Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Conjugal correspondence"

This article charts the gradual sexualization of marriage in twentieth-century Greece, exploring both expert and lay ideas. First, through official writings and marital correspondence, it sketches the subtle transformation of the nineteenth-century ideal of conjugal love into a more sexualized emotion by the turn of the century. Then, it analyzes the writings of “sex experts” and the correspondence with their clients, showcasing how sexual pleasure became a priority within marriage after World War II. Lastly, the records of a postwar mental health service show that by the late 1970s, the consensus on the importance of mutual sexual satisfaction was being established.

Problem proclamation: Social confidence is the primary topic in the public activity. Confidence is "the assumption that emerges inside a local area of standard, legit and agreeable conduct, in view of regularly shared standards". Advancement, social confidence and security are interlaced classifications and have cooperation to one another. Social confidence, as a primary factor in friendly capital, gives social setting to formative projects. This investigation, analyze the effect of Demography variables on the social confidence to other people. As friendly confidence is a vital factor in friendly connection, this investigation is expected to assess such factor as indicated by segment influence. Approach: This examination has been done on existing information about Iranian qualities and mentalities. A few influence like sexual orientation, age, schooling level, work circumstance, conjugal circumstance have been concentrated in this examination. A portion of these influence like training, correspondence to advancement level, particularly in friendly turn of events. Results: Findings of this examination demonstrated that there is huge connection between all of autonomous influence (Gender, age, training level, work circumstance, conjugal circumstance) and social confidence to families and family members, there is critical connection between influence like sexual orientation, schooling level, work circumstance, conjugal circumstance (free influence) and social confidence to companions. Investigating the information showed that, the occupants of less and more created urban areas have distinctive circumstance in confidence. End/Recommendations: This examination presents three kinds of confidence upon the advancement level of social orders. Confidence in Iran is an illustration of confidence structure in creating social orders.

The marriage in 1490 of Francesco Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua, and Isabella d’Este, daughter of the Duke of Ferrara, cemented an important Italian dynastic alliance and was in no sense a love match. Francesco and Isabella were well aware, however, that they had to establish a harmonious conjugal rapport if the strategic aims of their union were to be realized. This study examines the ways in which the Este-Gonzaga couple built familiarity, affection, and shared interests through frequent letter exchanges that both shaped and facilitated their domestic and political collaboration. The epistolary evidence provides new insights into how an aristocratic Renaissance marriage was experienced by the couple themselves and about the means by which a relationship that was exposed to the full force of contemporary politics, with all its conflicts of dynastic loyalty, was sustained through dialogue and negotiation.

Cet article décrit l’option conjugale « mixte » des descendants d’immigrés d’origine maghrébine, sahélienne et turque en France. Il articule les facteurs culturels et sociaux contribuant au choix conjugal. L’enquête Trajectoires et Origines (INED-INSEE, 2008) fournit des résultats statistiques concernant les options conjugales (couples endogames ou mixtes) et permet de les confronter aux couples entre Français sans ascendance migratoire. Les « couples mixtes » se démarquent des couples endogames et aussi des couples témoins. Tandis que pour leur mise en couple (lieux de rencontres, cohabitation hors mariage) ils correspondent au groupe témoin, ils ressemblent plus aux couples endogames en ce qui concerne leur situation résidentielle et leur inscription religieuse.

Between 1929 and 1932 in a number of villages and towns throughout rural Asante, chiefs were ordering the arrest of all women who were over the age of fifteen and not married. A woman was detained until she spoke the name of a man whom she would agree to marry and the man in question paid a release fee. If the man refused, he too was imprisoned or fined up to £5. If he agreed, he paid a small marriage fee to the woman's parents and one bottle of gin. Based on the correspondence of colonial officials, customary court records and the life histories and reminiscences of women who were among the spinsters caught, this article explores gender and social change in colonial Asante by dissecting and contextualizing the round-up of unmarried women. It seeks to understand this unusual episode in direct state intervention into the negotiating of marriage and non-marriage as part of the general chaos in gender relations that shook Asante in the years between the two World Wars. This chaos, often articulated in the language of moral crisis was, more than anything, about shifting power relationships. It was chaos engendered by cash and cocoa, by trade and transformation. From 1921 to 1935, with cocoa well-established in many parts of Asante, women's roles in the cash economy were changing and diversifying. Many wives were making the move from being the most common form of exploitable labour during the initial introduction of cocoa to themselves exploiting new openings for economic autonomy. That women were beginning to negotiate their own spaces within the colonial economy precipitated a profound crisis in conjugal obligations in Asante - a crisis requiring drastic measures. The rounding up of unmarried women was one of several weapons used by Asante's chiefs in the struggle to reassert control over women's productive and reproductive labour.

The algorithmic unsolvability of the conjugacy problem for finitely presented groups was demonstrated by Novikov in the early 1950s. Various simplifications and alternative proofs were found by later researchers and further questions raised. Recent work by Borovik, Myasnikov and Remeslennikov has considered the question of what proportion of the number of elements of a group (obtained by standard constructions) falls into the realm of unsolvability. In this paper we provide a straightforward construction, as a Britton tower, of a finitely presented group with solvable word problem but unsolvable conjugacy problem of any r.e. (recursively enumerable) Turing degree a. The question of whether two elements are conjugate is bounded truth-table reducible to the question of whether the elements are both conjugate to a single generator of the group. We also define computable normal forms, based on the method of Bokut', that are suitable for the conjugacy problem. We consider (ordered) pairs of normal words U, V for the conjugacy problem whose lengths add to l and show that the proportion of such pairs for which conjugacy is undecidable (in the case a ≠ 0) is strictly less than l2/(2λ - 1)l where λ > 4. The construction is based on modular machines, introduced by Aanderaa and Cohen. For the purposes of this construction it was helpful to extend the notion of configuration to include pairs of m-adic integers. The notion of computation step was also extended and is referred to as s-fold computation where s ∈ ℤ (the usual notion coresponds to s = 1). If gcd (m, s) = 1 then determinism is preserved, i.e., if the modular machine is deterministic then it remains so under the extended notion. Furthermore there is a simple correspondence between s-fold and standard computation in this case. Otherwise computation is non-deterministic and there does not seem to be any straightforward correspondence between s-fold and standard computation.

El machismo como fenómeno social discriminatorio hacia la mujer constituye un problema ampliamente estudiado y vigente en el contexto ecuatoriano actual. En correspondencia con los criterios antes expresados, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue caracterizar las conductas machistas que se manifiestan en la Ciudadela Municipal de Portoviejo y sus efectos en la dinámica familiar de pareja. El estudio se desarrolló con un enfoque metodológico mixto para llevar a cabo una investigación de campo con diseño de investigación no experimental transversal. La muestra quedó conformada por 300 individuos que conformaban 150 parejas conyugales. Los resultados evidenciaron que las principales conductas machistas que se manifiestan en las parejas objeto de estudio y sus efectos en la dinámica familiar fueron: falta de comunicación parental o comunicación caracterizada por reproches, sátiras, insultos y críticas destructivas, generadora de una afectación de las relaciones maritales e intrafamiliares; percepción negativa de la inserción social, política y económica de la mujer sobre la posición jerárquica del hombre en el seno familiar, lo cual conlleva a la disminución de los vínculos afectivos de pareja e intrafamiliares y al maltrato doméstico que limita la capacidad de independencia de la mujer; imposición de la voluntad del hombre en el núcleo familiar e irritabilidad con tendencia a la violencia física, psicológica y sexual contra la mujer cuando no es aceptada dicha imposición; imposición por parte de los hombres de un rol autoritario aceptado por la mujer en el núcleo familiar por temor a dañar la comunicación y el afecto en la relación marital e intrafamiliar. PALABRAS CLAVE: machismo; conductas machistas; violencia de género; dinámica familiar. Machist behaviors and its effects on the family dynamic of a couple in the Municipal Citizen of Portoviejo, Manabí ABSTRACT Machismo as a discriminatory social phenomenon towards women constitutes a widely studied and current problem in the current Ecuadorian context. In correspondence with the criteria previously expressed, the objective of this research was to characterize the sexist behaviors that are manifested in the Municipal Citadel of Portoviejo and its effects on the couple's family dynamics. The study was developed with a mixed methodological approach to carry out field research with a non-experimental cross-sectional research design. The sample was made up of 300 individuals who made up conjugal couples. The results showed that the main sexist behaviors that are manifested in the couples under study and their effects on family dynamics were: lack of parental communication or communication characterized by reproaches, satires, insults and destructive criticism, generating an affectation of relationships intrafamily; Negative perception of the social, political and economic insertion of women on the hierarchical position of men in the family, which leads to a decrease in marital and intra-family emotional ties and domestic abuse that limits the independence capacity of women ; imposition of the man's will in the family nucleus and irritability with a tendency to physical, psychological and sexual violence against women when said imposition is not accepted; imposition by men of an authoritarian role accepted by women in the family nucleus for fear of damaging communication and affection in the marital and intra-family relationship. KEYWORDS: sexism; macho behaviors; gender violence; family dynamics.

We investigate integer partitions $\lambda$ of $n$ that are nearly self-conjugate in the sense that there are $n - 1$ overlapping cells among the Ferrers diagram of $\lambda$ and its transpose, by establishing a correspondence, through the method of combinatorial telescoping, to partitions of $n$ in which (i).~there exists at least one even part; (ii).~any even part is of size $2$; (iii).~the odd parts are distinct; and (iv).~no odd part is of size $1$. In particular, this correspondence confirms a conjecture that had been given in the OEIS.

AbstractThis paper gives variants of results from classical algebraic geometry and commutative algebra for quadratic algebras with conjugation. Quadratic algebras are essentially two-dimensional algebras with identity over commutative rings with identity, on which a natural operation of conjugation may be defined. We define the ring of conjugate polynomials over a quadratic algebra, and define c-varieties. In certain cases a close correspondence between standard varieties and c-varieties is demonstrated, and we establish a correspondence between conjugate and standard polynomials, which leads to variants of the Hilbert Nullstellensatz if the commutativering is an algebraically closed field. These results may be applied to automated Euclidean geometry theorem proving.

We show that there is a topological conjugacy between the action of the Hecke group Gn on the completed positive real axis and the action of the shift on base n-1 expressions of real numbers in the unit interval. This conjugacy is shown to occur in holomorphic dynamical systems: we construct (n-1:n-1) holomorphic correspondences (multivalued self-maps of the Riemann sphere) which are matings between Gn acting on the complex upper half plane, and polynomials of degree n-1 acting on their filled Julia sets. Certain of these correspondences split into unions of (2:2) and (1:1) correspondences: we present combinatorial descriptions of limit sets and the connectivity locus in the case n=4.

L’édition de la correspondance conjugale entre Jean Schlumberger (1877-1968) et Suzanne Weyher (1878-1924), échangée entre 1899 et 1912, est un document polymorphe ouvert à de multiples usages. D’abord, cette relation épistolaire sert l’histoire des mentalités, car les lettres privées nous font découvrir les jeunes partenaires protestants, à l’aube de leurs fiançailles, puis de leur mariage et nous disent comment ils s’inscrivent dans leur univers social bourgeois. En cela, les missives sont un document historique sur la société bourgeoise de la fin XIXe – début XXe siècle. Ainsi, les 539 lettres reproduites dans la présente édition révèlent tout un pan du passé. Ensuite, ego-document, la lettre est archive du moi. À la manière de Marie-Claire Grassi, nous avons privilégié une « approche monographique sur longue durée », afin de mettre « en évidence l’évolution des sentiments à l’intérieur d[u] couple », en tentant de répondre à la question : l’homme et la femme parlent-ils le même langage ? Cela nous a permis d’affirmer que l’échange épistolaire entre Jean et Suzanne Schlumberger est d’abord un exemple de correspondance amoureuse. Chacun à leur manière, par la narration de la vie de tous les jours, les deux scripteurs « ordonnent et reconstruisent de manière implicite le paysage amoureux ». Au rythme des lettres d’amour, le canal épistolaire devient le lieu par excellence où se construit la sphère familiale, puisque les deux individus deviennent parents. À travers ces extraits de vie que sont les témoignages épistolaires, se constitue une illustration de l’Histoire de la maternité et de la paternité dans un contexte législatif particulier, où la femme est sous le joug du Code Napoléon. Réflexions et pensées autour de ces bouleversements de vie, à la fois intersubjectifs et sociaux, donnent à voir les nouveaux parents essayant de se définir dans leur singularité, entre tradition et modernité. Conjugale, familiale, la relation épistolaire de Jean et Suzanne Schlumberger est aussi artistique. S’affranchissant tous deux d’une éducation commune prohibitive et mus par des idées avancées, les époux s’épanouissent progressivement dans leur art respectif, Jean l’écriture, Suzanne la peinture. Outils privilégiés d’une étude interactionniste entre l’être humain et l’œuvre, les lettres conjugales sont autant de signes qui font sens et illustrent l’histoire intime de deux artistes. Même si Jean Schlumberger affirmait à son amie Aline Mayrisch avoir « jalousement gardé » sa vie privée à l’écart de sa vie littéraire, la correspondance intime et artistique, mêle pourtant, au cœur même des lettres de Jean, le récit de ses rencontres professionnelles, publiques, qui sont engrais pour l’histoire littéraire de l’époque. Et pour cause, à mesure que se développe la carrière d’écrivain de Jean Schlumberger ainsi que sa place, qui devait être cruciale au sein de La Nouvelle Revue Française, la correspondance privée, pourtant par définition close sur elle-même, s’ouvre au monde littéraire. Les notions oxymoriques « privé » et « public » s’entrechoquent au cœur de la correspondance du couple Schlumberger, nous faisant découvrir le rôle minime mais inconnu, de Suzanne au sein de l’entreprise éditoriale qu’est La Nouvelle Revue Française. Dans les lettres de Jean Schlumberger, la frontière, de plus en plus frêle entre intérieur et extérieur s’étiole davantage face à la présence, exponentielle, du futur prix Nobel de littérature (1947), André Gide, empiétant sur la légitimité épistolaire de Suzanne. Celle-ci adopte alors de nouvelles stratégies énonciatives et fait de son amitié avec Madeleine Gide, la marraine de Sabine Schlumberger, un nouveau duo énonciatif rendant le discours épistolaire, polyphonique. Les lettres sont le miroir des relations littéraires et artistiques de l’époque. La correspondance des époux Schlumberger a donc de multiples intérêts, d’ordre historique, sociologique, biographique, psychologique, générique, littéraire et artistique
The edition of the marital correspondence between Jean Schlumberger (1877-1968) and Suzanne Weyher (1878-1924), exchanged between 1899 and 1912, is a polymorphic document open to multiple uses. First of all, this epistolary relationship serves the history of mentalities, as private letters introduce us to the young Protestant partners, at the dawn of their engagement and then their marriage, and tell us how they fit into their bourgeois social universe. In this respect, the missives are a historical document on bourgeois society at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. Thus, the 539 letters reproduced in the present edition reveal a whole section of the past. Then, ego-document, the letter is an archive of the self. In the manner of Marie-Claire Grassi, we have favoured a "long-term monographic approach" in order to "highlight the evolution of feelings within [a] couple", trying to answer the question : do men and women speak the same language ? This allowed us to affirm that the epistolary exchange between Jean and Suzanne Schlumberger is first of all an example of love correspondence. Each in their own way, through the narration of everyday life, the two writers "implicitly order and reconstruct the landscape of love". To the rhythm of the love letters, the epistolary channel becomes the place par excellence where the family sphere is built, since the two individuals become parents. Through these extracts of life that are the epistolary testimonies, an illustration of the History of motherhood and fatherhood in a particular legislative context, where women are under the yoke of the Napoleonic Code, is constituted. Reflections and thoughts on these life upheavals, both intersubjective and social, show new parents trying to define themselves in their singularity, between tradition and modernity. Conjugal, familial, the epistolary relationship of Jean and Suzanne Schlumberger is also artistic. Both freeing themselves from a prohibitive common education and driven by advanced ideas, the spouses gradually blossomed in their respective art, Jean writing, Suzanne painting. Privileged tools of an interactionist study between the human being and the work, the conjugal letters are as many signs that make sense and illustrate the intimate history of two artists. Even if Jean Schlumberger told his friend Aline Mayrisch that he had "jealously guarded" his private life away from his literary life, the intimate and artistic correspondence nevertheless blends, at the very heart of Jean's letters, the account of his professional and public encounters, which are fertilizer for the literary history of the time. And for good reason, as Jean Schlumberger's career as a writer developed and his place, which was to be crucial within La Nouvelle Revue Française, private correspondence, though by definition closed in on itself, opened up to the literary world. The oxymoronic notions of "private" and "public" collide at the heart of the Schlumberger couple's correspondence, making us discover Suzanne's minimal but unknown role within the editorial enterprise that is La Nouvelle Revue Française. In Jean Schlumberger's letters, the increasingly frail boundary between inside and outside is further weakened by the exponential presence of the future Nobel Prize winner for literature (1947), André Gide, encroaching on Suzanne's epistolary legitimacy. Suzanne then adopted new enunciative strategies and turned her friendship with Madeleine Gide, Sabine Schlumberger's godmother, into a new enunciative duo that made the epistolary discourse polyphonic. The letters mirror the literary and artistic relationships of the time. The correspondence of the Schlumberger couple therefore has multiple interests, historical, sociological, biographical, psychological, generic, literary and artistic

Un proceso desarrollador del pensamiento desde la consolidación de las competencias y capacidades indagativas y de sistematización, las que se afirman con el abordaje de los contenidos curriculares de las teorías del aprendizaje y de la pedagogía situados en la práctica la que devela el entramado de relaciones que se conjugan cuando se relaciona lo previo con lo nuevo o la previo con lo conocido en correspondencia de la lógica dialéctica encauza el acercamiento a la interpretación y conocimiento de los nexos del objeto que se estudia y cuya experiencia constituye una cualidad superior de estadios elevados de lo que se construye como saber científico. El modelo pedagógico con enfoque constructivista que lo desarrollan las autoras de este texto, estudiantes del tercer nivel de formación pedagógica en la carrera de Educación Básica, connota procesos formativos rigurosos de autoformación autónoma y colaborativa de apropiación crítica de herramientas metodológicas que sustentan la construcción que hace el sujeto que aprende de sus propios conocimientos, prevalece en esa tarea el respeto a la diversidad cultural y metodológica.

In the following pages, I aim to explain the key organizational phases of the 30. Festival Internazionale di Musica Contemporanea ('30th International Festival of Contemporary Music') held in Venice in 1967. The major objective of my report is to highlight the most relevant concert, which was titled »triomphe conjugal« ('marital triumph'). I shall offer an account of Berberian's recital (11 September), retracing the birth and the reception of this one-woman show through official documents, newspaper articles and private correspondence. It was a very revolutionary recital, especially according to the Italian audience.

AbstractWe will employ the same notations as in the previous chapters. Lower-case letters x, y, … will denote real scalar variables, whether mathematical or random. Capital letters X, Y, … will be used to denote real matrix-variate mathematical or random variables, whether square or rectangular matrices are involved. A tilde will be placed on top of letters such as $$\tilde {x},\tilde {y},\tilde {X},\tilde {Y}$$ x ~ , y ~ , X ~ , Y ~ to denote variables in the complex domain. Constant matrices will for instance be denoted by A, B, C. A tilde will not be used on constant matrices unless the point is to be stressed that the matrix is in the complex domain. The determinant of a square matrix A will be denoted by |A| or det(A) and, in the complex case, the absolute value or modulus of the determinant of A will be denoted as |det(A)|. When matrices are square, their order will be taken as p × p, unless specified otherwise. When A is a full rank matrix in the complex domain, then AA∗ is Hermitian positive definite where an asterisk designates the complex conjugate transpose of a matrix. Additionally, dX will indicate the wedge product of all the distinct differentials of the elements of the matrix X. Thus, letting the p × q matrix X = (xij) where the xij’s are distinct real scalar variables, $$\text{d}X=\wedge _{i=1}^p\wedge _{j=1}^q\text{d}x_{ij}$$ d X = ∧ i = 1 p ∧ j = 1 q d x i j . For the complex matrix $$\tilde {X}=X_1+iX_2,\ i=\sqrt {(-1)}$$ X ~ = X 1 + i X 2 , i = ( − 1 ) , where X1 and X2 are real, $$\text{d}\tilde {X}=\text{d}X_1\wedge \text{d}X_2$$ d X ~ = d X 1 ∧ d X 2 .

Mathematical tools necessary to the argument are presented and discussed. The focus is on concepts borrowed from the convex analysis and variational analysis literatures. The chapter starts by introducing the notions of a correspondence, upper hemi-continuity, and lower hemi-continuity. Superdifferential and subdifferential correspondences for real-valued functions are then introduced, and their essential properties and their role in characterizing global optima are surveyed. Convex sets are introduced and related to functional concavity (convexity). The relationship between functional concavity (convexity), superdifferentiability (subdifferentiability), and the existence of (one-sided) directional derivatives is examined. The theory of convex conjugates and essential conjugate duality results are discussed. Topics treated include Berge's Maximum Theorem, cyclical monotonicity of superdifferential (subdifferential) correspondences, concave (convex) conjugates and biconjugates, Fenchel's Inequality, the Fenchel-Rockafellar Conjugate Duality Theorem, support functions, superlinear functions, sublinear functions, the theory of infimal convolutions and supremal convolutions, and Fenchel's Duality Theorem.

This chapter examines the literary presence of a declamatory device: the reference to mythical heroines to express the paradigm of conjugal fides. It takes its starting point from the analysis of the sections of some controversiae quoted in Seneca the Elder’s anthology. The use of mythological exempla is a common practice both in rhetoric and in poetry and the customary quotation of these in Latin literature seems to manifest the influence exerted by the declamation schools and the rhetorical education a Roman would receive. In particular, comparison between passages of the rhetoricians (Arellius Fuscus, Triarius, Clodius Turrinus) and those quoted above reveals stylistic correspondences and compositional patterns that become authoritative for later authors. The influence of declamation is also significant in a number of passages on faithful wives in Ovidian poetry, the writings of the younger Seneca, the letters of Pliny the Younger, Martial’s epigrams, and Claudian’s poetry. The presence of declamatory influence in such a great variety of literary works confirms the notion of Seneca the Elder’s anthology as a collection in which the frontiers between declamatory inventio and literary material are allowed to blur.

Objetivo: Analisar a luz da literatura a influência da atividade sexual durante o período gestacional. Materiais e Método: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura de forma sistematizada de síntese qualitativa e de caráter exploratório referente a temática descrita., através das bases de dados Lilacs, Pubmed e ScienceDirect (Elsevier). Os descritores (DESC) utilizados na busca foram: Gravidez, Sexualidade, Comportamento sexual e Relação sexual e seus correspondentes em inglês (MeSH). Foram excluídos artigos incompletos, pagos para visualização, não originais, manuais técnicos, comentários e resenha editoriais. Após levantamento dos dados, foram incluídos seis estudos nesta revisão. Resultados e Discussão: Observou-se que a vida sexual ativa da gestante proporciona uma qualidade de vida e bem-estar significativo para ela e para sua relação conjugal. É necessário enfatizar que durante a gestação o desejo sexual da mulher diminui no início, tem um pico de aumento no segundo trimestre, chegando no final da gravidez a diminuir novamente. Vale ressaltar que estudos descrevem que a função sexual durante a gestação foi classificada pelas gestantes como boa, embora a maioria das gestantes tenha relatado pelo menos um tipo de alteração nos domínios da função sexual tal como desconforto, muitas vezes associada com a posição que acontece o coito. Considerações Finais: considera-se que o ato sexual tem extensão de grande valia para saúde materna sem intercorrências para o bebê e deve ser motivado em todas as gestações que não observe risco eminente.

The paper presents the first theory and practice for free-form conjugation design and extends the conventional conjugate tooth profiles to free-form tooth profiles. It presents a conjugation theory that offers a rigorous correspondence between a conjugate pair and the cutter profile or contact path, discovers the necessary and sufficient conditions for non-undercutting with differential curves, and thus extends the traditional free-form single surface modeling to dual conjugate surface modeling. Free-form conjugation modeling and synthesis can be carried out through the cutter profile or the contact path surface. The paper offers a general theory and methodology for free-form modeling and synthesis of planar conjugation, extend the traditional single surface free-form modeling to dual-surface conjugation modeling, and establishes the foundation that will offer much needed design freedom enabling one searching for conjugate surfaces with optimal or desired performance in any transmission involving contact surfaces. The theory is demonstrated in gear tooth profile design through splines and thus provides a fresh perspective on gearing.

The unexpected effect of increase by a factor of 1.2-1.5 in the unsaturated gain coefficient for a nanosecond pulse was observed in experimental configuration of double-pass TEA CO2 amplifier with a phase-conjugate mirror (PCM) on the base of InAs in the cavity of a TEA CO2 laser (Fig. 1), being compared to the unsaturated gain in the same amplifier in single pass configuration.1 The factor of amplification rise for nanosecond pulse amplitude exceeded ~4 for amplifier length ~140 cm. The correspondent nanosecond pulses were generated in PCM as a result of mixing of quasisteady single mode signal waves with the chaotically spiking counterpropagating pump waves in InAs plate.2

Abstract Film cooling technique is commonly adopted in modern gas turbine engines to protect high-temperature components from erosion and damage caused by thermal stress. To improve film cooling effectiveness, many efficient prediction tools have been developed and have shown promising results, which are helpful for turbine aero-thermal design. For film cooling, evidence has shown that it is strongly affected by the momentum and heat transport in the boundary layer when hot gas and coolant are mixed downstream of the ejection. From the view of resolution accuracy in the boundary layer, structured grids will be the primary choice in fluid domain. However, the high-pressure gas turbine blades usually have several hundreds of cooling holes with different configurations and arrangements. Numerical simulations often face a big challenge in multi-block structured-grid generations when a large number of cooling holes are involved on curved hole-to-mainstream interfaces. Conventional block-splitting and mesh-generation for all holes are quite time-consuming and cumbersome, because the copying, translating and rotating manipulations cannot be applied on curved hole-to-mainstream interfaces directly. To solve these difficulties, this paper presents a novel mesh-generation strategy, which is a background-grid based mapping (BGBM) method, to generate multi-block structured grids for film-cooled blade efficiently without modifying the existing meshing tools and solvers, which is convenient for CFD users. It consists of three main steps: At first, the correspondence between physical space and computational space is established by two sets of background grids. Then, the sectional curves of geometry features in physical space are projected to the computational space. With these treatments, the curved hole-to-mainstream interfaces are flattened in computational space, where grids can be quickly generated with block copying, translating, rotating and merging manipulations. Thereafter, meshes in computational space are mapped back to the physical space based on the correspondence between physical and computational spaces, and high-quality structured-meshes can be obtained for numerical simulations. To demonstrate the presented meshing strategy, several typical cases with film cooling are selected for testing, including single cooling hole on curved surface, multiple rows of cooling holes on curved surface and NASA C3X vane with multiple hole arrays. In these cases, different holes, including the cylindrical holes and shaped holes with different ejection angles and arrangements, on curved interfaces are taken into consideration. The quality of generated structured grids for each test case is illustrated, which is able to meet the requirement of CFD solver. With the generated meshes, conjugate heat transfer performance in the turbine vane with different cooling arrangements is investigated and also validated with the existing experimental data.