Книги з теми "Consistency constraints"
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1
Stergiou, K. Backtracking algorithms for checking the consistency of temporal constraints. Manchester: UMIST, 1997.
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2
Lowe, David G. The viewpoint consistency constraint. New York: Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, 1986.
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3
Mann, Peter. Liouville’s Theorem & Classical Statistical Mechanics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0020.
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This chapter returns to the discussion of constrained Hamiltonian dynamics, now in the canonical setting, including topics such as regular Lagrangians, constraint surfaces, Hessian conditions and the constrained action principle. The standard approach to Hamiltonian mechanics is to treat all the variables as being independent; in the constrained case, a constraint function links the variables so they are no longer independent. In this chapter, the Dirac–Bergmann theory for singular Lagrangians is developed, using an action-based approach. The chapter then investigates consistency conditions and Dirac’s different types of constraints (i.e. first-class constraints, second-class constraints, primary constraints and secondary constraints) before deriving the Dirac bracket from simple arguments. The Jackiw–Fadeev constraint formulation is then discussed before the chapter closes with the Güler formulation for a constrained Hamilton–Jacobi theory.
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Variego, Jorge. Composing with Constraints. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190057237.001.0001.
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Designed for undergraduate and graduate music students, Composing with Constraints provides 100 self-contained exercises to help develop the craft of music composition through rigorous guidelines that help students develop their creativity. Structured in five chapters, the book offers an extended palette of compositional exercises in melody, rhythm, harmony, texture, and pre-compositional strategies. Exercises can be addressed in any order. With the help of the instructor, both graduate and undergraduate students can choose their own paths. An appendix includes a select list of possible solutions for the exercises and a suggested grading rubric is included for the instructor, based on consistent criteria that balance the strictness of the constraints with the incentive of the students’ imagination. All exercises embed simple orchestration problems and are illustrated with excerpts from the standard repertoire. Exercises that encourage the implementation of the computer as an aid to enhance the creative process are included.
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Terrones, Marco, Ceyhun Bora Durdu, and Enrique G. Mendoza. On the Solvency of Nations: Are Global Imbalances Consistent with Intertemporal Budget Constraints? International Monetary Fund, 2010.
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Terrones, Marco, Ceyhun Bora Durdu, and Enrique G. Mendoza. On the Solvency of Nations: Are Global Imbalances Consistent with Intertemporal Budget Constraints? International Monetary Fund, 2010.
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7
Terrones, Marco, Ceyhun Bora Durdu, and Enrique G. Mendoza. On the Solvency of Nations: Are Global Imbalances Consistent with Intertemporal Budget Constraints? International Monetary Fund, 2010.
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8
Shiffrar, Maggie, and Christina Joseph. Paths of Apparent Human Motion Follow Motor Constraints. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0077.
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The phenomenon of apparent motion, or the illusory perception of movement from rapidly displayed static images, provides an excellent platform for the study of how perceptual systems analyze input over time and space. Studies of the human body in apparent motion further suggest that the visual system is also influenced by an observer’s motor experience with his or her own body. As a result, the human visual system sometimes processes human movement differently from object movement. For example, under apparent motion conditions in which inanimate objects appear to traverse the shortest possible paths of motion, human motion instead appears to follow longer, biomechanically plausible paths of motion. Psychophysical and brain imaging studies converge in supporting the hypothesis that the visual analysis of human movement differs from the visual analysis of nonhuman movements whenever visual motion cues are consistent with an observer’s motor repertoire of possible human actions.
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Botman, Dennis P., Maurice Obstfeld, Vitor Gaspar, Douglas Laxton, and Ratna Sahay. Macroeconomic Management When Policy Space Is Constrained: A Comprehensive, Consistent and Coordinated Approach to Economic Policy. International Monetary Fund, 2016.
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Frascarelli, Mara. The interpretation of pro in consistent and partial null-subject languages. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815853.003.0009.
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This chapter deals with the acceptability and interpretation of referential null subjects (NSs) and compares consistent pro-drop in Italian with equivalent sentences in Finnish (a partial NS language), in different syntactic constructions (matrix, completive, factive, and adverbial clauses). This leads to the formulation of an original proposal that opens new perspectives for future research. Specifically, based on the interpretive judgements of 273 native speakers of Finnish, it is shown that a Topic chain analysis (Frascarelli 2007) can (and should) be assumed in partial NS languages as well, and that ‘partiality’ cannot be explained through narrow syntactic constraints. The Locality requirement is thus re-proposed as an Interface Visibility Condition (IVC), according to which in partial NS languages a pro is preferably interpreted as referring to the closest overt link in a Topic chain. The Topic Criterion is thus proposed as a Macroparameter of NS languages and the necessity of a ‘graded analysis’ ascribed to the IVC (as a Mesoparameter).
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Hansford, Thomas G. Vertical Stare Decisis. Edited by Lee Epstein and Stefanie A. Lindquist. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579891.013.18.
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This chapter critically assesses the current state of the literature on vertical stare decisis. It begins with a consideration of how stare decisis does, or does not, fit with the principal–agent framework that is often used as a starting point for theories of the relationship between high and low courts. Various approaches to testing the existence of vertical stare decisis and the factors that might condition the strength of this constraint are then addressed. While there is a good deal of evidence that is consistent with the claim that High Court precedent constrains lower court decision-making, this evidence is not as conclusive as it might first appear. There is also ambiguity regarding the precise causal mechanism at work. This chapter then considers recent scholarship focused on the potential for bottom-up influences on the operation of precedent in a judicial hierarchy.
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Ryberg, Jesper. Neuroscientific Treatment of Criminals and Penal Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758617.003.0010.
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Does the implementation of treatment schemes as an integrated element in the sentencing of offenders violate a retributivist view of punishment? Traditional rehabilitationism has often been held to conflict with retributive justice. However, in this chapter it is argued that: 1) treatment schemes can be designed in a way that is fully consistent with retributive proportionality constraints; 2) treatment schemes cannot plausibly be rejected by retributivists as a type of punishment that should be banned in principle; 3) there may be circumstances under which the retributivist should accept treatment schemes even if criminals are being disproportionately punished.
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Hanna, Jason. The Imposition of Values. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190877132.003.0004.
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This chapter critically considers the common objection that paternalism imposes values on people or violates a plausible conception of liberal neutrality. This objection, it is argued, endorses a constraint according to which a rationale cannot provide a good reason to restrict a person’s liberty unless he can accept that it provides such a reason. The first half of the chapter considers several different interpretations of this constraint and argues that none poses a problem for paternalistic intervention that promotes neutral goods such as health or financial security. The second half of the chapter argues that defenders of paternalism can consistently reject rationales that appeal to controversial “perfectionist” values without relying on a problematic distinction between “means-related” and “ends-related” intervention. Moreover, it argues that pro-paternalists are probably right to permit intervention in some religiously motivated choices, such as that of a Jehovah’s Witness who refuses a life-saving blood transfusion.
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Papanicolaou, Andrew C., Nicole Shay, and Christen M. Holder. Imaging the Networks of Encoding, Consolidation, and Retrieval. Edited by Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764228.013.21.
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In this chapter, the authors examine the contributions of the functional neuroimaging literature to the specification of the neuronal networks of the mnemonic operations of encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. Although the most basic expectation regarding the involvement of parts of the medial temporal lobes, such as the hippocampus, in these operations was not consistently supported by the results of the neuroimaging studies reviewed, other expectations, such as the material-specific lateralization of activation were adequately supported. The several reasons that account for the limited contributions of neuroimaging to the neurophysiology of memory thus far, ranging from constraints imposed by the nature of the mnemonic operations (e.g., the fact that encoding and retrieval occur in tandem) to practical ones (e.g., difficulties in studying spontaneous retrieval), are outlined.
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Ilmanen, Antti, and Matthew Rauseo. Intelligent Risk Taking. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827443.003.0006.
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Peoples’ ability to consume in retirement is a function of how much they save, how they invest, and what those investments return over the lifecycle. This chapter explores what rate of return is needed to deliver a comfortable retirement based on current savings rates, as well as intelligent ways to construct portfolios to achieve this rate of return. Based on reasonable long-term return assumptions, defined contribution portfolios as frequently constructed today are unlikely to achieve this required rate of return. By relaxing existing constraints and taking advantage of well-known and broadly accepted investment themes, this required rate of return can be achieved with a well-diversified portfolio, which may lead to a more consistent portfolio across different economic environments.
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Golan, Amos. A Complete Info-Metrics Framework. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199349524.003.0009.
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In this chapter I develop the complete info-metrics framework for inferring problems and theories under all types of uncertainty and missing information. That framework allows for uncertainty in the observed values and about the functional form, as captured by the constraints. Using the derivations of Chapter 8, it also extends the info-metrics framework to include priors. The basic properties of the complete framework are developed as well. Generally speaking, that framework can be viewed as a “meta-theory”—a theory of how to construct theories and consistent models given the available information. This accrues all the benefits of the maximum entropy formalism but additionally accommodates a larger class of problems. The derivations are complemented with a complete visual representation of the info-metrics framework. Theoretical and empirical applications are provided.
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Silberstein, Michael, W. M. Stuckey, and Timothy McDevitt. Resolving Puzzles, Problems, and Paradoxes from General Relativity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807087.003.0004.
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The main thread of chapter 3 introduces general relativity (GR), Big Bang cosmology, and closed timelike curves, showing how the ant’s-eye view leads to the puzzle of the creation of the universe, the horizon problem, the flatness problem, the low entropy problem, and the paradoxes of closed time-like curves. All these puzzles, problems, and paradoxes of the dynamical universe are resolved using the God’s-eye view of the adynamical block universe. Accordingly, Einstein’s equations of GR are not understood dynamically, but rather adynamically, that is, as a global self-consistency constraint between the spacetime metric and stress–energy tensor throughout the spacetime manifold. This is “spatiotemporal ontological contextuality” as applied to GR. The philosophical nuances such as the status of the block universe argument in GR and debates about the Past Hypothesis have been placed in Philosophy of Physics for Chapter 3. The associated formalism and computations are in Foundational Physics for Chapter 3.
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Steiner, Eva. Judicial Reasoning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790884.003.0007.
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This chapter examines judicial reasoning in France. In France, the long-established assumptions, still deeply rooted in the French legal mind, that only the legislature can make the law and that codes provide a self-contained and internally consistent body of legislation, have greatly contributed to the deductive model of legal reasoning which prevails in the French judicial method. In such a system, codes are deemed to provide the axioms and postulates from which conclusions are drawn. From this it follows that judicial decisions cannot, overtly at least, be the outcome of what the judge feels to be the best solution. They are primarily the result of applying a rule of law to an actual situation. However, the chapter shows how in practise judges has been able to introduce value judgement in their decisions despite the constraints of the system.
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Powell, Emilia Justyna. The International Court of Justice and Islamic Law States. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795582.003.0012.
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This chapter analyzes the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN) that adjudicates interstate disputes and issues advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized UN organs and specialized agencies. The Court—already constrained by its specific jurisdictional design and choice of forum options—faces additional hurdles in building up its authority concerning Islamic law states (ILS). The chapter then identifies why and when ILS are willing to accept ICJ authority. This question is considered in the context of two substantive areas of the ICJ’s jurisdiction: territorial sovereignty and diplomatic immunity. In territorial sovereignty cases, despite partial conflict between Islamic law’s edicts regarding territorial ownership and international law, ILS sometimes use the ICJ and respect its rulings. In diplomatic immunity cases, despite the consistency between Islamic and international law regulating diplomatic protection, ILS are not particularly willing to accept ICJ authority.
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Quaglia, Lucia. The Politics of Regime Complexity in International Derivatives Regulation. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866077.001.0001.
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This book examines the post-crisis international derivatives regulation by bringing together the international relations literature on regime complexity and the international political economy literature on financial regulation. Specifically, it addresses three interconnected questions. What factors drove international standard-setting on derivatives post-crisis? Why did international regime complexity emerge? How was it managed and with what outcomes? Theoretically, this research innovatively combines a state-centric, a transgovernmental and a business-led explanations. Empirically, it examines all the main sets of standards (or elemental regimes) concerning derivatives, namely: trading, clearing, and reporting derivatives; resilience, recovery, and resolution of central counterparties; bank capital requirements for bank exposures to central counterparties and derivatives; margins for derivatives non-centrally cleared. Regime complexity in derivatives ensued from the multi-dimensionality and the interlinkages of the problems to tackle, especially because it was a new policy area without a focal international standard-setter. Overall, the international cooperation that took place in order to promote regulatory precision, stringency, and consistency in the regime complex on derivatives was remarkable, especially considering the large number of policy actors involved (states, private actors, regulators). The main jurisdictions played an important role in managing regime complexity, but their effectiveness was constrained by limited domestic coordination. Networks of regulators facilitated international standard-setting and contributed to managing regime complexity through formal and informal tools. The financial industry, at times, lobbied in favour of less precise and stringent rules, engaging in international ‘venue shopping’; other times, it promoted regulatory harmonization and consistency.
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Amin, Annie, and Thomas W. Cutter. Anesthesia for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiologic Procedures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495756.003.0015.
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This chapter discusses the use of anesthetics in a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic radiologic procedures. Diagnostic procedures are anatomic or functional, minimally or noninvasive, and seldom require anesthesia support; anesthesia is typically only requested for these procedures because of a patient’s physiological or psychological needs. Recognizing and addressing a patient’s comorbidities and other concerns are similar to care given in the surgical setting. The imaging environment and procedures pose additional requirements and constraints, which are unique and require specific solutions; there is frequently no single best anesthetic technique for a given procedure. Radiologists serve the critical function of deciding whether to consult the anesthesiologist or perform a procedure alone. If the decision is to proceed with moderate sedation (administered by a nonanesthesia professional), the importance of vigilant clinical monitoring cannot be understated. In all cases, the patient deserves care that is consistent with the parameters, guidelines, and standards established by the various accrediting agencies and professional societies
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Goldsmith, Jack, ed. The United States' Defend Forward Cyber Strategy. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197601792.001.0001.
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The United States’ new Defend Forward Strategy constitutes a major change in how the nation with the world’s most powerful cyber arsenal views when and how this arsenal should be deployed. It is a large step in the direction of more aggressive action in cyberspace—albeit for defensive ends. The United States has not attempted to hide this new and more aggressive cyber posture. To the contrary, it has telegraphed the change, probably in order to enhance deterrence. But the telegraphing has taken place at a highly abstract level. Very little is known about precisely what types of operations Defend Forward entails. And while the US government has asserted that Defend Forward is consistent with domestic and international law, it has not explained how the new strategy overcomes the perceived legal constraints that previously tempered US responses to cyber intrusions and threats. This volume aims to fill these gaps, and to bring Defend Forward out of the shadows, so to speak, both factually and legally.
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Guitton, Clement. Time. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699994.003.0006.
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How important is the time constraint for attribution? How has the time constraint evolved? And what constitutes an appropriate time for attributing cyber attacks? Timing plays a significant role in attribution. The common assumption is that attribution is time-consuming, and warrants efforts to try to reduce the time it takes to identify instigators of cyber attacks. In the context of a national security incident, the rationale continues, this is problematic because fast reaction times are needed to ensure that any response will still be consistent with the fast-changing geopolitical context. Yet, counter-intuitively, focusing on time reduction can be misleading. In the national security context, timing matters, but not in terms of the measurable passage of time as much as in terms of external conjectures that influence the decision to attribute an act. Whether for a violent act of sabotage where the public expects a government reaction or for a less visible act of espionage, the time may not always be such that it is politically appropriate to attribute an attack. In this context, talking about reducing the time for attribution does not make much sense: such a proposal foregoes all the political elements that inform attribution, and over-emphasizes the technical aspect of attribution over the context in which an attack takes place.
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Oppy, Graham. Rationality and Worldview. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738909.003.0011.
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This chapter argues against the view that there is a particular set of worldview beliefs that is uniquely privileged when it comes to rationality and support by cogent arguments. The chapter begins with a simple model in which two competing worldviews are consistent and coherent, and neither has an advantage over the other with respect to rationality and support by cogent arguments. It is argued that the removal of simplifying assumptions—or equivalently, the addition of further constraints—does nothing to defeat the view that competing worldviews are on a par when it comes to rationality and support by cogent arguments. It is then argued that widening our focus does nothing to defeat the view that our best competing worldviews are on a par when it comes to rationality and support by cogent arguments. Finally, considerations about the assessment of competing worldviews suggests that we have pretty good reason to suppose that best competing worldviews actually are on a par when it comes to rationality and support by cogent arguments.
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Oscar-Berman, Marlene, Trinity A. Urban, and Avram J. Holmes. Effects of Alcoholism on Neurological Function and Disease in Adulthood. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381708.013.22.
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Alcoholism is associated with disparate and widespread negative consequences for brain anatomy and function. Consistent with a diffuse neurobiological profile, alcoholism is marked by a heterogeneous mix of cognitive and emotional abnormalities. Alcohol use disorders arise through diverse origins and follow an uncertain clinical course, with severity and consequences depending on many factors. The identification of specific alcoholism-related deficits is constrained both by methodological techniques employed and the distinct populations studied. To understand alcoholism-related alterations in brain structure and function, it is critical to consider the influence of contextual factors on clinical course. The optimal approach for understanding alcohol use disorders leverages a variety of scientific methodologies and clinical settings. The resulting confluence of data can provide evidence linking alterations in neurobiology with behavioral and neuropsychological effects of alcoholism. Critically, these data may help determine the degree to which abstinence and treatment facilitate the reversal of brain atrophy and dysfunction.
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Stone, Emily. Do Women Compete for Mates When Men Are Scarce? Edited by Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.16.
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This review explores whether and how imbalances in the number of men and women—the sex ratio—affects mating competition. I evaluate the available evidence against two hypotheses: a mating supply and demand hypothesis, which predicts mate competition to increase when mates are scarce, and predictions from a ‘faithful as your options’ hypothesis, which suggests mate competition should increase with a surplus of mates because the returns to mating effort are greatest. Men’s mating effort consistently increased with a surplus of mates, supporting the ‘faithful as your options’ hypothesis, but results for women’s mating effort were mixed. Some measures supported the mating supply and demand hypothesis, some supported the ‘faithful as your options’ hypothesis, and some found no relationship with the sex ratio. Socioeconomic development may explain variation in sex ratio effects for women if men are better able to constrain women’s mating effort in traditional societies, or other variables, like variation in mate quality, may better explain women’s mate competition.
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Michelman, Frank, and Alessandro Ferrara. Legitimation by Constitution. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192855121.001.0001.
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This book recollects and extends a series of exchanges between the two authors, conducted over past decades and inspired by the constitution-centred ‘liberal principle of legitimacy’ proposed by John Rawls in his work on political liberalism. Rawls tied the possibility of a liberally just and stable democratic government in modern pluralized societies to a dualist conception of democracy—a subjection of ground-level majoritarian lawmaking to the constraints of a higher-law constitution that most or all citizens could find acceptable as a framework for their politics. From a shared standpoint of sympathy with the aims of the political-liberal philosophy and its contained idea of legitimation-by-constitution, the exchanges work their ways through difficulties standing in the way of that conception’s fulfilment on terms consistent with political liberalism’s ideas about political justification and avoidance of oppression. In three parts, these chapters focus first on tensions between government by the people and government by consent, and some resulting mysteries of democratic constitutional foundations. Next they take up challenges posed to judicial and other authorities charged with concrete applications of typically and necessarily abstract constitutional law. Finally, they turn to a magnification of these mysteries, tensions, and challenges under the lenses of ambition towards transnational legal ordering. Along the way, the discussions treat with works of other leading contemporary theorists of constitutional democracy, including Bruce Ackerman, Ronald Dworkin, and Jürgen Habermas.
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Mutsaers, Paul. Police Unlimited. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788508.001.0001.
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Police Unlimited is centred on a controversial idea that it supports with detailed ethnographic materials: police forces are a focal point of conflict in modern societies. Instead of a consensus model of law enforcement that understands the function of policing as socially integrative, it links to a conflict model concerned with the socially divisive effects of policing. Throughout the book, these effects and their causes are discussed on a national and global level. An ethnographic study was carried out at the Dutch police to enhance our understanding of police discrimination. Concerned with both internal and external affairs, the book addresses conflict cases within and outside the police station, covering both inter-ethnic tensions at work and the migrant hostility observed while joining officers on patrol. The cases are discussed in light of the corroding public character of Dutch policing and the risks involved in terms of discrimination and the arbitrary, or even privatized use of power. Signalling an increased blur of the private and public spheres in policing, the book warns about an ‘unlimited’ police force that is no longer constrained by the public contours that delineate a legal bureaucracy. For the sake of ethnological knowledge production that ultimately serves to develop a police anthropology, the ethnographic materials are consistently compared with other police ethnographies in the ‘global north’ and ‘global south’. This comparative analysis points out that the demise of bureaucracy makes it increasingly difficult for police organizations across the globe to exclude politics, particularism, and populism from their operations.
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Horta, Ana, and Anabela Carvalho. Climate Change Communication in Portugal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.599.
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In Portugal, global politics tend to dominate climate change communication. Policy-oriented news stories prevail, being very much influenced by international events, dynamics, and actors, especially European ones, whereas national politicians and officials tend to be given less space. Climate change is thus mainly (re)presented as a global issue, distant from local realities, in spite of the vulnerabilities that the country faces. National policy makers tend to adopt a technocratic discourse that comes across as “rational” and fairly optimistic, with little contestation by environmental groups or others. A “green economy” discourse has prevailed in the media, with investment on renewable energy being depicted as the way to both stimulating the economy and addressing climate change. Scientific knowledge tends to be represented as consensual and national scientists tend to avoid dramatization. Although public opinion surveys have shown that the population considers climate change a serious problem and skepticism regarding its anthropogenic causes is low, surveys have also revealed high levels of ignorance and self-evaluated lack of information. In spite of a traditionally weak environmental movement and lack of public engagement, the population has shown a consistent sense of collective responsibility to tackle climate change. The economic and financial crisis up until the mid-2010s considerably affected the already fragile media system and turned political and public attention to economy-related topics. News coverage of climate change, in all its complexity, has been constrained by a lack of specialized reporters and increased dependency on the pro-activity of news sources.
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Hunt, Luke William. The Retrieval of Liberalism in Policing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190904999.001.0001.
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There is a growing sense that many liberal states are in the midst of a shift in norms—a shift that is happening slowly and for a variety of reasons relating to security. The Internet and tech booms—paving the way for new forms of electronic surveillance—predated the 9/11 attacks by several years, while the police’s vast use of secret informants and deceptive operations began well before that. The recent uptick in reactionary movements—movements in which the rule of law seems expendable—began many years after 9/11 and continues to this day. One way to describe this book is as an examination of the moral limits on modern police practices that flow from the basic legal and philosophical tenets of the liberal tradition. The central argument is that policing in liberal states is constrained by a liberal conception of persons coupled with particular rule-of-law principles. Part I consists of three chapters that constitute the book’s theoretical foundation, including an overview of the police’s law enforcement role in the liberal polity and a methodology for evaluating that role. Part II consists of three chapters that address applications of the theory, including the police’s use of informants, deceptive operations, and surveillance. The upshot is that policing in liberal societies has become illiberal in light of its response to both internal and external threats to security. The book provides an account of what it might mean to retrieve policing that is consistent with the basic tenets of liberalism.
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Brunner, Ronald D., and Amanda H. Lynch. Adaptive Governance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.601.
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Adaptive governance is defined by a focus on decentralized decision-making structures and procedurally rational policy, supported by intensive natural and social science. Decentralized decision-making structures allow a large, complex problem like global climate change to be factored into many smaller problems, each more tractable for policy and scientific purposes. Many smaller problems can be addressed separately and concurrently by smaller communities. Procedurally rational policy in each community is an adaptation to profound uncertainties, inherent in complex systems and cognitive constraints, that limit predictability. Hence planning to meet projected targets and timetables is secondary to continuing appraisal of incremental steps toward long-term goals: What has and hasn’t worked compared to a historical baseline, and why? Each step in such trial-and-error processes depends on politics to balance, if not integrate, the interests of multiple participants to advance their common interest—the point of governance in a free society. Intensive science recognizes that each community is unique because the interests, interactions, and environmental responses of its participants are multiple and coevolve. Hence, inquiry focuses on case studies of particular contexts considered comprehensively and in some detail.Varieties of adaptive governance emerged in response to the limitations of scientific management, the dominant pattern of governance in the 20th century. In scientific management, central authorities sought technically rational policies supported by predictive science to rise above politics and thereby realize policy goals more efficiently from the top down. This approach was manifest in the framing of climate change as an “irreducibly global” problem in the years around 1990. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established to assess science for the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The parties negotiated the Kyoto Protocol that attempted to prescribe legally binding targets and timetables for national reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. But progress under the protocol fell far short of realizing the ultimate objective in Article 1 of the UNFCCC, “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system.” As concentrations continued to increase, the COP recognized the limitations of this approach in Copenhagen in 2009 and authorized nationally determined contributions to greenhouse gas reductions in the Paris Agreement in 2015.Adaptive governance is a promising but underutilized approach to advancing common interests in response to climate impacts. The interests affected by climate, and their relative priorities, differ from one community to the next, but typically they include protecting life and limb, property and prosperity, other human artifacts, and ecosystem services, while minimizing costs. Adaptive governance is promising because some communities have made significant progress in reducing their losses and vulnerability to climate impacts in the course of advancing their common interests. In doing so, they provide field-tested models for similar communities to consider. Policies that have worked anywhere in a network tend to be diffused for possible adaptation elsewhere in that network. Policies that have worked consistently intensify and justify collective action from the bottom up to reallocate supporting resources from the top down. Researchers can help realize the potential of adaptive governance on larger scales by recognizing it as a complementary approach in climate policy—not a substitute for scientific management, the historical baseline.