Дисертації з теми "Consent criterion"

В работе обсуждается проблема определения адекватности статистической модели, которая описывает поражение объектов длинной искрой. Показана необходимость дополнительных исследований по выбору методов, которые обеспечивают проверку согласия результатов моделирования и экспериментального распределения точек поражения плоскости.
The paper discusses the problem of determining the adequacy of the statistical model, which describes the defeat of objects using long sparks. It has been shown that more research is needed on the choice of methods that provide verification agreement of simulation results and experimental plane distribution points defeat.

Class of 2012 Abstract
Specific Aims: To explore whether publishing requirements for human-centered randomized control trials, particularly the CONSORT criteria, have any relationship to impact as measured by the Journal Citation Reports TM Impact Factor. Methods: A worksheet was used to evaluate a methodically selected list of journals, including types of articles published, requirements of authors for human-focused randomized control trials, JCR Impact Factor and other JCR metrics for each specific journal title. A worksheet was filled out for each journal by each member of the research team and answers combined for consensus. Group means and SDs were calculated and the Student’s t-Test applied to values for selected journals. Main Results: 50 candidate pharmacy journals were identified and 41 met the criteria for publishing human-centered randomized control trials. Journals were grouped according to whether they required CONSORT or had other reporting requirements for human RCTs, or had no requirements for such studies. Few (6; 15%) pharmacy journals required authors to use CONSORT; and additional 15 (37%) journals provided as least some author guidelines similar to CONSORT. Pharmacy journals using CONSORT or other guidelines had a higher average impact factor (3.5; SD = 1.5) than did journals without guidelines (2.4; SD = 0.9; p = 0.007). Conclusions: There appears to be a statistical difference in average JCR metrics between journals which require specific RCT guidelines and those which do not. The use of reporting guidelines, such as CONSORT, by pharmacy journals is associated with increased impact as represented by JCR influence measures.

Class of 2012 Abstract
Specific Aims: To explore whether publishing requirements for human-centered randomized control trials, particularly the CONSORT criteria, have any relationship to impact as measured by the Journal Citation Reports ™ Impact Factor. Methods: A worksheet was used to evaluate a methodically selected list of journals, including types of articles published, requirements of authors for human-focused randomized control trials, JCR Impact Factor and other JCR metrics for each specific journal title. A worksheet was filled out for each journal by each member of the research team and answers combined for consensus. Group means and SDs were calculated and the Student’s t-Test applied to values for selected journals. Main Results: 50 candidate pharmacy journals were identified and 41 met the criteria for publishing human-centered randomized control trials. Journals were grouped according to whether they required CONSORT or had other reporting requirements for human RCTs, or had no requirements for such studies. Few (6; 15%) pharmacy journals required authors to use CONSORT; and additional 15 (37%) journals provided as least some author guidelines similar to CONSORT. Pharmacy journals using CONSORT or other guidelines had a higher average impact factor (3.5; SD = 1.5) than did journals without guidelines (2.4; SD = 0.9; p = 0.007). Conclusions: There appears to be a statistical difference in average JCR metrics between journals which require specific RCT guidelines and those which do not. The use of reporting guidelines, such as CONSORT, by pharmacy journals is associated with increased impact as represented by JCR influence measures.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)
Este trabajo tiene por fin revisar y sistematizar la jurisprudencia del Consejo para la Transparencia en dos grandes ámbitos: información pública y acto administrativo, y causales de secreto o reserva. Como se verá, en cuanto a lo primero, el Consejo ha elaborado, basado en la regulación de la Ley de Transparencia, un criterio amplio para determinar qué se entiende por información pública, no sólo atendiendo a un principio formal relacionado al acto administrativo y a sus fundamentos y la documentación que le sirve de sustento o complemento directo y esencial, sino que también a que la información elaborada con presupuesto público y la que obra en poder de la Administración tiene la misma calidad. Además, se ha pronunciado respecto a distintos tipos de actos que no poseen una regulación legal acabada en nuestro derecho o que derechamente no la tienen, y los ha incluido dentro de la categoría de información pública. En el segundo tema, el Consejo ha desarrollado lineamientos distintos que le han permitido delimitar las situaciones en que cierta información es secreta o reservada debido a que su divulgación afecta el debido cumplimiento de las funciones de los órganos administrativos, los derechos de las personas, la seguridad de la Nación, el interés nacional, o porque una ley de quórum calificado ha determinado su resguardo. Además, ha construido un criterio referente a cuándo es posible para un órgano excusarse de entregar información porque ella no existe, no siendo suficiente que únicamente señale tal circunstancia

A nanofluid is a new heat transfer fluid produced by mixing a base fluid and solid nano sized particles. This fluid has great potential in heat transfer applications, because of its increased thermal conductivity and even increased Nusselt number due to higher thermal conductivity, Brownian motion of nanoparticles, and other various effects on heat transfer phenomenon. In this work, the first aim is to predict convective heat transfer of nanofluids. A numerical code is created and run to obtain results in a pipe with two different boundary conditions, constant wall temperature and constant wall heat flux. The results for laminar flow for thermally developing region in a pipe are obtained for Al2O3/water nanofluid with different volumetric fraction and particle sizes with local temperature dependent conductivity approach. Various effects that influence nanofluid heat transfer enhancement are investigated. As a result, a better heat transfer performance is obtained for all cases, compared to pure water. The important parameters that have impact on nanofluid heat transfer are particle diameter of the nanoparticles, nanoparticle volumetric fraction, Peclet number, and viscous dissipation. Next, a heat transfer performance evaluation methodology is proposed considering increased pumping power of nanofluids. Two different criteria are selected for two boundary conditions at constant pumping power. These are heat transfer rate ratio of the nanofluid and the base fluid for constant wall temperature boundary condition and difference between wall temperature of the pipe at the exit and inlet mean temperature of the fluid ratio for constant wall heat flux case. Three important parameters that influence the heat transfer performance of nanofluids are extracted from a parametric study. Lastly, optimum particle size and volumetric fraction values are obtained depending on Graetz number, Nusselt number, heat transfer fluid temperature, and nanofluid type.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)
Autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento
En Chile la regla general en materia de acceso a la información pública es su publicidad y la excepción su reserva o secreto. Las causales de secreto o reserva a la entrega de información se encuentran establecidas en la Constitución Política y especificadas en la Ley de Transparencia. La Jurisprudencia Administrativa del Consejo para la Transparencia desarrollada en menos de una década, ha ido delineando sus criterios de aplicación de la normativa respecto de las causales de reserva. Dichos criterios de interpretación de la normativa y su aplicación, están ligados con una actividad que ha sido frecuente en las decisiones del Consejo, cual es, la actividad ponderadora desarrollada a través de los Test de Interés Público y Test de Daño. Resulta de importancia efectuar una aproximación esquemática a la forma en que el Consejo ha llevado a cabo esta actividad de ponderación, mediante el análisis de los criterios que se extrapolan de sus fallos, ya que se va sentando jurisprudencia que puede ser analizada a fin de tener mayor certeza sobre el modo en que el Consejo aplica la Ley de Transparencia y las causales de reserva, certeza que sirve para que los abogados estén al tanto de cómo funcionan los criterios aplicados, para que el ciudadano sepa a qué atenerse al momento de efectuar solicitudes de entrega de información y los funcionarios públicos conozcan con claridad cuando obran al margen de los dispuesto por la Constitución y la normativa vigente.

Determina el cómo influye la acreditación que otorga el Consejo de Acreditación y Aseguramiento de la Calidad de Educación Superior (CEAACES) en la calidad de las universidades. Para ello se utiliza encuestas, muestreo, método de expertos Kendall, diagramas causa-efecto, diagramas de flujo y análisis. Para el procesamiento y análisis de la información se utiliza el software SPSS, Microsoft, Excel, Word y otros. Los resultados de esta investigación sirve de base para proponer una serie de acciones que contribuyan al desarrollo del modelo del CEAACES y que ayuden en la mejora de la calidad de las universidades, siguiendo las tendencias actuales, que son manejar procesos no solo puntuales del modelo de acreditación, sino evaluar periódicamente para la satisfacción de los involucrados, lo que garantiza la calidad continua.
Tesis

Determina el nivel de eficiencia de los criterios para revisión de lámina periférica del Grupo de Consenso de la Sociedad Internacional del Laboratorio de Hematología (ISLH) en el laboratorio central del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño (INSN). Es un estudio descriptivo analítico. Utiliza muestras de sangre total anticoagulada con EDTA procesadas entre 01 - 07 de octubre del año 2015 analizadas en el equipo Celldyn Sapphire del laboratorio central del INSN. Clasifica los resultados como verdaderos positivos, verdaderos negativos, falsos positivos y falsos negativos según los criterios de la ISLH. Encuentra que la eficiencia es de 61.2% en general, en pacientes externos obtiene una eficiencia de 65.6% y en pacientes internos, un 33.7%. Para pacientes de 5 años o más la eficiencia es de 73.4% y para menores de 5 años es de 48.4%. Concluye que la eficiencia es baja para los pacientes en general, incrementandose muy poco si se toma en cuenta solo a los pacientes externos. Sin embargo, la eficiencia se incrementa notoriamente si se toma en cuenta a los pacientes de 5 años o más lo cual indica que los criterios de la ISLH no deberían aplicarse para los pacientes menores de 5 años a menos que se adapten para mejorar la eficiencia.
Tesis

This paper deals with the consensus problem under communication network inducing delays. It is well-known that introducing a delay leads in general to a reduction of the performance or to instability due to the fact that timedelay systems are infinite dimensional. For instance, the set of initial conditions of a time-delay system is not a vector but a function taken in an interval. Therefore, investigating the effect of time-delays in the consensus problem is an important issue. In the present paper, we assume that each agent receives instantaneously its own state information but receives the state information from its neighbors after a constant delay. Two stability criteria are provided based on the frequency approach and on Lyapunov-Krasovskii techniques given in terms of LMI. An analytic expression of the consensus equilibrium which depends on the delay and on the initial conditions taken in an interval is derived. The efficiency of the method is tested for different network communication schemes.

QC 20110120

La recevabilité est le cœur de la procédure judiciaire. Elle permet d’étudier la pénalisation de la vie internationale. Elle semble pouvoir rendre compte de la réponse judiciaire à la rancœur internationale au regard des grands faits criminels ; quel qu’en fut le territoire de commission.Cette thèse porte sur la notion de recevabilité devant la Cour pénale internationale. Avec la création de la CPI, la justice pénale internationale prend une dimension nouvelle. La pratique de la Cour est encore récente. L’étude est le prétexte pour examiner le fonctionnement de la Cour pénale internationale. Les Etats ont tenté de limiter la capacité de recevoir de la Cour. Ils l’ont ainsi fondée sur le principe de la complémentarité. Elle supplée l’inaction ou l’action défaillante des Etats, qui ont le devoir de poursuivre les auteurs de crimes internationaux. L’article 17 du Statut de Rome énonce les exceptions permettant de déclarer une affaire recevable devant la CPI. Ainsi, la recevabilité d’une affaire ayant fait l’objet d’une enquête ne sera retenue que s’il est prouvé que les Etats n’ont pas l’intention de mener véritablement à bien les poursuites. Et, que par ailleurs, le seuil de gravité de l’affaire est atteint. Le caractère universel de la compétence de la CPI est battu en brèche par les conditions de recevabilité. On analyse la recevabilité comme une condition de compétence à juste titre, car c’est bien le manquement de l’Etat à assurer l’effectivité des poursuites qui justifie que l’affaire soit déclarée, par la Cour elle-même, recevable. Les conditions requises pour que la Cour puisse agir, force est de constater l’implication du système de recevabilité tant sur l’organisation de la Cour que sur ses rapports avec les Etats. Celles-ci ne sont pas négligeables. De fait, le système de recevabilité est amené à évoluer. Il se caractérise par sa capacité à influencer le droit interne. Ainsi, la décision de recevoir doit amener les Etats à adapter leur droit interne. La viabilité de la Cour, à long terme, dépend du maintien d’une synergie de coopération avec les juridictions nationales, des États parties et d'autres Etats. Le système de recevabilité tend à mettre en évidence des indicateurs émergents dans la pratique de la Cour pénale internationale. C’est notamment le réalignement frappant des rôles des acteurs internationaux et la relation nouvelle qui s’instaure entre les Etats et la Cour. Le système de recevabilité de la Cour tend à éroder le principe de la souveraineté de l'Etat, sans être elle-même balayée par l'opposition catégorique des Etats souverains
Admissibility is the heart of the judicial process. It studies the criminalization of international life. It seems to account for the judicial response to the international resentment against the great criminal acts, whatever was the territory of commission.This thesis deals with the notion of admissibility before the ICC. With the creation of the ICC, International Criminal Justice is a new dimension. The practice of the Court is still new. The study is an excuse to investigate the operation of the ICC. States have tried to limit the ability to receive from the Court. They did so based on the principle of complementarity. It compensates the action or inaction of failing states, which have a duty to prosecute international crimes. Article 17 RS sets out exceptions to declare a case admissible before the ICC. Thus, the admissibility of a case which is the subject of an investigation will be accepted only, if it is shown that States did not intend genuinely to carry out prosecutions. And that furthermore, the threshold of gravity of a case is reached. The universal nature of the jurisdiction of the ICC is undermined by the conditions of admissibility. Analyzing the admissibility of competence as a condition rightly, for it is the failure of the state to ensure effective prosecution to justify that the case will be declared by the Court itself, admissible. The requirements for the Court to act, it is clear involvement of the system of admissibility as on the organization of the Court that its relationship with the United States. These are not insignificant. In fact, the system will evolve admissibility. It is characterized by its ability to influence the law. Thus, the decision to receive should encourage States to adapt their domestic law. The viability of the Court, in the long run depends on maintaining a synergy of cooperation with national courts of States Parties and other States. The system of admissibility tends to highlight indicators emerging in the practice of the International Criminal Court. This is especially striking realignment of the roles of international actors and the new relationship established between the States and the Court. The system of admissibility of the Court tends to erode the principle of state sovereignty, without itself being swept by the opposition of sovereign states

碩士
國立中山大學
電機工程學系研究所
96
In recent years, demands on all kinds of wireless communications become heavier due to the developments of new services and devices. At the same time, future wireless networks are expected to provide services with high quality and data rate. A possible solution which can attain these objectives is wireless communication systems that use multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas along with Alamouti’s space-time block code and direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) modulation technique. In such systems, spatial diversity rendered by multiple antennas as well as coding in spatial and time domains are the keys to improve quality of transmission. Many multiuser detection techniques for the space-time block coded CDMA systems have been investigated. In [8], the blind Capon receiver was proposed, which consists of a two-branch filterbank followed by the blind Capon channel estimator. The design of blind Capon receiver is based on linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV) criterion, which is known to be sensitive to inaccuracies in the acquisition or tracking of the desired user''s timing, referred to as mismatch effect. In other words, the LCMV-based receiver may perform undesirably under mismatch effect. In this thesis, we propose a new blind adaptive MIMO-CDMA receiver based on the linearly constrained constant modulus (LCCM) criterion. This work is motivated by the robustness of LCCM approach to the mismatch effect. To reduce the complexity of receiver design, framework of the generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC) associated with the recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm is adopted for implementing the adaptive LCCM MIMO-CDMA filterbank. Based on the GSC-RLS structure, we derive the proposed MIMO CM-GSC-RLS algorithm. For the purpose of comparison, an adaptive implementation of the blind Capon receiver proposed in [8] is also derived, which is referred to as the MIMO MV-GSC-RLS algorithm. We note that the signal model in [8] was constructed under assumption of frequency-flat channels. To obtain a more practical and realistic signal model, in this thesis we extend the system and channel model by including multipath effects in the beginning of our work. In completing this extension, inter-symbol interference (ISI) caused by the special coding scheme of ST-BC will be specifically analyzed. Finally, a full discussion of the multipath signal model will be provided, including necessity of truncating the received signals as well as modifications in the signal model when considering time-varying channels. Via computer simulations, advantages of the proposed scheme will be verified. Compared to the conventional blind Capon receiver, we will show that the performance of the proposed CM-GSC-RLS algorithm is better. This is especially true when mismatch problem is considered in the MIMO-CDMA systems of interest. The proposed scheme show more robustness against the mismatch effects than the conventional blind Capon receiver. Moreover, the benefit resulted by truncating the received signals is also demonstrated, especially for binary phase-shift-keying (BPSK) modulated source symbol. Finally, simulations considering time-varying channels are provided to reveal that our proposed scheme can adapt itself to the time-varying environments appropriately.

碩士
國立中山大學
電機工程學系研究所
95
The code division multiple access (CDMA) system implemented by the direct-sequence (DS) spread spectrum (SS) technique is one of the most promising multiplexing technologies for the wireless communications services. The SS communication adopts a technique of using much wider bandwidth necessary to transmit the information over the channel, and has been proposed for third generation broadband wireless access. The capacity and performance of the DS-CDMA system are mainly limited by the multiple access interference (MAI) and the inter-symbol-interference (ISI) caused by the multipath-fading channel. To circumvent the above-mentioned problems many adaptive multiuser detectors, for instance the minimum mean square error (MMSE) and the minimum output energy (MOE) criteria, subject to certain constraints, have been proposed. Since the LCMV criterion is the linearly constrained (LC) version of MOE, it is high sensitivity to the channel mismatch caused by the unreliable estimation. In order to deal with this problem, the LC constant modulus (LCCM) criterion was considered to avoid capturing the interfering user instead of the desired user when the power of interfering user is much higher than the desired user. In this thesis, based on the Min/Max criterion we propose a novel blind LCCM recursive least-square (RLS) algorithm, with the generalized side-lobe canceller (GSC) structure, named as the CM GSC-RLS algorithm, to effectively alleviate the effect of MAI and ISI for DS-CDMA receiver, for time-varying channel. Due to the variation of channel at the receiver, the desired user amplitude or power is not available and has to be estimated. To solve this problem, we propose a simple scheme to estimate the parameter of constant modulus, adaptively, associated with the CM GSC-RLS algorithm. With the new proposed algorithm, the amplitude variation of desired user, due to changing characteristics of channel, can be tracked, effectively. Thus, better performance achievement, in terms of output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and bit error rate (BER), over the conventional GSC-RLS algorithms can be expected.

碩士
明志科技大學
機電工程研究所
102
Since the pollution reduction of carbon oxide and the saving of the energy consume are the main tasks of each country in the world now, the LED lighting is one of the approaches to reduce the energy consume. The LED driver may en-hance the lighting efficiency of the LED chip array during the whole life of the LED source. A transformer is usually applied to isolate the low voltage of the directive current side to the high voltage of the alternative current side for protecting end users from the electric shock. The immersion proof is therefore essential for the out-door applications of the LED lighting sources. However, the in-door applications of the LED lighting source are seldom immered within the humidity environment. A non-isolated constant current driving LED bulb light source may reduce the electronic parts to lower the fabrication cost and intent the life. For LED lighting source this non-isolated constant current driver should be tested under the commercial environment criterions to meet the fundamental requirements of the product life span. This investigation is aimed at verifying the reliability of this non-isolated constant current driving LED bulb light source. Following the criterions of environmental testings of Everlight electronics company, the purpose of this study is to investigate the reliabilities of the high temperature storage testing, the low temperature storage testing, high temperature operating life testing, low temperature operating life testing, temperature cycling life testing and high hemperature life on/off testing as well as the room temperature life testing. This investigation derives the the luminosity and electrical characteristics of the LED bulb lighting source undertaking the environmental testings. Results are found that the average variation of the luminous flux of totally 21 pieces of the LED bulb lighting sources is lower than 1.56% and the average variation of power consumption is less than 0.37%. Besides, the average variation of power factor is very small due to the percentage are from -0.35% to 0.07%. This investigation reveals that the non-isolated constant current driving LED bulb lighting source meets perfectly to the environmental testings for the in door application of the LED lighting.

碩士
國立中山大學
電機工程學系研究所
94
The code division multiple access (CDMA) system implemented by the direct-sequence (DS) spread spectrum (SS) technique is one of the most promising multiplexing technologies for wireless communications services. The SS communication adopts a technique of using much wider bandwidth necessary to transmit the information over the channel. In the DS-CDMA system, due to the inherent structure interference, referred to as the multiple access interference (MAI), the system performance might degrade. Next, for DS-CDMA systems over frequency-selective fading channels, the effect of inter symbol interference (ISI) will exist, such that a multiuser RAKE receiver has to be employed to combat the ISI as well as MAI. Since, in practical wireless communication environment, there may have several communication systems operated in the same area at the same time. In this thesis, we consider the environment of DS-CDMA systems, where the asynchronous narrow band interference (NBI) due to other systems is joined suddenly to the CDMA system. In general, when a system works in a stable state with adaptive detectors, a suddenly joined NBI signal will cause the system performance to be crash down. Under such circumstance, the existing conventional adaptive RAKE detectors may not be able to track well for the rapidly sudden changing NBI associated with the problems of ISI and MAI. It is known that the adaptive filtering algorithms, based on the sliding window linear constrained recursive least squares (SW LC-RLS), is very attractive to a violent changing environment. The main concern of this thesis is to propose a novel sliding window constant modulus RLS (SW CM-RLS) algorithm, based on the Min/max criterion, to deal with the NBI for DS-CDMA system over multipath channels. For simplicity and having less system complexity the generalized side-lobe canceller (GSC) structure is employed, and is referred to as the SW CM-GSC-RLS algorithm. The aim of the SW CM-GSC-RLS algorithm is used to alleviate the effect of NBI. It has the advantages of having faster convergence property and tracking ability, and can be applied to the environment in which the NBI is suddenly joined to the system under the effect of channel mismatch to achieve desired performance. At the end of this thesis, we extend the idea of the proposed algorithm to the space-time DS-CDMA RAKE receiver, in which the adaptive beamformer with temporal domain DS-CDMA receiver is employed. Via computer simulation results, we show that our new proposed schemes outperform the conventional CM GSC-RLS algorithm as well as the GSC-RLS algorithm (the so-called LCMV approach), in terms of mean square error of estimating channel impulse response, output signal to interference plus noise ratio and bit-error-rate.

Tese de doutoramento em Gestão-Ciência Aplicada à Decisão, apresentada à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra
É cada vez mais frequente que as decisões importantes e complexas nas estruturas organizacionais modernas sejam tomadas não por um único indivíduo, mas por grupos de pessoas. Muitos desses grupos buscam soluções coletivamente construídas, através de processos que considerem os múltiplos aspectos relevantes do problema, de maneira transparente e efetiva. O contexto de decisão focado neste trabalho trata-se daquele onde um grupo cooperativo deseja ou precisa chegar a um resultado de consenso e que, por essa razão, deve constituir-se por indivíduos motivados a contribuírem com seu ponto de vista, conhecerem as perspectivas dos outros membros do grupo e a enriquecerem conjuntamente a sua compreensão de uma questão relevante. Mas além de multipessoas a abordagem adotada é multicritério, uma vez que são considerados explicitamente as avaliações das alternativas ou ações em cada um dos critérios importantes para a decisão, sendo os critérios mensurados quantitativamente ou qualitativamente. A complexidade inerente ao problema sugere a necessidade de ferramentas e metodologias desenvolvidas no sentido de apoiar o grupo em tal processo. Este trabalho propõe um modelo, VICA (Visual, Interactive and Comparative Analysis) para apoiar a construção de consenso em processos de decisão multicritério e multipessoas. A proposta baseia-se num método pertencente à área Multiple Criteria Decision Aid (MCDA) e pretende oferecer apoio através de análises comparativas, visuais e interativas das opiniões individuais. No contexto específico, partindo-se das perspectivas que fundamentam a proposta, foi criada, testada e analisada uma ferramenta de apoio ao consenso do grupo para a problemática da classificação usando o método ELECTRE TRI. O modelo VICA-ELECTRE TRI parte da consideração explícita dos desempenhos das alternativas nos diversos critérios e dos pontos de vista e resultados individuais. O aprendizado do grupo é facilitado através de ferramentas modeladas para analisar desempenhos e resultados sejam eles parciais, globais, individuais ou de grupo, de maneira comparativa, interativa e evolutiva. Além disso, são apontados meios possíveis para se alcançar o consenso, sob a forma de modificações ou concessões dos indivíduos em diferentes processos de uso. Em síntese, o que a proposta pretende é construir um caminho acessível para reduzir a complexidade do problema, apresentar informação sobre o estado em que cada elemento do grupo se encontra no processo de decisão e apoiar o grupo na busca de consenso. Visando apresentar e avaliar a ferramenta e e processo de uso propostos, o modelo desenvolvido é apresentado através de exemplos numéricos de casos retirados da literatura e considerados em diferentes contextos. Sua aplicação no mundo real é também verificada através de um estudo de caso. O modelo foi desenvolvido em folha de cálculo com o objetivo de torná-lo tão acessível quanto possível, bem como incentivar sua aceitação e sua aplicação efetiva. Ele faz uso extensivo das análises What if combinadas a recursos visuais como um mecanismo para construir diferentes versões do modelo e evoluir para uma versão de consenso. Dessa forma, também se espera que o trabalho venha a contribuir para promover o conhecimento e a aplicação dos métodos MCDA nas organizações.
It is becoming increasingly more common that important and complex decisions in modern organizations are made not by a single individual, but by a group of individuals. Many of these groups seek solutions collectively constructed through processes that consider the many significant aspects of the problem, in order to achieve transparent and effective results. The decision context focoused on is the one where a cooperative group wants or needs to reach a consensual result and therefore should have people willing to contribute with their own point of view, to learn about other members perspectives and to enrich conjointly the understanding of a relevant issue. Besides being multiperson, the approach is also Multicriteria, since it explicitly considers the evaluations of the alternatives in each criterion of a set. These criteria can be measured in different scales, either qualitative or quantitative. The inherent complexity of the problem suggests the need of tools and methodologies intended to provide support in such a construction. This work proposes a model-VICA (Visual, Interactive and Comparative Analysis) to support the building of consensus in multi-criteria and multi-person process. The proposed tool builds on a method of the prominent Multiple Criteria Decision Aid (MCDA) area. It offers support through comparative, visual and interactive analysis of individual opinions. In the specific context and underlying perspective of the approach taken, a tool was created, tested and analyzed in order to support the group consensus using the ELECTRE TRI method. The application of VICA-ELECTRE TRI has its starting point on the explicit consideration of the performances of the alternatives or courses of actions on each of the criterion set, the different points of view of the individuals and consequently, their different results. The group learning process is facilitated through tools modeled to analyze performances and results, in several forms, ie partial, overall, individual or aggregated, also in a comparative, interactive or evolving way. Furthermore, means to achieve a consensual result are pointed through modifications or concessions of group members in different possible processes of use. In summary, the work intends to establish an accessible way to reduce the complexity, providing information about the state of each element of the group in the decision process while supporting the group to reach consensus. Aiming to present and evaluate the model and the proposed user process, the developed tool is tested through numerical examples taken from the literature and used in different contexts. Its application in a real world situation is also verified through a case study. The model was developed in spreadsheet in order to make it as accessible as possible and to encourage its acceptance and effective application. It extensively uses the What if analyses combined with visual tools as a way to build different versions of the model and its corresponding results, in order to evolve to a consensual version. Hopefully the work will contribute to promoting knowledge and application of MCDA methods in organizations.

This thesis contributes to the field of Gaussian Graphical Models by exploring either numerically or theoretically various topics of Bayesian Methods in Gaussian Graphical Models and by providing a number of interesting results, the further exploration of which would be promising, pointing to numerous future research directions. Gaussian Graphical Models are statistical methods for the investigation and representation of interdependencies between components of continuous random vectors. This thesis aims to investigate some issues related to the application of Bayesian methods for Gaussian Graphical Models. We adopt the popular $G$-Wishart conjugate prior $W_G(\delta,D)$ for the precision matrix. We propose an efficient sampling method for the $G$-Wishart distribution based on the Metropolis Hastings algorithm and show its validity through a number of numerical experiments. We show that this method can be easily used to estimate the Deviance Information Criterion, providing a computationally inexpensive approach for model selection. In addition, we look at the marginal likelihood of a graphical model given a set of data. This is proportional to the ratio of the posterior over the prior normalizing constant. We explore methods for the estimation of this ratio, focusing primarily on applying the Monte Carlo simulation method of path sampling. We also explore numerically the effect of the completion of the incomplete matrix $D^{\mathcal{V}}$, hyperparameter of the $G$-Wishart distribution, for the estimation of the normalizing constant. We also derive a series of exact and approximate expressions for the Bayes Factor between two graphs that differ by one edge. A new theoretical result regarding the limit of the normalizing constant multiplied by the hyperparameter $\delta$ is given and its implications to the validity of an improper prior and of the subsequent Bayes Factor are discussed.

Request for termination of life in Benelux countries from the perspective of civil law The master's thesis is about euthanasia which is known as one of the most controversial and discussed topic in the world of law and medicine, especially termination of life on request. The aim of this work is to innovatively interduce unique legislation of termination of life on request in Benelux countries from the perspective of civil law because I am convinced of its importance despite being overshadowed by the meaning of criminal perspective. In a first chapter the terminology, definition and theory dividing will be explained. The other terms which are connected with the things above are the content of this part as well. The human rights related to euthanasia are discussed in next part of this work. Benelux countries have their own euthanasia enactment - this is what third chapter is about. Next part shows in-depth analysis of due care criteria which are countained in second chapter of Termination of life on request and Assisted Suicide Act. Fulfilment of these is one of criterias needed for impunity of the executor of termination of life on request. Fifth chapter is a key part of this work for civil law perspective because of legal requirements for request itself. It also describes related institutes -...

碩士
國立嘉義大學
生物機電工程學系研究所
99
The cyclic and stable behavior response after subjected to a cyclic loading with mean stress in 430 Stainless Steel has been studied in this research, moreover, the fatigue life has been predicted. A series of fully reversed and mean stress fatigue tests under stress controlled have been performed in this experiment. In aspect of cyclic behavior, cyclic creep occurs in all applied cases for the tested material whether with mean stress or not, and creep direction is the same as direction of mean stress. In aspect of mean stress effect toward cyclic hardening and softening behavior, the experimental results reveal obviously the effect of mean stress on cyclic softening behavior, and softening extent is enhanced with tensile mean stress. For the fatigue life prediction, four kinds of constant life criteria to predict the fatigue life of tested material with mean stress in this experiment. Finally, the Morrow constant life criterion has the best fit to predict fatigue life by calculating in statistical function.

Notre étude porte sur le programme d’appui à la création en arts visuels contemporains du Conseil des arts et des lettres du Québec (CALQ). La question soulevé habituellement ce type de programme qui s’appuie sur l’évaluation par les pairs est la suivante : les décisions sont-elles « biaisées »? Mais derrière cette question, il y a en a une autre, plus fondamentale : sur quels critères se base l’évaluation? Nous nous intéressons à comprendre le rapport entre l’évaluation de la qualité artistique et l’attribution de bourses. Plus spécifiquement, nous cherchons à analyser comment sont déterminées la qualité et la valeur d’une candidature en arts visuels, sur quels types d’arguments et de critères s’appuie l’évaluation artistique et par quels moyens cette dernière pourra créer une iniquité entre les candidats. Il s’agit donc d’une recherche qui relève de la sociologie de l’art, mais d’une sociologie qui prend en compte le contexte institutionnel et dont l’objet sont les valeurs qui sous-tendent l’évaluation artistique, dans le cadre d’une organisation autonome de subvention des arts. Dans cette perspective, les valeurs artistiques ne se définissent pas ex nihilo mais in situ, dans des situations (ex. comités d’évaluation) et dans un contexte institutionnel précis (le CALQ). L’évaluation de la qualité artistique s’inscrit donc dans des dynamiques sociales concrètes et particulières qu’il nous revient d’observer et d’analyser minutieusement. Notre attention portera spécialement sur les mécanismes de prise de décision et à la construction collective des jugements.
Our study focuses on the Conseil des Arts et des Lettres du Québec (CALQ) program to support the creation of contemporary visual arts. The question that usually rises about this type of programs, which are based on peer review, is: are the decisions "biased"? But behind this question, there is another more fundamental: what criteria the evaluations are based on? We are interested in understanding the relationship between the artistic quality assessment and the fellowships. More specifically, we seek to analyze how are determined the quality and value of an application in visual arts, what types of arguments and criteria sustain an artistic assessment and by which means the latter may create inequity between candidates. Therefore our research is related to the sociology of arts; nonetheless we take into account the institutional framework and the values that underlie the artistic assessment in the context of an autonomous arts’ funding organization. In this perspective, artistic values are not defined ex nihilo but in situ, in concrete situations, such as the evaluation committees, and in a specific institutional context, the CALQ. The artistic quality assessment is built into concrete and particular social dynamics, which compel us to observe and analyze them carefully. In this sense, our attention will particularly address the mechanisms of decision-making and the collective judgments.

Os Corpos de Bombeiros (CB) contam com uma rede de quartéis implantada em todo o território nacional, atualmente organizada por um modelo baseado nos limites territoriais das NUTS (Nomenclatura das Unidades Territoriais para Fins Estatísticos). Será, portanto, possível rentabilizar a rede de CB no patamar sub-regional, através da implementação de critérios de desempenho dos CB, entre eles, a população abrangida dentro dos tempos de resposta convencionados. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma reorganização operacional da rede de quartéis já implantada nas Sub-Regiões da Lezíria do Tejo e Médio Tejo, tendo como base um modelo da Rede Principal dos Serviços Operacionais dos Corpos de Bombeiros em Portugal Continental. Para tal, definiram-se critérios com vista à constituição de Agrupamentos de CB, que partilhando entre si áreas de atuação, permite priorizar o despacho de meios baseado no tempo de resposta dentro dos limites dos Agrupamentos. A aplicação dos critérios contemplando a rede viária existente e a distribuição da população residente, permitiu, recorrendo ao software QGIS®, aferir as zonas com necessidade de reforço da rede de quartéis. Aplicado o modelo à área de estudo, verificou-se um aumento de 18,4% (1.401 km2) de área e de 6,1% da população (30.524 habitantes) abrangidas dentro dos tempos de referência (10 e 20 minutos). Para garantir a atividade operacional nos 24 municípios abrangidos, a rede de CB contaria 24 quartéis sede e 22 postos avançados (reforço da atual rede com 8), guarnecidos no mínimo por um efetivo total de 1.897 bombeiros profissionais. O facto da rede de quartéis já se encontrar implantada no território alvo de estudo e apenas necessitar de reforços pontuais, deveria ser atualmente um fator desencadeador de interesse na sua rentabilização por parte das várias entidades envolvidas.
Fire Departments (CB) have a network of barracks deployed throughout the national territory, currently organized by a model based on the territorial limits of the NUTS (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistical Purposes). Therefore, it will be possible to improve the fire department network at the sub-regional level, through the implementation of fire departments performance criteria, including the population coverage within the settled response times. The objective of this work is to propose an operational reorganization of the barracks network already implemented in the Sub-Regions of Lezíria do Tejo and Médio Tejo, based on a model of the Main Network of Operational Services for Fire Brigades in Mainland Portugal. To this end, criteria were defined with a view to the constitution of CB Groups, which sharing areas of activity among themselves, allows prioritizing the dispatch of means based on the response time within the limits of the Groups. The application of the criteria covering the existing road network and the distribution of the resident population, allowed, using the QGIS® software, to assess the areas in need of reinforcement of the barracks network. Applying the model to the Lezíria do Tejo and Médio Tejo sub-regions, there was an increase of 18,4% (1.401 km2) in area and 6,1% of the population (30.524 inhabitants) covered within the reference times (10 and 20 minutes). In order to guarantee operational activity in the 24 municipalities covered, the fire departments network would consist of a total of 24 headquarters and 22 outposts with a minimum of 1.897 professional firefighters. The fact that the barracks network is already implanted in the study target territory and only needs occasional reinforcements, should be a triggering factor of interest in its profitability by the various entities involved.