Статті в журналах: "Consensus (Social sciences)"

1

Collins, Randall. "Why the social sciences won't become high-consensus, rapid-discovery science." Sociological Forum 9, no. 2 (June 1994): 155–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01476360.

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2

Mamedov, Agamali Kulamovich. "SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE: THE AMBIVALENCE OF DEVELOPMENT MODELS." National Association of Scientists 1, no. 31(58) (September 14, 2020): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/nas.2413-5291.2020.1.58.275.

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The article declares the position of dissensus and consensus as basic models for the development of social sciences. The demarcation of natural sciences and social sciences is carried out. Attempts are being made to identify the features of "acceptance" by the scientific community. The article analyzes L. Laudan's concept of consensus in modern social knowledge.

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3

KLEMENTEWICZ, TADEUSZ. "ELSEVIER’S SLAVES: THE WASHINGTON CONSENSUS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES?" Society Register 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 183–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sr.2020.4.4.09.

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This paper investigates the mechanisms of subordinating the system of science and higher education to the needs of boosting capital in the conditions of a new business model characteristic of neoliberal capitalism. The author uses as a theoretical framework of critical studies of science and higher education systems developed in Poland by Krystian Szadkowski based on political economy (Simon Marginson and Gigi Roggero). The weakness of the recently implemented reform of Polish education, the essence of which is making the status of ‘scientist’ dependent on publication in high-ranking journals belonging to publishing corporations’ oligopoly, is that the natural and technical disciplines have been places on an equal evaluation footing with social sciences and humanities. This practice impoverishes the educational and critical functions of humanities, impoverishes the research questions, impoverishes the research methodology, and consequently, their cognitive values. The assessment of the quality of a social researcher’s work, to be reliable, should include several other components—the presence of an “invisible university” in international networks (e.g. measured by selected citation indicators), but also problematization and interpretative innovation, as well as an original contribution to the achievements of the discipline. Monographs mainly document this. Qualitative expert assessment is required for evaluation. Therefore, the publication of monographs in reputable Polish and foreign publishing houses should become a showcase of the Polish social researcher, rather than contributing journal papers. In the paper, the author synthesizes his various analyses of contemporary capitalism and the role that science and the research and development sector play in accumulating capital.

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4

Rulkens, Charlotte C. S., Rik Peels, Lidwine B. Mokkink, Tamarinde Haven, and Lex Bouter. "Expert Consensus Methods In The Humanities - An Exploration of their Potential." F1000Research 13 (June 28, 2024): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.148726.1.

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Background Expert consensus methods are regularly used in natural, social, and life sciences. This article explores the potential of applying these methods more frequently in humanities research. Methods The authors reviewed literature and applied the philosophical methods of conceptual analysis and conceptual engineering. Results This article identifies and describes six main elements of expert consensus methods. It also provides an overview of the different types of expert consensus methods regularly used in the natural, social, and life sciences: Delphi studies, nominal groups, consensus conferences, and Glaser’s state of the art method. Subsequently, each of these types is illustrated by an example from the sciences. The article also presents the potential of and objections to the application of expert consensus methods there. It gives four examples of expert consensus methods that were applied in humanities research, also presented in line with the six elements. Conclusions The comparisons and categorization show that, as in the natural, social, and life sciences, expert consensus methods in the humanities can in some instances potentially accelerate the epistemic process and enhance transparency, replicability, diversity, and fair processes. Nevertheless, expert consensus methods need to be fine-tuned to do justice to the unique nature and approaches of the humanities and therefore further research is needed.

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5

Rolin, Kristina. "Diversity and Dissent in the Social Sciences." Philosophy of the Social Sciences 41, no. 4 (September 8, 2010): 470–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0048393110381212.

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I introduce a case study from organization studies to argue that social epistemologists’ recommendation to cultivate diversity and dissent in science is unlikely to be welcomed in the social sciences unless it is coupled with another epistemic ideal: the norm of epistemic responsibility. The norm of epistemic responsibility enables me to show that organization scholars’ concern with the fragmentation of their discipline is generated by false assumptions: the assumption that a diversity of theoretical approaches will lead to fragmentation and the assumption that an imposed consensus on a theoretical approach is needed to maintain the unity of the discipline.

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6

Timmins, Adam. "Kuhnian Consensus & Historiography." Journal of the Philosophy of History 7, no. 1 (2013): 82–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18722636-12341245.

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Abstract Thomas Kuhn’s conception of paradigms has proved tremendously popular with the social sciences, in spite of the fact that Kuhn himself stopped using the concept by the time of his death; and the idea has come in for some fairly harsh treatment by philosophers of science. In this article I examine the historiography of the Second World War, paying specific attention to internal and external mechanisms of maintaining consensus – or lack therefore – within the field to see if anything like paradigms can be said to exist in historical writing.

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7

Palacios-Núñez, Guadalupe, Miguel Ángel Pérez-Angón, and Pedro Simón Quiroz Armada. "A framework for research assessment in social sciences through Big Data." INCEPTUM 16, no. 31 (October 14, 2022): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33110/inceptum.v16i31.410.

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The scarce public policy funds demand cost-effective outputs and more innovative forms to inform decision making. During the last years, there has been increasing use of Big Data for research and policymaking by international development institutions. For this reason, the main objective of the present work is to propose a framework to apply Big Data in a high-relevance program for science policy in Mexico, which assesses the researchers' performance. Social sciences are considered the most difficult area to assess, due to there is no theoretical-methodological consensus and the academic impact is difficult to determine because social sciences do not exhibit long term development. Instead, there are a plurality of paradigms or changing topics that do not have consensus among the academic community. In this regard, this work outlines a framework, which includes indicators of the social contribution of science since computational tools should have an orientation.

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8

Dezalay, Yves, and Bryant Garth. "Le "Washington consensus"." Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 121-122, no. 1 (March 1, 1998): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/arss.p1998.121n1.0003.

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9

Dezalay, Yves, and Bryant Garth. "Le "Washington consensus"." Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 121, no. 1 (1998): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/arss.1998.3241.

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10

Loewer, Barry, and Robert Laddaga. "Destroying the consensus." Synthese 62, no. 1 (January 1985): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00485388.

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11

Van Bouwel, Jeroen, and Michiel Van Oudheusden. "Participation Beyond Consensus? Technology Assessments, Consensus Conferences and Democratic Modulation." Social Epistemology 31, no. 6 (August 2017): 497–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2017.1352624.

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12

ROEHNER, B. M., D. SORNETTE, and J. V. ANDERSEN. "RESPONSE FUNCTIONS TO CRITICAL SHOCKS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES: AN EMPIRICAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY." International Journal of Modern Physics C 15, no. 06 (July 2004): 809–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183104006236.

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We show that, provided one focuses on properly selected episodes, one can apply to the social sciences the same observational strategy that has proved successful in natural sciences such as astrophysics or geodynamics. For instance, in order to probe the cohesion of a society, one can, in different countries, study the reactions to some huge and sudden exogenous shocks, which we call Dirac shocks. This approach naturally leads to the notion of structural (as opposed or complementary to temporal) forecast. Although structural predictions are by far the most common way to test theories in the natural sciences, they have been much less used in the social sciences. The Dirac shock approach opens the way to testing structural predictions in the social sciences. The examples reported here suggest that critical events are able to reveal pre-existing "cracks" because they probe the social cohesion which is an indicator and predictor of future evolution of the system, and in some cases they foreshadow a bifurcation. We complement our empirical work with numerical simulations of the response function ("damage spreading") to Dirac shocks in the Sznajd model of consensus build-up. We quantify the slow relaxation of the difference between perturbed and unperturbed systems, the conditions under which the consensus is modified by the shock and the large variability from one realization to another.

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13

Hoppe, Imke, and Simone Rödder. "Speaking with one voice for climate science — climate researchers' opinion on the consensus policy of the IPCC." Journal of Science Communication 18, no. 03 (June 14, 2019): A04. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/2.18030204.

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The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) proceeds on the assumption that scientific consensus is a tool for successful climate communication. While ‘speaking with one voice’ has contributed to the Panel's success in putting climate change on the public and political agenda, the consensus policy is also contested, as our literature analysis (n=106) demonstrates. The arguments identified thereby inform a survey of climate scientists (n=138), who are the ones responsible for realising the policy. The data indicate moderate support for the consensus policy but significantly more in traditional climate sciences than in social sciences, life- and geosciences.

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14

Hanson, Robin. "Could gambling save science? Encouraging an honest consensus." Social Epistemology 9, no. 1 (January 1995): 3–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02691729508578768.

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15

Lopes, Diniz, Jorge Vala, and Dominique Oberlé. "Differential impact of independent and interdependent views of the self on the use of consensus and heterogeneity information: The case of validity of groups’ decisions." Social Science Information 56, no. 3 (June 24, 2017): 434–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018417714682.

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In this article, we analyse the moderating effect of the activation of independent and interdependent views of the self on the use of heterogeneity and consensus information in the attribution of validity to group decisions. In two experimental studies, we present evidence showing that the participants, when primed with an interdependent view of the self, make no distinction between homogeneous or heterogeneous information regarding group composition while attributing validity to group decisions. Indeed, they base their validity attribution mainly on consensus information. In contrast, when primed with an independent view of the self, they make use of variability information as they attribute a greater validity to a more heterogeneous and consensual group and a lower validity to a group depicted as homogeneous and consensual. Results are discussed in light of the differential utility of consensus and heterogeneity information, as well as participants’ self-knowledge within the processes of validation of group decisions.

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16

Maddox, George L. "Social and Behavioural Research on Ageing: an Agenda for the United States." Ageing and Society 14, no. 1 (March 1994): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00000076.

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ABSTRACTIn this commentary on recent planning for multidisciplinary research on ageing in the United States, we argue that Sir Douglas Black's pessimistic conclusion about the irrelevance of such planning is off the mark. Created by the U.S. Congress in 1975, the National Institute on Ageing (NIA) was a novelty in the National Institutes of Health. NIA was mandated to have a broadly multidisciplinary research agenda that included behavioural and social sciences and to produce periodic reports to the Congress on a consensual agenda for future research. Two previous research agendas were developed internally by NIA. The recently released third agenda, which is of interest here, was organized externally by the Institute of Medicine (IOM), National Academy of Sciences. While the subagendas in ageing research for basic biology, clinical medicine, and health services research will be of interest to some, the focus here is specifically on the behavioural and social scientific agenda. High priority substantive issues were identified. Beyond the building of a consensus concerning research priorities, other functions of national research planning are identified in the field of ageing.

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17

Kymlicka, Will. "Introduction: An Emerging Consensus?" Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 1, no. 2 (June 1998): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1009986723807.

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18

Flament, Claude. "Liberté d'opinion et limite normative dans une représentation sociale: le développement de l'intelligence 1Ce texte reprend l'essentiel d'un exposé présenté en juin 1998 à la Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Education de Genève, à l'occasion de la collation du Doctorat Honoris Causa de l'Université de Genève à l'auteur." Swiss Journal of Psychology 58, no. 3 (September 1999): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//1421-0185.58.3.201.

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This paper is concerned by a possible articulation between the diversity of individual opinions and the existence of consensus in social representations. It postulates the existence of consensual normative boundaries framing the individual opinions. A study by questionnaire about the social representations of the development of intelligence gives support to this notion.

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19

Batchelder, William H., Ece Kumbasar, and John P. Boyd. "Consensus analysis of three‐way social network data." Journal of Mathematical Sociology 22, no. 1 (March 1997): 29–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022250x.1997.9990193.

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20

Bradley, Richard. "Reaching a consensus." Social Choice and Welfare 29, no. 4 (August 15, 2007): 609–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00355-007-0247-y.

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21

Sharma, Nirwan, Laura Colucci-Gray, René van der Wal, and Advaith Siddharthan. "Consensus Building in On-Line Citizen Science." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6, CSCW2 (November 7, 2022): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3555535.

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A number of initiatives invite members of the public to perform online classification tasks such as identifying objects in images. These tasks are crucial to numerous large-scale Citizen Science projects in different disciplines, with volunteers using their knowledge and online support tools to, for example, identify species of wildlife or classify galaxies by their shapes. However, for complex classification tasks, such as this case study on identifying species of bumblebee, reaching an agreement between volunteers - or even between experts~-~may require consensus-building processes. Collaboration and teamwork approaches to problem solving and decision-making have been widely documented to improve both task performance and user learning in the real world. Most of these processes and projects are mediated online through feedback delivered in an asynchronous manner, and this article thus addresses a central research question: How do participants involved in species identification tasks respond to different forms of feedback provided in online collaboration, designed to support peer-learning and improve task performance? We tested four different approaches to feedback within a collaboration task, where participants reviewed their previously annotated data based on information curated from their peers on a long running online citizen science initiative. The selected interfaces have a strong foundation in social science and psychology literature and can be applied to citizen science practices as well as other online communities. Results showed that while all four approaches increased accuracy, there were differences based on the types of consensus that existed before collaboration. Such differences highlight the usefulness of different forms of feedback during collaboration for increasing data accuracy of identification and furthering users' expertise on identification tasks. We found that anonymised and goal-directed free text comments posted on social learning interfaces were most effective in improving data accuracy as well as creating opportunities for peer-learning, particularly where the species identification task was more difficult. This study has significant implications for extending the practice of citizen science across formal and informal learning environments and reaching out to a variety of users.

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22

Schmitt, Frederick F. "Consensus, respect, and weighted averaging." Synthese 62, no. 1 (January 1985): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00485384.

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23

Lehrer, Keith. "Consensus and the ideal observer." Synthese 62, no. 1 (January 1985): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00485390.

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24

Moser, Paul K. "On scientific justification by consensus." Zeitschrift für allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie 17, no. 1 (March 1986): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01801122.

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25

Mincewicz, Wojciech. "Kryptowaluty jako obiekt badań w naukach społecznych – obszary empirycznej eksploracji." Studia Politologiczne, no. 59/2021 (March 31, 2021): 163–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/spolit.2021.59.8.

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Cryptocurrencies are a decentralized, peer–to–peer network architecture, cryptographically secured, based on trust and consensus, type of virtual currency, incompletely fulfilling some functions of money. They constitute a new interdisciplinary subject of scientific research. In the article, the author indicates potential areas of empirical exploration that can be conducted by representatives of social sciences. The four areas identified were: research on attitudes and opinions, the behavior of the community of cryptocurrency users, products of Internet culture and the structure of the Internet, including, in particular, the block chain. The research is based on well–established techniques, classic in research practice, which, due to the different nature of virtual and physical reality, are modified and adapted to technical conditions.

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26

Lynch, Frederick R. "Whose diversity? Whose consensus?" Society 30, no. 5 (July 1993): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02700288.

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27

Gallagher, Shaun. "Social cognition and social robots." Mechanicism and Autonomy: What Can Robotics Teach Us About Human Cognition and Action? 15, no. 3 (December 13, 2007): 435–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.15.3.05gal.

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Social robots are robots designed to interact with humans or with each other in ways that approximate human social interaction. It seems clear that one question relevant to the project of designing such robots concerns how humans themselves interact to achieve social understanding. If we turn to psychology, philosophy, or the cognitive sciences in general, we find two models of social cognition vying for dominance under the heading of theory of mind: theory theory (TT) and simulation theory (ST). It is therefore natural and interesting to ask how a TT design for a social robot would differ from the ST version. I think that a much more critical question is whether either TT or ST provide an adequate explanation of social cognition. There is a growing although still minority consensus that, despite their dominance in the debate about social cognition, neither TT nor ST, nor some hybrid version of these theories, offers an acceptable account of how we encounter and interact with one another. In this paper I will give a brief review of the theory of mind debate, outline an alternative theory of social cognition based on an embodied interactive approach, and then try to draw out a few implications about social robotics.

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28

Nekiplov, Alexander. "The Washington Consensus and Russian Economic Policy." International Social Science Journal 52, no. 166 (December 2000): 467–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2451.00277.

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29

Alam Choudhury, Masudul. "Conflict Resolution and Social Consensus Formation in Islamic Social Choice and Welfare Menu." International Journal of Social Economics 20, no. 1 (January 1993): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03068299310023950.

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30

Moulévrier, Pascale. "Le Crédit mutuel [L'"économie sociale" comme consensus]." Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 146, no. 1 (2003): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/arss.2003.2790.

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31

Ooghe, Erwin. "Two egalitarian consensus rules." Social Choice and Welfare 22, no. 3 (June 1, 2004): 567–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00355-003-0235-9.

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32

Heitzig, Jobst, and Forest W. Simmons. "Some chance for consensus: voting methods for which consensus is an equilibrium." Social Choice and Welfare 38, no. 1 (November 5, 2010): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00355-010-0517-y.

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33

Lauronen, Juha-Pekka. "Tension in Interpretations of the Social Impact of the Social Sciences: Walking a Tightrope Between Divergent Conceptualizations of Research Utilization." SAGE Open 12, no. 2 (April 2022): 215824402210899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221089967.

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In Finland, the discussion surrounding the impact of research on society has continued for two decades without a consensus on how impact should be part of research evaluation. In this paper, I examine the conceptions of social impact in the field of social sciences from the perspectives of policy authors and academics by reviewing policy documents and conducting semi-structured interviews with 14 policy advisors, evaluation experts, and faculty professors. The policy data sets are from 2003 to 2018, the period in which the Finnish discussion on research impact has been the most active. Interpretivist notions on the social impact of the social sciences argue that representations of social impact derive from juxtapositional conceptions of how social science knowledge is part of society. Grounded theory techniques were used to analyze policy artifacts and stakeholder interviews. I identified five interpretative frames. These are impact governance, operationalization of impact, politicization of research utilization, guiding arrangements, and social impact of the social sciences. A key finding is that policy advisors and academic experts tend to integrate divergent vocabularies of research utilization and its evaluation, resulting in uncertainty about the conceptualization and operationalization of impact. Integrity of research utilization in research policy and research evaluation could increase the social capacity of the social sciences by helping to understand the conceptual contribution of these fields to public policies and public discussion.

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34

Jones, Bernie. "Community Problem Solving Around Homelessness: The Social Construction of Consensus." Community Development Society. Journal 21, no. 2 (September 1990): 36–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15575339009489960.

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35

Holsti, Ole R. "Toward an Operational Definition of Consensus." American Review of Politics 14 (November 1, 1993): 309–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.1993.14.0.309-339.

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Although “consensus” is a key concept in several social sciences, there is very little agreement on how it should be defined. That political philosophers and theorists who have pondered the extent and types of agreement necessary for effective political systems rarely specify the threshold for consensus is not surprising. But even students of voting behavior and public opinion, who use the term extensively, often fail to identify precise levels of agreement necessary to achieve consensus; among those who do, there is a lack of agreement on how high that level should be. This paper attempts to develop an operational definition of consensus based on the level of agreement across two groups-in this case, political parties. A 4x4 matrix yields six distinct levels of agreement ranging from “strong bipartisan consensus” to “strong partisan dissensus”. In order to account for variations in response options, four versions are described. Evidence from four nationwide surveys on the foreign policy attitudes of American opinion leaders-conducted in 1976, 1980, 1984 and 1988-is used to illustrate the scheme.

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36

Beck, Colin J. "The Comparative Method in Practice: Case Selection and the Social Science of Revolution." Social Science History 41, no. 3 (2017): 533–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2017.15.

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Formalization of comparative case methodology has given the appearance of growing consensus and cross-disciplinary acceptance around a set of best practices. Yet how researchers use a method may differ widely from what methodologists believe, which is the crux of institutionalization of a method. This study examines whether comparative methodology has, in fact, institutionalized within the social sciences using evidence from the entire corpus of comparative studies of revolution published from 1970 to 2009. Content analysis of methods of case selection within the revolution subfield reveals a wide diversity of strategies with only modest methodological awareness by practitioners, a lack of consensus among which case selection strategies to use, and little convergence over time. Thus, the comparative method has not yet institutionalized in its practice. Methodological practice has implications for the coverage of cases of revolution and what is substantively known about the phenomenon.

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37

Hao, Fan. "Ideological Expectations for Value Consensus in Chinese Society." Social Sciences in China 37, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02529203.2015.1133478.

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38

Wagner, Claudia, Philipp Singer, Markus Strohmaier, and Bernardo Huberman. "Semantic Stability and Implicit Consensus in Social Tagging Streams." IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems 1, no. 1 (March 2014): 108–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2014.2307455.

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39

Leung, Terry TF, and Barry CL Lam. "Building consensus on user participation in social work: A conversation analysis." Journal of Social Work 19, no. 1 (February 13, 2018): 20–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468017318757357.

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Summary In order to understand how mutual understanding was achieved in discursive interactions between the welfare service users and service practitioners, conversation analysis was conducted in four discussion panels set up for building consensus on the appropriate structure for user participation in service management. Conversations in eight panel discussion meetings were audio-taped for analysing the talks-in-interaction therein. Drawing on the conversation analysis, the article uncovers the dynamics of consensus building among participants from different epistemic communities. Findings The study identifies the extent of divergence in views among stakeholders, which could have been obscured by the pressure to acquiesce in platform of face-to-face coordination. In the contest for truth between the welfare service users and service practitioners, personal experience has not been accepted as legitimate resource for supporting truth claims. Having limited argument resources on issues of service management, the welfare service users perceived argumentation in panel discussion a threatening venture that they chose to avoid. Avoidance was also a strategy that panel participants employed to maintain mundane interactions in the face of looming dissents. The article argues that the Habermasian communicative ethics are not panacea to the problem of coordination between the welfare service users and service practitioners. An agonistic model of democracy is called for to shift the objective of communication from gauging consensus to encouraging articulation of disagreements in the intricate user participation project. Application The article provides a new direction for developing the user participation imperative to address necessary pluralities among stakeholders of welfare services.

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40

Anders, Royce, F. Xavier Alario, and William H. Batchelder. "Consensus Analysis for Populations With Latent Subgroups: Applying Multicultural Consensus Theory and Model-Based Clustering With CCTpack." Cross-Cultural Research 52, no. 3 (September 14, 2017): 274–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069397117727500.

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Advanced consensus analyses are made available with the cultural consensus theory (CCT) framework, which is a model-based methodology used to closely derive the consensus knowledge of a group or population (e.g., a culture). The relevant data are their questionnaire responses about a subject domain. CCT has been established as a main methodology for ethnographic studies in social and cultural anthropology, and it has also been incorporated into other areas of the social and behavioral sciences as an effective information-pooling methodology. Recently, there are major advances in CCT, including (a) the multicultural extension, which can detect latent subgroups of a population, each with their own consensus answers to the questionnaire items; (b) the development of new models for several questionnaire designs, true/false, ordered category (Likert) scales, and continuous scales; (c) the estimation of important parameters that affect the response process; and (d) the development of Bayesian hierarchical inference for these CCT models. The joint analysis of these features positions such CCT approaches as some of the most advanced consensus analysis methods currently available. That is, they jointly (and hierarchically) estimate the consensus answers to the questionnaire items, the degree of knowledge (cultural competence) of each individual, the response biases of each individual, the difficulty (cultural salience) of each questionnaire item, and the subcultural group of the individual. In this article, we provide an overview of these major advancements in CCT, and we introduce CCTpack, which is currently the only software package available that handles all these extensions, especially (a) and (b).

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41

Woodward, Susan L. "Humanitarian War: A New Consensus?" Disasters 25, no. 4 (December 2001): 331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-7717.00182.

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42

Halfon, Saul. "The Disunity of Consensus." Social Studies of Science 36, no. 5 (October 2006): 783–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312706059745.

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43

Whaples, Robert. "Consensus and disagreement among American economic historians." Social Epistemology 10, no. 1 (January 1996): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02691729608578802.

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44

Tsui, Ming-sum. "Functions of social work supervision in Hong Kong." International Social Work 48, no. 4 (July 2005): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872805053471.

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English The functions of social work supervision in Hong Kong are characterized by three distinct features: consensus between the supervisor and the supervisee, discussion of personal matters and team building. These distinct features reflect characteristics of the Chinese cultural context. Supervision is not only organizational and professional, but also personal and cultural. French Trois aspects caractérisent les fonctions du travail social à Hong Kong: le consensus entre le superviseur et le supervisé, le partage de préoccupations personnelles et la construction d'un esprit d'équipe. Ces caractéristiques témoignent du contexte culturel chinois. La supervision ne se préoccupe pas seulement des dimensions organisationnelles et professionnelles mais également des dimensions personnelles et culturelles. Spanish La función de la supervisión en el trabajo social en Hong Kong tiene tres características: el consenso entre el supervisor y el supervisado, la atención a los asuntos personales, y la formación de equipo. Estas características reflejan el contexto cultural chino. La supervisión no es sólo organizacional y profesional sino también personal y cultural.

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45

Durbin, Paul T. "Defining STS: Can we Reach Consensus?" Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 11, no. 4-5 (August 1991): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/027046769101100401.

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46

Furedi, Frank. "Bringing Historical Dimensions Into the Study of Social Problems: The Social Construction of Authority." Qualitative Sociology Review 11, no. 2 (April 30, 2015): 94–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.11.2.07.

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Appeals to authority have always played a key role in the construction of social problems. Authority legitimates claims, which is why claim-makers have always sought its validation. An exploration into the historical dimension of the social construction of authority provides insight into changing foundations on which claims about social problems are made. In contrast to the Middle Ages, the modern era has found it difficult to gain consensus on the meaning of authority. This historical shift in the status of authority provides the context for contemporary competitive claims-making about social problems.

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47

King, Andrew J., Claire Narraway, Lindsay Hodgson, Aidan Weatherill, Volker Sommer, and Seirian Sumner. "Performance of human groups in social foraging: the role of communication in consensus decision making." Biology Letters 7, no. 2 (October 27, 2010): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0808.

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Early hominids searched for dispersed food sources in a patchy, uncertain environment, and modern humans encounter equivalent spatial–temporal coordination problems on a daily basis. A fundamental, but untested assumption is that our evolved capacity for communication is integral to our success in such tasks, allowing information exchange and consensus decisions based on mutual consideration of pooled information. Here we examine whether communication enhances group performance in humans, and test the prediction that consensus decision-making underlies group success. We used bespoke radio-tagging methodology to monitor the incremental performance of communicating and non-communicating human groups (small group sizes of two to seven individuals), during a social foraging experiment. We found that communicating groups ( n = 22) foraged more effectively than non-communicating groups ( n = 21) and were able to reach consensus decisions (an ‘agreement’ on the most profitable foraging resource) significantly more often than non-communicating groups. Our data additionally suggest that gesticulations among group members played a vital role in the achievement of consensus decisions, and therefore highlight the importance of non-verbal signalling of intentions and desires for successful human cooperative behaviour.

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48

Albi, G., L. Pareschi, and M. Zanella. "Boltzmann-type control of opinion consensus through leaders." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 372, no. 2028 (November 13, 2014): 20140138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0138.

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The study of formations and dynamics of opinions leading to the so-called opinion consensus is one of the most important areas in mathematical modelling of social sciences. Following the Boltzmann-type control approach recently introduced by the first two authors, we consider a group of opinion leaders who modify their strategy accordingly to an objective functional with the aim of achieving opinion consensus. The main feature of the Boltzmann-type control is that, owing to an instantaneous binary control formulation, it permits the minimization of the cost functional to be embedded into the microscopic leaders’ interactions of the corresponding Boltzmann equation. The related Fokker–Planck asymptotic limits are also derived, which allow one to give explicit expressions of stationary solutions. The results demonstrate the validity of the Boltzmann-type control approach and the capability of the leaders’ control to strategically lead the followers’ opinion.

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49

Hill, Christopher. "Elites in European foreign policy-making: Consensus and competition." Review of Sociology 14, no. 1 (June 1, 2008): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/revsoc.14.2008.5.

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50

Ruggiero, Vincenzo. "The Crimes of the Powerful: Between Force and Consensus." Social Sciences 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10020051.

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Power entails the ability to act and overcome the obstacles erected by those who are subject to it. It also entails the capacity to make one’s crimes acceptable, while formulating criminal imputations against others. The crimes of the powerful, in this contribution, are examined through the lenses of a number of intertwined variables: coercion, legitimacy, violence, secrecy, consensus, and hegemony. Ostentation, imitation, and admiration are also considered as components of these types of crimes and the feelings they elicit. While the controversies surrounding legal responses to the crimes of the powerful are discussed, the efficacy of concerted action against them is optimistically invoked.

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