Дисертації з теми "Conflicts of obligations"
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1
Berggren, Theo. "Norm Conflicts in Public International Law : The Relationship Between Obligations Under the ECHR and Under the UN Charter." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-323239.
2
Cornet, Alexis. "Algorithmes et résultats de complexité pour des problèmes de graphes avec contraintes additionnelles." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC034/document.
Анотація:
Les problèmes de domination (dominant, dominant indépendant, ...) et de couverture (vertex-cover, arbre de Steiner, ...) sont NP-complets. Pour autant, pour la plupart de ces problèmes, il existe toujours une solution constructible en temps polynomial (potentiellement de valeur objective très mauvaise), ou au moins, il est possible de déterminer facilement (en temps polynomial) l'existence ou non d'une solution. Ces problèmes, initialement issus de situations réelles, sont des modélisations simplistes de ces situations. Nous ajoutons donc des contraintes additionnelles modélisant des contraintes pratiques plausibles : les conflits, des paires d'éléments ne pouvant faire simultanément partie d'une solution (modélisant des incompatibilités diverses), la connexité dans un second graphe (les éléments doivent pouvoir communiquer, et le graphe correspondant à ces liens de communication n'est pas forcément le même) et les obligations, des sous-ensembles d'éléments interdépendants devant être ajoutés simultanément à une solution. Notre but ici n'est pas de modéliser un problème réel précis, mais d'étudier la manière dont ces contraintes modifient la complexité des problèmes étudiés. Nous verrons que dans un grand nombre de cas, déterminer l'existence même d'une solution devient difficile, même sans se préoccuper de leur optimisation. Le problème du firefighter modélise des pompiers tentant de contenir un feu se propageant au tour par tour dans un graphe (potentiellement infini). Nous avons étudié ce problème en ajoutant des contraintes sur le déplacement des pompiers (une vitesse de déplacement limitée entre deux tours). Nous verrons que ces contraintes augmentent en général le nombre de pompiers nécessaires mais ne provoquent pas de changements aussi importants que dans les problèmes précédentsDomination problems (dominating set, independant dominating set, ...) as well as covering problems (vertex-cover, Steiner tree, ...) are NP-complete. However, for most of these problems, it is always possible to construct a (eventually bad) solution in polynomial time, or at least it is possible to determine whether a solution exists. Those problems originally came from industry, but are simplified modelizations of the real life problems. We add additional constraints modeling plausible practical constraints : conflicts which are pairs of elements that cannot apear simultaneously in a solution (to modelize various incompatibilities), connexity in a second graph (elements of the solution must be able to communicate, and the communication links are a second graph), and obligations which are subsets of interdependant vertices which must be added simultaneously in a solution.We don't aim to model a specific real-world problem, but to study how these plausible constraints affect the complexity of the studied problems. We will see that, in many cases, even determining the existence of a solution (regardless of its size) become hard. The firefighter problem models firefighters aiming to contain a fire spreading turn by turn in a (eventually infinite) graph. We studied this problem with the addition of deplacement constraints for the firefighters (a limited moving speed between turns). We will see that, most of the time, this constraint increase the number of firefighters necessary to contain the fire, but does not trigger such major change as constraints studied in the others problems
3
Aminoff, Elin. "En studie om konflikter i arbetslivet och det systematiska arbetsmiljöarbetets roll som verktyg till förebyggande arbete." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-41514.
Анотація:
Abstract The main subject of this essay is conflicts at work and the effect it has on the employee´s health. I can through various reports read that bad health at workplaces is too high and that conflicts are a reason. What can be done to the work environment so it will be better from a psychosocial perspective? Sweden has a regulation that makes the employer responsible to work for an improvement in the work environment; can these regulations be used in purpose to reduce conflicts? My first question concerns the possibility to establish preventive procedures in the workplace systematic work regarding to improve the work environment. My second question is about the obligations of the employer to attempt to reduce conflicts at the workplace and the third question regards the documenting and monitoring of conflicts and the preventing work to reduce them. The purpose of this essay is to clarify how conflict preventive work can be included in the Systematic work environment management. To find answers to my questions I will interpret and analyze the current Swedish law but also international law. Current law and regulations will be supplemented with interviews to obtain information about the employer´s approach to preventive work regarding conflicts. After analyzing the material I come to my conclusion that it´s possible to use current regulations as a tool to reduce conflicts at workplaces and through that also reduce sick leave due to psychological disorders. But there is a need to set up more concrete routines that makes the employer´s obliged to take all measures deemed necessary.
4
Nahlawi, Yasmine Khaled. "The responsibility to protect : an examination of host and third-state obligations in preventing and reacting to mass atrocity crimes in light of the Libyan and Syrian conflicts." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3536.
Анотація:
This thesis examines the responsibility to protect (R2P) doctrine in light of the 2011 Libyan and Syrian conflicts in order to determine host and third-State obligations in the prevention of and the reaction to mass atrocity crimes. This thesis emphasises that R2P is premised in many ways upon existing international norms which it seeks to pull together, repackage, and build upon in order to arrive at a central legal framework for tackling mass atrocity crimes. As such, this thesis discusses R2P’s application in the Libyan and Syrian conflicts in light of both existing international norms as well as an emerging central R2P framework. In terms of host State obligations, a detailed examination of R2P’s role within the Libyan and Syrian conflicts affirms that States universally accepted a binding obligation to protect their own populations from mass atrocity crimes. However, there is no indication – through the various military and non-military measures employed by the international community in response to these conflicts – that States accepted an obligation to react to mass atrocity crimes as part of R2P. Combined with persisting structural limitations within the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), most particularly the permanent members’ right to the veto, it can be seen that R2P has failed to overcome some of the very deficiencies which it was created to address. Moving forward, R2P must either come to impose an obligation upon third-party States to react to mass atrocity situations (and by default, limit the use of the permanent veto), or must identify means by which the international community can circumvent the UNSC when the body is paralysed. This thesis highlights that legal frameworks do exist in support of both of these aims, although they must be further developed and strengthened in order to enhance the enforcement of R2P.
5
Müller, Amrie. "The relationship of state obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and international humanitarian law : an analysis of health-related issues in non-international armed conflicts." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.555706.
Анотація:
The parallel application of international humanitarian law (IHL) and international human rights law (IHRL) to armed conflicts is widely accepted today. Its detailed legal consequences, which will help in understanding its practical effect and potential to enhance the protection of people affected by armed conflicts, remain to be analysed in many areas. This thesis investigates the relationship of state obligations under IHL and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), with a special emphasis on health-related issues in non-international armed conflicts. ICJ jurisprudence suggests that the simultaneous application of IHL and IHRL can be structured with the help of the lex specialis maxim. This thesis argues that the function of the lex specialis maxim is relative and highly situation-dependent. When this is recognised, the maxim - alongside other interpretative methods - promises to aid the flexible parallel application of IHL and economic, social and cultural (ESC) rights to non-international armed conflicts. Despite developments in customary IHL applicable to non-international armed conflicts, the distinction between international and non-international armed conflicts remains relevant in IHL. Likewise, questions remain regarding the threshold of application of some IHL rules. These factors will affect the parallel application of IHL and the ICESCR to non-international armed conflicts. The scope of state obligations under the ICESCR in times of armed conflict has received little attention so far. It is argued that this scope is determined by two Articles: the notion to 'take steps' towards the 'progressive realisation' of ESC rights in Article 2(1) ICESCR, and by Article 4 ICESCR, the Covenant's general limitation clause. It is shown that the minimum core approach can be helpful in interpreting both Articles - minimum core rights should be implemented as a matter of highest priority even in times of armed conflict. It is further argued that no derogations are permitted from the right to health and other ESC rights in times of armed conflict, in particular not from their minimum cores. Building on these findings and focusing on health-related issues, the thesis analyses how a relative and context-sensitive lex specialis maxim can assist in easing substantial tensions between elements of the right to health and IHL relating to the targeting of military objectives, in particular so-called 'dual-use' objects. IHL rules on military targeting are found most likely to be given preference in situations of active combat. Nonetheless, the simultaneous application of the right to health will ensure that adverse long-term public health and other socio-economic consequences of NIACs for civilians are not ignored even when hostilities are ongoing and military-target decisions are made. It is also shown that IHL on the protection and care of the wounded and sick and the right to health complement each other well in mitigating the direct and indirect health consequences of armed conflicts, similarly supported by a context-sensitive use of lex specialis. With certain nuances, these findings apply to the relationship between IHL and ESC rights more generally. The operationalisation of this thesis' findings, and of the legal implications of the parallel application of other ESC rights and IHL, requires further efforts. It is concluded that the development of guidelines that assist practitioners in assessing the flexible relationship between IHL and the ICESCR in a given situation are the most functional option in that regard.
6
Abegón, Novella Marta. "Los efectos de los conflictos armados en los tratados multilaterales normativos de protección del medio ambiente." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/127351.
Анотація:
La tesis Los efectos de los conflictos armados en los tratados multilaterales normativos de protección del medio ambiente analiza qué efectos tienen los conflictos armados en los tratados que protegen el interés de la Comunidad internacional en la salvaguarda del medio ambiente, y examina en qué medida éstos continúan aplicándose en tales circunstancias. La primera parte se dedica al estudio de la codificación de las normas internacionales relativas a los efectos de los conflictos armados en los tratados internacionales; la segunda parte examina los tratados internacionales de protección del medio ambiente como tratados multilaterales normativos de protección de los intereses generales de la Comunidad internacional; y, finalmente, la tercera parte analiza la aplicación de las reglas contenidas en el proyecto de artículos de la Comisión de Derecho Internacional sobre los efectos de los conflictos armados en los tratados, aprobado en 2011, a los tratados multilaterales normativos de protección del medio ambiente.The thesis The effects of armed conflicts on multilateral law-making treaties for the protection of the environment analyzes the effects of armed conflicts on treaties that protect the interest of the International community in safeguarding the environment, and examines to what extent they continue to be applied in such circumstances. The first part is devoted to the study of the codification of international rules related to the effects of armed conflicts on treaties; the second part examines the international treaties protecting the environment as a kind of multilateral law-making treaties for the protection of the general interests of the International community; and finally, the third part analyzes the application of the rules contained in the draft articles of the International Law Commission on the effects of armed conflicts on treaties, adopted in 2011, on multilateral law-making treaties for the protection of the environment.
Cette thèse, intitulée Les effets des conflits armés sur les traités multilatéraux normatifs de protection de l'environnement, analyse quels sont les effets des conflits armés sur les traités qui protègent l’intérêt de la Communauté internationale pour la sauvegarde de l'environnement, et examine dans quelle mesure ils continuent à s'appliquer dans ces circonstances. La première partie est consacrée à l'étude de la codification des normes internationales relatives aux effets des conflits armés sur les traités; la deuxième partie examine les traités internationaux de protection de l'environnement en tant que traités multilatéraux normatifs de protection des intérêts généraux de la Communauté internationale; et, finalement, la troisième partie met analyse l'application des règles contenues dans le projet d'articles de la Commission du Droit International sur les effets des conflits armés sur les traités, adopté en 2011, aux traités multilatéraux normatifs de protection de l'environnement.
7
Dogar, Adnan Ahmad. "Les conflits régionaux de l'eau : une approche par la négociation." Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0119.
Анотація:
La présente Thèse porte sur le partage des eaux des fleuves internationaux entre pays riverains. Notre objectif a consisté à étudier cette question sous l'angle de la négociation. L'outil de la négociation qui a été retenu s'appuie sur le cadre des jeux non-coopératifs. Bien que les développements de cette Thèse soient d'ordre qualitatif, les différents modèles qui en ont résulté ont été construits à partir d'exemples d'accords qui ont été effectivement signés. Cela nous a conduit à intégrer des caractéristiques propres à ce type de négociation. Dans notre cas, les caractéristiques retenues étaient au nombre de quatre: (1) la présence de contraintes domestiques dont le rôle est particulièrement crucial lorsque les pays sont confrontés à un stress hydrique; (2) le recours à des menaces, en l'occurrence la menace de soutenir un groupe rebelle pour inciter le pays avec lequel on négocie à proposer des offres conséquentes; (3) la présence d'un engagement révocable qui consiste à restreindre l'espace de stratégies du partenaire afin de le contraindre à un accord qui lui est défavorable; et enfin (4) l'intervention d'un médiateur pour garantir la signature d'un accord. Des différents modèles envisagés, il est ressorti clairement qu'un accord peut toujours être atteint, même si parfois les pays doivent supporter un délai, et donc un coût de négociation. Cela tend à confirmer l'idée que les conflits de l'eau peuvent être source de coopération dès lors que leur résolution passe par la négociationThe thesis addresses the issue of water sharing among riparian states. The principle objective of the research was to study the negotiations that took place among these states. The negotiations were based upon non-cooperative game theory. Although much of the work is qualitative, the models developed are based upon the actual agreements that were signed between these states. This allowed us to incorporate proper characteristics to the negotiations. We used four of such characteristics: (1) the presence of domestic constraints where their role is particularly important if countries are facing water stress; (2) the use of threats, especially the threat of supporting a rebel group within the country with which we are negotiating to improve the bargaining position; (3) the presence of a revocable commitment to restrict the strategy space of the partner in order to force an agreement which is unfavorable for her; and finally (4) the intervention of a mediator to secure the signing of an agreement. Different proposed models show clearly that an agreement can always be reached, although sometimes it may take longer period of time and as a result countries may have to bear the cost of negotiations. This makes it clear that water conflicts can be a source of cooperation which can be achieved through negotiation among the riparian states
8
Vasalou, Evangelia. "Les conflits d’obligations internationales devant la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ASSA0005.
Анотація:
Ayant comme axe principal la jurisprudence de la Cour EDH, la présente thèse est centrée sur les conflits entre la CEDH et les autres obligations internationales incombant aux États parties. L’approche de la Cour EDH témoigne de la nécessité de cohérence en droit et de l’harmonisation des conflits d’obligations. Visant à harmoniser les éventuelles contrariétés la Cour de Strasbourg ne s’est pas interrogée sur les causes de ces conflits. L’objet de cette thèse consiste ainsi à rechercher s’il y a des règles juridiques aptes à aménager les conflictualités en amont en générant pour les États l’obligation d’élaborer des normes créant des obligations concordantes. En outre, l’étude se fixe pour objectif de systématiser les cas des conflits entre la CEDH et les autres obligations internationales dans les affaires portées devant la Cour EDH, afin de mettre en relief les conditions d’émergence de ces conflits et de s’interroger sur les moyens de leur gestion. Une grande partie de la réflexion va au-delà de la critique de l’efficacité des moyens d’harmonisation employés par la jurisprudence strasbourgeoise pour proposer des solutions permettant d’éviter les conflits. L’analyse de l’applicabilité des moyens de résolution des conflits s’inscrit dans le cadre de la gestion des conflits dans lesquels sont impliquées les obligations issues de la CEDH. Dans ce contexte, la thèse met l’accent sur les moyens de résolution des conflits qui pourraient être appliqués dans le futur, dans l’hypothèse où la Cour EDH reconnaitrait explicitement une situation de conflit entre la CEDH et une autre obligation internationaleThis thesis explores the question of conflicts between the ECHR and other international obligations for State parties by focusing on the case law of the ECtHR. The ECtHR's approach reflects the need for consistency in law and harmonisation of conflicting obligations. Setting the objective of harmonising potential conflicts, the Court of Strasbourg did not raise the question about the causes of those conflicts. This thesis seeks to examine whether there are any legal rules that could prevent conflicts by obliging States to establish norms that createcompatible obligations. In addition, the study aims to systematise conflicts between the ECHR and other international obligations in cases which were lodged with the ECtHR, in order to highlight the conditions of emergence of these conflicts and to examine the means of their coordination. The overarching theme of the study goes beyond the criticism of the effectiveness of the means of harmonisation applied by the case-law of the Court of Strasbourg, proposing solutions for the avoidance of conflicts. The analysis of the applicability of the means of conflict resolution is part of the management of conflicts in which the obligations of the ECHRare involved. In this context, the thesis delves into the means of conflict resolution that could be applied in the future, should the ECtHR explicitly recognise a situation of conflict between the ECHR and another international obligation
9
Reydellet, Colin. "Corrélations entre conflits de lois et conflits de juridictions en droit international privé des obligations." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3074.
Анотація:
Le droit international privé français tient pour usuel la dissociation entre le conflit de lois et le conflit de juridictions. Cette indépendance entre les deux corps de règles est érigée en principe tant par la doctrine majoritaire que par le droit positif. Selon ce principe, toute forme de corrélation est et doit être réfutée, qu’elle opère au moment de la mise en œuvre des règles de conflit ou de leur construction. En d’autres termes, ce sont ainsi trois hypothèses qui sont dénoncées : celle de l’applicabilité directe de la lex fori en tant que telle, mais également celles de la compétence du forum legis et du parallélisme des règles de conflit, celles-ci conduisant à une applicabilité indirecte de la lex fori. Or, selon la présente étude, le droit international privé des obligations montre qu’un tel principe n’existe pas et qu’il n’est pas nécessairement opportun. En effet, et un tel constat s’impose, tant le mécanisme des lois de police que le jeu de l’autonomie de la volonté suscitent une applicabilité directe de la lex fori. Par ailleurs, la réfutation des modes de corrélation indirecte est inopportune. D’une part, la compétence du forum legis permet de garantir l’effectivité des lois de police, dans la mesure où aucun autre remède ne se révèle suffisant. D’autre part, la spécialisation du droit international privé des obligations et l’emprise du droit de l’Union européenne sur cette discipline génère des règles de compétence et de loi applicable qui présentent un certain parallélisme qui n’est pas uniquement accidentel. La thèse invite ainsi à remettre en question certains dogmes classiques du droit international privé des obligationsFrench private international law holds as usual the dissociation between choice of law and judicial jurisdiction. This independence between the two sets of rules is set up as a principle by both majority doctrine and law. According to this principle, any form of correlation is and must be refuted, whether it occurs at the time of implementation of the conflict rules or the time of their formulation. In other words, three hypotheses are thus denounced: that of the direct applicability of the lex fori as such, but also those of the jurisdiction of the forum legis and the parallelism of the conflict rules, which lead to an indirect applicability of the lex fori. However, according to this study, contracts and torts private international law shows that such a principle does not exist and that it is not necessarily appropriate. Indeed, both the mechanism of overriding mandatory provisions and freedom of choice of law give rise to a direct applicability of the lex fori. Moreover, the refutation of indirect correlation modes is inappropriate. On the one hand, the jurisdiction of forum legis makes it possible to guarantee the effectiveness of overriding mandatory provisions, insofar as no other remedy is sufficient. On the other hand, the specialisation of contracts and torts private international law and the influence of European Union law on this discipline generate rules of judicial jurisdiction rules and applicable law that present a certain parallelism that is not only accidental. The thesis thus invites us to question certain classic dogmas of private international law of obligations
10
Minois, Maud. "Recherche sur la qualification en droit international privé des obligations." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB132.
Анотація:
Pendant longtemps, la qualification lege fori a dominé la scène internationale. D'une conception stricte, témoin d'une analyse particulariste du droit international privé, elle a progressivement évolué vers une conception assouplie. Aujourd'hui, les auteurs s'accordent à voir dans la qualification lege fori, une méthode de qualification appropriée. Confrontée au droit des obligations, la qualification lege fori révèle ses faiblesses. Elle est atteinte d'un vice originel qui implique de s'interroger sur son bien-fondé. Même assouplie, la qualification lege fori est incapable de se détacher des concepts du for. Une situation internationale sera donc résolue selon des concepts dictés pour les besoins du droit interne. Ces insuffisances s'observent à l'étude de cas hybrides. Il s'agit d'hypothèses particulièrement délicates à qualifier car elles se situent à la lisière de la matière contractuelle et de la matière délictuelle. La présente étude se propose de rechercher un modèle de qualification qui puisse répondre à la fonction internationale de la règle à appliquer. À côté de la qualification lege fori, il existe une appréhension européenne de la qualification. Celle-ci s'organise autour de l'élaboration de qualifications autonomes, a priori distinctes de la qualification lege fori. La Cour de justice a ainsi opté pour une qualification autonome des notions de matière contractuelle et de matière délictuelle. Confrontée à la qualification lege fori, la qualification autonome révèle sa véritable nature. Sous certains aspects, elle est une forme de qualification lege fori. Sous un autre angle, elle s'en éloigne et peut être analysée comme une véritable qualification internationale. Contrairement à la qualification lege fori, la qualification autonome répond à la fonction internationale de la règle de droit international privé. Elle est donc adaptée aux besoins de la vie internationale. Une fois le bien-fondé de l'approche autonome posée, il était nécessaire de s'interroger sur sa généralisation. En effet, l'adoption d'un ensemble complet de textes en droit international privé européen des obligations a fait émerger un débat sur l'opportunité d'adopter une qualification unitaire des notions communes aux textes de Bruxelles et de Rome. La présente étude se propose de retenir un modèle autonome et moniste de la qualification borné aux seules relations internationalesFor a long time, the lege fori characterisation has dominated the international scene. It has evolved from a strict conception, witness of a particularistic approach of private international law, towards a more flexible conception. Nowadays, authors accept the lege fori characterisation as an appropriate characterisation method. Faced with the law of obligations, the lege fori characterisation shows its weaknesses. It is suffering from an original defect which prompts interrogations on its merits. Even relaxed, the lege fori characterisation cannot be detached from the concepts of the lex fori. An international situation will therefore be resolved according to concepts dictated based on the needs of the law of the forum. Such inadequacies can be observed when studying hybrid cases. Hybrid cases hypotheses are extremely difficult to classify as they stand on the border between matters relating to tort/delict and matters relating to contracts. The present study will search for a characterisation model able to fulfil the international function of the rule to apply. A European understanding of characterisation exists beside the lege fori characterisation. It revolves around the elaboration of autonomous characterisations, in principle distinct from the lege fori characterisation. The European Court of Justice chose an autonomous characterisation for the notions of matter relating to contract and matter relating to tort/delict. Faced with the lege fori characterisation, the autonomous characterisation reveals its true nature. In some respects, it is a type of lege fori characterisation. From another perspective, it diverges from it and can be interpreted as a true international characterisation. Unlike the lege fori characterisation, the autonomous characterisation fulfils the international function of the private international law rule. Therefore, it is suitable to the needs of international affairs. Once the merits of the autonomous approach have been established, it is necessary to consider whether it can be generalized or not. Indeed, the adoption of a complete set of rules in European private international law relating to contractual and non-contractual obligations highlights a debate on the opportunity to adopt a unitary characterisation for the common notions of the Rome and Brussels Conventions and Regulations. The present study suggests to consider an autonomous and monistic model for characterisation but only to the extent international relations are involved
11
Raspail, Hélène. "Le conflit entre droit interne et obligations internationales de l’Etat." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020096/document.
Анотація:
A première vue, les obligations de l’Etat déterminent les comportements de ce dernier, et l’on ne perçoit pas en quoi le droit interne pourrait leur porter atteinte. Pourtant, la production de certains actes juridiques, entendus par le droit international comme réalisant immédiatement des situations individuelles, pourra être considérée comme une violation de ces obligations. Avant même leur exécution, un fait internationalement illicite pourra être consacré. Certaines règles juridiques, en revanche, apparaîtront plus abstraites au regard du droit international, et ne pourront donner lieu, de leur simple fait, qu’à un risque de violation des obligations de l’Etat. Il faudra alors envisager une autre catégorie d’obligations qui, cette fois, se porteront sur l’état du droit interne général. L’existence de règles dont l’état n’est pas celui requis par ces obligations pourra alors donner lieu à un fait internationalement illicite. Se pose toutefois, dans un second temps, la question de la responsabilité qui peut naître de tels faits, dont les conséquences préjudiciables semblent bien limitées. Plus le droit interne à l’origine de l’illicéité sera abstrait, plus la responsabilité de l’Etat s’éloignera d’une quelconque dimension réparatoire, pour se tourner vers une garantie de la légalité future. Vient alors la problématique de la mise en oeuvre de cette responsabilité. Les conditions classiques de recevabilité des demandes devant les juridictions internationales peuvent en effet s’opposer à ce que puisse être prise en compte une violation du fait du droit interne in abstracto. Alors que ces obstacles pourront aisément être levés dans le cas des actes juridiques individuels, les règles internes en conflit avec les obligations de l’Etat seront, à des degrés divers, plus difficiles à mettre en cause dans un cadre contentieux. Toutefois, certaines juridictions ou quasi-juridictions internationales s’affranchissent aujourd’hui de ce cadre, incitant ainsi fortement les Etats à adapter leur droit interne, selon les nouvelles exigences du droit internationalAt first sight, international obligations define real actions of States. Domestic law seems, from certain points of view, unable to affect them. However, the mere enactment of national legal acts, understood by international law as immediate realizations of individual situations, may be amount to a breach of these international obligations. Without any enforcement, an international wrongful act will be exposed. Nevertheless, some domestic norms will still be very abstract from an international point of view. Their creation and maintenance in force can’t be seen an international failure rather a risk. Thus, our task will be to find some other kind of State’s obligations, that relates specifically to a given state of general domestic law. An international wrongful act will be then constituted by the very existence of a national norm, if its state is not the one required by international law. Still, the question of State responsibility for such actions, which don’t cause any concrete injury, has to be answered. The more abstract domestic law is, the furthest responsibility will be from a restorative dimension. Responsibility will only be aimed at protecting the international rule of law for the future. Finally, this leads us to the question of the implementation of this responsibility, since classic international litigation law can prevent a claim against domestic law as a wrongful act. This challenge is easily overcome as long as an individual legal act is at stake. On the contrary, a claim against the fact of a general norm is, on different levels, far more difficult to present before international courts. Today however, some international tribunals go beyond this frame, urging States to adapt their domestic law, following the new exigencies of international law
12
Tonkin, Hannah Jane. "States' international obligations to control private military & security companies in armed conflict." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1658758a-481a-4f1c-83c0-2ef269a78778.
Анотація:
Tens of thousands of contractors work for private military and security companies (PMSCs) in armed conflicts around the world, often hired by states to fulfil functions that were once the exclusive domain of the armed forces. In this context, PMSCs have performed a wide range of activities including offensive combat, prisoner interrogation, military advice and training, armed security, intelligence and logistics. The proliferation of PMSCs during the past two decades has challenged conventional conceptions of the state as the primary holder of coercive power in the international arena. Nonetheless, this Thesis argues that the traditional state-centred frameworks of international law remain vitally relevant to the regulation of private security activity in contemporary armed conflict. Three states are in a strong position to influence PMSCs in this context—the state that hires the PMSC, the state in which the company is based or incorporated, and the state in which the company operates—and this capacity for influence enables international law to regulate PMSC activities indirectly using these states as an intermediary. This Thesis critically analyses the pertinent international obligations on these three categories of states and identifies the circumstances in which PMSC misconduct may give rise to state responsibility in each case. It also examines the recent practice of certain key states in order to evaluate their compliance with these obligations. By providing a clear and in-depth analysis of states' international obligations to control PMSCs in armed conflict, this Thesis may not only facilitate the assessment of state responsibility in cases of PMSC misconduct; it may also play an important prospective role in setting standards of conduct for states in relation to the private security industry. This in turn may encourage and assist states to develop their domestic laws and policies in order to improve overall PMSC compliance with international law.
13
Dubigeon, Antoine. "Le concours de qualités juridiques sur la tête d'une même personne dans les rapports d'obligation." Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT4014.
Анотація:
Il y a concours de qualités juridiques sur la tête d'une même personne dans les rapports d'obligation d'une part, quand les positions de créancier et de débiteur d'une obligation, ou quand celle de responsable et de victime d'un même préjudice, se trouvent réunies et rivales en une même personne et, plus précisément, un même patrimoine ; d'autre part, quand une même personne, en vertu de deux titres (titre propre et titre conféré par pouvoir, ou de deux titres conférés par deux pouvoirs), tient entre ses mains les positions de créancier et de débiteur de l'obligation. Le concours de qualité mène à une confrontation du sujet et de l'obligation. Lorsque le sujet intervient en un seul titre, l'unité du sujet chasse l'obligation (confusion, compensation, responsabilité de la victime). Parfois l'unité du sujet est contrariée et laisse notamment poindre un semblant d'obligation (survie ponctuelle de l'obligation malgré la confusion, saisie sur soi-même). Lorsque le sujet intervient en deux titres, l'obligation s'articule sur la division du sujet. Substantiellement, un même sujet pour tenir les deux pôles de l'obligation en l'absence de conflit d'intérêts (contrat avec soi-même, responsabilité maîtrisée par soi-même). Cette situation révèle une obligation partiellement maîtrisée par soi-même (à travers la gestion de l'obligation par un seul sujet) et une obligation objectivée, par l'insertion d'une certaine immédiateté dans le droit personnel à travers l'enjambement de la personne du représenté. Ce dédoublement du sujet est porté à son paroxysme dans le procès contre soi-même sur un litige relatif à une obligationThere is a conflict of legal qualities on the head of one person in the relations of obligation in the following situations. In one case, the positions of creditor and debtor of an obligation, or those of liable party and victim of a same damage, are united but in competition in the same person and more precisely in the same estate. In another case, the same person, by virtue of two titles (own title and one conferred by proxy or two titles conferred by two powers) holds the positions of creditor and debtor of the obligation. The conflict of qualities leads to a confrontation between the legal subject and the obligation. When the legal subject acts under one title, the unity of the legal subject dispels the obligation (confusion, compensation and responsibility of the victim). Sometimes, the unity of the legal subject is frustrated and gives rise a semblance of obligation (punctual survival of the obligation despite the confusion, seizure on oneself). When the legal subject acts under two titles, the obligation hinges on the division of the legal subject. Substantially, the same legal subject can hold the two extremes of an obligation when there is no conflict of interests (self contracting, liability controlled by oneself). This situation reveals an obligation partly controlled by oneself (through the management of the obligation by a single legal subject) and an objectivized obligation, by the insertion of a certain immediacy into the right of creditor through the enjambment of the person of the principal. This splitting of the legal subject reaches its crisis point in proceedings conducted against oneself in a lawsuit relating to an obligation
14
Eriksson, Maria. "Defining rape emerging obligations for states under international law? /." Doctoral thesis, Kållared : Örebro Universitet, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-10590.
15
Bonnamour, Blandine. "Le dommage en droit international privé européen. Réflexions à partir du règlement Rome II sur la loi applicable aux obligations non-contractuelles." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30033.
Анотація:
Le règlement Rome II sur la loi applicable aux obligations non contractuelles énonce une règle de conflit commune aux États membres de l’Union européenne. La sécurité juridique représente son objectif substantiel premier. Sur ce fondement en particulier, le texte érige un élément principal de rattachement relativement inédit en droit international privé comparé : le dommage. La confrontation de ce critère à l’exigence de sécurité juridique met cependant en lumière le caractère inachevé de l’œuvre européenne. L’amphibologie de la notion de dommage risque, en effet, de mettre à mal la satisfaction de l’exigence de sécurité. Cette recherche entend proposer des solutions à l’incomplétude du critère du dommage. Des réflexions d’ordre théorique et pratique conduisent à envisager deux séries de réponses. Les premières s’adressent au praticien. Elles consistent en l’élaboration d’une notion conflictuelle autonome de dommage, distincte de la notion substantielle de préjudice. Une seconde solution s’adresse directement au législateur de l’Union, dans l’hypothèse d’une révision de la règle européenne de conflit de lois. Il s’agit de proposer une autre méthodologie, qui repose sur la consécration d’un droit international privé européen du dommage. Celle-Ci s’entend de l’élaboration de nouvelles catégories conflictuelles, exclusivement organisées autour du dommageThe Rome II regulation on the law applicable to non-Contractual obligations states a common rule of conflict into the European Union. Legal security is one of its main purposes and justifies more specifically the choice of an unprecedented connecting factor in comparative international private law: the damage. Nevertheless, the notion of damage covers many different meanings in the different countries of European Union. This plurality may compromise the satisfaction of legal security and, by failing to address this specific issue, the European regulation Rome II turns out to be unfinished.This study intends to suggest solutions to effectively complement and harmonize the notion of damage as a connecting factor in European international private law.Some theoretical and practical reflections lead us to consider two types of answer. The first one is aimed at practitioners. It consists in drawing up an autonomous notion of damage distinct from the material notion of prejudice. A second solution is aimed at the European legislator. It consists in a new methodology based on the adoption of a European international private law of the damage. This means drawing up new conflict categories, exclusively organized around the notion of damage
16
Ancel, Marie-Élodie. "La prestation caractéristique du contrat." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010269.
Анотація:
Née en droit international prive suisse, importée par la convention de Rome, la prestation caractéristique parait doubler ou recouper les notions de cause, d'objet du contrat, d'obligation essentielle. L'analyse comparée des manifestations de la prestation caractéristique en droit interne, dans les conflits de lois et de juridictions montre pourtant que cette prestation à un domaine et un sens précis. Elle n'est présente que dans certaines figures contractuelles : dans les contrats à titre gratuit et les actes neutres, c'est l'unique prestation principale ; dans les contrats de fourniture rémunérée, c'est la prestation rémunérée ; dans les contrats dits d'intérêt commun, c'est la prestation qui profite à chaque contractant. Mais elle est toujours la prestation qui pèse le plus spécifiquement, le plus fortement sur le régime des contrats examinés : elle permet ainsi de dire quelle est la lex contractus ou si une rémunération fixée unilatéralement est abusive. Une fois définie rigoureusement et associée aux quatre figures contractuelles, la prestation caractéristique permet alors de rénover profondément le droit des contrats. Elle assure le respect de l'unité du rapport contractuel, en instaurant autour d'elle même un régime homogène ; elle tient compte de la variété des contrats, en intervenant après le rattachement de l'accord considéré à une des quatre figures ; elle procure aussi grâce à ce processus de qualification la prévisibilité des solutions. Mieux, elle est l'instrument technique qui permet d'articuler les intérêts propres au droit interne et au droit international des contrats : liberté contractuelle et tutelle judiciaire dans le premier cas, prévisibilité de la loi applicable et intérêts des ordres international et interne dans les conflits de lois, prévisibilité et efficacité de la compétence juridictionnelle dans les conflits de juridictions. Elle contribue ainsi à l'édification de la théorie générale des contrats spéciaux, internes et internationaux
17
Royal-Dawson, Lucy. "Meeting human rights obligations in a situation of conflict : the right to higher education in the occupied Palestinian territories." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709813.
Анотація:
The study examines the realisation of the right to higher education in the occupied Palestinian territories. It develops an analytical framework for the protections afforded to higher education by the international human rights conventions and applies it to the context. Despite being under Israeli occupation since 1967, higher education in the occupied territories has developed into a sophisticated sector and is entirely administered by Palestinian authorities. However, it is hampered by the impact of the occupation regime. As occupier, Israel is understood to hold obligations for the humanitarian protection of the Palestinian population of the occupied territories, and both Israel and the Palestinian National Authority are understood to be accountable for the human rights of the Palestinian population, thereby instituting two duty-bearers. The study assesses the ways in which higher education is obstructed in the occupied Palestinian territories. It indicates a flourishing sector which is accorded a deep social value. It confirms many of the reported obstacles to the realisation of the right resulting from the Israeli occupation, but it also records obstacles arising from the policies and practice of Palestinian higher education institutions and the social and cultural context. Attempting to attribute obligations for the right to one or both of the duty-bearers indicates the contingency between the actions of the occupier and the efforts of the Palestinian authorities to realise the right. While some breaches are clearly attributable to one side or the other, others are not. Actions to mitigate the effects of the occupation give rise to additional, separate breaches, as do interactions between the occupation regime and cultural practice. The obstacles reported in the study give substance to higher education formulated as a human right. The study adds to the understanding of breaches of economic, social and cultural rights in a situation of military occupation.
18
Lindgren, Jessica. "Extern granskning av gröna obligationer : Huruvida regulatoriska förändringar vad gäller betygsättning av gröna obligationer kan gynna marknaden för gröna obligationer." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Affärsrätt, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-175188.
Анотація:
Genom styrning av finansiella medel har gröna obligationer fått en viktig roll i utvecklingen mot ett miljömässigt hållbart samhälle. Extern granskning av gröna obligationer styrs idag genom frivilliga marknadsstandarder, varav GBP är den vanligaste. Dessutom har EU nyligen presenterat en egen frivillig standard med särskild tillsyn. Bättre tillgång till klimatrelaterad information samt tydliga och gemensamma definitioner av gröna aktiviteter är förutsättningar för att investerare mer effektivt ska flytta kapital till miljömässigt hållbara verksamheter för att stötta omställningen till en mindre fossilbaserad ekonomi. I den här uppsatsen visas att dagens betygsättning, olika bedömningsmetoder till trots, torde vara relativt pålitlig, men att det finns utrymme att önska högre jämförbarhet och därmed ökad investerartillit. Tydligare marknadsstandarder kan vara en viktig aspekt för att öka betygens pålitlighet allt eftersom marknaden för gröna obligationer expanderar. Analysen visar att lagstiftning som leder till ökad mängd publicerad granskning genom gröna betyg torde gynna transparensen samtidigt som ryktesrisken vid intressekonflikter bör innebära motvillighet gentemot felaktig bedömning. Samtidigt kan överdriven reglering begränsa möjligheterna för innovation, utveckling och expansion av marknaden som helhet. Det torde därmed vara i lagstiftarens intresse att inte införa alltför sträng reglering, eftersom risk att inte kunna uppnå den finansiering av klimatmålen som önskas då uppstår. Eftersom gröna obligationer är ett internationellt fenomen behöver världens länder arbeta tillsammans mot gemensamma standarder i syfte att nå klimatmålen. I det fall tvingande reglering ska införas bör den vara på som lägst EU-nivå. För marknadsbalans mellan aktörerna och jämförbarhet mellan obligationerna är det viktigt att regleringen inte upplevs otydlig. Regleringen måste dessutom vara generell och så pass flexibel att den kan möta teknologisk utveckling och förändrade förhållanden på marknaderna utan att processen blir för långdragen. Så länge målet är att ha en europeisk kapitalmarknad där aktörerna kan tillhandahålla finansiella tjänster nationsövergripande krävs finansiell tillsyn som inte stannar vid nationsgränserna. På sikt torde Esma vara lämpligast att överse samtliga granskare av gröna obligationer verksamma på den europeiska marknaden. För detta krävs utökad reglering som ger Esma ökad behörighet såväl som ökade resurser för att effektivt kunna utföra tillsynsarbetet.Through the management of financial resources, green bonds have received an important role in the development towards an environmentally sustainable society. External review of green bonds is today subject to voluntary market standards, of which GBP is the most common. In addition, the EU has recently presented its own voluntary standard, which includes supervision. Better access to climate-related information and clear and harmonised definitions of green activities are prerequisites for investors to move capital more efficiently to environmentally sustainable businesses to support the transition to a less fossil-based economy. With this paper it is shown that the current rating, despite different assessment methods, should be relatively reliable, but that there is room to wish for higher comparability and thus increased investor confidence. Clearer market standards can be an important aspect in increasing the reliability of ratings as the market for green bonds expands. The analysis shows that legislation that leads to an increased number of published reviews through green ratings should promote transparency, while the risk of rumors in the event of conflicts of interest should imply reluctance to make incorrect assessments. At the same time, excessive regulation may limit the opportunities for innovation, development and expansion of the market as a whole. Thus, it should be in the interest of the legislator not to introduce a regulation which is too strict, as the risk of not being able to achieve the desired financing of the climate goals then arises. As green bonds are an international phenomenon, all countries need to work together towards common standards in order to achieve the purpose of the climate goals. In the event that mandatory regulation is to be introduced, it should at least be at EU level. For market balance between the market participants as well as comparability between the bonds, it is important that the regulation is not perceived as unclear. In addition, regulation must be general and flexible enough to meet technological developments and new market conditions without the process becoming too lengthy. As long as the goal is to have a European capital market where market participants can provide financial services nationwide, financial supervision that does not stop at national borders is required. In the long run, ESMA should be the most appropriate authority to oversee all examiners of green bonds operating in the European market. This requires increased regulation that gives ESMA increased authority, as well as increased resources in order to be able to carry out the supervisory work effectively.
19
Harford, Charlotte Anstice. "The implementation and enforcement of the obligation under the international law of armed conflict to take precautions in attack (1980-2005)." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2006. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2415/.
Анотація:
Existing international legal literature recognizes that parties to armed conflicts and individual combatants are legally required not only to refrain from deliberately attacking non-combatants and civilian objects, but also to take care to ensure (to the extent feasible) that such persons are not killed or injured, and such objects not destroyed or damaged, by accident or incidentally during military operations. This thesis looks at the practical application of this latter principle during a twenty-five year period following the entry into force of Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949. It contends that although the rules in this area are not easily susceptible to judicial enforcement, they are nevertheless sufficiently flexible and realistic to be capable of effective implementation without detriment to military effectiveness. Examination of the practice of parties to various conflicts during the period under review suggests that if and to the extent that belligerents are ready to devote time and resources to training, leadership, internal accountability procedures, and to the provision of appropriate military equipment, they can, so long as they are not too impatient for quick results, comply with the Protocol I rules on precaution in attack without the need for combatants to take unreasonable risks for the sake of enemy non-combatants. Efforts to enforce the law externally have, however, met with mixed results, revealing more about the selectivity of international justice than about its effectiveness as a tool for ensuring fair treatment for victims and alleged violators of the rules on precautions in attack. The most potentially effective form of enforcement of these rules appears set to remain, for the time being at least, the influence over belligerents which some third party states and other international actors retain, but are perhaps sometimes hesitant to exercise in the interests of promoting respect for the law of armed conflict.
20
Hallier, Cécile. "La connexité en droit international privé." Nice, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NICE0033.
Анотація:
Le problème : La connexité, notion protéiforme, concerne le fond et la forme du droit. Ce sont les effets au stade de l'exécution des jugements qui révèlent l'intérêt de la notion : l'existence d'un risque de décisions contradictoires mettant en cause la sécurité juridique internationale. Traitée de manière indirecte dans l'ordre international privé au travers de ses effets, la notion n'offre pas une solution conforme à sa nature. Dès lors, il a fallu envisager la méthode sous un nouvel angle : sa fonction de garantie à la fois au sein des opérations juridiques et dans la bonne administration de la justice. Il s'agit de prendre en compte la connexité dès la formation du litige afin de l'intégrer dans la méthode de résolution du droit international privé et de lui restituer son effectivité. Sur le plan théorique, l'intérêt d'un traitement direct de la notion de connexité est de permettre de constater non seulement sa compatibilité avec les objectifs d'harmonisation et de coordination du droit international privé mais également l'action positive qu'elle peut exercer en ce domaineThe question : The related actions, protean concept, concerns both the form and the substance of law. The effects at the stage of the execution of the judgements reveal the interest of the notion: the existence of a risk of contradictory decisions questioning the international legal security. Handled in a indirect way in the international order through its effects, the notion does not offer a solution corresponding to its nature. From then on, it was necessary to envisage the method under a new angle: the function of guarantee at the same moment within the legal operations and in the good administration of the justice. This entails taking into account the coherence from the arising of the dispute to integrate it into the method of resolution of the private international law and restore its effectiveness. On the theoretical plan, the interest of a direct treatment of the notion of related actions allows to notice not only its compatibility with the objectives of harmonisation and co-ordination of the private international law but also the positive action which it can exercise in this domain
21
Iraguha, Ndamiyehe Patient. "Internally displaced children and HIV in situations of armed conflict in the DRC : a study of the obligations of the government and selected non-state actors." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/37290.
Анотація:
The mini-dissertation analyses the international law obligations of the government and nonstate
actors regarding the protection of internally displaced children living with HIV in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The war and armed conflicts in the Eastern DRC have exacerbated the vulnerability of
children, causing them to be separated from their families, to experience sexual violence and
forced conscription into armed groups, to experience the violent deaths of a parent or friend,
resulting in insufficient adult care. They further are subject to a lack of safe drinking water
and food, insufficient access to health care services, discrimination and stigmatisation, and so
on. These factors increase their risk of contracting HIV and, if they are already living with
HIV, they adversely affect their welfare.
The mini-dissertation illustrates that international, regional and domestic human rights
instruments protecting children can be applied in situations of armed conflicts to supplement
humanitarian law instruments. It demonstrates that the government of the DRC has not
implemented and fulfilled its international obligations to ensure these children adequate
access to health services and to humanitarian assistance for displaced persons living with
HIV; security and protection within displaced persons camps; and that children are protected
from abuse and human rights violations.
The dissertation recommends the prosecution of perpetrators of crimes tied to the conflicts which have targeted children, as well as the ratification by the DRC of regional instruments
such as the African Union Convention on the Protection and Assistance of Internally
Displaced Persons in Africa, and the African Charter on the Rights and the Welfare of the
Child, as this may enhance the legal protection of displaced children in the DRC.Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Centre for Human Rights
unrestricted
22
Le, Roy Dominique. "La Force majeure dans le commerce international." Paris 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA010267.
Анотація:
La notion de force majeure figure dans les differents systemes juridiques, mais ceux-ci different quant aux caracteres qu'ils lui attribuent. Les agents du commerce international confrontes a cette diversite, que ne resout qu'imparfaitement les solutions proposees par les regles de conflit de lois, ont essaye de les resoudre a l'aide de clauses specifiques et du recours a l'arbitrage en cas de differends. Cependant, c'est en precisant la maniere de faire face aux consequences des difficultes creees par la force majeure, plus que par sa definition que les protagonistes ont mis en evidence une demarche uniforme. Les contractants ne souhaitent pas renoncer a l'execution du contrat: meme quand celle-ci est gravement compromise, tout est fait pour en preserver une parties. Cela a ete rendu possible par le developpement d'obligations pesant sur chacune des parties. Deux aspect doivent etre distingues: l'information mutuelle des parties et leur cooperation pour minimiser les consequences de la force majeureThe notion of "force majeure" figuresin all the juridic systems, but these differ as far to the characters which they attribute to it. The international trade agents confronted with this diversity, which is imperfectly resolved by the conflict of laws, had tried to found a solution with specific clauses or by recourse to arbitration in case of dispute. However, it is more by precising the manner to front the consequences of the difficulties created by the "force majeure" than by its definition that the protagonists had put in evidence an uniform procedure. The contractors do not wish to renounce to the contract execution : even when it is greatly compromised, whole is done to preserve a part of it. The solution has been made possible by the development of duties of each party. Two aspects have to be distinguished: mutual information and cooperation to minimize the consequence of the "force majeure"
23
Grévain-Lemercier, Karine. "Le devoir de loyauté en droit des sociétés." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1G017.
Анотація:
La première partie dresse une rétrospective du devoir de loyauté en droit des sociétés afin d’en dégager la conception et d’envisager son extension. De source jurisprudentielle, le devoir de loyauté impose au dirigeant une obligation d’information sur les négociations en cours envers l’associé et une obligation de non-concurrence envers l’entreprise. Ces deux expressions du devoir trouvent leur fondement dans le pouvoir du dirigeant d’agir dans l’intérêt de l’associé ou de l’entreprise ; le manquement au devoir de loyauté étant caractérisé lorsqu’il viole l’une de ces obligations afin de privilégier un intérêt personnel conflictuel. Cette conception du devoir de loyauté, similaire à celle des fiduciary duties de common law, permet d’envisager l’extension des sujets dès lors que l’on peut déterminer une relation de pouvoir et l’existence d’un conflit d’intérêts. Elle permet également d’imposer de nouvelles obligations telles que l’obligation de révéler le conflit d’intérêts et l’obligation de ne pas voter en cas de conflit. La seconde partie envisage, dans une approche prospective, les différentes applications des obligations de loyauté imposées au dirigeant et à l’associé. Le respect de ces obligations repose sur deux types de contrôle. En premier lieu, un contrôle juridique peut être opéré au niveau interne par les conseils et l’assemblée générale, et au niveau externe, par le commissaire aux comptes et différents experts afin de prévenir les décisions et actes déloyaux. En second lieu, les tribunaux sont appelés à exercer leur contrôle en cas de recours en nullité ou en responsabilité contre le dirigeant ou l’associé prépondérant ayant manqué à son devoir de loyautéThe first part presents a review of the duty of loyalty in company law, to establish an understanding of the origins of the concept and consider its extension. The duty of loyalty, which has developed from case law, places upon directors an obligation to provide information on current negotiations to partners and not to compete with the company. The root of these two expressions of duty lies in the director's power to act in the interests of the partner or the company; by violating one of these obligations in order to favour a conflicting personal interest the director breaches this duty of loyalty. This understanding of the duty of loyalty, similar to that of fiduciary duties in common law, makes it possible to envisage an extension to those bound by the duty whenever a relationship of power and a conflict of interests can be seen to exist. It also provides a basis for imposing new obligations such as the obligation to declare conflicts of interests and not to vote in case of conflict. The second part uses a prospective approach to consider the various applications of the obligation of loyalty imposed on the director and partner. Respect for these obligations is based on two types of control. Firstly, legal control which can be provided internally by advisers and the general meeting, and externally by auditors and various experts in order to prevent disloyal decisions and actions. Secondly, courts are called upon to exercise their power in case of an action to declare null and void or accountable against a director or leading partner who has failed in his or her duty of loyalty
24
Adonis, Bongiwe. "Immunity for serving Heads of State for crimes under International Criminal Law: an analysis of the ICC-indictment against Omar Al Bashir." University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2910.
Анотація:
Magister Legum - LLMThis paper analyses head of state immunity, a traditional rule of international law, in relation to the indictments by the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 2009 against the current Sudanese President Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir. It can be agreed that the doctrine of immunity in international law attempts to overcome the tension between the protection of human rights and the demands of state sovereignty. The statutes and decisions of international criminal courts make it clear that no immunity for international crimes shall be attached to heads of states or to senior government officials. However, the case against the Sudanese President, where the jurisdiction of the ICC was triggered by the UN Security Council‟s referral of the situation in Darfur to the Court, represents the first case where a serving head of state has, in fact, been indicted before the ICC. From this case, a number of legal issues have arisen; such as the questions where the ICC‟s jurisdiction over an incumbent head of state, not party to the ICC Statute, is justified, and the obligations upon ICC state parties to surrender such a head of state to the requesting international criminal court. This paper gives an analysis of these questions.
South Africa
25
Abdi, Akam, and Wei Chen. "Tystnads- och anmälningsplikten : Revisorns hantering av konflikter för ett oberoende ställning och vid misstanke om brott." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-27392.
Анотація:
The purpose of this thesis is to create a deeper and also a better understanding about how each of the professional secrecy and obligation to report are perceived from auditors and further investigate how the potential conflicts based on independence and “can be suspect” are handled by the auditors. The purpose has been achieved through interviews with four different accounting firms. The interviews were conducted with Grant Thornton, BDO Mälardalen AB, PwC and KPMG to answer the research questions. Subsequently, a hermeneutic approach was used to since the interpretation of the interviews was considered as important to obtain knowledge of the respondent’s perception about the topic. In the analyze chapter have dataset from the reference framework and empirical part been used to implement the analyze of the thesis. The study shows that the professional secrecy is important for creating a good relationship with clients and is not considered as a rule that create conflicts for auditors. The obligation to report, however, is creating conflicts because of the lack of knowledge in assessment of economic crimes. The auditors therefore decide to investigate a situation that “can be suspect” beyond what is intended. To not become dependent on the clients, there are rules and profession practices that are used and also examples like not having friends or family members as clients.Syftet med denna uppsats är att skapa oss en djupare samt bättre förståelse om hur respektive av - samt anmälningsplikten uppfattas av revisorer och vidare undersöka hur eventuella konflikter med utgångspunkt för oberoende ställning samt vid ”kan misstänkas” situationer hanteras av revisorer. För att uppnå syftet, har intervjuer med fyra olika revisionsbyråer genomförts. Intervjuerna har genomförts med Grant Thornton, BDO Mälardalen AB, PwC samt KPMG genomförts för att kunna besvara forskningsfrågorna. Därefter har en hermeneutik synsätt använts då tolkning av intervjumaterialen ansågs viktig för att kunna få kunskap för respondenternas uppfattning kring ämnesvalet. I analysavsnittet har sedan datamaterial från referensramen samt empiridelen använts för att kunna genomföra en analys av uppsatsen. Denna studie visar tystnadsplikten är viktig för att kunna skapa en bra relation med klienterna och anses inte skapa konflikter för revisorer i någon stor bemärkning. Anmälningsplikten skapar dock problem på grund av bristen på kunskap inom bedömning av brott hos revisorer. Revisorerna väljer därför att utreda en situation vid brottsmisstanke längre än vad som avses. För att inte bli beroende av sina klienter finns regler och praxis inom yrket som används samt genom att till exempel inte ha vänner och bekanta som klienter menar respondenterna.
26
Homem, Edson de Castro. "A ipseidade na ética argumentativa de Paul Ricoeur." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2004. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2999.
Анотація:
A ipseidade na ética argumentativa de Paul Ricoeur é a referência básica da hermenêutica do si ao qual sempre retorna. Ela estabelece a constante mediação reflexiva em oposição à pretensa posição imediata do sujeito. A mesmidade do si tem como contrapartida o outro. Na comparação, a mesmidade é sinônimo de identidade-idem em oposição à ipseidade-ipse que inclui a alteridade. Esta inclusão questiona a capacidade do si construtivo da ética e, portanto, responsável jurídica e moralmente nas várias injunções do outro. O projeto ético de Ricoeur é compreensível a partir e dentro de sua peculiar metodologia que ele denomina de dialética entre a ética teleológica e a moral deontológica. Esta dialética se fundamenta na tríade do desejo, do dever e da sabedoria prática em recíproca atividade, privilegiando a dimensão teleológica do desejo da vida boa com o outro e para o outro em instituições justas. A ética argumentativa tem a função de dar conteúdo as duas dialéticas pela inclusão do outro no si mesmo sem o qual a reflexão sobre a ipseidade perderia o sentido. A sabedoria prática da ética e do julgamento moral em situação inclui a discussão porque o conflito é insuperável e determina o argumento para o consenso eventual. Nossa tese é a afirmação da capacidade do si mesmo atuar ações construtivas. Além da critica à ideologia e à utopia, Ricoeur fundamenta a dialética entre o princípio-esperança e o princípio de responsabilidade mediante a via utópica do futuro e a via realista da preocupação com o presente diante dos casos inéditos em que a vida e o ecossistema se associam. A imputação pessoal e coletiva desde o passado, no presente para o futuro é devida à responsabilidade. A ipseidade constrói o futuro no presente através de decisões éticas.The ipseity in ethics argumentative of Paul Ricoeur is the basic reference of the hermeneutic of the selfhood that he always returns. She settles the constant reflexive mediation in the opposition supposed immediate position of the subject. The sameness of the selfhood has like counterpoint the other. In the comparison, it is a synonym of identity-ditto an opposition ipseity-ipse that it includes the others. This inclusion questions the capacity of the self to be ethical and, ergo responsible juridical and morals in the various junction of the other. The ethical project of Ricoeur is comprehensible from and inside his peculiar methodology that he nominates dialectics between the teleological ethics and the deontological moral. This dialectics settles the triad of desire, obligation and practical wisdom in reciprocal activity, privileging the teleological dimension of the desire goods life with the other and for other in fair institutions. The ethics argumentative has the function to give contents the two triads, through the inclusion of the other in selfhood without the reflection about ipseity would lose sense. The practical wisdom of the ethical and moral judgement in situation includes discussion because the conflict is insuperable and it determines the best argument for the eventual consensus. Our thesis is the affirmation capacitys of selfhood to actuate constructive actions. By critique on ideology and utopia Ricoeur bases the dialectics between the principlehope and the principle of responsibility through utopian way of future and realistic way of preoccupation with the present in front of the hard cases that life and the ecosystem are associated. The personal and collective ascription on the past, in the present towards the future is due to the moral responsibility. The selfhood constructs the future in the present by your ethics decisions. It deals about ethical capacity of selfhood.
27
Farhadi, Arian. "Intressekonflikter i kreditvärdering : Kan konkurrensens baksidor motverkas med några enklare regeländringar eller krävs en fullständig omstrukturering av kreditvärderingsmarknaden?" Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-276749.
Анотація:
Privata kreditvärderingsinstitut publicerar, i egenskap av en oberoende tredje part, kreditbetyg som är ämnade att motarbeta informationsasymmetrier mellan investerare och emittent. På grund av issuer-pays modellen, den oligopolistiska strukturen av kreditvärderingsmarknaden samt kreditvärderingsinstitutens vinstdrivande affärsmodell hotas värderarens oberoende ställning och kapacitet att utföra och publicera de mest högkvalitativa, träffsäkra analyser. Detta arbete sammanställer befintliga studier kring ämnet samtidigt som den bidrar genom att utforska eventuella förslag att åtgärda de befintliga problemen i dagens system genom att antingen endast låta kreditvärdering att utföras av offentliga sektorn eller att tillgodose en övervakande myndighet uppdrag att betygsätta kreditvärderingsinstitutens kvalité. Betygsättning av kreditvärderingsinstitutens insatser kan komma att motverka förekomsten av rating catering, medan ett förbud mot privata kreditvärderingsinstitut skulle eliminera konkurrens som bidragande faktor till intressekonflikter och ratinginflation. Däremot medför båda förbättringsförslag egna risker och genomförbarheten av förslagen är ett stort frågetecken som måste studeras i större omfattning.Credit rating agencies, operating as an independent third-party, publish credit ratings with the objective of counteracting information asymmetry between investor and investee. Due to the issuer-pays model, the oligopolistic structure of the credit rating market and the credit rating agencies’ profit-seeking business strategy, the independent nature of the credit rating agency is threatened. This paper deems to compile current theory on this topic while also furthering the discussion by proposing the examination of two alternative solutions: only allowing for credit rating to be carried out by the public sector, or giving a overseeing entity the assignment of publishing grades which distinguish between different agencies by way of credit rating quality. Grading credit rating agencies could likely hinder the presence of rating catering, meanwhile banning private credit rating agencies completely in favor of public sector alternatives eliminates the conflict of interest and rating inflation that originates from the presence of competition in this market. Both suggested solutions bear with them risks of their own, while also requiring further studies into the feasibility of the aforementioned suggestions in the current market.
28
Aghajanloo, Mahdi. "La mondialisation des politiques des droits de l'homme : une comparaison France-Canada-Turquie." Thesis, Paris 10, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA100112.
Анотація:
L'indivisibilité des droits de l'homme est mentionnée dans tous les instruments internationaux. Toute divergence, en limitant certaines dimensions des droits fondamentaux, mette en danger la réalisation de l'ensemble des droits. En présentant une base juridique et pratique de convergence entre les droits civils et politiques, cette convergence est examinée en comparant le niveau de religiosité sociale et les droits intangibles. Puis, en présentant une histoire résumée de la ratification de deux Pactes, la divergence trouve son origine dans les différences idéologique et politique. Les conditions de la divergence, et, de même, la nature positive différente des droits socio-économiques, sont examinées à partir des droits du travail.La considération d'une responsabilité nationale, selon la nature positive des droits socio-économiques, aboutit au risque de la divergence et de la réalisation inappropriée de ces droits, sous des engagements internationaux non contraignants. Donc, seul le principe de non-discrimination forge une obligation quasi contraignante par rapport aux droits en cause. L'extension du champ d'application de ce principe, au-delà des frontières nationales, peut garantir l'indivisibilité des droits fondamentaux. En revanche, la nature vague des droits socio-économiques et le principe de restrictions accentuent la nécessité d'un besoin objectif pour l'établissement d’engagements internationaux contraignants. L’objectif est souligné à propos de la crise sanitaire causée par la propagation mondiale du Coronavirus.En comparant la liberté religieuse, les droits du travail et le droit à la santé, nous pouvons constater que l'existence d’obligations contraignantes, à propos des droits négatifs, est prise en compte au niveau international. En revanche, il faut un besoin objectif pour persuader les États de prendre des mesures conjointes et établissement des obligations similaires, contraignantes, par rapport aux droits socio-économiques. De fait, le niveau d’obligations internationales des États dépend du type et du niveau de ce besoin objectifIndivisibility and interdependence of human rights have been indicated in all international documents. Any divergence and classification can endanger their execution and globalization by limiting certain dimensions of the fundamental rights and freedoms. This convergence is tested by comparing the level of social religiosity and intangible rights using a legal and practical basis for the convergence between civil and political rights. Still, considering a brief history of the enactment of two international Covenants, it seems that divergence is an inevitable outcome of ideological and political differences. We can investigate the conditions of this divergence and the different positive nature of socio-economic rights by studying labor rights.Considering a commitment at a national level might lead to divergence and unfulfilled rights because of the non-obligatory nature of these international commitments and the positive nature of socio-economic rights. Therefore, it only brings to mind the principle of a half-binding non-discriminatory commitment regarding the socio-economic rights. Extending the scope of this principle beyond the national borders can guarantee the indivisibility of fundamental rights. However, the vague nature of socio-economic rights and restrictions, such as the reciprocity principle, emphasize on an objective need to establish the binding international commitments. This can be investigated with studying the pandemic health crisis caused by the spread of coronavirus worldwide.By comparing the religious freedom, labor and health rights, we find out that the binding commitments have been considered regarding negative rights at international levels. However, there must be an objective need to persuade the governments to consider similar measures and obligations with respect to socio-economic rights. In fact, the level of international obligations of the governments depends on the type and level of this objective need
29
Casenave, Eric. "L'accountability ou l'obligation de rendre des comptes ressenties par le praticien du marketing : variable médiatrice entre antécédents personnels et réponses comportementales." Thesis, Paris 9, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA090048.
Анотація:
Le manque d’accountability qui est reproché au marketing est un alignement insuffisant sur les objectifs stratégiques. La plupart des recherches préconisent généralement de renforcer l’accountability du marketing en développant des instruments de mesure de performance. Se différenciant de ces approches, cette recherche choisit de traiter le praticien du marketing comme unité d’analyse. Nous mettons en évidence une identité professionnelle propre aux praticiens et distinguons deux formes d’accountability ressentie : l’accountability ressentie lors d’une prise de décision (ASR) et l’accountability ressentie dans l’organisation (AOR). L’autodétermination, composante de l’identité professionnelle des praticiens du marketing, influence positivement l’ASR mais limite la conformité. En rendant accountable des praticiens du marketing sur une décision, nous observons qu’ils cherchent à prendre la meilleure décision possible du point de vue des objectifs marketing même si ceux-Ci s’opposent aux objectifs stratégiques. En étudiant les comportements de managers, nous montrons que l’ambiguïté de rôle, caractéristique de la pratique marketing, diminue l’AOR. Les cultures organisationnelles qui favorisent l’accountability augmentent alors la probabilité de conflits de rôle préjudiciables à la performance. La probabilité de conflits de rôle est néanmoins modérée sous réserve que la culture soit perçue comme encourageant la collaboration et la prise d’initiative. Ce type de culture correspond à l’identité professionnelle des praticiens du marketing contribuant à leur performance. En conclusion, nous proposons un modèle d’accountability adapté à la pratique du marketing dans l’organisationMarketing has been criticized for its lack of accountability, which is qualified by a misalignment with strategic objectives. Most of the researches propose that marketing accountability must be reinforced with more performance measures. In this doctoral thesis, we employ a different approach in treating the marketer as unit of analysis. We identify a marketers’ professional identity and make a distinction between two types of felt accountability: an accountability felt in a decision-Making situation (ASR) and an accountability felt within an organization (AOR). ASR is positively influenced by self-Determination that is a component of marketers’ professional identity, where self-Determination reduces conformity. In making marketers accountable, we show that that they seek to make the best decision according to marketing objectives even if they are conflicting with strategic objectives. In studying managers’ behavior, we show that role ambiguity, which is consistent with marketing practice, reduces AOR. Organizational cultures that promote accountability increase the likelihood of role conflicts detrimental to performance. However, the likelihood of role conflict is moderated by organizational cultures provided they encourage collaboration and initiatives. This type of culture is consistent with marketers’ professional identity therefore contributing to performance. Finally, we propose an accountability model tailored to marketing practice within the organization
30
Peketi, Essodjilobouwè. "Essai critique sur la notion d’homologation judiciaire." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020078.
Анотація:
S’il est une activité judiciaire qui exprime à elle seule les métamorphoses de la fonction de juger, c’est bien celle de l’homologation, procédure judiciaire qui assure le contrôle d’actes déjà valides entre les parties ou qui le deviendront si leur conformité aux exigences du droit substantiel est judiciairement reconnue. Mais si l’homologation implique toujours un acte conventionnel auquel s’adjoint une intervention du juge, force est d’observer que les procédures d’homologation n’ont de commun que le nom. Car, ce que l’on désigne par homologation judiciaire, ce sont, en termes de finalités, des procédures distinctes les unes des autres. Il faut dire que les règles procédurales de l’homologation judiciaire dépendent fortement du droit substantiel en cause. Ici, le fond commande la procédure. C’est le droit de fond qui, dans chaque matière dans laquelle l’homologation est demandée, dicte sa conduite procédurale au juge. A preuve, l’étendue du contrôle judiciaire exercé sur l’acte des parties. Large en matière administrative et en droit du travail, le contrôle judiciaire est restreint dans le cadre des autres transactions extrajudiciaires. Qu’en est-il du régime des accords homologués ? C’est encore, et d’abord, une affaire de droit substantiel. On pourrait multiplier les exemples. Bornons-nous à l’autorité de la chose jugée, reconnue à l’accord homologué dans les matières pénale et de divorce consensuel, et refusée à l’acte notarié homologué en matière de changement de régime matrimonial. Chose jugée également reconnue aux transactions homologuées en matière administrative, mais refusée aux transactions homologuées dans les matières civiles. Ces brèves indications confortent sans doute cette idée que l’homologation judiciaire relève d’abord des exigences du droit substantiel. Elles expriment aussi le fait qu’il n’existe pas une, mais des notions d’homologation. Partant, l’activité judiciaire d’homologation des actes juridiques se prêtera mal à une théorie généraleJudicial approval shows in a remarkable way how the function of judging contains different aspects. This Judicial activity is in itself a judicial procedure which ensures the control of agreements validly concluded between parties or which will become valid if their conformity with the requirements of substantive law is judicially recognized / if their conformity with the requirements of substantive law is established/ if these agreements fulfil the conditions required by the substantive law.If there is no doubt that the process of judicial homologation is unique, it must be however observed that the homologation procedures according to their purposes are distinct from each other. In fact, the procedural rules of judicial approval/judicial depend considerably on the substantive law to be applied. That’s why, it can be said in this context, that substantive law controls procedural law; for it is substantive law which determines the judge's procedural conduct when judicial approval is requested. The degree or level of the judicial control exercised over the agreements of the parties is a proof of this.What about the registration judgment regime? It is inspired by the substantive law of each subject in which the registration judgment is rendered. We could give more examples. Let us confine ourselves to the authority of res judicata, allowed in the approved agreement on divorce by mutual consent, and refused in the approved notarial deed on change of matrimonial regime. The authority of res judicata is also considered to be admitted for certified transactions in administrative matters, but rejected for certified transactions in civil matters. These brief indications probably support the idea that judicial homologation is primarily a matter of substantive law. In other words, contrary to what is often said in doctrine, homologation is a matter of substantive law before it is a procedural matter
31
Zreik, Saba. "Conventions réglementées et intérêt social en droit comparé (Liban, France, USA)." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020027/document.
Анотація:
L’intérêt social est la raison d’être principale de la règlementation des conventions réglementées. Il est délimité par des intérêts voisins et par l’intérêt personnel abrité par ces conventions, dont le jeu conflictuel peut léser la société. L’existence d’un conflit et de sa justification peuvent être présumées. L'intérêt social est désormais celui de l’entreprise vue dans son contexte économique large. Un intérêt de groupe est distinctement reconnu. La qualification des conventions sert à identifier celles qui doivent être contrôlées. La mise en oeuvre de la protection de l’intérêt social s’opère à travers la prévention des conflits d’intérêts, moyennant une révélation de l'intérêt personnel. Cette révélation déclenche la procédure d'appréciation par les organes sociaux concernés. Des garanties législatives et jurisprudentielles assurent la primauté de l’intérêt social, par la limitation de l’exercice de certains droits et par l’application judiciaire stricte du respect des obligations légales qui pèsent sur les intéressés. La convention frauduleuse est nulle. Celle non autorisée qui est préjudiciable à la société est annulable; et ses conséquences sont supportées par l’intéressé qui engage sa responsabilité civile et même parfois sa responsabilité pénale. La comparaison du traitement de ce sujet dans les trois systèmes juridiques libanais, français et américains a dévoilé des failles dans les deux premiers ; des projets de réforme sont proposésThe corporate interest is the main reason behind the regulation of related party transactions. Its limits are defined by similar interests and the personal interest embodied in these transactions. The inter-action of these conflicting interests may harm the company. The existence of a conflict and of its justification may be presumed. The corporate interest is from now on that of the enterprise seen within its wide economic context and the interest of a group of companies is distinctively acknowledged. The qualification of those transactions helps identify those that are subject to scrutiny. The protection of the corporate interest is achieved by the prevention of the conflicts of interests through the disclosure of the personal interest. This disclosure triggers the concerned corporate bodies’ evaluation process. Legislative and jurisprudential guarantees ensure the predominance of the corporate interest through limitations on the exercise of certain rights and a strict judicial enforcement of legal duties laid on the interested party. The fraudulent transaction is void. The unauthorized one that is damaging to the company is voidable and its consequences are assumed by the interested party who may be exposed to civil and, sometimes, criminal liability. The comparison of the treatment of this subject in the Lebanese, French and American legal systems revealed the weaknesses in the first two; amendment proposals are made
32
Forge, Alexis. "Essai sur l’éviction du juge en droit du travail." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020016.
Анотація:
L’introduction de mécanismes d’éviction du juge en droit du travail est le signe d’une volonté d’anticiper et de « déjudiciariser » les conflits. Est privilégié un accord choisi, adapté, satisfaisant toutes les parties plutôt qu’une décision subie, contraignante, prise par un tiers. Sécurisées par le législateur et par le juge, la rupture conventionnelle et la transaction ont été plébiscitées par les parties. Elles demeurent toutefois susceptibles d’être améliorées. Longtemps écartés en droit du travail, hors conciliation prud’homale, les modes alternatifs de règlement des différends ont été promus par les pouvoirs publics mais n’ont pas connu l’essor attendu. Ces processus non juridictionnels ont vocation à être déployés mais supposent d’être renforcés et adaptés à la matière sociale. Face à ces dispositifs, la place du juge doit être révisée et son contrôle « renouvelé »The introduction of measures designed to avoid taking industrial disputes before a judge illustrates the current policy of anticipating outcomes and settling matters out of court. Preference is given to coming to an agreement that corresponds to the case in hand and satisfies all the parties involved rather than a decision imposed by a third party. The common consent termination and the settlement agreement, supported by both the legislator and the judge, have become widely appreciated practices. There is, however, room for improvement. After being excluded from employment law in France for many years, with the notable exception of industrial tribunal conciliation, alternative ways of settling disputes have recently been promoted by the public authorities, but have not proved as popular as expected. These mechanisms are designed for widespread application but they need to be reinforced and adapted to the corporate world. The judge’s position needs be revised and judges need to be able to exercise greater control
33
Amaro, Rafael. "Le contentieux privé des pratiques anticoncurrentielles : Étude des contentieux privés autonome et complémentaire devant les juridictions judiciaires." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05D014.
Анотація:
L’actualisation des données sur le contentieux privé des pratiques anticoncurrentielles fait naître laconviction que l’état de sous-développement souvent pointé est aujourd’hui dépassé. Les statistiquessont nettes : des dizaines d’affaires sont plaidées chaque année. Toutefois, ce contentieux s’esquissesous des traits qui ne sont pas exactement ceux du contentieux indemnitaire de masse faisant suite àla commission d’ententes internationales. C’est un fait majeur qui doit être noté car l’essentiel desprojets de réforme furent bâtis sur cet idéal type. Trois des caractères les plus saillants de la réalitéjudiciaire témoignent de cette fracture entre droit positif et droit prospectif. D’abord, le contentieuxprivé est majoritairement un contentieux contractuel entre professionnels aux forces déséquilibrées. Ensuite, c’estun contentieux national – voire local – plus qu’un contentieux international. Enfin, c’est plutôt uncontentieux autonome se déployant devant les juridictions judiciaires sans procédure préalable oupostérieure des autorités de concurrence (stand alone). Paradoxalement, les actions complémentaires(follow-on), pourtant réputées d’une mise en oeuvre aisée, sont plus rares. Ces observations invitentalors à réviser l’ordre des priorités de toute réflexion prospective. Ainsi, la lutte contre l’asymétried’informations et de moyens entre litigants, l’essor de sanctions contractuelles efficaces, larecomposition du rôle des autorités juridictionnelles et administratives dans le procès civil ou encorele développement des procédures de référé s’imposent avec urgence. Mais s’il paraît légitime desoutenir ce contentieux autonome déjà existant, il n’en reste pas moins utile de participer à laréflexion déjà amorcée pour développer le contentieux indemnitaire de masse tant attendu et dont onne peut négliger les atouts. De lege ferenda, le contentieux privé de demain présenterait donc uncaractère bicéphale ; il serait à la fois autonome et complémentaire. Il faut alors tenter de concevoir unrégime efficace pour ces deux moutures du contentieux privé en tenant compte de leurs exigencesrespectives. Or l’analyse positive et prospective de leurs fonctions révèlent que contentieuxautonome et contentieux complémentaire s’illustrent autant par les fonctions qu’ils partagent que parcelles qui les distinguent. Il serait donc excessif de vouloir en tous points leur faire application derègles particulières ou, à l’inverse, de règles identiques. C’est donc vers l’élaboration d’un régime commun complété par un régime particulier à chacun d’eux que s’orientera la présente recherche.PREMIÈRE PARTIE. Le régime commun aux contentieux privés autonome et complémentaireSECONDE PARTIE. Le régime particulier à chacun des contentieux privés autonome et complémentairePas de résumé en anglais
34
Ying-HsinChang and 張櫻馨. "On The conflicts between medical obligations and the patient’s right to refuse medical treatment, from the Criminal Law perspective." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36152233502889858544.
35
TASI, CHIH-HUNG, and 蔡志宏. "THE RESEARCH OF OBLIGATION CONFLICTS IN CRIMINAL LAW." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57044945913492961945.
Анотація:
碩士國立臺北大學
法學系
91
The abstract is separated in six chapters. The main content is as follows: Chapter 1 Introduction It explains the motive, purpose, range, and ways of how I did the research. Chapter 2 The Concepts of Obligation Conflicts It explains the important conditions of obligation conflicts; distinguish the range and quality of obligations; differ the similar concepts of obligation conflicts, and examine the standards and benefits of three different types of obligation conflicts. Chapter 3 The Status of Obligation Conflicts on Criminal Theory System It discusses theories and examine if those are reasonable opinions, and choose the suitable one of obligation conflicts in criminal law. Chapter 4 The Sustained Type of Obligation Conflicts It lines up the types of obligation conflicts and discusses if the obligation conflicts can be sustained. Chapter 5 The Solution of Obligation Conflicts It differs the equal obligation conflicts from not equal one, and stand suitable solution. Chapter 6 Conclusion It concludes each chapter’s statements and express my thoughts of it.
36
Hassanli, Samaneh. "A proposal for the implementation of human rights treaty obligations in armed conflict." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/90270.
Анотація:
This thesis proposes a framework for the application of human rights treaty obligations in extraterritorial armed conflict situations. Traditionally it is International Humanitarian Law (‘IHL’) that governs the conduct of States during military operations abroad. However the humanitarian desire to increase the protections afforded by international law to individuals affected by armed conflict has gradually resulted in the recognition that International Human Rights Law (‘IHRL’) applies alongside IHL in armed conflict situations. This development is, however, associated with significant uncertainties as to the scope of the human rights obligations of States conducting military operations abroad and the relationship between IHL and IHRL in such circumstances. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to this debate by proposing a framework for a better understanding of the dual operation of IHL and IHRL when States conduct military operations abroad. The central argument of this thesis is that the scope of a State’s extraterritorial human rights obligations should depend upon the degree of effective control it exercises over the territory in which it is operating. IHRL is generally predicated on the capacity of the State to control territory and individuals within that territory. States frequently, however, are only able to exercise a limited amount of control beyond their territorial borders. Consequently, doubts as to the practicability of the extraterritorial application of human rights treaty obligations permeate much of the existing case law and literature. States are unlikely to accept any extraterritorial IHRL obligations that are perceived as unreasonable or unrealistic. Against this background, this thesis argues that human rights treaty obligations should be applied with a degree of flexibility in extraterritorial armed conflict situations. This flexible approach relies on the concept of effective control in arguing that, depending on the level of control it exercises, a State may initially have a limited range and level of human rights obligations but as its level of effective control over the territory increases so does not only the range but also the level of its human rights obligations. The exercise of effective control is thus a prerequisite for the human rights obligations of States conducting military operations abroad to arise. The existing State practice, jurisprudence and literature on the effective control test, however, are relatively limited and somewhat confused. The thesis analyses relevant legal discourse and develops a unified structure of effective control by identifying factors relevant to determining when effective control over territory exists. The notion of effective control as developed in this thesis is not only central for the activation of human rights treaties in armed conflict situations, but as this thesis argues, can also determine the extent of the range and level of human rights obligations of States conducting military operations abroad. The thesis proposes a novel, practical and flexible framework for the gradual activation of the full range and level of a State’s human rights treaty obligations in extraterritorial armed conflict situations based on the degree of effective control exercised. This proposed framework takes into account the realities of extraterritorial armed conflict situations, and thus has the potential to achieve greater compliance by States with their human rights treaty obligations and hopefully might ultimately result in the enhanced protection of individuals caught up in armed conflict.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Law School, 2014
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Burda, Marianne Louise. "Understanding a woman's moral obligation to her fetus maternal-fetal conflict as a convenant relationship /." 2009. http://digital.library.duq.edu/u?/etd,101940.
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Bélanger, Marco. "Devoir et pouvoir : existe-t-il des dilemmes moraux insolubles ?" Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6580.
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Tang, Ai-May, and 湯愛梅. "The qualitative research of gender equity in armed force:take the conflict of military appointment and maternal obligation as the center." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29079602682147172875.
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CHEN, CHUNG-NI, and 陳仲妮. "The Protection of Embryos and the Conflict of the Fundamental Rights - Including the Protective Obligation (“Schutzpflicht”) of the State to Embryos and its Judicial Review." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/hhpcd9.
Анотація:
博士東吳大學
法律學系
105
Since last century, the advancement in genetic technologies, such as artificial reproduction, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, embryonic stem cell and asexual reproduction, has results in marvelous achievements in medical health care. However, the application of embryonic stem cell has become extremely argumentative because it is sometimes regarded as to save one life by sacrificing another. For those who regard an embryo as a human, the embryo should have possessed all the fundamental rights; for those who have the opposite thoughts, the embryo can be treated accordingly under current legal framework. In addition to the above concepts, other proposals for embryo identity are not perfect as well. In this study, instead of making discretion on the human status of an embryo, not using the classification of being the subject/object of fundamental rights, an embryo deserves a certain level of protection because of the high possibility of becoming a human, which may ease these disputes, and reduce the inconsistencies among the current regulatory system. Also, the human dignity issue of an embryo and its stem cell is another complex and disputable question. Even with the prevailing doctrine of absolute nature adopted in Germany, a few related cases on this issue cause another dispute on the possibility of exception on human dignity. In this study, the weighing of interests is applied to the protection of human dignity, which does not necessarily make it becoming a relative value. The advanced research on the embryonic stem cell includes the study on the human dignity of future patients and service of life protection, so it is inappropriate to classify these related researches under the concept of academic freedom or embryo dignity. As for the remaining embryos after artificial reproduction, they can be protected based on the concept of pre-effect of fundamental rights, which may have specific practical meaning with functions of protection and restriction. For a patient, the rights of existence, health, and the promise of healing may not necessarily establish a foundation to request for a specific treatment for health rehabilitation. Instead, the objective-legal protective obligation can be transformed as a public right to maintain the basic survival with human dignity through personal request. Additionally, the precautionary principle apples in the regulatory control on the research of embryonic stem cell because of the unfamiliarity towards this study and uncertainty of possible damage. Anyhow, the actual harm does not occur when the preventive measure is in effect. The enforcement of these preventive measures should comply with the concept of constitutional justification. Although total prohibition in embryonic stem cell research may successfully protect the embryos and avoid all the negative impacts, the sacrifice of delaying the medical advancement and failing the anticipation of the patients is the inevitable expense that we have to pay. And due to the insufficiency of the rank of “Policy Instructions on the Ethics of Human Embryo and Embryonic Stem Cell Research”, no constitutional restrictions can be imposed to control the research on embryonic stem cell, unless with the self-discipline and professional morality of the researchers. Due to the principle of legal reservation, the adoption of the administrative guidance system from Japan, in place of a legislative law, as the regulatory control for embryonic stem cell research seems no longer appropriate.
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Wang, Neng-Jian, and 王能建. "A Study on Director and Controlling Shareholder Obligation to Avoid Conflict of Interests from the Requirement of Article 178 of Company Act for Abstaining from Voting Rights." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36141223576791266608.
Анотація:
碩士國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
103
This dissertation aims at discussing whether requirement of abstaining from voting rights could be taken as the solution to conflict of interests, and whether there are better solutions. First of all, this dissertation discusses the nature of voting rights to question justification of requirement of abtstaining from voting rights when there is conflict of interests. And then collect the related verdicts and observe three controversial M&A cases to learn a lesson and arouse some inspiration. Involving the conflict of interests between directors and the corporation, it’s doubtful whether the shareholders or supervisors could obtain the necessary information to intervene the suspicious transaction in Taiwan. Moreover, abstaining from voting rights could not remove the structural bias, but there’s no further resolution in Taiwan. And it’s not clear whether there lies responsibility after the directors follow requirement of abstaining from voting rights. When relating to conflict between controlling shareholders and the corporation, Taiwan adopts the legistlative patterns of shadow directors, unlike the US imposing fiduciary duty on controlling shareholders. With regard to conflict between controlling shareholders and minority shareholders, Taiwan does not provide relief and subsidies.
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Lopes, Kayo Sérgio. "As soluções de consenso no direito processual penal luso-brasileiro e o conflito de finalidades da delação premiada." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/92737.
Анотація:
Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de DireitoA presente dissertação tem como objetivo verificar e compreender as soluções de consenso e o instituto da delação premiada no ordenamento jurídico luso-brasileiro, além do papel do Ministério Público e do Juiz diante de tais regimentos.Em Portugal e no Brasil, o princípio da obrigatoriedade (legalidade) norteia o direito processual penal. O Ministério Público, orientado por uma máxima acusatória, é obrigado a propor a ação penal quando presentes os pressupostos legais, fato típico, ilícito e culpável. Diante disso, as soluções de consenso e a delação premiada surgem como formas de supostas mitigações ao princípio da obrigatoriedade da ação penal. Com o objetivo de analisar até onde as soluções de consenso e a delação premiada estão em conformidade com as normas luso-brasileiras e quais as divergências e os conflitos existentes, será utilizado a metodologia da pesquisa bibliográfica, onde, inicialmente, analisar-se-á o princípio da obrigatoriedade (legalidade) e o da indisponibilidade no direito processual penal e, logo após, um estudo sobre o plea bargain nos Estados Unidos.Após esta análise, será estudado as soluções de consenso no direito processual penal luso-brasileiro, averiguando se há conformidade legislativa de tais institutos. Em seguida, será realizada a mesma abordagem com as normas do Brasil e de Portugal que trazem a regulamentação da delação premiada.Por fim, será realizado uma investigação mais detalhada acerca da Lei 12.850/13, que trata das organizações criminosas no Brasil. Alguns conflitos de finalidades existentes da delação premiadas serão levantados, a respeito da possibilidade de acordo entre o Ministério Público e o arguido da fase de inquérito, a moralidade da negociação entre o Estado e o arguido, réu confesso, o valor probatória das delações e a prisão preventiva para obtenção de delação premiada. Sendo assim, será verificado como a delação premiada pode ser um importante instrumento no combate a criminalidade organizada, entretanto, os fins não podem justificar os meios e as garantias e direitos fundamentais constitucionalmente assegurados em hipótese alguma devem ser violados.
The present dissertation aims to verify and understand the consensus solutions and the institute of the plea bargain in the Portuguese-Brazilian legal system, in addition to the role of the Public Ministry and the Judge in the face of such regulations.In Portugal and Brazil, the principle of mandatory (legality) guides criminal procedural law. The Public Prosecutor's Office, guided by a maximum accusation, is obliged to bring criminal action when the legal presuppositions are present, a typical, illegal and culpable fact. In view of this, consensual solutions and the winning plea bargain as forms of supposed mitigations to the principle of mandatory criminal action.In order to analyze the extent to which the consensus solutions and the winning statement are in accordance with the Luso-Brazilian norms and which divergences and conflicts exist, the bibliographic research methodology will be used, where, initially, it will be analyzed the principle of mandatory (legality) and that of unavailability in criminal procedural law and, soon after, a study on plea bargain in the United States.After this analysis, the consensus solutions in Portuguese-Brazilian criminal procedural law will be studied, investigating whether there is legislative compliance by such institutes. Then, the same approach will be carried out with the rules of Brazil and Portugal that bring the regulation of the plea bargain.Finally, a more detailed investigation will be carried out on Law 12.850 / 13, which deals with criminal organizations in Brazil. Some conflicts of existing purposes of the plaintiff's award will be raised, regarding the possibility of agreement between the Public Ministry and the defendant in the investigation phase, the morality of the negotiation between the State and the defendant, confessed defendant, the evidential value of the complaints and the preventive imprisonment for obtaining a prized sentence. Therefore, it will be verified how the award can be an important instrument in the fight against organized crime, however the ends cannot justify the means and the fundamental constitutional guarantees and rights under no circumstances should they be violated.
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Kadlecová, Kristýna. "Mezinárodní právo soukromé ve srovnávacím pohledu: Určení rozhodného práva pro mimosmluvní závazkové vztahy v právu ČR a USA." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-310997.
Анотація:
1 English Summary The aim of this thesis is to compare the determination of law applicable to non- contractual obligations in the Czech Republic and the United States of America. In the beginning I provide a brief overview of the international private law in general and then the substantial law of torts in both Czech Republic and the USA and the prospective changes in the new Civil Code which should be applicapble from 2014. The fifth chapter concerns with the law applicable to non-contractual obligations in the Czech Republic. In the first place there is a statute (Private International Law Act), but the majority of its provisions were overruled by the Rome II regulation, which unifies the privite international law of the EU states. According to the regulation, general rule for the law applicable to non-contractual obligation arising out of torts is lex loci delicti (the law of the country in which the dammage occurs). Rome II then provides special rules for product liability, unfair competition, environmental dammage, etc. In the Czech Republic the regulation does not apply to traffic accidents because the Czech Republic is a contracting state to Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Traffic Accidents. The sixth chapter focuses on the law applicable to torts in the USA. The first subchapter deals with...
44
Adonis, Bongiwe. "Transnational criminal justice and crime prevention: an international and African perspective." Thesis, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8246_1365584062.
Анотація:
This paper analyses head of state immunity, a traditional rule of international law, in relation to the indictments by the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 2009 against the current Sudanese President Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir. It can be agreed that the doctrine of immunity in international law attempts to overcome the tension between the protection of human rights and the demands of state sovereignty. The statutes and decisions of international criminal courts make it clear that no immunity for international crimes shall be attached to heads of states or to senior government officials. However, the case against the Sudanese President, where the jurisdiction of the ICC was triggered by the UN Security Councilâs referral of the situation in Darfur to the Court, represents the first case where a serving head of state has, in fact, been indicted before the ICC. From this case, a number of legal issues have arisen
such as the questions where the ICCâs jurisdiction over an incumbent head of state, not party to the ICC Statute, is justified, and the obligations upon ICC state parties to surrender such a head of state to the requesting international criminal court. This paper gives an analysis of these questions.
45
Nordbruch, Claus H. R. 1961. "Pflichtbegriff im Werk von Siegfried Lenz." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/15662.
Анотація:
Text in GermanThe present thesis undertakes a comprehensive survey and criticak analysis of the concept of duty and its significance in the prose of Siegfried Lenz (born in 1926). It concentrates on those novels and narratives in which duty is the main motif; these are Schwierige Trauer (1960), Das Feuerschiff (1960), Deutschstunde (1968) and Ein Kriegsende (1984). After an introduction which outlines the development and the influence of the concept of duty in Germany, the thesis deals with Lenz's prose in chronological order. Siegfried Lenz's main motif is the significance of the concept of duty within the moral code of the individual, the specific meaning and influence of which has been developed in Germany. Lenz does not deny that duty is a necessary element of the process of socialization. But he rejects the unreflected and uncritical acceptance of a dubious morality based on a sense of duty, at the expense of individuality and responsibility for oneself. It is a deformed understanding of duty which Lenz exposes and criticizes in his work: a characteristic mark of submissiveness and slavish obedience ("Untertanengeist und Kadavergehorsam"). These distortions are determined by political-historical events, theological dogmas, philosophical theses and an authoritarian upbringing. The reasons for the attitudes and behaviour of Lenz's fictitious characters have their roots in those factors. Lenz always insists on reflection. He refuses the uncritical acceptance of a morality based on duty, which allows a person to avoid his or her responsibility. However, Siegfried Lenz neither attempts to construct a social background nor does he offer recipes for a new social order. Rather he restricts himself to the sceptical questioning of norms and values, which are maintained by authority. The author creates a conflict in a hermetic environment, for example a ship or a small village, in which his fictitious characters have to prove themselves. By confronting his readers with such an extreme situation and the protagonists' questionable decisions, Lenz forces his public to reconsider their own position. The author's aim is to make his readers realize that right and wrong cannot always be distinguished in a clear-cut manner
Linguistics and Modern Languages
D.Litt. et Phil. (German)
46
Parent, Sébastien. "Les conséquences juridiques de la coexistence de l’obligation d’accommodement raisonnable et du régime public de réparation des lésions professionnelles." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18632.
Анотація:
Une bourse d'études du Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines (CRSH) a été accordée à l'auteur pour la réalisation de ce projet de recherche.Suite à l’étude de la genèse de deux régimes occupant une place fondamentale en droit du travail québécois, soit le régime public de réparation des lésions professionnelles institué par la Loi sur les accidents du travail et les maladies professionnelles, et l’obligation d’accommodement raisonnable, issue du droit à l’égalité consacré à l’article 10 de la Charte québécoise, ce mémoire s’intéresse au déploiement du conflit normatif et du conflit juridictionnel découlant de l’évolution en parallèle de ces deux sources d’obligations pour les employeurs, dont l’objet est la réintégration et le maintien du lien d’emploi du salarié atteint d’un handicap. Cette étude propose ensuite d’explorer les conséquences juridiques de la solution retenue par la Cour d’appel du Québec, dans l’arrêt Caron rendu en juin 2015, laquelle décide de juxtaposer une obligation d’accommodement raisonnable au régime public de réparation des lésions professionnelles. Ainsi, ce mémoire met en évidence les conséquences en droit constitutionnel canadien et quasi constitutionnel québécois de la démarche utilisée dans l’arrêt Caron et des résultats auxquels elle a conduit, en recentrant la place du droit à l’égalité en droit public et en discutant de ses impacts sur la séparation des pouvoirs. En outre, ce revirement jurisprudentiel engendre maintes difficultés au regard de la particularité du droit administratif, plus spécifiquement quant au rôle et aux pouvoirs limités de la C.N.E.S.S.T. et du T.A.T.-D.S.S.T. Enfin, cette analyse fait ressortir que la solution retenue par la Cour d’appel porte atteinte à l’équilibre que s’efforce de maintenir ce régime public reposant sur un important compromis social.
Following the review of the genesis of two fundamental regimes in Quebec labour law, the public system that provides repairs to injured workers, established by the Act respecting industrial accidents and occupational diseases, and the duty to provide reasonable accommodation arising from the right to equality under section 10 of the Quebec Charter, this thesis focuses on the development of the normative conflict and the jurisdictional conflict stemming from the parallel evolution of these two sources of obligations for employers. Both of these are based on the reinstatement of disabled workers and the continuation of their employment relationship. This study proposes to explore the legal consequences of the solution adopted by the Quebec Court of Appeal in Caron’s case, dated June 2015, in which the Court decided to overlay the employer’s duty to accommodate onto the Workers’ Compensation public system. Thus, emphasizing on the role that the right to equality plays in public law and discussing its impact on the separation of powers, this thesis shows the consequences from the approach used in the Caron judgment and its particular results through Canadian constitutional and Quebec quasi-constitutional principles. Furthermore, this significant change gives rise to many difficulties regarding the particularities of administrative law, and more specifically, the role and the limited powers of C.N.E.S.S.T. and T.A.T.-D.S.S.T. Finally, this analysis highlights that the solution held by the Court of Appeal infringes on the balance attempted by the public system based on an important social compromise.
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Donfack, Narcisse Gaetan Zebaze. "The suitability of the CISG and OHADA for small and medium-sized enterprises engaging in international trade in west and central Africa." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21020.
Анотація:
It is universally acknowledged that international trade and cooperation have become key drivers of SMEs. Indeed, the success of SMEs in the sales sector depends upon their capacity to conquer the foreign market and compete with larger companies. Many SMEs today, in particular those in Central and West Africa, are very much aware of this reality. However, because of differences between domestic laws and their maladjustment, many African SMEs still struggle to enter the international market and compete with larger companies. It is therefore obvious that any SMEs that want to succeed in international commerce today will be called upon to confront different regulations, whether domestic, regional or international, which are often shaped according to the realities and expectations of a particular environment. The challenge today is to regulate and harmonise these different legal systems, in order to render the law identical in numerous jurisdictions. This process of unifying the law internationally, in particular the law of sale, started in 1920 and culminated in 1988, with the implementation of the CISG. This Convention, which has become the primary law for international sales contracts, endeavours to deal with this problem of differences in law between states on a global scale, by attempting to achieve a synthesis between different legislations, such as civil law, common law, socialist law, and the law regarding industrialised and Third World countries.
Even though the CISG appears to be a compromise between different legal systems, the fact remains that it is not yet applicable in many countries, especially those in Central and West Africa, which are mostly still ruled by domestic and regional law, namely the OHADA. The purpose of this study is to attempt to analyse and compare the OHADA’s Uniform Act Relating to Commercial Law to the CISG, in order to identify similarities and differences between the two, and to determine, with regard to the operating mode and structure of SMEs in West and Central Africa, which one of the two legislations is more appropriate.Private Law
LL. M.
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Васильківська, Вікторія Владиславівна. "Правове регулювання статусу державного службовця в Україні". Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11300/10686.
Анотація:
Васильківська В.В. Правове регулювання статусу державного службовця в Україні. дис. … канд.. юрид. наук. Одеса, 2018. 248 с.Дисертацію присвячено особливостям правового регулювання статусу державного службовця у контексті ухвалення Законів України «Про державну службу» і «Про запобігання корупції» та адаптації інституту державної служби до стандартів ЄС. Надано характеристику державної служби як сфери правового регулювання статусу державного службовця, визначено стан законодавчого регулювання статусу державного службовця. Охарактеризовано структурні елементи правового статусу державного службовця з акцентом на словосполучення «вимоги щодо державних службовців» як новий елемент цього статусу. Особливу увагу приділено питанню сутності та змісту поняття «правове регулювання статусу державного службовця» через такі елементи, як: встановлення, визначення забезпечення, захист. Охарактеризовано повноваження суб’єктів правового регулювання статусу державного службовця.
Диссертация посвящена особенностям правового регулирования статуса государственного служащего в контексте принятия Законов Украины «О государственной службе» и «О предупреждении коррупции» и адаптации института государственной службы к стандартам ЕС. Предоставлена характеристика государственной службы как сферы правового регулирования статуса государственного служащего, определено состояние законодательного регулирования статуса государственного служащего. Охарактеризованы структурные элементы правового статуса государственного служащего с акцентом на словосочетании «требования к государственному служащему» как новом элементе этого статуса. Особенное внимание уделено вопросу сущности и содержания понятия «правовое регулирование статуса государственного служащего» через такие элементы, как: установление, определение обеспечения, защита. Охарактеризованы полномочия субъектов правового регулирования статуса государственного служащего. С принятием Закона Украины «О государственной службе» 1995 г. выявлена позитивная динамика именно в административно-правовом определении ряда вопросов прохождения государственной службы, как основного фактора в реализации права на государственную службу, именно к: дисциплинарной ответственности, прекращению государственной службы, оплаты работы, ротации. При этом заслуживает одобрения предоставление приоритета законодательному акту в определении целого ряда вопросов статуса государственного служащего (в отличие от Закона Украины «О государственной службе» 1993 г.). Установлено, что законодательными актами, которые распространяют свое действие на всю государственную службу, независимо от вида, является, кроме Конституции Украины, Закон «О предотвращении коррупции» (правоограничения) и Кодекс административного судопроизводства Украины (судебная защита права на государственную службу). Установлено, что требования предъявляются к государственным служащим всех видов государственной службы, однако они различны по своему содержанию. Выделены и охарактеризованы общие (гражданство Украины, владение украинским языком, достижения восемнадцатилетнего возраста) и специальные требования (политическая беспристрастность/беспартийность/ политическая нейтральность; общий стаж работы; опыт работы на должностях/в сфере; свободное владение иностранным языком; полное общее среднее образование; степень высшего образования; уровень физической подготовки; личные качества; состояние здоровья; отсутствие обстоятельств, которые могут препятствовать выполнению должностных обязанностей). Охарактеризованы направления правового регулирования статуса государственного служащего Нацгосслужбой, которыми являются: определение (утверждение перечня задач для проверки компетентности государственного служащего, осуществление проверок соблюдения законодательства о государственной службе, утверждение специальных требований к лицам категорий «Б» и «В»; принятие общих правил этического поведения государственных служащих; утверждение правил внутреннего служебного распорядка), защита (рассмотрение жалоб государственных служащих относительно прохождения государственной службы; требования об отмене противоправных решений в части нарушений прав государственного служащего). Акцентировано внимание на том, что государственная должность является тем единственным фактором, который, в условиях её замещения, дает этому лицу определенный правовой статус. Охарактеризованы критерии классификации должностей государственной службы на категории для служащих административной службы. Представлена характеристика особенностей должностей государственной службы.
The dissertation is devoted to the peculiarities of legal regulation of the status of a state servant in the context of the adoption of the Laws of Ukraine “On the State Service” and “On Prevention of Corruption” and the adaptation of the State Service Institute to the EU standards. The description of the state service as a sphere of legal regulation of the status of a state servant is given, the status of legislative regulation of the status of a state servant is determined. The structural elements of the legal status of a state servant with a focus on “requirements for state servants” as the newest element of this status are characterized. Particular attention is paid to the essence and content of the concept of “legal regulation of the status of a state servant” through such elements as: the establishment, definition of security, protection. The authority of the subjects of legal regulation of the status of a state servant has been characterized.
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Sýkorová, Michaela. "Institut ius cogens v mezinárodním právu." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-368007.
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Franczak, Piotr. "Metody regulacji spółek zagranicznych w prawie prywatnym międzynarodowym." Doctoral thesis, 2018. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/3219.
Анотація:
Przedmiotem rozprawy był przegląd oraz ocena metod, przy pomocy których systemy prawne regulują spółki zagraniczne. Przez spółkę zagraniczną rozumiano spółkę, która została utworzona przez obcy porządek prawny i do której taki obcy porządek prawny się przyznaje. W pracy przeprowadzono badania porównawcze, analizując systemy prawne wybranych państw angielskiego, niemieckiego oraz francuskiego kręgu językowego, jak również rozwiązania polskie oraz holenderskie.Kluczowe znaczenie w rozprawie odegrał podział na metodę kolizyjną oraz metodę merytoryczną, a zasadnicza teza rozprawy mówiła, że metoda kolizyjna jest nadużywana i powinna w niektórych przypadkach ustąpić miejsca metodzie merytorycznej.Wśród współczesnych kolizyjnych regulacji spółek zagranicznych można wyróżnić trzy grupy. Po pierwsze, rozwiązania, które poddają wszystkie zdarzenia i stosunki spółki rządom prawa, które niekoniecznie spółkę utworzyło. Najważniejszy przypadek tego typu regulacji stanowi teoria siedziby rzeczywistej. Potencjalnie usuwa ona spod rządów prawa inkorporacji również zdarzenia z udziałem aktów publicznych oraz stosunki organizacyjne - dla regulacji których nadaje się tylko porządek inkorporacji. Jedynie w tym systemie prawnym zostały wydane odpowiednie akty publicznego i wyłącznie do niego zostały dostosowane stosunki organizacyjne. Druga kategoria to rozwiązania kolizyjne, które zawsze kierują do porządku macierzystego spółki, w tym przede wszystkim teoria inkorporacji. Faktycznie powstrzymują się one od regulacji stosunków korporacyjnych zagranicznych spółek. Trzecią grupę stanowią ograniczone rozwiązania kolizyjne, które poddają własnemu prawu tylko niektóre stosunki spółek zagranicznych blisko związanych z własnym obszarem. Są one zorientowane praktycznie i zazwyczaj obejmują stosunki, które nadają się do skutecznej regulacji kolizyjnej.Dwie najważniejsze kategorie merytorycznych regulacji spółek zagranicznych to uznanie oraz przepisy nakładające dodatkowe obowiązki na podmioty stosunków korporacyjnych. Uznanie polega na rozciągnięciu na system uznający skutków prawnych powstałych pod rządami systemu obcego. Należy je stosować wobec zdarzeń prawnych, których elementem jest akt publiczny o charakterze konstytutywnym oraz do stosunków organizacyjnych. Przepisy nakładające dodatkowe obowiązki na spółkę zagraniczną lub podmioty w nią zaangażowane nie regulują bezpośrednio stosunków korporacyjnych. Przede wszystkim wymagają one od spółek zagranicznych ujawnienia określonych informacji w rejestrze państwa przyjmującego oraz ustanowienia na miejscu przedstawiciela i wskazania adresu. Mogą one jednak również nakładać na osoby zaangażowane w spółkę obowiązek określonego ułożenia jej stosunków korporacyjnych i w ten sposób pośrednio je normować. Sankcje za naruszenie tych przepisów mogą przypominać faktyczne konsekwencje zastosowania rozwiązań kolizyjnych, jednak ich wykorzystanie nie prowadzi do niedogodności, z jakimi wiąże się regulacja kolizyjna.Najważniejsze zagadnienie na tle polskiej ustawy o prawie prywatnym międzynarodowym to wykładnia pojęcia siedziby, którym posługuje się ona dla wyznaczenia prawa właściwego dla osób prawnych. Owa siedziba powinna być rozumiana jako siedziba statutowa, a nie jako siedziba rzeczywista. Taka konieczność wynika z orzecznictwa Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej, które nakazuje, by spółka, która przeniosła siedzibę rzeczywistą w ramach Europejskiej Wspólnoty Gospodarczej, była uznawana jako spółka państwa swojej inkorporacji. Polska ustawa stanowi co prawda, że przeniesienie siedziby w ramach EOG nie prowadzi do utraty podmiotowości prawnej, ale wyjątek wprowadzony przez ten przepis jest zbyt wąski, aby uczynić zadość wymogom prawa europejskiego. Za teorią siedziby statutowej przemawiają również liczne względy funkcjonalne.The subject of the thesis was the assessment of methods with which legal systems regulate foreign companies. Foreign company was understood as a company which has been incorporated by a foreign legal system and which is recognized by this system as its own. A comparative research was carried out in the dissertation, covering legal systems of selected English, German and French speaking countries, as well as Polish and Dutch law.Crucial for the dissertation was the distinction between the conflict-of-laws and substantive methods and its main thesis was that the conflict-of-laws method is used too often and should yield precedence to the substantive method in some cases.Among modern conflict-of-laws regulations of foreign companies three groups can be distinguished. First, solutions which subject all legal events and legal relations of a company to substantial law which did not necessarily create the company. The most important instance of the regulations of this kind is the real seat theory. Potentially it removes from authority of the law of incorporation, among others, legal events which include public acts and organizational legal relations – whereas those can effectively be governed only by the law of incorporation. Only within the law of incorporation relevant public acts have been issued and only to this law organizational legal relations have been adjusted. The second category of the conflict-of-laws regulations consists in solutions which always indicate parent law of a company as applicable. They include especially the theory of incorporation. In fact, these solutions refrain from regulation of corporate relations of foreign companies. The third group consists in limited conflict-of-laws regulations which subject to their own substantive law only selected relations of foreign companies closely connected with their country. They are practically oriented and usually cover relations which are suitable for effective conflict-of-laws regulation.Two most important categories of substantive regulations of foreign companies are the recognition and provisions imposing additional obligations on parties of corporate relations. The recognition consists in extension of legal effects which arose under a foreign legal system to the recognizing system. It should be applied to legal events which include constitutive public acts and to organizational relations. Provisions imposing additional obligations on foreign companies or persons involved in them do not regulate directly corporate relations. Above all, they require from foreign companies disclosure of certain information in the register of the admitting country and appointment of a representative and indication of an address there. They may, however, impose on persons involved in a company an obligation to specifically arrange its corporate relations and in this manner indirectly regulate these relations. Legal sanctions for breach of these provisions may resemble actual consequences of use of the real seat theory, but their application does not result in problems associated with the conflict-of-laws regulation.The most important question with respect to the Polish Act on the Private International Law is interpretation of the term “seat”, which the Act uses to designate law applicable to legal entities. It should be understood as the seat set in articles of association and not as the real seat. This results from the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which mandates that a company transferring its real seat within the European Economic Area be recognized as the company of the country of its incorporation. Although the Polish Act provides that transfer of the seat within the EEA does not result in loss of legal personality of the company, nevertheless this exception is not broad enough to satisfy requirements of the European law. Many functional arguments also speak in favour of the statutory seat theory.