de Poder motivado por ela. Propõe-se solução pelo controle concentrado de constitucionalidade dos requisitos de habilitação das medidas provisórias. Conclui-se impossível esse vácuo de direito e afirmando-se a inconstitucionalidade da convalidação das medidas provisórias à falta desse decreto legislativo, pretende-se que estas relações não mais dependam dele, devendo ser solucionadas pelo Poder Judiciário

The objectives of this thesis are twofold. The^r^í and primary objective is the identification of the most appropriate doctrinal approach which courts must adopt in reviewing exercises of the constitutional amendment power in managed investment schemes. The second objective is to evaluate the adequacy of the applicable law in protecting the legitimate rights and interests of the scheme participants. The discussion further provides a medium upon which various underlying themes are explored. These themes include the nature of judicial review upon abuse of power generally by both fiduciaries and non-fiduciaries, the analogy between corporations and managed investment schemes, and the division of power between the two primary scheme organs, being the responsible entity and scheme members in a general meeting. Managed investment schemes are investment arrangements in which participants forgo control over their capital contributions in consideration for a bundle of rights, derived from the Corporations Law, the scheme constitution as a commercial contract, and the law of equity. Neither the contractual nor the equitable rights of members are indefeasible, as the scheme constitution may be amended, either unilaterally by the responsible entity, or by a special resolution of scheme members. Exercises of the constitutional amendment power are subject to various restraints, similarly derived from legislation, contract and equity. In relation to unilateral amendments, the Corporations Law provides that an amendment can only be effected where the responsible entity reasonably considers the amendment will not adversely affect members' rights. Restraints are also imposed by equity, such as the responsible entity's obHgation to exercise its powers for a proper purpose, being based on the equitable doctrine oí fraud on the power. Further equitable restraints placed on the responsible entity are drawn from its position as trustee of the scheme assets, such as the requirement that it act in the best interests of scheme members and treat them impartially. Amendments by members' resolution are similarly open to judicial review based on equitable obligations drawn from a company law context, being namely the requirement that the amendment not involve afraud on the minority. The adequacy of the above restraints is judged both by applying the identified law to various hypothetical amendment which may be instigated by scheme participants, as well as by way of a comparative analysis with the protection afforded to company shareholders. It is concluded that the interplay between exphcit statutory controls and the various equitable obligations provides the appropriate balance between investor protection and allowing sufficient flexibility in order to facihtate the efficient commercial operation of the scheme.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2005.
Advisor: Joseph C. Beckham, Florida State University, College of Education, Dept. of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Jan. 25, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains x, 225 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

碩士
國立中山大學
中國與亞太區域研究所
98
The control system is an original and sound system of this Country. The Founder of this Country, Dr. Sun Yat-sen, proposed after he established this Republic that the control power should be practiced by an independent body to highlight the functions of such power, rather than putting it under the legislative power as in the 3-Separated Powers common to many Western countries. This thesis begins by examining the status and nature of control power in the 5-Separated Powers as in the constitutional regime of this Country from a perspective of separation of powers. It follows by exploring the evolution of mandates of the Control Yuan as a result of various constitutional amendments during the 1990s when the Government undertook constitutional amendments engineering for the promotion of democratic development. This thesis then analyzes the impact of such constitutional amendments upon the practice of control power from existing laws and regulations relevant to the control power and provides the views of this author. It then analyzes the status quo of the practice of functions of the Third Control Yuan by its Members, in comparison to the statistics on the functional practice of the Second Control Yuan, so as to comprehend the efficacy of the practice of functions of the Third Control Yuan. In the conclusion, the author puts forward his own findings and suggestions on the practice of control power by the Third Control Yuan.