Дисертації з теми "Conservation Cultural Heritage"

The pursuit of cultural heritage conservation is particularly problematic in China as the country has been undergoing substantial changes in its governance processes in the post-reform era. As the regime becomes less authoritarian and more pluralized, a multitude of stakeholders (both state and non-state), are now involved in promoting, constructing, challenging and safeguarding a variety of meanings and values in heritage. This thesis incorporates an urban governance lens to examine the policy and practical problems in conserving urban built heritage in contemporary China. This approach offers a new perspective in understanding the distribution of authority and power between the state and society as well as its effect on the management of public affairs. The reconfigurations of the role of the state, market and civil society have ushered in a new phase of urban politics that have enormous implications for built heritage conservation practices. As a result of reforms, conventional stakeholders have assumed new roles in politics; meanwhile, an increasing variety and number of new stakeholders connected to the non-state sector have also emerged; and their relationships and interactions with the state have become increasingly complex. An urban governance perspective draws attention to the new arrangements embedded in these relationships, which have profoundly impacted the decision-making processes in conservation, re-shaped the interpretation of heritage values, re-defined the scope of heritage and re-thought the use of heritage in Guangzhou. By employing a case-study approach, this thesis provides a detailed analysis of the conservation efforts undertaken by various stakeholder groups in Guangzhou in the post-reform era. Guangzhou is one of the country’s designated historic cities; it is also the provincial capital of Guangdong and has experienced rapid marketization over the past three decades. Three district-specific cases are selected to provide an in-depth analysis on the changing relationships among concerned stakeholders. The case of Shamian Island demonstrates the rigidity and constraints of central-local relation; while the case of Xinhepu discloses the evolving state-market relation. Finally, the case of Enning Road examines the rise of non-state stakeholders and their power struggle against the state. These cases were selected because each of them covers a particular heritage aspect that is directly related to the three-pronged national conservation hierarchical framework. The findings in the three cases respectively reveal the intricacies of conservation politics: the bureaucratic politics in the management and conservation of designated heritage; the struggle between state and society over what legitimate type of history is considered as “national” history and the maintenance of its local significance; and the operation-cum-conservation of heritage assets by market forces in China’s transitional economy. The findings of this thesis contribute to a broadened understanding of the changing roles and functions of the state, market and civil society in China’s transitional period; thus revealing the major deficiencies in the existing institutional and managerial frameworks for built heritage conservation in Guangzhou. This thesis also documents the impacts and outcomes of the actions of various state and non-state stakeholders on the prospect of built heritage conservation at an urban scale in China.
published_or_final_version
Geography
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

Biodeterioration is any irreversible change in the properties of a material caused by the activity of organisms belonging to different systematic groups. Microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae and lichens) are considered one of the most important biodeteriogens, thanks to their ability to colonise the surface of both organic and inorganic artworks. Cultural heritage biodeterioration commonly results from the complex interaction established by different kind of microorganisms co-existing simultaneously and the substrate. But then, microorganisms can also be considered biological agents rich in virtues; in fact, they can be used for the conservation of stone works of art. The potential of microorganisms for effective bioremediation of deteriorated cultural heritage materials is gradually being unveiled, and promising results of this methodology have been obtained in field sites. As a consequence, it should not come as a surprise that conservators are forever asking microbiologists how advances in biotechnologies could contribute to the conservation of heritage. The aim of this work was to investigate the two sides of microorganisms in the cultural heritage conservation, starting from some case-studies. In particular the objectives were to:  characterise the microbial communities on parchment manuscripts together with the study of the microbial airborne communities and the environmental physical conditions in close proximity to where the manuscripts are stored, suggesting some general guidelines for the correct management of historical documents;  reduce the biological treatment time and assess the effects of a chemical and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) co-treatment for the bioremoval of black crusts and grey deposits on a marble statue;  broaden the fields of application of biocleaning technologies on stone conservation, proposing a valid alternative to the traditional cleaning methodologies for the bioremoval of synthetic polymers from stone monuments. The first step to assess the microbiological risk of a cultural heritage object is to identify the entire microbial community colonising art objects, using non-invasive sampling, or sampling that needs only small amounts of material. Most of the literature dealing with microbial spoilage on documents use invasive sampling methods and culture approaches for the identification of the species causing spoilage. However, traditional culture methods can be time-consuming, do not always succeed in isolating microbial agents, and do not necessarily provide exhaustive information on the real microbial community load because only a small fraction of the microorganisms can be cultivated. In addition, aerobiological investigations of conservation environments are also helpful in choosing interventions aimed at establishing the sources of contamination and preventing the microbiological deterioration of artworks. During the last decade, in fact, the environmental conditions of the museum exhibition facilities and storage areas have been shown to be the most crucial factor, concerning the preservation of collections and artifacts. Until now few microbiological studies have been conducted on parchment. Chapter 3 reports the evaluation of the microbial risk for the conservation of seven 16th century manuscripts written on finely illuminated parchment. The aims of the work were: (a) to clarify any relationship between the presence of an active microbial community and discolouration, (b) to study microbial air quality and environmental conditions in the repository, and (c) to investigate the relationship between airborne and surface-associated microbial communities. For the first time, the microbial community on historical parchment has been investigated by both non-invasive sampling and fully culture-independent approaches, coupling an aerobiological monitoring of the repository by an exclusively biomolecular approach. On discolouration putatively caused by microbial colonisation, two non-invasive sampling techniques were chosen: nitrocellulose membrane and fungi-tape. The nitrocellulose membranes were gently pressed onto the surface of the manuscripts to collect the cells; the DNA was directly extracted from the membrane and culture-independent molecular approach based on PCR-DGGE was adopted to fully characterise the surface-associated communities. Fungi-tape was chosen for investigating the spatial distribution of microorganisms, staining the tape with two fluorescent dyes (SYTO9 and Fluorescent Brightener 28, to label bacteria and chitin in the walls of fungi, respectively). Epifluorescence microscopy observations of the tape samples, coupled with ATP assay on the surfaces of the manuscript, showed a low contamination level and that the discolouration was not related to currently active microbial colonisation. The airborne microflora was sampled with a MAS-100 portable bioaerosol sampler, for monitoring the microbial loads, and the AGI-30 impinger, for fully characterising airborne communities with culture-independent molecular methods. Potential biodeteriogens, as the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, and microorganisms ecologically related to humans, as Candida sp., were found, suggesting the need to control the conservation environment and improve handling procedures. The proteololytic activity of A. fumigatus, often isolated from libraries and museums, represents a potential risk for library materials; besides all these potential deterioration effects, A. fumigatus is an opportunistic human pathogen. Air microbial loads and thermo-hygrometric measurements showed that the repository was not suitable to prevent parchment microbial deterioration, suggesting the environmental remediation of the repository and the routine monitoring of air. In addition to microorganisms, other important causes of stone deterioration are physical and chemical agents; a chief factor in the weathering of stone monuments is the atmospheric pollution. Sulfur dioxide is one of the major gaseous components of polluted atmospheres in urban areas; when dissolved in water, sulfur dioxide forms sulfurous acid, which is oxidised to sulfuric acid, that attacks stone resulting in the formation of gypsum. During the crystallization of gypsum, airborne organic pollutants, carbonaceous particles and dust are accumulated at the surface of buildings and trapped in the mineral matrix, resulting in the formation of the black crusts. The black crust formation causes a heavy decay phenomenon, due to solubilization and recrystallization of calcium sulfate. Mechanical and chemical treatments are traditionally adopted for the black crust removal, but they are not always selective; moreover, when there are different weathering forms on a stone surface, it is difficult to use a single cleaning procedure. In this respect, an enormous contribution in the preservation of stonework can come from the microbial world. In Chapter 4 the removal of sulfate-based crusts from stone artworks using an alternative cleaning technology employing the sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) is discussed. SRB reduce sulfate to gaseous hydrogen sulfide and, in the last decade, they have been effectively used for the removal of gypsum and black crust. This biological methodology has been proven to be an effective cleaning procedure if compared with the traditional cleaning techniques. However, some concerns still remain: it is a time-consuming process when the crust is thick, and it is not clear how the biotechnological approach can fit within a complex conservation treatment. To address these challenges, the effects of an SRB strain (Desulfovibrio vulgaris subsp. vulgaris ATCC 29579) coupled with the non-ionic detergent Tween 20 pretreatment was studied on a stone column affected by black crusts. Stereomicroscope observations, X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy analyses were performed. The coupling of the two cleaning treatments removed the black crust without affecting the original sound marble, with 38% reduction in cleaning time. The combined method was later applied to the one-century-old artistic marble statue, a funeral monument realized by Lina Arpesani in 1921 in memory of ‘Neera’, the poetess Anna Zuccari. The chemical, mineralogical and morphological analyses confirmed that the statue was weathered by sulfate-based crusts and grey deposits. A barium sulfate layer was found in the black crust stratigraphy, most probably deriving from an undocumented conservation treatment employing the barium hydroxide technique. The detergent Tween 20 used alone effectively removed the grey deposit, but not the black crust. However the co-treatment synergy resulted in the complete removal of the black crust layers, with the added advantage, compared to the biocleaning alone, of fewer biological applications and a 70% reduction in total cleaning time, but still retaining all the advantages of the biocleaning approach. Bacteria were also able to reduce the barium sulfate being completely removed by the microbiological method. Over the past decades, synthetic resins have been applied on stone monuments, both as consolidants, protectives and adhesives, to enhance their long-term preservation. Although it is generally thought that synthetic resins are less prone to chemical, physical and biological deterioration than other organic products, there are some reports in the conservation of cultural heritage literature claiming the contrary. The chemical degradation of synthetic polymers include changes in chemical structure, reduction or increase in molecular weight due to chain scission and crosslinking respectively. Microorganisms are also able of degrading synthetic resins, producing enzymes that can attack the resins, causing changes in the viscosity, pH and colour of polymer emulsions. At present, the traditional way for removing a degraded synthetic polymer is the use of mixtures of solvents, that pose some health risks. In Chapter 5 a method to select bacteria able to remove synthetic polymers from cultural heritage surfaces is proposed; synthetic polymers, in fact, can act as a growth substrate for microorganisms. The ability of five bacteria to attack Paraloid B72, the most commonly used polymer in conservation treatments, was evaluated by optical and scanning electron microscopy observations, weight loss measurements, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetric analysis. As all these techniques have proved to be very useful techniques in both polymer science and microbiological investigations, they were applied to evaluate naturally aged Paraloid B72 susceptibility to bacteria. Pseudomonas rne (PA01), P. stutzeri (ATCC 23856), P. putida (DeFENS collection, isolated from wastewater treatment plant), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25404) and Bacillus licheniformis (DeFENS collection, isolate from a biodeteriorated acrylic painting on canvas by a contemporary artist) were the test bacteria used as inocula for biodegradation tests. Although none of the bacteria were able to attack Paraloid B72, the methodology developed can be applied to select other bacteria with this ability. Therefore the results offer insightful guidance to a better design of bioremoval experiments of synthetic resins used in conservation. Biotechnology has been proved promising for a selective and environmental/health safe approach in the cultural heritage field, for the removal of altered layers on stone monuments. Consequently, each study that relates with the use of viable microorganisms for bioremoval is an advance in the cultural heritage conservation field. In conclusion, this project shows that: • non-invasive sampling coupled with selective molecular techniques have proved effective for an exhaustive investigation of both stained surfaces of historical documents and air quality of the repository where the documents are stored, and very useful for their correct management; • bioremediation techniques, using SRB, can fit within a complex conservation treatment using a soft detergent Tween 20, resulting in homogeneous, satisfactory and rapid removal of black crusts; • bioremediation techniques, promising in the cultural heritage preservation, can be implemented, opening new horizons of applications, e.g. the removal of synthetic coatings from stone monuments. Biotechnology for the preservation and restoration of culturally relevant artworks not only deals with the identification of the living organisms by molecular-based techniques but also with the development of bio-based methodologies that contribute to the biocleaning of weathered artworks. Presenting three exemplary case-studies, this thesis makes a contribution to cultural heritage preservation and restoration.

Bone degradation can be determined by the demineralisation processes affecting the tissue both in vivo and ex vivo. Bone mineral density can decrease during ageing but also due to a series of other factors such as bone disorders. Nevertheless, the demineralisation can also occur in archaeological sites, due to soil environmental conditions that can undermine the long-term preservation of bone, or due to incorrect storage conditions. The approaches for the treatment of osteoporotic bone have included biomaterials able to promote bone repair. For bone and related materials in cultural heritage conservation, consolidation is often achieved with polymers which, however, can create damage in the long-term. In this thesis, new systems based on nanoparticles have been investigated for the mineralisation of collagen and for the consolidation of deteriorated bones, with emphasis on demineralised materials. Different inorganic nanoparticles were developed and their application was studied on simplified collagen models to evaluate their biocompatibility during the engineering of nanoparticle/collagen scaffolds. Mineralising tests in SBF were performed on partially mineralised collagen to observe if nanoparticles embedded in collagen scaffolds enhance further mineralisation. It was concluded that HA nanoparticles increased the mineral content, while CaCO3 nanoparticles demonstrated poor interaction with collagen. During the evaluation of their biocompatibility, alkali NPs tended to interact with collagen by creating a coherent layer of protection. Ca(OH)2 were therefore selected for the consolidation of artificially demineralised bones. The results demonstrated an increase in the mechanical strength of demineralised bone after the carbonation reaction. Carbonated Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles also acted as a protective layer preventing the degradation of collagen during accelerated ageing. The final chapter investigated the application of Ca(OH)2 nanoparticle dispersions for the deacidification of canvas, an already accepted practice in paper and wood conservation, and its long-term preservation effects after artificial ageing. An additional step looked at the applicability of the deacidification step during a standard conservation protocol.

This thesis shows how heritage conservation can engage in cultural work. In the course of preserving an object, it can reveal social patterns and stimulate dialogue about representing the past. At the same time, the cultural "findings" can enter into the physical intervention of conservation. The aim is to use a more participatory process of conserving material culture that simultaneously opens up relationships between communities and objects, while enabling people to take greater control over elements of their environment. Such a practice has potential for creating culture and community in the process of conserving objects and cultural sites. It expands the focus of conservation from its product to its process. In so doing it addresses heritage industry critics that charge conservation of freezing inauthentic versions of the past to sustain elite ideological control or facilitate commercial exploitation. The "participatory conservation" of the Kamehameha I monument in North Kohala, Hawai'i, provides the case-study basis for the research. Commissioned in 1878 to commemorate Captain Cook's "discovery" of the Hawaiian Islands and promote a western style monarchy, the monument lends itself to revealing complex and contested meanings. The image of Hawaii's first monarch is a cultural hybrid; he stands in the posture of a Roman emperor while wearing highly symbolic feathered garments of Hawaiian sovereignty. Over the monument's history, the community deliberately altered its physical appearance by painting it in life-like colours. The monument physically deteriorated, with surface elements obscured by the heavy layering of paint. Conservation of the monument proceeded through ethnographic and other methods of qualitative methodology, combined with archival research, materials analysis, and technical intervention. The project shows how complex networks of symbolic meaning can become an intrinsic part of the conservation process. Participatory conservation is proposed as a conservation method that is applicable to other circumstances and world settings.

This study deals with the preparation, characterization and photocatalytic activity in gas and aqueous media of undoped and doped TiO2 nanopowders and thin films. Nanocrystalline anatase TiO2 of 25 nm size with a 1 at. % dopants were successfully prepared by the cost effective sol gel method as powders, and applied on glass substrates with spin coating method. Techniques such thermal analyses, XRD, SEM, DLS, XPS, UV-Vis and Raman spectroscopy were used in order to characterize the obtained materials from a morphological, optical and structural point of view. Degussa TiO2 P25 nanopowder was used as a reference. Photodegradation experiments indicated that NO2 and MO solution can be degraded in gas phase and in the aqueous TiO2 suspensions respectively. A comparison of the photocatalytic efficiency of undoped and doped TiO2 immobilized onto substrates versus catalysts in suspended form is reported. Photocatalysis is a very promising method to face most of the problems connected with the increasing environmental pollution, and titanium dioxide, in its anatase crystallographic phase, which is one of the most investigated photocatalytic material and to be perfectly compatible with every day human activities.

The main subject of the thesis is planning &ldquo
cultural routes&rdquo
as a method for conservation of cultural and natural heritage areas at regional scale. Defining a framework of conceptual principles which should be considered in spatial planning of cultural routes and regional networks constitutes the major aim of the thesis. Within the scope of the study, a new developing concept recently, cultural routes are discussed as a tool for sustaining historic and local values of rural and archaeological landscapes. In this respect, the study is structured in two main parts. Firstly, conceptual background on the issue is discussed as the development of cultural route concept, definitions declared by international organizations working on the issue and principles of route planning. Secondly, based on the conceptual research, basic concepts and principles for route planning process is discussed through a case study. The case study for the thesis is selected as the Kas- Kekova region in Antalya, known as the Central Lycia in antiquity. Depending on the assessment of region&rsquo
s cultural landscape, the study is resulted by description of a spatial and conceptual framework for planning of a cultural route network in the region. Through areas rich in cultural and natural heritage, planning routes and networks at regional scale could be used as an effective tool for presenting and sustaining multivalent character of the place, and leading economic sectors which have effect on heritage.

The aim of my master thesis is developing novel, greener approaches for the cleaning of artworks: such treatment consists in the removal of old varnish layers which tend to discolor or darken with time, thus allowing replacement with a new protecting coat. While protocols presently applied can be effective in the cleaning of the artworks, none of them take into account conservators’ health safety and environmental issues. Thus, using biomass-derived components, which are non-toxic and reusable and/or compostable might bring into the heritage conservation an additional awareness about safety and environmental claiming. The laboratory work for the thesis is a collaborative work between different groups. The biggest part of the work was at the Polymer group where gels were synthesized using Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) from sustainable resources and green solvents. The use of the gels might help to reduce the volatilization of solvents and contributes to the localization of the cleaning action. After the preparation of the gels, different characterization methods were used in order to estimate their properties and shelf-life. Finally, the work was completed on the application of the gels on sculpture, coated with undesired layers to be removed. Here, pre-mapping of the areas of interest was realized with different optical techniques, followed by the application of the gels for the cleaning and analyzing the effectiveness of cleaning.

With the fast development of the economy,there are several problems that appear on the conservation of cultural heritage in China. Sweden has a long history on cultural heritage conservation and therefore has a comparative advanced system on cultural heritage. The objective of this thesis is to study the Swedish system on cultural heritage conservation and applying it in a Chinese context. The situation of cultural heritage conservation in Sweden will be described and the applied methods analysed. In addition, the cultural heritage conservation in China is described. Thus, after the analysis, the gained knowledge was applied to a Chinese context.

xv, 155 p. : ill. (some col.), maps. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
This thesis provides new ways to understand preservation theory and management objectives for industrial heritage sites by analyzing existing mechanisms for their preservation through values and practices associated with cultural landscape preservation. In addition to discussing the theory and development of existing preservation approaches to cultural landscapes and industrial heritage sites, the study identifies characteristics and values aimed at expanding the framework of historic industrial landscape preservation practice. Using case studies of western hard-rock mining landscapes as the primary examples, the study argues that management strategies based on traditional preservation practices are insufficient for interpreting the complexity of these historic places, and that historic industrial landscape preservation is best served by attending to the range of values and processes associated with the historic landscape and its protection.
Committee in Charge: Robert Z. Melnick, Chair; Mark Davison

A ampliação da noção de patrimônio cultural e a consequente inserção da problemática urbana no debate patrimonial ocorre sobretudo a partir dos anos 1970, processo este já consolidado pela bibliografia, destacando-se aí o conceito de patrimônio ambiental urbano. Reconhecendo este processo, esta tese analisa a preservação do patrimônio daí decorrente, que se firmou em torno de três eixos: a questão urbana, o meio-ambiente e a cidadania. Considera que a complexidade da prática preservacionista impõe o estudo da interface da preservação com a gestão urbana e das relações entre teoria e ação, problematizando a própria prática. Especialmente, procura historicizar, problematizar e refletir sobre as práticas do órgão preservacionista estadual, o CONDEPHAAT, a partir deste contexto, em processos de estudo de tombamento de bairros e regulamentação de áreas envoltórias na cidade de São Paulo. Fundamentalmente, procura mostrar como os casos escolhidos avançaram em um novo modo de se pensar o patrimônio, pelo fato de incluírem na discussão sobre a preservação o tema da qualidade de vida e a participação da sociedade civil no processo. Trata-se de uma discussão que inclui também o patrimônio como um direito social à memória.
The extension of the notion of cultural heritage and the consequent inclusion of the urban dilemma in the heritage related debates occur mainly from the seventieth years. This process has been already consolidated by the doctrine, being emphasized the concept of urban environmental heritage. Also recognizing such process, this thesis analyses the preservation and conservation of the heritage, which has been studied by three lines: the urban dilemma, the environment, and the citizenship. It is considered that the complexity of the preservative experiences imposes the analysis of the relationship between the preservation and the urban management and between theory and practice. From this context, this thesis specially intends to discuss the history and the problems of the experiences of the estate institution of preservation CONDEPHAAT -, from the analysis of the procedures of listed districts and regulation of surrounding areas of Sao Paulo city. Finally, this thesis intends to demonstrate how the chosen cases moved on to a new way to think heritage, by the reason of including in the discussion the issue of quality of life and participation of the civil society. This discussion also includes the heritage as social right to the memory.

Founded by individuals for religious and charity purposes, the Vakif institution was the main institution in the construction and conservation of the built environment in the Ottoman period. Religious, charitable, municipal, educational, social and health services were provided by spaces such as kü
lliyes, mosques, medreses, hans, baths, shops, etc. which were built through the Vakif Institution. As the underlying concept of the vakif institution was serving forever, the repair of these spaces &ndash
the vakif buildings &ndash
was accepted as a fundamental issue for ensuring the functionality and continuity of the vakif. With this aim, vakif institution set the legal, administrative, technical and financial bases for the continuity of the system within its autonomous and local structure in the classical Ottoman period. With the westernization movements in the Tanzimat era, vakifs were gathered under a central institution called Evkaf Nezareti, which had a central budget and administrative structure. In the Republican period, the General Directorate of Pious Foundations (GDPF) took this centralized institutional structure as it was and since then GDPF has been the heir of the vakif institution and vakif heritage in Turkey. However, GDPF has still not adopted an effective conservation policy. GDPF&rsquo
s attitudes towards the conservation of the vakif cultural properties are far from the understandings of the classical vakif system. Briefly, the change of the main concept of the vakif system after the classical Ottoman period can be considered as the main reason for the increased number of vakif buildings in ruinous state. From this perspective, this thesis aims at forming a model mainly based on adapting the positive aspects of the classical vakif system into the GDPF&rsquo
s conservation mechanism of vakif-based immovable cultural properties. The focus is given on the examination and comparison of the vakif system&rsquo
s past and present attitudes towards sustainable conservation. In this line, it is aimed to adapt the vakif systems&rsquo
applicable legal, administrative and financial approaches towards the conservation to GDPF within the limits of the current administrative and legal system. At another level, the functionality of the proposed model forming of the necessary administrative and legal arrangements is given importance.

When designing educational programme in the field of heritage conservation, community service learning approach may not be the first thing that comes to most heritage conservation educator’s mind. In this study the researcher has engaged in a discussion of the association of community service learning to heritage conservation education. The researcher have tried to make clear why she believe that community service learning, as an innovative pedagogical approach, has important things to say about today’s heritage conservation education. Proceeding from fieldworks, through analysis to explanation, based on direct and participant observations and interviews; two heritage training projects are reviewed to illustrate how community service learning can facilitate heritage conservation education. The researcher hope that other researchers will learn from the study, and educators will be able to critically examine which kind of pedagogical approach is more appropriate for today’s heritage conservation education.
published_or_final_version
Conservation
Master
Master of Science in Conservation

Heritage conservation has become mainstream practice as conservation professionals discover that so many aging heritage buildings require engineering solutions. This project prepares engineers and heritage practitioners to face this challenge and makes a major step forward by developing a model for a maintenance-focused conservation management of heritage buildings. The thesis examines how the current practices of demolition, reconstruction and destructive repairs would benefit from shifting to a more conservative maintenance approach. Using the important elements of this model; tools and technology, market creation, training and licensing, a workable heritage conservation management plan can be applied to Australia's precious heritage buildings.

The conservation of built heritage is increasingly recognised as promoting cultural sustainability and encouraging the inclusion of culture in the sustainable development of the built environment. Reflecting this recognition is the advocacy of a dynamic integrated conservation approach that considers built heritage within its historic, physical, social, and cultural contexts. Yet, the cultural context of built heritage remains one of the most challenging and neglected aspects in conservation practice. In the specific case of Sudan's historic port town of Suakin, a number of recurrent obstacles to the site's conservation, in addition to a number of potential enablers to address these challenges, have been recognised throughout previous research. However, previous investigations have lacked an essential local socio-cultural perspective. Furthermore, a lack of strategy or framework for Suakin's conservation has so far prevented the coordination of its stakeholders, and the consequential implementation of potential enablers to address its conservation challenges. This thesis is the conclusion of a four-year EngD research that has developed a protocol for the conservation of the built heritage of Suakin. It begins with an introduction to the context, justification and scope of the research, and the research aim and objectives. A review of previous literature is then presented concerning a number of issues related to the research subject and the methodology employed to meet the research aim and objectives. The research methods conducted, including literature review, a mixed-method case study, questionnaire surveys, and a series of participatory action research focus groups, are then explained and the results achieved are discussed. The research findings result in the development of a protocol for Suakin's conservation consisting of five themes emanating from the research stages. These are: ownership; finances and planning; stakeholder inclusion and collaboration; conservation knowledge and awareness; response to the local context. Each theme is comprised of a challenge, or number of challenges, and corresponding solution(s). Furthermore, the research findings define a protocol implementation strategy, consisting of Suakin's stakeholders' suggested implementation and responsibility of the protocol solutions. The collaborative stakeholder process established by the research, and the resulting protocol and its implementation strategy, are a new development in the approach towards Suakin's conservation. The potential long-term impact of the research on Suakin's conservation has so far been indicated by the adoption of the resulting protocol implementation strategy as a formal approach to Suakin's conservation by NCAM. The thesis concludes with a critical review of the research throughout the research stages and key recommendations for the research sponsor, for Suakin's stakeholders, for the built heritage conservation industry and for further research. The findings of this research were published in four peer-reviewed papers.

Hong Kong has long been establishing as a multicultural society, where people of different nationalities sharing diverse beliefs gather to pursue their dreams. As a utopian society is yet an ideal, when one uncovers the veil of this ever developing city, the neglect of religious minorities and their culture is still a common phenomenon. Being one of the religious minorities that are overlooked in Hong Kong, Muslims occupy merely about 1.3% of Hong Kong’s population in 2007. Besides Chinese, they include Indians, Indonesians, Malaysians, Pakistanis as well as Muslims from Middle Eastern and African countries. Their presence can best be reflected by the existence of mosques on both the Hong Kong Island and in the Kowloon Peninsula. The majority of Hong Kong people, who are non-Muslims, pay so little or even no attention to the mosques, Muslims’ central focus of religious and social lives, in spite of some of their existence for over half a century. Five mosques can be found in Hong Kong. Besides the Kowloon Mosque and Islamic Centre situated in Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, four other mosques are all located on the Hong Kong Island, including Jamia Mosque in Central, Masjid Ammar & Osman Ramju Sadick Islamic Centre in Wan Chai, Cape Collinson Masjid in Chai Wan and Stanley Mosque in Stanley. In this dissertation, Stanley Mosque is particularly selected for study as it is unique in ways which deserves a comprehensive understanding. Not merely is it the only mosque situated inside a prison in Hong Kong which implies a worth knowing story behind, rarity of records about the Mosque also signifies the necessity of an immediate study so as to discover and retain valuable information, especially the primary sources. The recent designation of Stanley Mosque as a proposed Grade I historic building in Hong Kong by the Antiquities Advisory Board on 19th March 2009 constitutes another strong reason for a comprehensive study as the designation indicates a potential change on the community’s attitude towards the recognition of this Islamic built heritage. Focus of this dissertation is on the cultural significance of Stanley Mosque, in which all its cultural heritage values are identified. While traditional approach mainly focuses on historical and architectural aspects of mosques in analysis, value-centred management approach is adopted in this dissertation to remedy this inadequacy and cover as well social aspects of Stanley Mosque, since it is a cultural identity for the Muslim community in Hong Kong. In addition to the traditional values including historical and aesthetic / architectural values, contemporary values comprising social, symbolic, spiritual and identity values are also derived from the analysis of Stanley Mosque adopting the value-centred management approach. More important, statement of significance of the Mosque is laid to explain in precise its cultural heritage values and character-defining elements (CDEs). As one of the historic buildings in Hong Kong, Stanley Mosque cannot be detached from the ongoing related policies and measures. Based on the cultural significance as identified, a territory level assessment of Stanley Mosque through the current historic buildings assessment and grading system in Hong Kong is carried out, aiming at a review on the assessment criteria of historic buildings. In addition to the current challenges, future of the Mosque are as well mentioned in the end, since this dissertation is not merely a documentation of the Mosque, but also a way forward, providing guidance for parties to be involved in any future intervention of the Mosque.
published_or_final_version
Conservation
Master
Master of Science in Conservation

There is a lot of published literature in the disciplines of Archaeology and Anthropology on ceramics that amongst others focus on their typologies, dating sequences, manufacture and trade with reference to groups of people that inhabit the Southern African region. Additionally, several studies have focussed on the use of ceramic objects including figurines in ritual practices of these societies. However, the emphasis has been differential and skewed as it has largely been focussed on certain cultures such as that of the Zulu group or linked to archaeological sites, to the exclusion of other groups. For example, there is scant literature that focuses on the description or discussion of ceramic vessels by the Basotho-Batswana people of Southern Africa, who, like the Zulu have an active ceramic tradition including the manufacture and reverence of spiritual ceramic vessels. The thrust of this dissertation is therefore to widen our understanding and knowledge of the spiritual significance of African ceramic vessels by focusing particular attention on how these Sotho-Tswana groups practice this tradition with the ultimate objective of encouraging the appropriate recognition and preservation of traditional African ceramic vessels.
Mini Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Mellon Foundation
Tangible Heritage Conservation
MSocSci (Tangible Heritage Conservation)
Unrestricted

Cultural heritage artifacts and structures are subjected to a wide range of weathering processes that may result in their decay and destruction. To slow weathering rates and/or mitigate their effects, several protective and consolidant materials have been developed for conservation interventions. In this regard, the formulation of effective stone consolidants for restoration of weathered carbonate substrates is currently an active area of research in the field of conservation science. Moreover, the concept of sustainability is increasingly considered when choosing the most suitable material or, in this specific case, the conservation operation. This study is focused on the exploring the potential of Life Cycle Assessment as a decision-support tool for helping material scientists and conservation practitioners choose the most convenient alternatives on the environmental point of view and to identify environmental hotspots early on in the design of novel solutions. In particular, the main objective of this work is to understand whether a proposed novel material for stone consolidation (a product based on a diammonium phosphate solution) can be advantageous from an environmental point of view, as well as in terms of use, compared to three consolidating materials already commercially available and of widespread use in restoration works. The potential environmental impacts characterizing the four supply chains of materials have been studied and analysed in all the relevant phases of the relative life cycles.

xii, 124 p. : ill. (chiefly col.), col. maps
This thesis explores the complex relationship between heritage conservation and tourism in the Historic Center of Arequipa, a World Cultural Heritage Site in Peru. Although it has been recognized that tourism impacts the people and places where it occurs and, through this, it impacts the tourists' own experience, the challenge that tourism poses to efforts to conserve heritage resources is not always recognized. Even though heritage conservation efforts in Arequipa have been strengthened in the last ten years, tourism has been increasing steadily without appropriate planning, therefore challenging the desired balance between conservation and tourism in the historic center. The relationship between heritage conservation and tourism has been assessed, and tourism opportunities and threats for heritage conservation have been identified. Based on the existing Master Plan for the Historic Center of Arequipa guiding conservation efforts in the city, recommendations for conservation and tourism planning have been established.
Committee in charge: Robert Z. Melnick, Chairperson; Henry Kunowski, Member

Responding to the demand of innovative solutions in a field which is experiencing hectic changes in management structures, funding constraints and the lack of a systematic approach toward site maintenance, this paper explores the current gap between theory and practice in the conservation of WCHSs. We adopt a soft system approach (Checkland, 2004) and a multidisciplinary perspective to conservation management, encompassing heritage preservation, tourism studies, conservation planning and environmental studies. The paper is meant to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of public private partnership (Pessoa, A., 2010; Bovaird, 2004) in cultural heritage conservation and assess if this model is the only solution to overcome challenges faced by the philanthropic approach and the emergency intervention model based on sporadic allocations of public funds (Rojas, E. 2007). Otherwise we try to find out if a new model for conservation management (Hutchings J. and Cassar, M. 2006) is rather emerging at the theory level from crossing fields and at the empirical level from the experience of well-established organizations operating internationally on the protection and promotion of heritage sites. The case study of the Aga Khan Trust for Culture and the upcoming paradigm of co-management and co-production (Pestoff, 2009) are expected to point out new routes for a sustainable management of cultural heritage preservation by suggesting a hybrid model of community involvement.

Conservation and Enhancement. Nowadays one of the most important debate ongoing, that involves every level’s actors in field of Architecture, Urban Planning, as well as promoters and stakeholders, is on the connection and interrelation in between these two fields of study. The introduction of the new concept of Industry 4.0 and the continuous need for growing of living standards, together with daily innovations in the AEC world (Architecture, Engineering and Construction Industry), is leading towards new horizons the entire concept of conservation of ancient architecture. Thanks to the growing possibilities of comparison in between way of living among different parts of the world, the individual and diffuse instinct in economically emerging countries is to reach a better state in the healthy possibilities and wellness. In these nations, the impulse towards a growth of the wellness conditions is usually combined with a conspicuous availability of free land plots and the willingness of moving towards new production areas. Ancient areas of cities were not commonly considered within this progress part of the possible evolution: in certain cases, as a matter of facts, city centres of developing nations became omitted areas, seen as not productive ones. The analysis of the difficulties that actors as municipalities, trusts, foundations and NGOs are facing because of the quick development and different government directions, focuses this research on the necessity of introducing an inspection methodology for the heritage centres that has to be as less expensive as possible from three main points of view. Economical, timing, easiness. The aim of the research is to define a documenting methodology that allows the creation of a cataloguing system of areas of not-yet-surveyed historic centres, in order to highlight possibilities towards the definition of conservations’ primer focuses. Therefore, the study emphases on urban context with the complexity of an initial organic settlement with two case studies in north India: Ahmedabad, Gujarat, and Jodhpur, Rajasthan.

This thesis presents and discusses the conservation history of the archaeological and architectural heritage on Alaeddin Hill in Konya, its close surroundings, and the mentioned area itself as the cultural heritage. The aim of this discussion is, to emphasize the necessity for the preparation of studies like this one before the decision making processes in the urban areas, where the archaeological and architectural heritage are located in a multi-layered structure. This thesis also comprises a methodology proposal for similar studies of the future. The discussed period begins in 1867 dated fire, which resulted in changes in the urban fabric of Konya, and extends to 2009. This period is divided into seven sub periods for this discussion by some significant dates, which are accepted as breaking points, and different types of conservation related events are studied with their components. The thesis ends with the postscript, in which the studied processes and the applied methodology are evaluated.

Thesis (MPA (School of Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The birth of democracy in South Africa launched a paradigm shift in the public sector aligning it with the new political ideology. To meet this objective, state organs had to be radically transformed to embrace this new political ideology so as to extend and enhance service delivery to all South Africans. The democratisation of state organs led to the transformation of public institutions both statutory and non-statutory. The urgency to transform strategic state institutions whose mandate was to provide basic and primary needs like health, housing and social services, led to the neglect of other like sport, culture, and the natural environment. The transformation of some of the latter institutions was attended to only after a couple of years after the democratisation. This led to flaws in these legislative development processes which resulted in the creation of different institutions by various laws. This was the root cause of fragmentation. The provisions of these Acts are in some areas ambiguous and contradictory. The consequences are duplications and overlaps in the implementation processes. Heritage institutions have different regulatory frameworks and management systems – regulations, policies, guidelines and procedures. Furthermore, complex internal management systems expedite fragmentation of this sector. This institutional fragmentation has enormous impact on heritage conservation and management. There is limited cooperation and collaboration between heritage institutions. This study will outline how theories, strategies and instruments from the new public management approach, can be utilised to address these challenges.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met die totstandkoming van ‘n demokratiese Suid-Afrika het in paradigma verskuiwing in die openbare sektor gevolg wat dit in lyn gebring het met die nuwe politieke ideologie. Om hierdie doelwit te bereik staats instelling moes radikaal getransformeer word om hierdie nuwe politieke ideologie te ondersteun en diens lewering na alle Suid-Afrikaners uit te brei. Die demokratisering van staatsinstellings het tot die transformasie van beide statutere en -nie statutere instellings gelei. Die noodsaak om strategiese staatsinstellings wie se mandaat dit was om basiese en primere dienste soos gesondheid, behuising en maatskaplike dienste te verskaf en transformeer, het tot die verwaarlosing van sport, kultuur en omgewingsake gelei. Dit het ‘n paar jaar geduur na demokratisering voordat die transformasie van hierdie instellings aandag gekry het. Die gevolg was ‘n gebrekkige wetgewende ontwikkelingsproses wat tot die totstandkoming van verskillende instellings in terme van verskeie wette gelei het. Hierdie is die bron van fragmentasie. Die voorskrifte van hierdie wetgewing is in sekere areas dubbelsinnig en teenstrydig. Die gevolg is duplikasie en oorvleuling in die implementeringsprosesse. Erfenis oorvleueling instellings het verskillende regulatoriese raamwerke en bestuurstelsels- regulasies, beleide, riglyne en prosedures. Verder vererger die komplekse interne bestuurstelsels fragmentasie in die sektor. Die institusionele fragmentasie het groot impak op erfenisbewaring en-bestuur. Daar is beperkte samewerking tussen erfenis instellings. Hierdie studies sal aandui hoe teoriee, strategie en instrumente van die nuwe benadering tot openbare bestuur aangewend kan word om hierdie uitdagings die hoof te bied.

Daguerreotypes, nineteenth century photographs made entirely of metal, tarnish easily when exposed to atmosphere or other corrosive environments. The removal of such corrosion products has always been a controversial issue due to the irreversibility and potential damage inflicted by the treatment process. When performed using the proper technique and tools, electrochemical cleaning has been shown to remediate daguerreotype corrosion without causing damage to the object. This investigation explores in detail the effects of electrochemically treating daguerreotypes to better comprehend the physical, chemical, and aesthetic changes which occur during tarnish remediation. Such analysis includes understanding the extent to which tarnish is removed from the object, whether the microstructure and surface roughness are altered, and whether deposits are formed on the surface as the result of cleaning. Before characterizing the effects of treatment, a reliable and consistent electrochemical cleaning method was optimized on modern, custom-made daguerreotype coupons. These coupons were tarnished in controlled settings to create silver sulfide or silver oxide, two commonly found daguerreotype corrosion products. They were then treated by the optimized electrochemical cleaning process, which involved immersing the object in a 0.1 M NaNO3 electrolyte and connecting it to a platinum counter electrode, an Hg/Hg2SO4 reference electrode, and a potentiostat. Tests were executed to determine the most effective voltage for removing each corrosion product. Full characterization of the modern coupons was performed prior to corrosion, after corrosion, and after electrochemical remediation to provide full understanding of the treatment effects. Characterization techniques include scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The optimized process was also tested on three nineteenth century daguerreotypes, and the changes fully characterized and compared to those of modern samples. Both silver sulfide and silver oxide were noticeably reduced as the result of electrochemical cleaning, while the treatment process did not alter the physical and chemical features of the daguerreotype image particles or silver base layer. The results provide a much better understanding of the electrochemical cleaning process on a chemical and microscopic level, allowing conservators to make informed, scientifically-supported treatment decisions for their clients and institutions.

This thesis tries to define &lsquo
landscape archaeology&rsquo
as a concept
it describes and analyzes the key landscape archaeology types, dynamics, and approaches. Then, it aims to define the landscape archaeological characteristics of the Troad Region in this context. The archaeological landscape character of the Troad Region shapes the importance of the area, not only for the Anatolian culture, but also for the European cultures and for archaeology discipline. Hence, the necessity of conservation works for the area with the horizon of this concept gains importance. Thesis defines what had been done for the area in terms of conservation and reviews the Long Term Development Plan prepared for the Troia Historical National Park Area. With a critical view of what has been done and what has not been done, it tries to emphasize the importance of grasping the landscape archaeological character of the area in conservation and management plan works. It gives a general guideline to ensure a sustainable future for the historic, cultural, social, economic and environmental nature and qualities of these kinds of areas.