Статті в журналах: "Constant magnet"

1

Radovinsky, Alexey L., Leslie Bromberg, Joseph V. Minervini, Philip C. Michael, Thomas Servais, Eric Forton, and Emma Pearson. "Constant Field Toroidal SMES Magnet." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 26, no. 3 (April 2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2015.2509246.

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2

Pan, Xue Hai. "Constant Voltage Analysis of Permanent Magnet Generator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 63-64 (June 2011): 970–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.63-64.970.

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This paper discusses and analysis the constant voltage of vehicle applied permanent magnet generator. The permanent magnet can produce magnetic field in an air gap with no excitation winding and no dissipation of electric power, when the rotor turns, the magnet field turns, the generator generates electricity, with the permanent magnet material of high remnant magnetic induction and the optimized design of the generator, the output voltage is improved when the engine at low speed. We develop a single-phase double half-wave electric regulator is to ensure the stability of the output voltage and can direct output direct current.

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3

Akinloye, B. O., and G. O. Uzedhe. "Controllable single-phase smart synchronous generator towards solar-pneumatic power generation." Nigerian Journal of Technology 39, no. 2 (July 16, 2020): 493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i2.19.

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This paper presents the development of a controllable single-phase surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous generator (SPSMPMSG) for low speed applications. Presently, the world is faced with degrading climatic conditions that may be worsen if energy need is met by fossil fuel and other conventional means of generation. On the other hand, renewable alternatives are not always of constant speed, and are usually not high enough to turn conventional alternators. There is therefore a need for the development of alternators that can generate electricity from low speed sources. The development of permanent magnet from rare-earth materials has revolutionized the electrical generator development. Permanent magnet machines are characterized by high torque, low noise, high efficiency and high power factor. The use of these magnets also made it possible to add computer based controllability making the generator a smart machine. This paper presents a CAD design of smart generator at an input speed of 500rpm to a turbine to produce a constant output of 220V. Simulation and physical test results produce an output of 220V ± 1% and give a clear indication that low speed renewable energy sources can produce usable electrical power. Keywords: Smart generator, Permanent magnet generator, stator, rotor, Computer-aided design.

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4

Armando, Eric, Sandro Rubino, Aldo Boglietti, Enrico Carpaneto, Salvatore Musumeci, and Daniele Martinello. "A Test Procedure to Evaluate Magnets Thermal Time Constant of Permanent Magnet Machines." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 57, no. 5 (September 2021): 4694–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2021.3090745.

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5

Heydari, M. B., M. Asgari, L. Gharib, A. Keshtkar, N. Jafari, and M. Zolfaghari. "A Novel Augmented Railgun Using Permanent Magnets." Advanced Electromagnetics 8, no. 1 (June 9, 2019): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v8i1.961.

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A novel augmented railgun using a permanent magnet is proposed in this paper. The effects of the permanent magnet on the magnetic field and distribution of current density have been investigated. High current densities in the railguns can lead to high local temperature and erosion of the rails. Therefore, the current densities in the rails and armature should be decreased without the reduction of the Lorentz force which is required for acceleration. For this purpose, augmentation of the magnetic field can be used as an effective method. The Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations have been applied in this article to analyze the performance of the railgun in the presence of the magnets. Two augmented railgun structures have been introduced to produce a constant external magnetic field. For both structures, augmented railgun characteristics are studied in comparison to the railgun without the augmentation. The results show that augmentation with permanent magnet increases railgun efficiency, especially in low current railguns. For pulse current source I=30kA, Lorentz force of the augmented railgun with four magnets is 2.02 times greater than the conventional railgun.

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6

Otsuka, A., and T. Kiyoshi. "High-Field Magnet Design Under Constant Hoop Stress." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 18, no. 2 (June 2008): 1529–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2008.920531.

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7

Ma, Zhimin, and Xiaogang Qi. "Permanent magnet motor temperature compensated constant torque control." IFAC-PapersOnLine 51, no. 31 (2018): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.10.013.

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8

SUMMERS, D. J. "MUON ACCELERATION USING FIXED FIELD, ALTERNATING GRADIENT (FFAG) RINGS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 16 (June 30, 2005): 3861–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05027813.

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Given their 2.2 μs lifetime, muons must be accelerated fairly rapidly for a neutrino factory or muon collider. Muon bunches tend to be large. Progress in fixed field, alternating gradient (FFAG) lattices to meet these challenges are reviewed. FFAG magnets are naturally wide; low momentum muons move from the low field side of a gradient magnet to the high field side as they gain energy. This can be exploited to do double duty and allow a large beam admittance without unduly increasing the magnetic field volume. If the amount of RF must be reduced to optimize cost, an FFAG ring can accommodate extra orbits. I describe scaling FFAGs in which the bends in each magnet are energy independent and non-scaling FFAGs in which the bends in each magnet do vary with muon energy. In all FFAG designs the sum of the bends in groups of magnets are constant; otherwise orbits would not close. Ways of keeping the accelerating beam in phase with the RF are described. Finally, a 1 MeV proof of principle scaling FFAG has been built at KEK and began accelerating protons in June 2000 with a 1 kHz repetition rate.

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9

Nagaya, K., and N. Arai. "Analysis of a Permanent Magnet Levitation Actuator With Electromagnetic Control." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 113, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 472–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2896434.

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This paper proposes an actuator in the magnetic levitation system using a permanent magnet and an electromagnet. In this system, the gravity force of the masses is supported by a strong permanent magnet in which two identical poles face each other. The vibration due to external disturbances is controlled by use of the electromagnet by changing magnetic fluxes of one of the permanent magnets. The analytical expressions for obtaining the levitation force, spring constant, and the control force versus the electric current in the electromagnet were derived using the equation of the electromagnetic theory. Numerical simulations under the control using the optimal regulator for the magnetically levitated body were carried out. To verify the present theoretical results, experimental results were also obtained.

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10

Mohammad, Ummu Atiqah Khairiyah B., A. K. M. Nurul Amin, Mohd Redzuan Bin Abdul Rappat, and Muammer D. Arif. "Effect of Application of a Combination of Magnets on Chatter Amplitude Reduction in Turning of Stainless Steel AISI 304." Applied Mechanics and Materials 393 (September 2013): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.393.189.

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This paper presents the results of experimental investigations of vibration analysis conducted on Engine Lathe Harrison M390 using variable cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut at constant tool overhang of 120mm as the machining parameters ascertain the effectiveness of TiN coated carbide insert in turning of hardened steel AISI 304. The experiments were designed based on the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) approach using DESIGN EXPERT (DOE) software to enhance statistical model using the capabilities of RSM to compare the effectiveness of application of a combination of a bottom and a side magnet with respect to the tool holder in terms of reduction of chatter amplitude. The experiments were performed under application of magnetic field from two permanent magnets with magnetic strength of 1200 Gauss each with one located at the bottom and the other at the side of the cutting tool with distance 1cm from the tool. The dimension of the bottom magnet was 25 x 25 x 50mm and that of the side magnet was 87 x 50 x 17mm. The vibration amplitude data for the two conditions were compared to identify the influence of magnet on chatter reduction. The results reveal that a maximum of 87% and an average of 50% reduction of chatter acceleration amplitude were achieved with the said arrangement of the magnets. Furthermore, empirical mathematical model of maximum chatter amplitude was developed for machining with magnet application to predict the cutting parameters with the lowest value of chatter amplitude and maximum material removal rate.

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11

Karthick, K., S. Ravivarman, Ravi Samikannu, K. Vinoth, and Bashyam Sasikumar. "Analysis of the Impact of Magnetic Materials on Cogging Torque in Brushless DC Motor." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (December 17, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5954967.

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The cogging torque is the most significant issue in permanent magnet applications, since it has a negative impact on machine performance. In this article, the impact of magnetic materials on cogging torque is analyzed on brushless DC motors (BLDC). The effect of neodymium magnets (NdFeB), compression molded magnet, and samarium cobalt (SmCo) magnet on the cogging torque is analyzed to the BLDC motor designed for hybrid electric vehicle traction that has the peak power rating of 50 kW motor with 48 stator slots and 8 rotor poles. With the presence of these three magnetic materials, the cogging torque is estimated independently using multiposition simulation. The multiposition is simulated using a transient application that runs at constant speed. The results of cogging torque, rotational speed, angular position of BLDC motor, and magnetic flux density distribution have been presented. Also, the maximal, mean, minimal, rectified mean, and rms values of cogging torque were provided.

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12

Wang, Chun Liu, Jin Jian Li, and Xiao Yun Feng. "Simulation of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicle Indirect-Torque Control System." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 7438–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.7438.

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For the request of electric vehicle on drive motor, the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) get more and more attention by its small size and torque characteristics. By analyzing the traction motor characteristics with a constant torque starting and constant power operation, the space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) algorithm is used to replace the switching table for direct torque control (DTC) strategy. By analyzing the mathematical model of the PMSM, for the existence of permanent magnets, the rotor coordinate system is applied when calculating the stator flux. Meanwhile, the electric vehicle starting block and the brake block are simulated for the characteristics of that walk namely stop. The results show that the speed has a smooth transition and the torque has a quick response.

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13

Franse, J. J. M., and N. Miura. "Science and Techniques Using Pulsed Magnetic Fields." MRS Bulletin 18, no. 8 (August 1993): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400037763.

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In this article, we examine materials behavior in the magnetic field region from about 40 T to 500 T using pulsed magnet technology. Examples of materials science using two different pulsed magnet technologies are described in this article.Semicontinuous MagnetsSince the late 1960s, the University of Amsterdam has operated a semicontinuous magnetic field installation that produces magnetic fields up to 40 T with typical time constants of about one second. The magnet coil is constructed from hard-drawn copper wire with a reinforcement cylinder of maraging steel positioned at roughly one third of the outer diameter. Before operation, the coil is cooled to 30 K by cold neon gas. The power for this installation is taken directly from a 10 kV connection to the public electricity grid. By means of a thyristor-based power control system, highly flexible field-time profiles can be realized: step-wise pulses can be generated with field levels constant within 10−4 during 100 ms; linearly increasing and decreasing fields as well as exponentially ripple-free decreasing fields are other examples of standard field-time profiles. Among the measuring techniques frequently used are magnetization, magneto-transport, quantum oscillations, relaxation phenomena, etc. Temperatures at which experiments can be performed range from 400 mK to room temperature. In the Netherlands, the Amsterdam High Field Facility has recently been combined with the High Magnetic Field Laboratory in Nijmegen, where static magnetic fields up to 30 T are produced in hybrid magnet systems, to form the Amsterdam-Nijmegen Magnet Laboratory (ANML). The high field research of ANML comprises semiconductors, magnetism in transition-metal compounds, heavy-fermion physics, superconductors, organic conductors, and magnetic separation. We present here a few selected topics.

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14

Nishio, H. "Magnetic aftereffect constant of Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet." Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan 13, no. 2 (1989): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3379/jmsjmag.13.209.

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15

Meyer, Alexander, and Jörg Franke. "Towards an Energy Efficient Series Production of High Performance Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors by Selective Magnet Assembly." Applied Mechanics and Materials 882 (July 2018): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.882.111.

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When installing magnets on synchronous rotors, the target values of energy efficiency, vibration, noise emissions, power density and synchronism are decisively influenced by the quality of the rotor magnetic field. This depends on the real position of the magnets after mounting, on the polarization of the magnet and on the direction of magnetisation. However, large component tolerances in the magnet bodies also require tolerances in the rotor magnetic field. The quality assurance in the field of rotor production, which is largely lacking in the current state of the art, is compensated for by robust motor designs in order to keep the rejects low. Unconventional machine designs, such as the Halbach arrangement of the magnets, exploit optimization potential in terms of power density by eliminating the ferromagnetic component in the rotor and reduce harmonics due to the almost sinusoidal field shape, so that more efficient winding processes, such as linear winding in the stator with a constant low torque ripple compared to distributed winding, are used. At the same time, however, the requirement for homogeneity of the magnetic field increases due to the matching pairing of the magnets and the correct magnetic position when using sintered, isotropic rare earth magnets. By 100 % testing of magnets and rotors, it is possible on the one hand to exploit these design potentials and on the other hand to estimate the performance data of the motor before the final assembly test by means of data mining. In the framework of the E|MagTol project, the process feasibility of a logistics solution for storing magnetized goods has already been successfully investigated. In order to extend the potential uncovered in the previous project, it is necessary to record all process data of the rotor assembly process such as magnet geometry, magnet position, polarization and magnetization direction. The aim of E|S2MART is on the one hand to increase machine efficiency by compensating for component deviations by adapting or matching the magnetic position and magnetic parameters in a closed-loop control loop in the assembly process and on the other hand to significantly increase the energy efficiency of the assembly process. This is done by optimizing the magnetization process and coupling with inductive heating to replace the furnace process during the bonding process and to reduce the energy consumption during magnetization. On the basis of the existing process experience, the savings potential in the assembly process is estimated to be at least 70 % compared to conventional processes.

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16

Sarac, Vasilija Jovan, and Goce Stefanov. "Various Rotor Topologies of Line-Start Synchronous Motor for Efficiency Improvement." Power Electronics and Drives 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pead-2020-0006.

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Abstract Line-start synchronous permanent magnet motor (LSSPMM) is being considered as a replacement or alternative to asynchronous squirrel-cage motor (AM) in constant speed applications. This is due to the better efficiency and power factor than the asynchronous motor. There are various rotor topologies of LSSPMM concerning the magnets placement and their dimensions. The paper analyses six different rotor topologies in terms of achieving the best efficiency and power factor for the same output power of the motor with minimal consumption of permanent magnet material. All other motor design parameters remain unchanged, i.e. all motor topologies are analysed for the same stator laminations and the same motor windings. The numerical finite element method (FEM) models and dynamic models for obtaining transient characteristics of speed, torque and current verify the proposed design of various motor models. The results from all motor models are compared and adequate conclusions are derived regarding the optimal rotor topology in terms of obtaining the best efficiency and power factor with minimal consumption of permanent magnet material, for the same output power of the motor.

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17

Ren, Ya Heng, Ye Qing Zhu, and Cun Ming Hao. "The Speed and Position Control Method for Constant Magnetism Synchronous Motors Running at Low Speed." Applied Mechanics and Materials 303-306 (February 2013): 1217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.1217.

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In the rotor field oriented vector control system, the use of permanent magnet synchronous motor voltage equations and flux equations derived PMSM position and speed estimation method has its unique advantages, The advantage of this approach is to calculate a simple, fast dynamic response, and easy to implement. However, when permanent magnet synchronous motor running at low speed, back EMF would be very small, which can not guarantee the accuracy of estimates. In addition, the position and speed estimation parameters of permanent magnet synchronous motor is largely in dependence on the running status of permanent magnet synchronous motor ,and vulnerable to temperature and magnetic saturation phenomena.All of these elements will lead to error increase. In order to solve the problem of inaccuracy in parameters estimation of motors at low speed, PI controller is introduced to obtain the rotor speed information, and then make up for deficiencies in the estimation algorithm. At the same time, this method can be applied to achieve smooth switching of high speed switching of the motor.

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18

Zhang, Huan Huan, Ke Bao Ye, and Guo Ping Yang. "Investigation of the Electric Vehicle Motor Constant Power Characteristics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 457-458 (October 2013): 688–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.457-458.688.

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The characteristics of traction motor for electric vehicle is introduced here. The qualitative analysis on the relation between the base speed ratio and power is showed. The emphasis is on the analysis and comparison for permanent magnet brushless DC motor, induction motor and switched reluctance motor.

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19

Dziob, Daniel, Jakub Ramian, Jan Ramian, Bartosz Lisowski, and Jadwiga Laska. "Design and Construction of a Chamber Enabling the Observation of Living Cells in the Field of a Constant Magnetic Force." Cells 10, no. 12 (November 28, 2021): 3339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10123339.

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The aim of the work was to design and construct a microscopic stage that enables the observation of biological cells in a magnetic field with a constant magnetic force. Regarding the requirements for biological observations in the magnetic field, construction was based on the standard automatic stage of an optical microscope ZEISS Axio Observer, and the main challenge was to design a set of magnets which were the source of a field in which the magnetic force was constant in the observation zone. Another challenge was to design a magnet arrangement producing a weak magnetic field to manipulate the cells without harming them. The Halbach array of magnets was constructed using permanent cubic neodymium magnets mounted on a 3D printed polymer ring. Four sets of magnets were used, differing in their dimensions, namely, 20, 15, 12, and 10 mm. The polymer rings were designed to resist magnetic forces and to keep their shape undisturbed when working under biological conditions. To check the usability of the constructs, experiments with magnetic microparticles were executed. Magnetic microparticles were placed under the microscope and their movement was observed to find the acting magnetic force.

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20

Ma, Der-Ming, and Jaw-Kuen Shiau. "THE DESIGN OF EDDY-CURRENT MAGNET BRAKES." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 35, no. 1 (March 2011): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2011-0002.

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The eddy-current is created by the relative motion between a magnet and a metal (or alloy) conductor. The current induces the reverse magnetic field and results in the deceleration of motion. The proposed mechanism implements this phenomenon in developing a braking system. The potential applications of the braking system can be a decelerating system to increase the safety of an elevator or any guided rail transportation system. To provide scientific investigation for industrial application of magnetic braking, this study presents four systematic engineering design scenarios to design a braking system. The constant magnetic field is the simplest and easiest design to implement. The optimal magnetic field distribution is obtained by minimizing the deceleration effort. The piecewise-constant magnetic field distribution offers a compromise between performance and magnetic field requirements. The advantages of the section-wise guide rail are tolerable deceleration; and simple design requirement and manufacturing processes. In the study, an experimental braking system using constant magnetic field is build to demonstrate the design procedure.

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21

Cinti, Luca, and Nicola Bianchi. "Hybrid-Excited PM Motor for Electric Vehicle." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040916.

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This paper deals with the potentials of a Hybrid-Excitation Permanent-Magnet (HEPM) machine. The HEPM machine is characterized by a rotor including both permanent magnets (PMs) and excitation coils. The PMs produce a constant flux at the air gap of the machine, while an excitation current is supplied so as to regulate such a flux. A flux increase could be necessary during transient overload operations, while a flux decrease is useful during Flux-Weakening (FW) actions to operate at speeds higher than the nominal speed. Torque, power, efficiency, flux density and losses of an interior permanent magnet (IPM) motor and an HEPM motor are analyzed in detail. It is shown that this excitation winding produces a great advantage in terms of torque and power performance during the operations at speeds higher than the nominal speed. Despite the additional rotor losses, it is shown that there is a higher efficiency.

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22

Диев, Д. Н., И. А. Ковалев, М. Н. Макаренко, А. В. Наумов, А. В. Поляков, М. И. Сурин, Д. И. Шутова та В. И. Щербаков. "Высокотемпературная сверхпроводниковая магнитная система для изучения нейронной активности". Журнал технической физики 92, № 2 (2022): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2022.02.52014.147-21.

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The paper describes a high-temperature superconducting magnetic system (HTS SMS) to equip an experimental stand intended for neuron activity researches under constant and low-frequency magnetic fields up to 1 T. The design of the magnetic system together with its electromagnetic and cryogenic parameters is briefly discussed. The test results of the preliminary experiments conducted in liquid nitrogen at 77 K for two interchangeable magnets are given. The first magnet was manufactured in the form of a double pancake coil wound with 4 mm high HTS tape. The second magnet was made of pure copper wire with no frame and was impregnated with a thermally conducting epoxy resin. The advantages of the HTS pancake coil were demonstrated in comparison with the cryo-resistive solenoid. Low energy consumption of the HTS magnetic system will allow conducting continuous non-invasive monitoring of biological objects in a magnetic field.

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23

OTSUKA, Akihiro, and Tsukasa KIYOSHI. "Design of a High-field Magnet under Constant Hoop Stress." TEION KOGAKU (Journal of the Cryogenic Society of Japan) 42, no. 6 (2007): 196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2221/jcsj.42.196.

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24

García-Naranjo, Juan C., Igor V. Mastikhin, Bruce G. Colpitts, and Bruce J. Balcom. "A unilateral magnet with an extended constant magnetic field gradient." Journal of Magnetic Resonance 207, no. 2 (December 2010): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2010.09.018.

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25

Marble, Andrew E., Igor V. Mastikhin, Bruce G. Colpitts, and Bruce J. Balcom. "A constant gradient unilateral magnet for near-surface MRI profiling." Journal of Magnetic Resonance 183, no. 2 (December 2006): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2006.08.013.

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26

Ahmedov, H., N. Babayiğit Aşkın, B. Korutlu, and R. Orhan. "Preliminary Planck constant measurements via UME oscillating magnet Kibble balance." Metrologia 55, no. 3 (April 4, 2018): 326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/aab23d.

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27

Gil, Jeonghwan, Sesun You, Youngwoo Lee, and Wonhee Kim. "Back Electro Motive Force Estimation Method for Cascade Proportional Integral Control in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors." Actuators 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2021): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10120319.

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A cascade proportional integral control method with back-electro motive force compensation has been widely used for permanent magnet synchronous motors. In the permanent magnet synchronous motor control, it is important to accurately know the back-electro motive force constant for torque generation as well as back-electro motive force compensation. In this study, a real-time back-electro motive force constant estimation algorithm is developed to improve the velocity tracking control performance. The proposed method consists of a proportional integral controller and a back-electro motive force constant estimator. The proportional integral controller is designed to reduce the velocity tracking error. The back-electro motive force constant estimator is designed to estimate the back-electro motive force constant. It was verified that the estimated back-electro motive force constant converges to the actual back-electro motive force constant. The estimated back-electro motive force constant is applied to the cascade proportional integral controller. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, the performance of the proposed method is validated experimentally.

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28

Guo, Liang, and Hao Ding. "Design and Analysis of a Novel 2-D Permanent Magnet Array for Planar Actuator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 416-417 (September 2013): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.416-417.253.

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A novel 2-D permanent magnet array for a planar actuator was proposed, in which the portion between adjacent magnetic poles was divided to four small rectangular solids. Magnetic fields of the permanent magnet array were analyzed systematically by 3D finite element method. The analysis results show that, compared with the well-known Halbach magnet array, the proposed array has higher permanent magnet utilization. Keeping the whole permanent magnet volume constant, the arrays with several improved structures were put forward. The magnetic field analyze results prove that the utilization is best, when the ratio between the height of the magnetic poles magnetized vertically and the height of the portion magnetized horizontally is about 2.

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29

Ullah, Basharat, Faisal Khan, Muhammad Qasim, Bakhtiar Khan, Ahmad H. Milyani, Khalid Mehmood Cheema, and Zakiud Din. "Lumped Parameter Model and Electromagnetic Performance Analysis of a Single-Sided Variable Flux Permanent Magnet Linear Machine." Energies 14, no. 17 (September 3, 2021): 5494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175494.

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A new Single-sided Variable Flux Permanent Magnet Linear Machine with flux bridge in mover core is proposed in this paper. The flux bridge prevents the leakage flux from the mover and converts it into flux linkage, which greatly influences the performance of the machine. First, a lumped parameter model is used to find the suitable coil combination and no-load flux linkage of the proposed machine, which greatly reduces the computational time and drive storage. Secondly, the proposed machine replaces the expensive rare earth permanent magnets with ferrite magnets and provides improved flux controlling capability under variable excitation currents. Multivariable geometric optimization is utilized to optimize the leading design parameters like split ratio, stator pole width, width and height of permanent magnet, flux bridge width, the width of mover’s tooth, and stator slot depth at constant electric and magnetic loading. The optimized design increases the flux linkage by 44.11%, average thrust force by 35%, thrust force density by 35.02%, minimizes ripples in thrust force by 23%, and detent force by 87.5%. Furthermore, the results obtained by 2D analysis are verified by 3D analysis. Thermal analysis is done to set the operating limit of the proposed machine.

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30

Friedman, Benjamin M. C., Michael G. Abraham, Mark Paetkau, S. Richard Taylor, and Cynthia Ross Friedman. "Use of a varying turn-density coil (VTDC) to generate a constant-gradient magnetic field and to demonstrate the magnetic force on a permanent magnet." Canadian Journal of Physics 91, no. 3 (March 2013): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2012-0405.

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In this study, we proposed that a constant gradient magnetic field could be generated by the construction of a current-carrying coil possessing a turn-density (number of turns per unit length) that varies linearly with axial position (i.e., a varying turn-density coil, VTDC). A VTDC is easily constructed and could be used to demonstrate how a ferromagnet placed in a magnetic field experiences a net force. Using the Biot–Savart law, we predicted that a ferromagnetic dipole suspended in a VTDC experiences a force proportional to the length of the dipole. We designed and executed an experiment to test our prediction. A coil with a turn-density varying at a rate of 0.11 cm−2 was constructed. Rare-earth magnets were suspended along the centre of the VTDC using a string that was attached to a mass resting on a scale. The scale reading measured the force experienced by the hanging magnet. The procedures were also carried out in a constant turn-density solenoid (control). A direct linear relationship between force and magnet length was observed in the VTDC, whereas no force was detected in the zero-gradient field solenoid (p < 0.000 001). Linear regressions suggested that the observed data matched the predicted values (95% certainty). The magnetic moment of 0.56 ± 0.21 J/T is in reasonable agreement with remnant magnetization for neodymium magnets of ∼1 T. We found that our easily-built VTDC produced a uniform gradient as no significant differences were observed when magnets were hung at different axial positions. Overall, the results were supportive of the theory. Our VTDC could be readily constructed and used in a physics classroom to demonstrate basic principles of electromagnetism.

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31

Goryca, Zbigniew, Kamil Paduszyński, and Artur Pakosz. "Model of the multipolar engine with decreased cogging torque by asymmetrical distribution of the magnets." Open Physics 16, no. 1 (March 20, 2018): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2018-0008.

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Abstract This paper presents the results of field calculations of cogging torque for a 12-pole torque motor with an 18-slot stator. A constant angular velocity magnet and the same size gap between n-1 magnets were assumed. In these conditions, the effect of change of the n-th gap between magnets on the cogging torque was tested. Due to considerable length of the machine the calculations were performed using a 2D model. The n-th gap for which the cogging torque assumed the lowest value was evaluated. The cogging torque of the machine with symmetrical magnetic circuit (the same size of gap between magnets) was compared to the one of the asymmetrical machine. With proper choice of asymmetry, the cogging torque for the machine decreased by four times.

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32

A/L Krishna, Preshant, Aravind CV, Aminath Saadha, and F. Azhar. "Force Characteristics Analysis for Linear Machine with DC Field Excitations." MATEC Web of Conferences 152 (2018): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815203005.

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In urban regions and particularly in developing countries such as Malaysia with its ever-growing transport sector, there is the need for energy efficient systems. In urban railway systems there is a requirement of frequent braking and start/stop motion, and energy is lost during these processes. To improve the issues of the conventional braking systems, particularly in Japan, they have introduced linear induction motor techniques. The drawbacks of this method, however, is the use of permanent magnets, which not only increase the weight of the entire system but also increases magnetic cogging. Hence an alternative is required which uses the same principles as Magnetic-Levitation but using a magnet-less system. Therefore, the objective of this research is to propose an electromagnetic rail brake system and to analyze the effect of replacing permanent magnets with a magnet-less braking systems to produce a significant amount of brake thrust as compared with the permanent magnet system. The modeling and performance analysis of the model is done using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The mechanical aspects of the model are designed on Solidworks and then imported to JMAG Software to proceed with the electro-magnetic analysis of the model. There are 3 models developed: Base Model (steel), Permanent Magnet (PM) Model and DC Coil Model. The performance of the proposed 2D models developed is evaluated in terms of average force produced and motor constant square density. By comparing the values for the 3 models for the same case of 9A current supplied for a 0.1mm/s moving velocity, the base model, permanent magnet model and DC coil model produced an average force of 7.78 N, 7.55 N, and 8.34 N respectively, however, with increase in DC current supplied to the DC coil model, the average force produced is increased to 13.32 N. Thus, the advantage of the DC coil (magnet-less) model, is, that the force produced can be controlled by varying the number of turns in the coil (N) or the current supply to the coil (I) given by the which is the simple principles of a solenoid: Force(mmf)=NI.

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33

Barcaro, Massimo, Nicola Bianchi, and Freddy Magnussen. "Permanent-Magnet Optimization in Permanent-Magnet-Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Motor for a Wide Constant-Power Speed Range." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 59, no. 6 (June 2012): 2495–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2011.2167731.

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34

Viego, Percy R., Vladimir Sousa, Julio R. Gómez, and Enrique C. Quispe. "Direct-on-line-start permanent-magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motors with ferrite magnets for driving constant loads." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i1.pp651-659.

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For driving constant loads in industry, the use of direct-on-line-start permanent-magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motors with ferrite magnets (DOL-Start-PMa-SynRM) is proposed. The bibliographic search demonstrated that this new motor has greater efficiency than one similar induction motor (IM). It was evidenced that the main element that is required for direct starting is to insert a squirrel cage into the rotor of a PMa-SynRM, which does not produce negative operational effects in a steady state. An economic evaluation was carried out in a sugar mill company, applying the differential net present value (NPV) method, and a sensitivity analysis, considering the four factors that present the most variation. It was demonstrated, by means of a Pareto diagram standardized for the NPV that the most significant factors are fuel factor, lifespan and the multiplication of both. With response surfaces that are obtained with a multilevel factorial experiment, it was determined that, by varying the factors in the ranges considered, the NPV always remains positive and higher than 2200 USD. This is mainly due to the notable difference between the efficiency of the DOL-Start-PMa-SynRM and that of the IM. Consequently, is proved that an investment in the DOL-Start-PMa-SynRM may be feasible.

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35

Kazakbaev, Vadim, Vladimir Prakht, Vladimir Dmitrievskii, Safarbek Oshurbekov, and Dmitry Golovanov. "Life Cycle Energy Cost Assessment for Pump Units with Various Types of Line-Start Operating Motors Including Cable Losses." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 9, 2020): 3546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143546.

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The paper presents a comparative analysis of life-cycle energy consumption for three different types of 4 kW line-start motors used in a pump unit with throttling: the most widely used induction motor with IE3 efficiency class, line start permanent magnet synchronous motor with IE4 efficiency class and line start synchronous reluctance motor with IE4 efficiency class. The operating cycle for pump units with constant flow is considered for the above-mentioned types of motors taking into account not only the losses in the pump and motor, but also in the power supply cable. It is shown that the line start synchronous reluctance motor without magnets has the highest efficiency over the entire considered loading range. However, its power factor is lower than that of the synchronous motor with magnets and therefore it has more significant losses in power supply cable. Despite this disadvantage, the line-start reluctance motor is a good alternative to widespread induction motor since it allows saving of approximately 4000 euro more than the latter during the 20 years life cycle. It also provides similar savings in comparison to the permanent magnet synchronous motor, but unlike it, it does not have costly rare-earth materials in the rotor.

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36

Kenny, Andrew, and Alan B. Palazzolo. "Single Plane Radial, Magnetic Bearings Biased With Poles Containing Permanent Magnets." Journal of Mechanical Design 125, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1541630.

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Magnetic bearings biased with permanent magnets have lower coil resistance power losses, and the magnets can also be used to help support a constant side load. In this paper, the performance of a single plane radial magnetic bearing biased with permanent magnets in several poles is presented. Although it has less load capacity and stiffness than a similarly sized electrically biased single plane heteropolar bearing, it does not require bias current, and its ratio of load capacity to coil resistance power loss is significantly better. This type of permanent magnet bearing has only a single plane of poles. It can be distinguished from the homopolar bearing type which has two planes and which can also be biased with permanent magnets. Magnetic circuit models for the novel single plane bearing are presented along with verification by finite element models. Equations for the key performance parameters of load capacity, stiffness, coil inductance and resistive power loss are also presented.

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37

Mizuno, Tsutomu, Mitsuhiro Iwadare, Katsumi Koyama, Tetsuya Anzai, Masami Nirei, and Hajime Yamada. "Electrical Time Constant of a Moving-Magnet-Type Linear DC Motor." IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications 119, no. 3 (1999): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejias.119.327.

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38

Yang, Jianwei. "Zero dielectric constant limit of the full Magnet-Hydro-Dynamics system." Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications 120 (June 2015): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.na.2015.03.011.

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39

Lin, D., P. Zhou, and Z. J. Cendes. "In-Depth Study of the Torque Constant for Permanent-Magnet Machines." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 45, no. 12 (December 2009): 5383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2009.2026043.

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40

Richard, Sebastian J., and Benedict Newling. "Measuring Flow Using a Permanent Magnet with a Large Constant Gradient." Applied Magnetic Resonance 50, no. 5 (January 1, 2019): 627–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00723-018-1107-x.

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41

Choi, Gilsu. "Analysis and Experimental Verification of the Demagnetization Vulnerability in Various PM Synchronous Machine Configurations for an EV Application." Energies 14, no. 17 (September 1, 2021): 5447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175447.

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Safety is a critical feature for all passenger vehicles, making fail–safe operation of the traction drive system highly important. Increasing demands for traction drives that can operate in challenging environments over wide constant power speed ranges expose permanent magnet (PM) machines to conditions that can cause irreversible demagnetization of rotor magnets. In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of the demagnetization vulnerability in PM machines for an electric vehicle (EV) application is presented. The first half of the paper presents rotor demagnetization characteristics of several different PM machines to investigate the impact of different design configurations on demagnetization and to identify promising machine geometries that have higher demagnetization resistance. Experimental verification results of rotor demagnetization in an interior PM (IPM) machine are presented in the latter half of the paper. The experimental tests were carried out on a specially designed locked-rotor test setup combined with closed-loop magnet temperature control. Experimental results confirm that both local and global demagnetization damage can be accurately predicted by time-stepped finite element (FE) analysis.

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42

Jinrui, Fan, Li Hong, Ding Yongjie, Yu Daren, and Li Dong. "Research on Transient Electromagnetic Field Model of High Speed Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor Based on the Theory of Constant Electromagnetic Field." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 13, no. 10 (October 1, 2016): 6539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2016.5599.

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The development of ultra-high speed motor is the development direction of the information industry in the future, and it is also the important guarantee for the production efficiency. Objective: To study the working model of the electromagnetic field of the permanent magnet brushless DC motor in the condition of constant electromagnetic field. Methods: Based on the theory of constant electromagnetic field, the model of a high speed permanent magnet brushless DC motor is derived. Process: Combined magnetic circuit calculation method and finite element method of electromagnetic field, and then use the mathematical model to calculate the electromagnetic. Finally, by using the model simulation to verify its practicability. Conclusion: The inhibiting effect of the ring structure rotor pole and cogging torque ripple can meet the requirements of high-speed motor mechanical and electromagnetic performance, meanwhile, the motor has a good performance in this way. So, it can provide reference for the construction of the transient electromagnetic field model of high speed permanent magnet brushless DC motor in the future.

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43

Dinh Hai Linh. "Torque imporvement of IPM motors with skewing magnetic designs." Journal of Military Science and Technology, no. 76 (December 12, 2021): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.54939/1859-1043.j.mst.76.2021.3-10.

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In this paper, a type interior permanent magnet synchronous motor designs is proposed for sport scooter application to improve constant torque wide speed performance. Interior Permanent Magnet machines are widely used in automotive applications for their wide-speed range operation and low maintenance cost. An existing permanent magnet motor (commercial QS Motor) is 3 kW-3000 rpm. In order to improve torque and power in wide speed range, a IPM electric motor 5.5 kW -5000 rpm can run up to 100 km/h: An Step-Skewing Interior Permanent Magnet motor alternatives is designed and optimized in detail with optimal magnetic segment V shape. The electromagnetic charateristics of Interior Permanent Magnet motors with V shape are compared with the reference Surface Permanent Magnet motor for the same geometry parameter requirements. Detailed loss and efficiency result is also analyzed at rate and maximum speeds. A prototype motor is manufactured, and initial experimental tests are performed. Detailed comparison between Finite Element Analysis and test data are also presented. It is shown that it is possible to have an optimized Interior Permanent Magnet motor for such high-speed traction application. This paper will figure out optimal angle of magnetic V shape for maximum torque and minimum torque ripple.

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44

Cheng, Ruo Fa, and Li Hu Chen. "Maximum Wind Power Tracking Control Based on PID and Feedback Linearization." Advanced Materials Research 1055 (November 2014): 358–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1055.358.

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Based on the mathematical model of permanent magnet synchronous generator, the paper discussed the effect of the simplifying torque coefficient equation on direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind power generator. On the basis of feedback linearization principle, designed a PID and feedback linearization compound controller in this paper, and validated under varying wind speed, power coefficient remains at a constant value, which reached the maximum wind power capture purposes. Using MATLAB/simulink tool to build direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind power system simulation model, the paper verify the stability of the system when the external applied load mutate. The result shows that the control strategy of the composite is effective and timely when tacking the maximum power.

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45

Ma, Zhixun, Yuanzhe Zhao, Yan Sun, Zhiming Liao, and Guobin Lin. "Constant switching frequency model predictive control for permanent magnet linear synchronous motor." Transportation Systems and Technology 4, no. 3 suppl. 1 (November 19, 2018): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst201843s1279-288.

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Aim: This paper proposes constant switching frequency model predictive control (CSF-MPC) for a permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) to improve the steady state and dynamic performance of the drive system. Methods: The conventional finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) can be combined with a pulse width modulation (PWM) modulator due to an effective cost function optimization algorithm which is from the idea of dichotomy. In the algorithm, all the voltage vectors in the constrained vector plane are dynamically selected and calculated through iteration. The whole system including control algorithm and mathematical model of PMLSM is built and tested by simulation using MATLAB/Simulink. Besides, the control algorithm is tested in the FPGA controller through FPGA-in-the-Loop test. Results: With the modern digital processors or control hardware such as digital signal processors (DSPs) or field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), the algorithm can be easily executed in less than 10-micro second. This is very proper for industrial applications. The proposed control algorithm is implemented on FPGA and tested by FPGA-in-the-Loop method. The proposed control algorithm can improve the performance of drive system greatly. Conclusion: The proposed CSF-MPC for PMLSM not only keeps the same dynamic transient performance as FCS-MPC but also greatly decreases the torque ripple in steady state. Furthermore, CSF-MPC is also robust to parameter variations. Simulation and FPGA-in-the-Loop results illustrate that CSF-MPC has an attractive performance for PMLSM drives.

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46

Belabbes, Baghdad, Abdelkader Lousdad, Abdelkader Meroufel, and Ahmed Larbaoui. "Simulation and Modelling of Passivity Based Control of PMSM Under Controlled Voltage." Journal of Electrical Engineering 64, no. 5 (September 1, 2013): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2013-0043.

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Abstract The aim of the present paper is the study of the behaviour of passivity based control and difficulties due to synthesis for various operating conditions of a synchronous motor with a permanent magnets. The study takes into account the guarantee of satisfactory static and dynamic performance. It also allows the system to be insensitive to disturbances and uncertainties on the parameters. A number of estimation techniques have been developed to achieve speed and position sensorless permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives. Most of them suffer from variation of motor parameters such as the stator resistance, stator inductance and torque constant. Also it is known that conventional linear estimators are not adaptive variations of the operating point in a nonlinear system.

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47

Chen, Jinling, Hongbin Li, Mingming Zhang, and Yan Zhang. "New compensation scheme of magneto-optical current sensor for temperature stability improvement." Metrology and Measurement Systems 19, no. 3 (October 1, 2012): 611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10178-012-0054-3.

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Abstract A novel magneto-optical current sensor (MOCS) with two sensing arms is proposed to improve the temperature stability. One of the arms, with a highly stable permanent magnet attached and orthogonal to the other one, is designed to provide a reference that follows the temperature characteristics of the sensing material. By a normalization operation between two arms, the temperature drift is compensated adaptively and a sensing output proportional to the measured current can be reached. A dual-input and dual-output structure is specially designed for the reference sensing arm to demodulate the DC Faraday rotation angle. This scheme compensates simultaneously two main temperature influence factors, the Verdet constant and linear birefringence. Validation tests were carried out and are discussed.

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48

Wardach, Marcin, Ryszard Palka, Piotr Paplicki, and Michal Bonislawski. "Novel hybrid excited machine with flux barriers in rotor structure." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 37, no. 4 (July 2, 2018): 1489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-08-2017-0364.

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Purpose Permanent magnet (PM) electrical machines are becoming one of the most popular type of the machines used in electrical vehicle drive applications. The main drawback of permanent magnet machines, despite obvious advantages, is associated with the flux control capability, which is limited at high rotor speeds of the machine. This paper aims to present a new arrangement of permanent magnets and flux barriers in the rotor structure to improve the field weakening control of hybrid excited machines. The field weakening characteristics, back-emf waveforms and efficiency maps of this novel machine have been reported. Design/methodology/approach In the study, finite element analysis was used to perform simulation research. Then, based on the simulation studies, an experimental model was built. The paper also presents selected experimental results. Findings Obtained results show that the proposed machine topology and novel control strategy can offer an effective flux control method allowing to extend the maximal rotational speed of the machine at constant power range. Practical implications The proposed solution can be used in electric vehicles drive to extend its torque and speed range. Originality/value The paper presents original design and results of research on a new solution of a hybrid excited machine with magnetic barriers in a rotor.

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49

Pawawoi, Andi, and Syafii Syafii. "On Load Characteristic of the New Design Permanent Magnets Reluctance Generator." International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE) 6, no. 3 (December 1, 2017): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v6.i3.pp193-198.

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These The new design of a permanent magnet reluctance generator claimed to be able to convert the energy of the permanent magnet is the source of the main field into electrical energy, so that the generator output power can reach 167% compared with the input power axis. In this paper will discuss the characteristics of the generator voltage when under load, pure resistance, inductive load and caThese The new design of a permanent magnet reluctance generator claimed to be able to convert the energy of the permanent magnet is the source of the main field into electrical energy, so that the generator output power can reach 167% compared with the input power axis. In this paper will discuss the characteristics of the generator voltage when under load, pure resistance, inductive load and capacitive load. The results showed that when given a purely resistive load, the terminal voltage tends to be constant, but if given the inductive load, the voltage drop occurs significantly approaching zero voltage at full load current. It is very different when loaded capacitive load. When the generator under load is capacitive, the generator voltage at full load increased by 224.7% from no-load voltage.pacitive load. The results showed that when given a purely resistive load, the terminal voltage tends to be constant, but if given the inductive load, the voltage drop occurs significantly approaching zero voltage at full load current. It is very different when loaded capacitive load. When the generator under load is capacitive, the generator voltage at full load increased by 224.7% from no-load voltage

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50

Xia, Tian, Falong Zhu, Peng Kang, Buyun Sheng, and Yiming Qiu. "An optimal design of the coolant channel across the stator core of the permanent magnet motor." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 68, no. 3 (March 14, 2022): 347–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-210142.

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For avoiding the damage of the insulation and permanent magnet, the temperature rise of the PMSM (permanent magnet synchronous motor) should be controlled strictly, it is usually one of the main objectives during improving the output power and torque density beyond the state-of-the-art in motor design. In this research, the coolant channel will be placed within the yoke of the stator core to enhance the heat transfer between the stator core and the coolant. Hydrophobic coating is applied to replace the metal tube for increasing the utilization of the cross area of the coolant channel. The impact of the coolant channel on the performance of the permanent magnet motor is analyzed. A general design method of the coolant channel is presented. The result shows that the change of the stator core loss is within about 10% as the coolant channel is moved away from the slot along the radial direction while the back electromotive force of the motor could keep constant through appropriate design. The impacts of the coolant channels on the magnet performance and the heat dissipation performance could be divided completely with the design method. The method can be applied on various PMSM including SPM (surface-mounted permanent magnet motor) and IPMSM (interior permanent magnet synchronous motor). Sufficient coolant flow could be provide to help conduct the temperature rise of the motor.

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