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1
Chen, Charlotte H., Liam C. Palmer, and Samuel I. Stupp. "Self-sorting in supramolecular assemblies." Soft Matter 17, no. 14 (2021): 3902–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sm00113b.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Two minority fluorescent constituents of a multicomponent supramolecular system undergo self-sorting, mediated by their electrostatic interactions with a third non-fluorescent constituent that comprises 99 mol% of the system.
2
Worrall, J. A. R., M. Górna, X. Y. Pei, D. R. Spring, R. L. Nicholson, and B. F. Luisi. "Design and chance in the self-assembly of macromolecules." Biochemical Society Transactions 35, no. 3 (May 22, 2007): 502–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0350502.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The principles of self-assembly are described for naturally occurring macromolecules and for complex assemblies formed from simple synthetic constituents. Many biological molecules owe their function and specificity to their three-dimensional folds, and, in many cases, these folds are specified entirely by the sequence of the constituent amino acids or nucleic acids, and without the requirement for additional machinery to guide the formation of the structure. Thus sequence may often be sufficient to guide the assembly process, starting from denatured components having little or no folds, to the completion state with the stable, equilibrium fold that encompasses functional activity. Self-assembly of homopolymeric structures does not necessarily preserve symmetry, and some polymeric assemblies are organized so that their chemically identical subunits pack stably in geometrically non-equivalent ways. Self-assembly can also involve scaffolds that lack structure, as seen in the multi-enzyme assembly, the degradosome. The stable self-assembly of lipids into dynamic membraneous sheets is also described, and an example is shown in which a synthetic detergent can assemble into membrane layers.
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Ren, Xiaofeng, and Chong Wang. "Stationary disk assemblies in a ternary system with long range interaction." Communications in Contemporary Mathematics 21, no. 06 (August 27, 2019): 1850046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219199718500463.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The free energy of a ternary system, such as a triblock copolymer, is a sum of two parts: an interface energy determined by the size of the interfaces separating the micro-domains of the three constituents, and a long range interaction energy that serves to prevent unlimited micro-domain growth. In two dimensions a parameter range is identified where the system admits stable stationary disk assemblies. Such an assembly consists of perturbed disks made from either type-I constituent or type-II constituent. All the type-I disks have approximately the same radius and all the type-II disks also have approximately the same radius. The locations of the disks are determined by minimization of a function. Depending on the parameters, the disks of the two types can be mixed in an organized way, or mixed in a random way. They can also be fully separated. The first scenario offers a mathematical proof of the existence of a morphological phase for triblock copolymers conjectured by polymer scientists. The last scenario shows that the ternary system is capable of producing two levels of structure. The primary structure is at the microscopic level where disks form near-perfect lattices. The secondary structure is at the macroscopic level forming two large regions, one filled with type-I disks and the other filled with type-II disks. A macroscopic, circular interface separates the two regions.
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Coropceanu, Igor, Eric M. Janke, Joshua Portner, Danny Haubold, Trung Dac Nguyen, Avishek Das, Christian P. N. Tanner, et al. "Self-assembly of nanocrystals into strongly electronically coupled all-inorganic supercrystals." Science 375, no. 6587 (March 25, 2022): 1422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abm6753.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Colloidal nanocrystals of metals, semiconductors, and other functional materials can self-assemble into long-range ordered crystalline and quasicrystalline phases, but insulating organic surface ligands prevent the development of collective electronic states in ordered nanocrystal assemblies. We reversibly self-assembled colloidal nanocrystals of gold, platinum, nickel, lead sulfide, and lead selenide with conductive inorganic ligands into supercrystals exhibiting optical and electronic properties consistent with strong electronic coupling between the constituent nanocrystals. The phase behavior of charge-stabilized nanocrystals can be rationalized and navigated with phase diagrams computed for particles interacting through short-range attractive potentials. By finely tuning interparticle interactions, the assembly was directed either through one-step nucleation or nonclassical two-step nucleation pathways. In the latter case, the nucleation was preceded by the formation of two metastable colloidal fluids.
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Langacker,, Ronald W. "Elliptic coordination." Cognitive Linguistics 23, no. 3 (August 28, 2012): 555–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2012-0017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractProposals are made to expand and refine previous analyses of coordination in Cognitive Grammar. The account presupposes a number of general notions established independently: (i) flexible symbolic assemblies (rather than constituency) as the basis for describing grammar; (ii) a dynamic view of structure (as patterns of activity occurring in windows of attention on different time scales); (iii) a metaphor involving access, activation, and conceptual overlap (to complement the standard compositional metaphor); and (iv) various kinds of abstraction (including schematicity, the type/instance distinction, and the invocation of virtual entities). Coordination is characterized as the mental juxtaposition of entities conceived as being analogous. These notions are first employed to describe the conjoining of constituents, including clauses. Non-constituent coordination is analyzed in the context of other sorts of clausal “reduction”, including the accentual reduction of unfocused elements in English as well as ellipsis, where overlapping content is left unexpressed. A pivotal descriptive notion is the differential, i.e. the content appearing in one clausal window that does not appear in the prior window. The anti-differential consists of any previously active content that the differential conflicts with and suppresses. Non-constituent coordination is a special case of ellipsis where the differential and anti-differential function as conjuncts.
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Rubinelli, Lucia. "How to think beyond sovereignty: On Sieyes and constituent power." European Journal of Political Theory 18, no. 1 (April 17, 2016): 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474885116642170.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Historians and political theorists have long been interested in how the principle of people’s power was conceptualised during the French Revolution. Traditionally, two diverging accounts emerge, one of national and the other of popular sovereignty, the former associated with moderate monarchist deputies, including the Abbé Sieyes, and the latter with the Jacobins. This paper argues against this binary interpretation of the political thought of the French Revolution, in favour of a third account of people’s power, Sieyes’ idea of pouvoir constituant. Traditionally, constituent power has been viewed as a variation of sovereignty, but I show it to be an independent conceptualisation of people’s power. Sieyes’ political theory led him to criticise and refuse contemporary theories of sovereignty in favour of what he understood as a fully modern account of people’s power. Based on extensive research in the archives, I show how Sieyes opposed the deployment of sovereignty by the revolutionary Assemblies and recommended replacing it with the idea of constituent power.
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Sohn, Ahrum, Minji Gwon, Dukhyun Choi, and Dong-Wook Kim. "Plasmonic Coupling in Three-Dimensional Au Nanoparticle Assemblies Fabricated by Anodic Aluminum Oxide Templates." Journal of Nanomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/823729.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We investigated optical properties of three-dimensional (3D) assemblies of Au nanoparticles (NPs), which were fabricated by dewetting of thin Au layers on anodic aluminum oxides (AAO). The NP assembly had hexagonal array of repeated multiparticle structures, which consisted of six trimers on the AAO surface and one large NP in the AAO pore (pore-NP). We performed finite-difference time-domain simulation to explain the optical response of the NP assemblies and compared the calculation results with experimental data. Such complementary studies clearly revealed how the plasmonic coupling between the constituent NPs influenced the spectral response of our NP assemblies. In particular, comparison of the assemblies with and without pore-NPs suggested that strong plasmonic coupling between trimers and pore-NP significantly affected the spectra and the field distribution of the NP assemblies. Plasmonic multi-NP assemblies could provide us new platforms to realize novel optoelectronic devices.
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MATSUI, A. H., M. TAKESHIMA, K. MIZUNO, and T. AOKI-MATSUMOTO. "PHOTOPHYSICAL OVERVIEW OF EXCITATION ENERGY TRANSFER IN ORGANIC MOLECULAR ASSEMBLIES — A ROUTE TO STUDY BIO-MOLECULAR ARRAYS —." International Journal of Modern Physics B 15, no. 28n30 (December 10, 2001): 3857–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979201008846.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Excitonic processes in organic molecular crystals are discussed in terms of two parameters, the crystal size and the constituent molecule size. From the luminescence and absorption spectra of a series of aromatic molecular crystals we find a systematic change in exciton energy transport as functions of the size of crystal and its constituent molecule size. Characteristic features of bulk crystals and microcrystallites are as follows. (1) In bulk crystals exciton energy transport depends on the constituent molecule size. When molecules are small, the exciton energy transport occurs by free excitons, but when molecules are large free exciton transport disappears because excitons get self-trapped. (2) In microcrystallites, exciton energy transport depends on the crystallite size. When the size is larger than a critical one, excitons travel as quantum mechanical waves but when the size is smaller than the critical one the exciton waves get confined within the crystallite. The results are independent of the chemical species of constituent molecules and thus applicable to novel molecular arrays such as biological molecular arrays.
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Affan, A., and C. R. Calladine. "Initial Bar Tensions in Pin-Jointed Assemblies." International Journal of Space Structures 4, no. 1 (March 1989): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635118900400101.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper is concerned with initial bar tensions in pin-jointed statically indeterminate assemblies, for example the grid shown in Fig. 1. Initial tensions are present in such assemblies on account of the lack-of-fit of the constituent bars and joints due to unavoidable inaccuracies in manufacture: and they may contribute to premature collapse of an assembly under increasing load, by predisposing particular bars to early failure by buckling. An algorithm for computing initial stresses due to given lack-of-fit is used to make statistical estimates of the magnitudes of initial bar tensions in a grid assembled from bars whose lengths are specified in the form of a mean and standard deviation. A scheme for computing the attenuation of these initial bar tensions by allowing for a limited amount of “backlash” at the bar-joint connections is also investigated. The theoretical and computational work is supported by a series of detailed experiments on a double-layer space grid of the type shown in Fig. 1, and built from standard MERO spherical bolted junctions: these experiments involve the measurement of initial bar tensions both with and without some deliberate loosening of bolts to produce limited “backlash” at the joints.
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Stoyan, Alissandra T. "Ambitious Reform Via Constituent Assemblies: Determinants of Success in Contemporary Latin America." Studies in Comparative International Development 55, no. 1 (January 16, 2020): 99–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12116-019-09297-y.
Повний текст джерела
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Maeda, Hiromitsu. "Ordered Arrangement of Charged Porphyrins in π-Electronic Ion-Pairing Assemblies". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, № 14 (7 липня 2022): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0114982mtgabs.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
π-Electronic ions with appropriate geometries and peripheral substituents provide assemblies through the interactions between charged building subunits, resulting in fascinating electronic properties. Structures and properties of the assemblies can be controlled by the combined negatively and positively charged species in the assemblies. Thus far, diverse π-electronic ions along with ion-responsive π-electronic systems have afforded dimension-controlled ion-pairing assemblies as crystals, supramolecular gels, and thermotropic liquid crystals.[1] Highly ordered arrangement of charged species has been found to be a key factor to exhibit the enhanced performance as fascinating electronic materials. In fact, ion pairs of porphyrin–AuIII complexes as π-electronic cations, prepared with the combination of various anions including π-electronic anions, formed dimension-controlled assemblies as thermotropic liquid crystals, whose ionic components were highly organized by i π– i π interactions (mainly electrostatic and dispersion forces).[2] Furthermore, π-electronic ion pairs comprising porphyrin-based π-electronic anions[3] have exhibited characteristic assembling modes via i π– i π interactions and resulting electronic properties such as solid-state absorption, which was correlated with the arrangement of constituent charged π-systems, and photoinduced electron transfer.[4] References [1] Recent reviews: (a) Haketa, Y. et al. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. 2020, 5, 757; (b) Yamasumi, K. et al. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 2021, 94, 2252. [2](a) Haketa, H. et al. iScience 2019, 14, 241; (b) Tanaka, H. et al. Chem. Asian J. 2019, 14, 2129; (c) Tanaka, H. et al. Chem. Asian J. 2020, 15, 494; (d) Fumuto, N. et al. Org. Lett. 2021, 23, 3897; (e) Kuno, A. et al. Chem. Eur. J. 2021, 27, 10068. [3](a) Sasano, Y. et al. Dalton Trans. 2017, 46, 8924. (b) Sasano, Y. et al. Chem. Eur. J. 2019, 25, 6712. [4] Sasano, Y.; Tanaka, H. et al. Chem. Sci. 2021, 12, 9645.
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Bahubalendruni, M. V. A. Raju. "An efficient method for exploded view generation through assembly coherence data and precedence relations." World Journal of Engineering 15, no. 2 (April 9, 2018): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-06-2017-0126.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose Three-dimensional exploded view is a schematic representation of a product anticipated for performing assembly or disassembly operations. Exploded view is found in many applications, such as product instructional materials, repair and maintenance handbooks. This paper aims to propose an efficient exploded view generation technique based on assembly coherence data and disassembly feasibility testing, and illustrate it on various configurations of assemblies. Design/methodology/approach The proposed methodology extracts the assembly contact information between the constituent parts and geometric feasibility relation matrix based on the common mating surface of part pairs in liaison and assembly collision detection. These data are further used for exploded view generation. Findings The proposed exploded view generation method determines the possible disassembly sequences and simplifies the procedure in determining the number of disassembly levels. Research limitations/implications The procedure consumes more time for the products with large number of part counts having numerous non-ruled surfaces. Originality/value The proposed method is effectively used to solve assemblies, where parts are assembled through oblique orientations. The method is found successful in generating exploded view for products with large number of parts through collision-free paths.
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Igel-Egalon, Angélique, Jan Bohl, Mohammed Moudjou, Laetitia Herzog, Fabienne Reine, Human Rezaei, and Vincent Béringue. "Heterogeneity and Architecture of Pathological Prion Protein Assemblies: Time to Revisit the Molecular Basis of the Prion Replication Process?" Viruses 11, no. 5 (May 10, 2019): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11050429.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Prions are proteinaceous infectious agents responsible for a range of neurodegenerative diseases in animals and humans. Prion particles are assemblies formed from a misfolded, β-sheet rich, aggregation-prone isoform (PrPSc) of the host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrPC). Prions replicate by recruiting and converting PrPC into PrPSc, by an autocatalytic process. PrPSc is a pleiomorphic protein as different conformations can dictate different disease phenotypes in the same host species. This is the basis of the strain phenomenon in prion diseases. Recent experimental evidence suggests further structural heterogeneity in PrPSc assemblies within specific prion populations and strains. Still, this diversity is rather seen as a size continuum of assemblies with the same core structure, while analysis of the available experimental data points to the existence of structurally distinct arrangements. The atomic structure of PrPSc has not been elucidated so far, making the prion replication process difficult to understand. All currently available models suggest that PrPSc assemblies exhibit a PrPSc subunit as core constituent, which was recently identified. This review summarizes our current knowledge on prion assembly heterogeneity down to the subunit level and will discuss its importance with regard to the current molecular principles of the prion replication process.
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Sarkar, Tamal, Brandon A. Kemp, and Cheyenne J. Sheppard. "Electrostatic tunability of charged, binary nanoparticle assemblies in dielectric colloidal systems." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 17 (May 7, 2022): 175103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0085517.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Charged nanoparticles exhibit anomalous electrostatic interactions, which can lead to stable, non-touching equilibria in inverted dielectric systems. In this study, we analytically demonstrate minimum-potential energy configurations for binary systems of charged nanoparticles and control of constituent spacing by externally applied electrostatic fields. The field–matter interactions are governed by the electrostatic forces of high order multipoles induced by the charged nanoparticles submerged in dielectric liquids. The particles bind in non-touching configurations due to electrostatic potential wells for each particle induced by other dissimilar particles in their vicinity. Such binary systems are proposed as building blocks with the potential of electromagnetic tunability of novel photonic surfaces.
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ARATO, ANDREW. "Conventions, Constituent Assemblies, and Round Tables: Models, principles and elements of democratic constitution-making." Global Constitutionalism 1, no. 1 (March 2012): 173–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045381711000050.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe article presents the Round Table form, elsewhere post-sovereign multi-stage constitution making as an independent democratic type superior to the alternatives. It locates the form along with Convention and Constituent Assembly both in a comprehensive typology based on models of regime transformation, as well as historically. After making a set of normative arguments comparing the three forms, focusing on the issue legitimation, I make a case for the synthetic nature of the Round Table in relation to the two important democratic predecessors. Finally, I reluctantly admit the path-determined nature of the Round Table that strictly speaking seems relevant only 1) in the transitions from dictatorships, if 2) new forces do not have the power to accomplish revolutionary change. Nevertheless, I argue that the principles of the Round Table (inclusion, consensus, publicity, legality and veil of ignorance) are relevant to other paths, from the point of view of their legitimation. I further claim with reference to Iraq, Turkey and the European Union that elements of the Round Table can be adopted even under conditions of revolutionary change, as well as constitutional reform.
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Hsieh, You-Lo, and Bangling Yu. "Liquid Wetting, Transport, and Retention Properties of Fibrous Assemblies: Part I: Water Wetting Properties of Woven Fabrics and Their Constituent Single Fibers." Textile Research Journal 62, no. 11 (November 1992): 677–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759206201108.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An experimental protocol is described for simultaneous measurements of liquid wetting and retention characteristics in woven fabrics. Dynamic measurements of the liquid-fabric interaction between the lower edge of a vertically hung fabric and a liquid are done with an electronic microbalance. A decoupling method is proposed and tested for separating the liquid wetting and retention components of the measurements. The wetting characteristics of cotton fabrics are not affected by fabric configurations, including length, fabric-water interface depth, and direction. The cosine contact angles obtained on the woven cotton fabrics are identical to those measured on the constituent single cotton fibers. Similar wetting properties between fabrics and their constituent single fibers are also verified on other 100% woven fabrics containing polyester, Nomex, acetate, or rayon fibers. This study demonstrates that the wettability of any fabric containing a single fiber type is the same as its constituent single fibers. The experimental protocol and decoupling approach permit convenient measurement of the intrinsic wetting property of any fiber in its woven form.
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Beck, Roy, Joanna Deek, and Cyrus R. Safinya. "Structures and interactions in ‘bottlebrush’ neurofilaments: the role of charged disordered proteins in forming hydrogel networks." Biochemical Society Transactions 40, no. 5 (September 19, 2012): 1027–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20120101.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
NFs (neurofilaments), the major cytoskeletal constituent of myelinated axons in vertebrates, consist of three different molecular-mass subunit proteins, NF-L (low), NF-M (medium) and NF-H (high), assembled to form mature filaments with protruding intrinsically disordered C-terminal side-arms. Liquid crystal gel networks of side-arm-mediated NF assemblies play a key role in the mechanical stability of neuronal processes. Disruptions of the NF network, due to NF overaccumulation or incorrect side-arm interactions, are a hallmark of motor neuron diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Using synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering and various microscopy techniques, we have investigated the role of the peptide charges in the subunit side-arms on the structure and interaction of NFs. Our findings, which delineate the distinct roles of NF-M and NF-H in regulating NF interactions, shed light on possible mechanisms of disruption of optimal mechanical network properties.
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Fan, X., I. Masters, R. Roy, and D. Williams. "Simulation of distortion induced in assemblies by spot welding." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 221, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 1317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544054jem782.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Maintaining dimensional tolerances during the manufacture of vehicle bodies is important to the automotive sector. With the industry's drive towards continuous improvement there is increasing focus on the effect of the joining process on the final assembly. A simulation tool that can predict the distortion resulting from assembly offers potential time- and cost-savings throughout design and manufacture. Although individual spot welds have been studied in detail, to-date methods to predict the distortion of a final assembly have concentrated on the variation of the constituent components. In the current paper simulation is used to predict the distortion of an assembly owing to spot welding using a local/global approach where the local distortion occurring around a single spot weld is projected onto a global assembly at each of the weld locations. The comparisons of the simulations of the assemblies with coordinate measuring machine (CMM) data under different clamping conditions suggest sufficient agreement with experimental data to be of value to engineers. A number of possible enhancements are suggested to improve the accuracy of final shape prediction.
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Franz, Gérald, Pascal Vantomme, and Muhammad Hafiz Hassan. "A Review on Drilling of Multilayer Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites and Aluminum Stacks: Optimization of Strategies for Improving the Drilling Performance of Aerospace Assemblies." Fibers 10, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib10090078.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years, the use of hybrid composite stacks, particularly CFRP/Al assemblies, and fiber metal laminates (FMLs) has progressively become a convincing alternative to fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) and conventional metal alloys to meet the requirements of structural weight reduction in the modern aerospace industry. These new structural materials, which combine greater mechanical properties with low specific mass, are commonly assembled by riveted and bolted joints. The drilling operation, which represents the essential hole-making process used in the aerospace industry, proves particularly challenging when it comes to achieving damage-free holes with tight tolerances for CFRP/Al stacks in one-shot operations under dry conditions due to the dissimilar mechanical and thermal behavior of each constituent. Rapid and severe tool wear, heat damage, oversized drilled holes and the formation of metal burrs are among the major issues induced by the drilling of multi-material stacks. This paper provides an in-depth review of recent advancements concerning the selection of optimized strategies for high-performance drilling of multi-material stacks by focusing on the significant conclusions of experimental investigations of the effects of drilling parameters and cutting tool characteristics on the drilling performance of aerospace assemblies with CFRP/Al stacks and FML materials. The feasibility of alternative drilling processes for improving the hole quality of hybrid composite stacks is also discussed.
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Atalay, Ozgur, Senem Kursun Bahadir, and Fatma Kalaoglu. "An Analysis on the Moisture and Thermal Protective Performance of Firefighter Clothing Based on Different Layer Combinations and Effect of Washing on Heat Protection and Vapour Transfer Performance." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/540394.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fabric assemblies for firefighting clothing have been tested for heat protection and comfort. The constituent materials and fabric structures have been specifically selected and tailored for firefighters’ clothing. In order to do this, four types of outer shell fabrics, four types of moisture barrier fabrics, and four types of heat barriers with different weights and material compositions were used to make a multilayered fabric assembly. Heat transfer (flame), heat transfer (radiant), and water vapour resistance tests were conducted according to the latest EN469 test standard which also recommends washing tests. These tests reveal that material content and material brand have considerable effect on the required performance levels of heat protection. In addition, while washing tests have improved water vapor transfer properties, they have a deteriorating effect on heat protection performance. Considering heat protection and moisture comfort properties, the optimal assemblies are thereby identified.
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Swaminathan, Arun, Saghir A. Shaikh, and K. Suzanne Barber. "Design of an experience-based assembly sequence planner for mechanical assemblies." Robotica 16, no. 3 (May 1998): 265–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574798000356.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents a design of an assembly sequence planner based on a “plan reuse” philosophy. Most of assembly planning research in the past has attempted to completely plan each problem from scratch. This research shows that stored cases of basic assembly configurations can be applied to a given assembly problem. It is observed that the number of such basic assembly configurations is quite small. The planner divides the assembly into a number of constituent configurations, which are called “loops”. These act as subgoals in its search for solutions. Plans retrieved for all subgoals are fused into a set of plans that are consistent with the constraints implied by each plan. Application specific constraints on the assembly are explicitly handled in the second phase of planning. Mechanisms for assembly representation and implementation details of the planner are also presented.
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Johnson, L. H., and L. O. Werme. "Materials Characteristics and Dissolution Behavior of Spent Nuclear Fuel." MRS Bulletin 19, no. 12 (December 1994): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s088376940004865x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The geologic disposal of spent nuclear fuel is currently under consideration in many countries. Most of this fuel is in the form of assemblies of zirconium-alloy-clad rods containing enriched (1–4% 235U) or natural (0.71% 235U) uranium oxide pellets. Approximately 135,000 Mg are presently in temporary storage facilities throughout the world in nations with commercial nuclear power stations.Safe geologic disposal of nuclear waste could be achieved using a combination of a natural barrier (the host rock of the repository) and engineered barriers, which would include a low-solubility waste form, long-lived containers, and clay- and cement-based barriers surrounding the waste containers and sealing the excavations.A requirement in evaluating the safety of disposal of nuclear waste is a knowledge of the kinetics and mechanism of dissolution of the waste form in groundwater and the solubility of the waste form constituents. In the case of spent nuclear fuel, this means developing an understanding of fuel microstructure, its impact on release of contained fission products, and the dissolution behavior of spent fuel and of UO2, the principal constituent of the fuel.
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Nguyen, Trung Dac, Benjamin A. Schultz, Nicholas A. Kotov, and Sharon C. Glotzer. "Generic, phenomenological, on-the-fly renormalized repulsion model for self-limited organization of terminal supraparticle assemblies." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 25 (June 10, 2015): E3161—E3168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509239112.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Self-limited, or terminal, supraparticles have long received great interest because of their abundance in biological systems (DNA bundles and virus capsids) and their potential use in a host of applications ranging from photonics and catalysis to encapsulation for drug delivery. Moreover, soft, uniform colloidal aggregates are a promising candidate for quasicrystal and other hierarchical assemblies. In this work, we present a generic coarse-grained model that captures the formation of self-limited assemblies observed in various soft-matter systems including nanoparticles, colloids, and polyelectrolytes. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that the assembly process is self-limited when the repulsion between the particles is renormalized to balance their attraction during aggregation. The uniform finite-sized aggregates are further shown to be thermodynamically stable and tunable with a single dimensionless parameter. We find large aggregates self-organize internally into a core–shell morphology and exhibit anomalous uniformity when the constituent nanoparticles have a polydisperse size distribution.
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Castellano, Eduardo E., Oscar E. Piro, Beatriz S. Parajón-Costa, and Enrique J. Baran. "Two New Supramolecular Assemblies Obtained by Reaction Between Saccharin and Long-chain Diamines." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 64, no. 9 (September 1, 2009): 1041–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2009-0908.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The crystal structures of heptamethylenediammonium bis(saccharinate) monohydrate, [H3N - (CH2)7 -NH3](sac)2・H2O (1) and octamethylenediammonium bis(saccharinate) hemihydrate, [H3N- (CH2)8-NH3](sac)2・0.5H2O (2), were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. Compound 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1̄ with 2 molecules per unit cell, and 2 in the monoclinic space group P21/a with Z = 4. The saccharinate moiety is planar in both compounds presenting bonding characteristics comparable to those found in other saccharinate salts. The ionic crystals are further stabilized by an extensive H-bonding network, which links the anions and cations into an infinite three-dimensional supramolecular assembly. The FTIR spectra of the adducts are briefly discussed in comparison with those of the constituent molecules.
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Zhou, Yong, Hong Liang, Travis Rodkey, Nicholas Ariotti, Robert G. Parton, and John F. Hancock. "Signal Integration by Lipid-Mediated Spatial Cross Talk between Ras Nanoclusters." Molecular and Cellular Biology 34, no. 5 (December 23, 2013): 862–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.01227-13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lipid-anchored Ras GTPases form transient, spatially segregated nanoclusters on the plasma membrane that are essential for high-fidelity signal transmission. The lipid composition of Ras nanoclusters, however, has not previously been investigated. High-resolution spatial mapping shows that different Ras nanoclusters have distinct lipid compositions, indicating that Ras proteins engage in isoform-selective lipid sorting and accounting for different signal outputs from different Ras isoforms. Phosphatidylserine is a common constituent of all Ras nanoclusters but is only an obligate structural component of K-Ras nanoclusters. Segregation of K-Ras and H-Ras into spatially and compositionally distinct lipid assemblies is exquisitely sensitive to plasma membrane phosphatidylserine levels. Phosphatidylserine spatial organization is also modified by Ras nanocluster formation. In consequence, Ras nanoclusters engage in remote lipid-mediated communication, whereby activated H-Ras disrupts the assembly and operation of spatially segregated K-Ras nanoclusters. Computational modeling and experimentation reveal that complex effects of caveolin and cortical actin on Ras nanoclustering are similarly mediated through regulation of phosphatidylserine spatiotemporal dynamics. We conclude that phosphatidylserine maintains the lateral segregation of diverse lipid-based assemblies on the plasma membrane and that lateral connectivity between spatially remote lipid assemblies offers important previously unexplored opportunities for signal integration and signal processing.
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Malagodi, Mara. "Dominion status and the origins of authoritarian constitutionalism in Pakistan." International Journal of Constitutional Law 17, no. 4 (October 2019): 1235–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/moz080.
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Abstract The legal legacy of Dominion status in Pakistan (1947–1956) explains the rise, configuration, and normalization of authoritarian constitutionalism in the country. First, the article analyzes Pakistan’s Dominion constitution as both the constitutional framework to manage a difficult political transition and the juridical basis to frame the country’s new permanent constitution. It is argued that the adoption of an instrumental procedural approach to Westminster constitutionalism in Pakistan during the Dominion period led to the subversion of its substantive underpinnings from within. This approach had a critical long-term impact on the country’s constitutional developments and the framing of the permanent constitution, especially with regard to executive dominance. Second, the litigation over the governor-general’s dissolution of Pakistan’s first Constituent Assembly (1947–1954) illuminates the perils of New Dominion constitutionalism and the attempts by Pakistani constitution-makers in both Constituent Assemblies to frame a constitution departing from the Westminster model and to enshrine in the document checks and balances of a legal nature.
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Shekikhachev, Yuri, Vladimir Batyrov, Lyudmila Shekikhacheva, Ruslan Balkarov, and Nurilla Noraliev. "Probability-theoretical approach to the accuracy of the component assembly of multilink mechanisms." E3S Web of Conferences 262 (2021): 01031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126201031.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The technological process, ensuring the accuracy of mechanism assembly is formally a sequential summation of primary manufacturing errors and an analysis of obtained, generalized values to develop and implement specific technological methods to meet process requirements for the accuracy of the relative position of parts. To ensure the accuracy of crank mechanisms for misalignment of piston and cylinder axes, assembled from specific, randomly received component parts, production personnel deal with strictly defined crankshafts, connecting rods, pistons, cylinder blocks, and, consequently, with one or another manufacturing errors. To ensure the accuracy of these parts assembly in a mathematical sense, with such a sequence, will represent nothing more than an algebraic summation of primary errors and compilation of their numerical values with the maximum permissible values. A different situation arises in the implementation of assembly technological processes with automatic achievement of accuracy parameters by varying individual parts from their total number. As in this case fairly representative aggregates are analyzed, the final result of combining parts into assemblies will occur with a greater or lesser probability, especially when the sum of the maximum deviations of constituent links (parts) is not equal and not less than the maximum permissible total values.
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Salnikov, A. V., M. S. Frantsuzov, K. A. Vinogradov, K. R. Pyatunin, and A. S. Nikulin. "Digital Simulation Verification and Validation." Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, no. 9 (750) (September 2022): 100–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2022-9-100-115.
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The paper considers the steps involved in building modern digital simulations, from a conceptual mathematical model to specific simulation settings, for example, meshing parameters. The paper presents a generalised approach to verification and validation of computer simulations and describes its main stages. The approach proposed is based on the assumption that the complex physical phenomena and objects to be simulated have a hierarchical structure that allows them to be split into constituent components (according to their design purpose, such as assemblies or parts, or according to the field of study, such as gas dynamics, combustion, heat transfer, etc.). Each element uses its own mathematical (or digital) model that will have undergone verification and validation. A complex computer simulation is verified and validated from the bottom up, that is, in the following order: individual parts, then assemblies, and finally the physical phenomenon or object under consideration. We consider a case study of verification and validation as pertaining to a comprehensive calculation of axial turbine parameters for a gas turbine engine. We also address issues concerning verification and certification of software used to develop digital simulations, as well as issues concerning verification and validation of digital product twins.
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Kang, Jiho, Zachary M. Sherman, Hannah S. N. Crory, Diana L. Conrad, Marina W. Berry, Benjamin J. Roman, Eric V. Anslyn, Thomas M. Truskett, and Delia J. Milliron. "Modular mixing in plasmonic metal oxide nanocrystal gels with thermoreversible links." Journal of Chemical Physics 158, no. 2 (January 14, 2023): 024903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0130817.
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Gelation offers a powerful strategy to assemble plasmonic nanocrystal networks incorporating both the distinctive optical properties of constituent building blocks and customizable collective properties. Beyond what a single-component assembly can offer, the characteristics of nanocrystal networks can be tuned in a broader range when two or more components are intimately combined. Here, we demonstrate mixed nanocrystal gel networks using thermoresponsive metal–terpyridine links that enable rapid gel assembly and disassembly with thermal cycling. Plasmonic indium oxide nanocrystals with different sizes, doping concentrations, and shapes are reliably intermixed in linked gel assemblies, exhibiting collective infrared absorption that reflects the contributions of each component while also deviating systematically from a linear combination of the spectra for single-component gels. We extend a many-bodied, mutual polarization method to simulate the optical response of mixed nanocrystal gels, reproducing the experimental trends with no free parameters and revealing that spectral deviations originate from cross-coupling between nanocrystals with distinct plasmonic properties. Our thermoreversible linking strategy directs the assembly of mixed nanocrystal gels with continuously tunable far- and near-field optical properties that are distinct from those of the building blocks or mixed close-packed structures.
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Tortora, Maxime M. C., Garima Mishra, Domen Prešern, and Jonathan P. K. Doye. "Chiral shape fluctuations and the origin of chirality in cholesteric phases of DNA origamis." Science Advances 6, no. 31 (July 2020): eaaw8331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw8331.
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Lyotropic cholesteric liquid crystal phases are ubiquitously observed in biological and synthetic polymer solutions, characterized by a complex interplay between thermal fluctuations and entropic and enthalpic forces. The elucidation of the link between microscopic features and macroscopic chiral structure, and of the relative roles of these competing contributions on phase organization, remains a topical issue. Here, we provide theoretical evidence of a previously unidentified mechanism of chirality amplification in lyotropic liquid crystals, whereby phase chirality is governed by fluctuation-stabilized helical deformations in the conformations of their constituent molecules. Our results compare favorably to recent experimental studies of DNA origami assemblies and demonstrate the influence of intramolecular mechanics on chiral supramolecular order, with potential implications for a broad class of experimentally relevant colloidal systems.
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Vogel, Nicolas, Stefanie Utech, Grant T. England, Tanya Shirman, Katherine R. Phillips, Natalie Koay, Ian B. Burgess, Mathias Kolle, David A. Weitz, and Joanna Aizenberg. "Color from hierarchy: Diverse optical properties of micron-sized spherical colloidal assemblies." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 35 (August 19, 2015): 10845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1506272112.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Materials in nature are characterized by structural order over multiple length scales have evolved for maximum performance and multifunctionality, and are often produced by self-assembly processes. A striking example of this design principle is structural coloration, where interference, diffraction, and absorption effects result in vivid colors. Mimicking this emergence of complex effects from simple building blocks is a key challenge for man-made materials. Here, we show that a simple confined self-assembly process leads to a complex hierarchical geometry that displays a variety of optical effects. Colloidal crystallization in an emulsion droplet creates micron-sized superstructures, termed photonic balls. The curvature imposed by the emulsion droplet leads to frustrated crystallization. We observe spherical colloidal crystals with ordered, crystalline layers and a disordered core. This geometry produces multiple optical effects. The ordered layers give rise to structural color from Bragg diffraction with limited angular dependence and unusual transmission due to the curved nature of the individual crystals. The disordered core contributes nonresonant scattering that induces a macroscopically whitish appearance, which we mitigate by incorporating absorbing gold nanoparticles that suppress scattering and macroscopically purify the color. With increasing size of the constituent colloidal particles, grating diffraction effects dominate, which result from order along the crystal’s curved surface and induce a vivid polychromatic appearance. The control of multiple optical effects induced by the hierarchical morphology in photonic balls paves the way to use them as building blocks for complex optical assemblies—potentially as more efficient mimics of structural color as it occurs in nature.
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Zemelman, Boris V. "Targeting Subsets of Mammalian Neurons." Neuroscience Insights 15 (January 2020): 263310552090853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2633105520908537.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Functional dissection of mammalian neuronal circuits depends on accurate targeting of constituent cell classes. Transgenic mice offer precise and predictable access to genetically defined cell populations, but there is the pressing need to target neuronal assemblies in species less amenable to genomic manipulations, such as the primate, which is an important animal model for human perception, cognition, and action. We have developed several virus-based methods for accessing all forebrain inhibitory interneurons as well as the major excitatory and inhibitory neuron subclasses. These methods rely on the wealth of emerging single-cell transcriptome data and harness gene expression variations to refine neuron targeting. Our approach enables nuanced functional studies, including in vivo imaging and manipulation, of the diverse cell populations of the mammalian neocortex, and it represents a timely blueprint for transgenics-independent interrogation of functionally significant cell classes.
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Sinha, Rajarishi, Satyandra K. Gupta, Christiaan J. J. Paredis, and Pradeep K. Khosla. "Extracting Articulation Models from CAD Models of Parts With Curved Surfaces." Journal of Mechanical Design 124, no. 1 (April 1, 2001): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1434267.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In an assembly, degrees of freedom are realized by creating mating features that permit relative motion between parts. In complex assemblies, interactions between individual degrees of freedom may result in a behavior different from the intended behavior. In addition, current methods perform assembly reasoning by approximating curved surfaces as piecewise linear surfaces. Therefore, it is important to be able to reason about assemblies using exact representations of curved surfaces; verify global motion behavior of parts in the assembly; and create motion simulations of the assembly by examination of the geometry and material properties. In this paper, we present a linear algebraic constraint method to automatically construct the space of allowed instantaneous motions of an assembly from the geometry of its constituent parts. Our work builds on previous work on linear contact mechanics and curved surface contact mechanics. We enumerate the conditions under which general curved surfaces can be represented using a finite number of constraints that are linear in the instantaneous velocities. We compose such constraints to build a space of allowed instantaneous velocities for the assembly. The space is then described as a set-theoretic sum of contact-preserving and contact-breaking subspaces. Analysis of each subspace provides feedback to the designer, which we demonstrate through the use of an example assembly—a 4-part mechanism. Finally, the results of the analysis of a 4-bar linkage are compared to those from mechanism theory.
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de Sousa, Christoph, Joaquim A. O. Barros, João Ramôa Correia, and Tiago D. S. Valente. "Development of sandwich panels for multi-functional strengthening of RC buildings: Characterization of constituent materials and shear interaction of panel assemblies." Construction and Building Materials 267 (January 2021): 120849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120849.
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Petrovic, Arsen, Sebastiano Pasqualato, Prakash Dube, Veronica Krenn, Stefano Santaguida, Davide Cittaro, Silvia Monzani, et al. "The MIS12 complex is a protein interaction hub for outer kinetochore assembly." Journal of Cell Biology 190, no. 5 (September 6, 2010): 835–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201002070.
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Kinetochores are nucleoprotein assemblies responsible for the attachment of chromosomes to spindle microtubules during mitosis. The KMN network, a crucial constituent of the outer kinetochore, creates an interface that connects microtubules to centromeric chromatin. The NDC80, MIS12, and KNL1 complexes form the core of the KMN network. We recently reported the structural organization of the human NDC80 complex. In this study, we extend our analysis to the human MIS12 complex and show that it has an elongated structure with a long axis of ∼22 nm. Through biochemical analysis, cross-linking–based methods, and negative-stain electron microscopy, we investigated the reciprocal organization of the subunits of the MIS12 complex and their contacts with the rest of the KMN network. A highlight of our findings is the identification of the NSL1 subunit as a scaffold supporting interactions of the MIS12 complex with the NDC80 and KNL1 complexes. Our analysis has important implications for understanding kinetochore organization in different organisms.
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De Poli, Barbara. "Arab revolts and 'Civil State': a new term for old conflicts between Islamism and secularism." Approaching Religion 4, no. 2 (December 8, 2014): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.30664/ar.67553.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Arab revolts that erupted in late 2010, forcing from power the rulers of Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen, and dragging Syria through a ferocious civil war, reactivated the public debate on government in Islamic countries. In all those countries, after removing the authoritarian regimes (or fighting against them), the political arena saw a division into two main camps: Islamic parties and secularists; both claiming to stand for democracy. Within the political discourse of both sides a new concept began to play a pivotal role: that of the ’civil state’ – dawla madaniyya – a term which, however, renders different semantic interpretations according to the political actors involved, meaning both ‘no military or theocratic (but Islamic) State’, and ‘secular State’. We’ll especially analyse the usage of the term ‘dawla madaniyya’ in Tunisia and Egypt since the beginning of the Arab revolts and up until 2014 and, for the same time period, the political practices of Islamist and secularist parties (government experiences, constituent assemblies) focusing on the effectiveness of the dawla madaniyya paradigm for building a democratic state.
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Moore, Wayne D. "Constituent Assemblies. Edited by Jon Elster, Roberto Gargarella, Vatsal Naresh, and Bjørn Erik Rasch. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018. 252p. $110.00 cloth." Perspectives on Politics 17, no. 02 (May 15, 2019): 603–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592719000562.
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Batig, Andriy, Petro Hrytsyshyn, Andriy Kuzyshyn, Andriy Milyanych, Oleh Voznyak, and Yuriy Tereshchak. "Development of an algorithm for investigation of technical state of wagons’ running gears during their derailment." MATEC Web of Conferences 294 (2019): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929403005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A freight wagon is a collection of a large number of parts and assemblies that form a single structure. During wagon operation, there are gradual changes in the characteristics and parameters of its structural elements. That is, the parameters of its constituent elements change – their numerical values increase or decrease that result in a change of the unit’s technical state, and, in turn, affects the totality of its performance. Gradually accumulating, the changes in the parameters of the structural elements of a wagon reach such a level that radical, sometimes abrupt qualitative change occurs. A malfunction that has not been repaired timely may lead to a failure of a wagon structural element, which, in turn, may result in rolling stock derailment. It has been established that the loss of stability of freight wagons during their movement is most often due to their unsatisfactory dynamic properties, which can be explained by design features and technical state of running gears. In this regard, the authors of the article have developed an algorithm for investigation technical state of running gears of freight wagons and determined the effect of their parameters’ deviation on rolling stock operation with possible further derailment.
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Chang, Chia-I., Eamor M. Woo, and Selvaraj Nagarajan. "Grating Assembly Dissected in Periodic Bands of Poly (Butylene Adipate) Modulated with Poly (Ethylene Oxide)." Polymers 14, no. 21 (November 7, 2022): 4781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14214781.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Polarized optical microscopy (POM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and synchrotron microbeam wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) were used to investigate the mechanisms of periodic assemblies leading to ring-banded crystal aggregates with light-grating capacity for iridescence in poly (1,4-butylene adipate) (PBA) modulated with poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO). A critical finding is that the PBA crystal assembly on the top surface and in the interior constitutes a grating architecture, with a cross-bar pitch equaling the inter-band spacing. The inner lamellae are arranged perpendicularly to the substrate under the ridge region, where they scroll, bend, and twist 90° to branch out newly spawned lamellae to form the parallel lamellae under the valley region. The cross-hatch grating with a fixed inter-spacing in the PBA aggregated crystals is proved in this work to perfectly act as light-interference entities capable of performing iridescence functions, which can be compared to those widely seen in many of nature’s organic bio-species or inorganic minerals such as opals. This is a novel breakthrough finding for PBA or similar polymers, such as photonic crystals, especially when the crystalline morphology could be custom-made and modulated with a second constituent.
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Serhii, Strutynskyi, Nochnichenko Ihor, and Kryvosheiev Vladyslav. "THE USE OF ADJUSTABLE DAMPING DEVICES FOR INCREASING TECHNICAL LEVEL OF GROUND ROBOTIC COMPLEXES EQUIPPED WITH A MANIPULATOR." Vibrations in engineering and technology, no. 4(107) (December 23, 2022): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2306-8744-2022-4-6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A dynamic model of the manipulator of the robotic complex was developed on the basis of the conducted experimental studies. The concept of determining the dynamic characteristics of the mechanical system is proposed according to the results of the oscillation analysis. The algorithm is supplemented with modules considering possibility of using controlled damping devices. The constituent parts of the model represent the mechanical devices of the manipulator, in particular connections, rotary assemblies and damping devices. The model contains all the connections between the modules, which allows you to study the dynamic parameters during the operation of the mechanism. Differential dependencies for the implementation of the mathematical model, which includes the subsystem of dynamic damping of vibrational oscillations of the manipulator, are proposed. These dependencies reveal the essence of the oscillatory processes of the mechanical system in full. Guided damping devices introduced into the model allow to control parameters in order to increase the accuracy of the mechanism. The mathematical model is implemented via a software module that takes into account the impact working processes that occur in the connections and rotary assemblies of the mechanical system of the robotic complex. The algorithm involves the use of a mechatronic system equipped with feedback sensors to control the manipulator. Controlled damping devices make it possible to increase the technical level and improve the dynamic characteristics of the mechanical system. Damping of oscillations by a mechatronic system with feedback was investigated and the influence of damping of oscillations on accuracy parameters when moving a robotic complex on an uneven surface was determined. The paper presents the results of modeling an adjustable damper as part of a moving mechanical system. The innovative device uses a magnetorheological fluid as a working fluid, which allows you to control it with the help of electrical impulses. The conducted experimental studies made it possible to obtain key indicators and its operating characteristics of the damper. Based on these results, dependencies, which determine the control laws of a damper that uses a magnetorheological fluid, are proposed.
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Hristova, Hristina. "Hristo Todorov Stoyanov’s Participation in the 1871 First Church National Assembly in Constantinople." Istoriya-History 30, no. 3 (May 20, 2022): 282–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/his2022-3-3-hri.
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The purpose of this study is to present unknown and little known facts about the participation of the Sofia representative Hristo Todorov Stoyanov in the Church National Assembly in 1871. He was one of the most active participants in the discussions on the draft statute for the management and structure of the Bulgarian Exarchate. His legal education, extensive knowledge of ecclesiastical and Ottoman legislation, and personal qualities enabled him to express a competent and reasoned opinion in the disputes and discussions that accompanied all meetings. As an advocate of the democratic views regarding the structure of the Bulgarian Church, Hristo Stoyanov supported the principles of electivity and interchangeability of governing bodies, as well as of active participation of the people in the management of the Bulgarian Exarchate. He demonstrated views and a mindset of a parliamentarian that were modern for his time. The experience he had gained contributed to his future success as a member of the Constituent National Assembly in Veliko Tarnovo, as well as of the First and Second Ordinary National Assemblies. Stoyanov was among the “builders” of Modern Bulgaria. He was also a minister (three times), Chief Public Prosecutor, Chairman of the Supreme Court of Cassation of Bulgaria, a publicist and a respected lecturer at the St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia.
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MacDermott-Opeskin, Hugo I., Vrinda Gupta, and Megan L. O’Mara. "Lipid-mediated antimicrobial resistance: a phantom menace or a new hope?" Biophysical Reviews 14, no. 1 (February 2022): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12551-021-00912-8.
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Abstract The proposition of a post-antimicrobial era is all the more realistic with the continued rise of antimicrobial resistance. The development of new antimicrobials is failing to counter the ever-increasing rates of bacterial antimicrobial resistance. This necessitates novel antimicrobials and drug targets. The bacterial cell membrane is an essential and highly conserved cellular component in bacteria and acts as the primary barrier for entry of antimicrobials into the cell. Although previously under-exploited as an antimicrobial target, the bacterial cell membrane is attractive for the development of novel antimicrobials due to its importance in pathogen viability. Bacterial cell membranes are diverse assemblies of macromolecules built around a central lipid bilayer core. This lipid bilayer governs the overall membrane biophysical properties and function of its membrane-embedded proteins. This mini-review will outline the mechanisms by which the bacterial membrane causes and controls resistance, with a focus on alterations in the membrane lipid composition, chemical modification of constituent lipids, and the efflux of antimicrobials by membrane-embedded efflux systems. Thorough insight into the interplay between membrane-active antimicrobials and lipid-mediated resistance is needed to enable the rational development of new antimicrobials. In particular, the union of computational approaches and experimental techniques for the development of innovative and efficacious membrane-active antimicrobials is explored.
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Kveglis, L. I., F. M. Noskov, A. A. Kalitova, R. T. Nasibullin, A. V. Nyavro, A. N. Cherepanov, A. E. Olekhnovich, and D. N. Saprykin. "Influence of the size of iron nanoclusters on their magnetization." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. "Physics" Series 106, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2022ph2/68-74.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The size of iron nanocrystals significantly affects the value of their magnetization. However, an adequate model of the structure of nanocrystalline formations comprising different numbers of iron atoms still does not exist. In this work, spatial models of nanocrystalline iron clusters differing in configuration and the number of their constituent atoms are constructed. Tetrahedrally close-packed cluster assemblies of iron atoms are taken as the basis for the proposed structures of nanocrystals. The spectra of the density of electronic states for the proposed clusters are constructed using the theory of the electron density functional. The calculation was carried out by the method of scattered waves in accordance with the band theory of crystals. The appearance of magnetization in tetrahedral close-packed cluster formations is associated with excited electronic states of atoms located on the surface of the nanocluster. Excited atoms have an increased electron density, that is, electrons are able to transition to states with higher energy, approaching the Fermi energy. In this case, the Stoner criterion necessary for the occurrence of magnetization is fulfilled. The configurations of electrons with spin up and down differ, which is why uncompensated magnetic moments appear. It is shown that the proposed models of iron nanoclusters are in satisfactory agreement with the known experimental data.
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de la Escosura. "The Informational Substrate of Chemical Evolution: Implications for Abiogenesis." Life 9, no. 3 (August 8, 2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life9030066.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A key aspect of biological evolution is the capacity of living systems to process information, coded in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and used to direct how the cell works. The overall picture that emerges today from fields such as developmental, synthetic, and systems biology indicates that information processing in cells occurs through a hierarchy of genes regulating the activity of other genes through complex metabolic networks. There is an implicit semiotic character in this way of dealing with information, based on functional molecules that act as signs to achieve self-regulation of the whole network. In contrast to cells, chemical systems are not thought of being able to process information, yet they must have preceded biological organisms, and evolved into them. Hence, there must have been prebiotic molecular assemblies that could somehow process information, in order to regulate their own constituent reactions and supramolecular organization processes. The purpose of this essay is then to reflect about the distinctive features of information in living and non-living matter, and on how the capacity of biological organisms for information processing was possibly rooted in a particular type of chemical systems (here referred to as autonomous chemical systems), which could self-sustain and reproduce through organizational closure of their molecular building blocks.
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Rawat, Ramnarayan S. "Making Claims for Power: A New Agenda in Dalit Politics of Uttar Pradesh, 1946-48." Modern Asian Studies 37, no. 3 (June 25, 2003): 585–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x03003032.
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‘. . . [T]he awakened untouchable today is repeatedly asking them [the Congress] if they could not remove the ‘social evil’ of their own creation without political power, how do they expect us [the untouchables] to liberate ourselves without political power’. (Shastri, Poona Pact. 1946, p. 24)‘This is 1946, not 1932’. (Shastri, Poona Pact. 1946, p.76)Shankaranand Shastri's statements help us locate two related propositions that came to constitute Dalit politics in Uttar Pradesh in the 1940s. The first proposition deals with claims made by Dalits to acquire political power—specifically in the form of adequate representation in the provincial legislative assemblies and in the Constituent Assembly. They demanded positive discrimination in the form of reservations within legislative and executive institutions. Safeguards for Dalits, it was argued, should be incorporated into the proposed constitution for Indian citizens. The second proposition concerns achhut identity, through which Dalits hoped to reconstitute their polity in UP. The Scheduled Castes Federation (SCF) and even a section of Congress Harijans staked a claim for achhut identity to distinguish their difference from ‘other communities.’ Dalit writings increasingly depicted the Poona Pact as a great betrayal by the Congress and the British. From their experience of the two general elections of 1937 and 1946, they argued that the electoral mechanism worked out under the aegis of the Poona Pact was structured against the Dalits.
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Artz, Lee. "Political Power and Political Economy of Media: Nicaragua and Bolivia." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 15, no. 1-2 (January 14, 2016): 166–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341382.
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The apparent democratic shift unfolding in Latin America, from Venezuela and Bolivia to Ecuador and Nicaragua has been quite uneven. Public access to media provides one measurement of the extent to which social movements have been able to alter the relations of power. In nations where working classes, indigenous peoples, women, youth, and diverse ethnic groups have mobilized and organized constituent assemblies and other social and political organizations, political economies of radical democratic media have been introduced, communicating other progressive national policies for a new cultural hegemony of solidarity. Moments of rupture caused by social movements have introduced new social and political norms challenging capitalist cultural hegemony across the continent, with deep connections between media communication and social power revealed in every case. Public access to media production and distribution is a key indicator of democratic citizen participation and social transformation. Those societies that have advanced the farthest towards 21st century socialism and participatory democracy have also established the most extensive democratic and participatory media systems. These media reach far beyond community and alternative media forms to become central to an emerging hegemonic discourse advocating social transformation and working class power. Community media in Nicaragua, Bolivia, and Ecuador demonstrate how radical political power can encourage mass working class participation, including acquiring and using mass communication for social change and social justice.
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Hassan, Ali Adan. "Fiscal Decentralization and Economic Growth. The Case of Mogadishu, Somalia." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science 06, no. 08 (2022): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2022.6812.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the failure of the centralized military regime and the subsequent transitional governments, Somalia adopted decentralized federal governance following the approval of a provisional federal constitution by 825 constituent assemblies representing different clans. However, the Fiscal decentralization in Somalia is in its infancy stage, and the allocation of functional assignments among the federal and state governments is yet to materialize. Therefore, the primary objective of the present study is to examine the effect of fiscal decentralization on economic growth in Mogadishu, Somalia, emphasizing the current practice and challenges. The study employed descriptive case study research that collected qualitative and quantitative primary data through an online mixed questionnaire and structured interview guide with the target population and analysed with due process. The study findings reveal that adequate revenue and expenditure responsibilities with some degree of fiscal autonomy to subnational governments are critical to properly implementing fiscal decentralization and improving citizens’ living standards. In addition, the research found that political stalemate, weak national government, poor cooperation among different levels of government, security-related challenges, limited technical, administrative or fiscal capacities, and economic disparity are among the obstacles that hinder effective fiscal decentralization in Somalia. Finally, the study recommends strengthening intergovernmental fiscal relations, finalizing the provisional constitution review to address financial matters, developing a revenue-sharing formula that guides fiscal transfer arrangements, enhancing the institutional capacity of subnational governments, and allocating the considered budget to the social and economic services as they are necessary economic growth.
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Chrissian, Christine, Coney Pei-Chen Lin, Emma Camacho, Arturo Casadevall, Aaron M. Neiman, and Ruth E. Stark. "Unconventional Constituents and Shared Molecular Architecture of the Melanized Cell Wall of C. neoformans and Spore Wall of S. cerevisiae." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6040329.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The fungal cell wall serves as the interface between the cell and the environment. Fungal cell walls are composed largely of polysaccharides, primarily glucans and chitin, though in many fungi stress-resistant cell types elaborate additional cell wall structures. Here, we use solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to compare the architecture of cell wall fractions isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores and Cryptococcus neoformans melanized cells. The specialized cell walls of these two divergent fungi are highly similar in composition. Both use chitosan, the deacetylated derivative of chitin, as a scaffold on which a polyaromatic polymer, dityrosine and melanin, respectively, is assembled. Additionally, we demonstrate that a previously identified but uncharacterized component of the S. cerevisiae spore wall is composed of triglycerides, which are also present in the C. neoformans melanized cell wall. Moreover, we identify a tyrosine-derived constituent in the C. neoformans wall that, although it is not dityrosine, is a non-pigment constituent of the cell wall. The similar composition of the walls of these two phylogenetically distant species suggests that triglycerides, polyaromatics, and chitosan are basic building blocks used to assemble highly stress-resistant cell walls and the use of these constituents may be broadly conserved in other fungal species.
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Brunner, Eric, Stephen L. Ross, and Ebonya Washington. "Does Less Income Mean Less Representation?" American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 5, no. 2 (May 1, 2013): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.5.2.53.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We assemble a novel dataset of matched legislative and constituent votes and demonstrate that less income does not mean less representation. We show: (i) The opinions of high- and low-income voters are highly correlated; the legislator's vote often reflects the desire of both. (ii) What differences in representation by income exist vary by legislator party. Republicans more often vote the will of their higher income over their lower income constituents; Democratic legislators do the reverse. (iii) Differences in representation by income are largely explained by the correlation between constituent income and party affiliation. (JEL D31, D72)
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Belyy, Vladislav, Ngoc-Han Tran та Peter Walter. "Quantitative microscopy reveals dynamics and fate of clustered IRE1α". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, № 3 (23 грудня 2019): 1533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915311117.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane-resident stress sensor inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) governs the most evolutionarily conserved branch of the unfolded protein response. Upon sensing an accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER lumen, IRE1 activates its cytoplasmic kinase and ribonuclease domains to transduce the signal. IRE1 activity correlates with its assembly into large clusters, yet the biophysical characteristics of IRE1 clusters remain poorly characterized. We combined superresolution microscopy, single-particle tracking, fluorescence recovery, and photoconversion to examine IRE1 clustering quantitatively in living human and mouse cells. Our results revealed that: 1) In contrast to qualitative impressions gleaned from microscopic images, IRE1 clusters comprise only a small fraction (∼5%) of the total IRE1 in the cell; 2) IRE1 clusters have complex topologies that display features of higher-order organization; 3) IRE1 clusters contain a diffusionally constrained core, indicating that they are not phase-separated liquid condensates; 4) IRE1 molecules in clusters remain diffusionally accessible to the free pool of IRE1 molecules in the general ER network; 5) when IRE1 clusters disappear at later time points of ER stress as IRE1 signaling attenuates, their constituent molecules are released back into the ER network and not degraded; 6) IRE1 cluster assembly and disassembly are mechanistically distinct; and 7) IRE1 clusters’ mobility is nearly independent of cluster size. Taken together, these insights define the clusters as dynamic assemblies with unique properties. The analysis tools developed for this study will be widely applicable to investigations of clustering behaviors in other signaling proteins.