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1
Dustmann, Christian, and Joseph-Simon Görlach. "The Economics of Temporary Migrations." Journal of Economic Literature 54, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 98–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.54.1.98.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Many migrations are temporary—a fact that has often been ignored in the economic literature on migration. Such omission may be serious in that expected migration temporariness can impart a distinct dynamic element to immigrants' economic behavior, generating possible consequences for nonmigrants in both home and host countries. In this paper, we provide a thorough examination of the various aspects of temporary migrations that matter for the analysis of economic phenomena. We demonstrate the extent of temporary migrations in population movements. We show how temporariness can affect the various economic choices and how better data have improved both the measurement of nonpermanent migrations and the analyses of various aspects of migrant behavior. We propose a general theoretical framework for modeling temporary migration decisions, based on which we outline the various motives for temporariness while simultaneously reviewing related literature and available data sources. We discuss the possible consequences of migration temporariness for nonmigrants in both home and host countries. (JEL F22, F24, J11, J61, K37, O15)
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Mensitova, G. I., G. B. Khabizhanova, A. O. Koshymova, and Y. K. Omarbayev. "The Migrations of the Oghuz in the Medieval Period: Causes, Directions and Consequences." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 21, no. 5 (May 16, 2022): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2022-21-5-131-144.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. In the 10th – 11th centuries, the process of formation of the Oghuz tribes was underway in Central Asia. It was accompanied by the disintegration of kinship ties and the emergence of statehood. A new type of ethnic community was being formed, based on territorial and economic ties. The formation of the Oghuz Yabgu State with its political center in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya (river in the territory of modern Kazakhstan) played an important role in this process. The paper analyzes the preconditions and peculiarities of the Oghuz tribes’ westward migration. In addition, a comparative analysis of its economic and political consequences is carried out. Results. The Oghuz State, like many other nomadic empires, was not monolithic and its borders were not permanent and strictly defined. As a result of the extended social conflict, the Syr Darian Yabgu State collapsed and did not withstand the attack of the neighboring Kipchak tribes in the middle of the 11th century. This caused a new migration wave directed westward. Conclusion. As a result of the Oguz migration to the Westward there have been changes in the geopolitical and ethnoterritorial characteristics of Western Asia and Asia Minor regions. Oguz migration has become an integral organism of cultural and economic values. The political and ethnic traces of these changes can still be seen today.
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Olechowski, Adam Paweł. "Impact of Armed Conflicts on the State of Ecological Security." Confrontation and Cooperation: 1000 Years of Polish-German-Russian Relations 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/conc-2020-0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Contemporary armed conflicts, although not as global in scope as the two world wars in the 20th century, create serious threats in many dimensions. One of the areas of their influence is the natural environment. In fact every armed conflict, also one that takes place in a relatively small territory, causes a number of negative consequences in the natural environment. These, in turn, may have further consequences. Apart from the damage caused by military operations, accompanying phenomena appear on a large scale. In recent years, a series of armed conflicts in Africa and West Asia resulted in huge migrations of millions of people. In addition to the resulting humanitarian crises, large-scale environmental problems are observed. Thus, it clearly shows that even potentially minor military conflicts can lead to serious disturbances of the natural environment. The author shows the various consequences of armed conflicts for the natural environment over the last half century.
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Soria Molina, David. "Migraciones, deportaciones, colonización y geopolítica durante las guerras dácicas de Trajano (101-106 d.C.)." Revista de Estudios en Seguridad Internacional 6, no. 2 (December 8, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18847/1.12.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Trajanic Dacian Wars (101-106 AD) implied multiple expansionist population movements by all contestants, that affected the development and result of the conflict, conditioning many of the implied powers’ decisions. In the same way, the intensity and scale of a conflagration that spreaded throughout Danubian and Pontic Europe, finished with heavy population losses as a direct and indirect consequence of armed clashes. Finally, the consolidation of Roman power in Dacia after its conquest and its particularities supposed the deportation and intentional displacement of native population groups, migrations to zones free from Roman occupation and other sociopolitical and demographical problems solved by the Roman Empire through a planned colonization and the varied diplomatic agreements signed on 119 AD. In this essay we are going to deal, through literary, epigraphic, numismatic, archaeological and iconographical fonts, with this demographical processes, the actualities derived from them and its consequences in the framework of Trajan’s Dacian Wars, processes that conditioned the region’s geopolitics and, therefore, the future composition of Eastern Europe.
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Bhui, Kamaldeep. "From the Editor's desk." British Journal of Psychiatry 207, no. 4 (October 2015): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.207.4.369.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Apples, refugees & emotionsThe Syrian refugee crisis is a reminder that conflict and war have consequences of immense public health importance. Professor Hans Rosling has produced a simple but incisive account of the scale of the problem facing Europe (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-uljFaRuJ68&spfreload=10). If an apple represents 1 million Syrian people, 20 apples represent the Syrian population, 12 apples represent displaced populations, 4 of which are external to Syria. A quarter of an apple represents asylum seekers coming to the EU. The disproportionate burden of immediate and long-term health consequences falls on Syria and surrounding nations such as Lebanon and Turkey. Not only is there loss of life due to war and direct actions and injuries, political persecution by state or non-state forces leads to mass migrations of people seeking safety, security, and a future for themselves and their children. The tragic images of a 3-year-old boy, Alan Kurdi, lying on a Turkish beach after failing to survive a sea crossing, have sparked a rethink among world leaders. What should be their response to humanitarian crises and asylum seekers?
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Klempic-Bogadi, Sanja, Margareta Gregurovic, and Sonja Podgorelec. "Migration from Bosnia and Herzegovina to Croatia: Migration patterns of immigrants in Zagreb." Stanovnistvo 56, no. 2 (2018): 39–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv1802039k.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The 2011 population census recorded 4,290,612 residents of Croatia among which 584,947 or 13.7% were born abroad. Even though the most of them were born in Bosnia and Herzegovina (70% or 409,357) no research was conducted about this significant group of immigrants. This paper analyses the migration flows between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia during the last 60 years, especially focusing on demographic data available from diverse secondary sources and data on migration history and transnational activities obtained through empirical study ?The Effects of Immigration from Bosnia and Herzegovina on the Sociodemographic Development of Croatian Urban Areas?. The survey was conducted in 2014 in Sesvete, district of City of Zagreb on a judgemental/purposive sample of 301 adult Croatian residents born in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Historical events (especially war) and economic developments had the influence on the number of immigrants as well as their motivation and decision to move from Bosnia and Hercegovina to Croatia. The data obtained through secondary sources and the results of conducted survey confirmed the shift in dominant migration patterns during three periods. First period, after the WWII until beginning of 1990s, indicated mostly labour migration where the migrations from Bosnia and Herzegovina to Croatia were mostly driven by economic underdevelopment of the country of origin and directed towards Croatian commercial and industrial centres. In the first half of 1990s the change of socio-political system (breakup of the former federal state) and the war in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina induced significant forced migrations directed towards Croatia. After the end of the war and due to the consequences of armed conflict effecting the contemporary socioeconomic and political development of Bosnia and Herzegovina, a part of its citizens who were temporary settled in Croatia (as labour migrants or refugees) or elsewhere abroad, decided not to move back to Bosnia and Herzegovina but permanently stay in or move to Croatia. This was followed by the new period of migration driven (again) mostly by economic reasons complemented by general social situation and advanced unfavourable demographic processes in Bosnia and Hercegovina. These conditions stimulated the citizens of Bosnia and Hercegovina to migrate more frequently to other, economically more developed countries (Germany, Austria) effecting significantly the number of immigrants from Bosnia and Herzegovina in Croatia. The respondents included in empirical research are mostly Croats by ethnic affiliation (93.4%) and 99% of them have Croatian citizenship. In the highest proportion they migrated to Croatia during the 1990s. The results showed statistically significant correlation between the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina from where they moved to Croatia and the period of migration (the most numerous migrations were recorded from the area of the contemporary Republika Srpska). Three most frequent reasons of migration were war destruction (41.5%), economic reasons (33.2%) and family reasons (13%). Almost two thirds of respondents (63.1%) had no prior migration experience and more than 90% plan to stay permanently in Croatia. The study also confirmed significant social and transnational activities of immigrants. However, these respondents cannot be considered as the ?typical migrants? since they largely share language, culture and tradition of receiving society which presents a favourable environment for their legal/political, socioeconomic and sociocultural integration.
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Portnova, A. "Social Conflict after Disaster." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71492-0.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective:Studying the social conflict among inhabitants of small settlements owing to extreme situations.Methods:Social-psychological investigation for revealing interpersonal and intergroup (victims and nonvictims) conflicts among in townsfolk of Sydybyl (Yakutia) and Beslan (North Ossetia) after disaster with death of children.Results:It was shown that the basic psychological need of persons who loss their relatives during a disaster is a search of guilty of tragedy. In consequence of this, occurs the stratification of society with apportionment of such groups as “victims” and “guilty”. The “victims” additionally mark out the group of “light victims” and accuse them of insufficient efforts to rescue of children of “victims”. It was suggested that the persistent search of guilty represents a form of psychological defense against the unbearable feeling of their own guilt towards died children. The universal (non-conditioned by ethnic or cultural factors) character of described phenomena was emphasized. It was marked that the social conflict (named by author as indigenous) deteriorates the social and economic consequences of disaster.Conclusions:The indigenous conflict tends to persistence and passes the certain phases, final of which is characterized by a high level of neurotic diseases in the opulation and migration of an efficient part of the population.
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Stukalo, Nataliia, and Anastasiia Simakhova. "Social and economic effects of the war conflict in Ukraine for Europe." Geopolitics under Globalization 2, no. 1 (June 19, 2018): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/gg.02(1).2018.02.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The war conflict in the East Ukraine impacts the geopolitical security and stability of Europe and other countries of the world. So, there are the global effects of the war conflict in Ukraine. And the instability in Ukraine has its social consequences that influences the European development. The aim of the article is to identify and elaborate social effects of the war conflict in Ukraine and to get understanding of its influence on European stability, on position of Ukraine on European arena. The article has been prepared by using such methods as: analysis of Ukrainian and European research papers, comparison and generalization of the facts about war conflict in Ukraine. In the article social consequences of the war conflict in Ukraine, such as migration, unemployment, crime growth, decreasing of population and others have been studied. It has been described that social dimension of the war conflict in Ukraine has its influence on European stability and geopolitical situation, especially Ukrainian migration. At the end of the article the authors present the conclusions and the mechanism for solving the war conflict situation in Ukraine. Also, Ukraine needs an integrated approach in order to solve all economic and social problems in the country. Only integrated approach will allow to use available Ukrainian resources and advanced European experience to provide economic and social stability of the country.
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Więckowski, Marek. "Od barier i izolacji do sieci i przestrzeni transgranicznej – konceptualizacja cyklu funkcjonowania granic państwowych = From barriers and isolation to transboundary space and networks – conceptualising ways in which state borders function." Przegląd Geograficzny 91, no. 4 (2019): 443–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/przg.2019.4.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Political boundaries represent a universal phenomenon and key element by which social and economic phenomena existing across space are structured. But both the presence and the nature (role, function, etc.) of borders are seen to vary temporally and spatially, with differentiated attendant consequences for socio-economic development. The present article relates to state borders, which separate certain areas off from others, while at the same time constituting meeting points and points of contact between them. While this would hold true whether we perceive the said borders as lines, areas or zones, the modern-day approach to borders is a multi-dimensional one that treats them as socio-spatial constructs revealing and articulating differentiation that truly exists. It is possible to note two opposing cause-and-effect processes here. On the one hand, there are different divisions and boundaries between many socio-economic and even natural phenomena that sanction the existence and locations of borders; while on the other the very existence of state borders establishes or reinforces the existence of other, new divisions that can be regarded as boundaries (even as they are not now necessarily state borders as such). I trust that this argumentation helps capture the essence of the geography present in considerations of boundaries and borders; as well as its changing but ever-important role, while at the same time generating opportunities for further research, and for the ongoing observation of the diverse processes linking up with the existence of borders. Variability and change of function would seem to offer a key to the understanding of the significances of borders and the influences they exert, as regards the border landscape, neighbourly (international) relations and phenomena of a socio-economic nature. In that light, four functions for borders are in fact proposed here – as barriers, peripheries, lines of differentiation and axes of integration. Each change has knock-on implications for transformations of function in regard to both borders as such and the areas adjacent to them. Thus, by making assumptions as to the fundamental aspects characterising variations in the nature of borders, it has been possible here to come up with proposals regarding the consequences these will bring with them. And even as a process whereby a border opens up is underway and integration is ensuing, it is still possible that change as a whole will falter or even stall, should issues arise locally (e.g. through conflict or other negative events), nationally (e.g. through unilateral or bilateral severing of agreements), or globally (e.g. thanks to external threat, a desire to protect domestic markets or a migration crisis). For these reasons, geopolitical considerations will always reign supreme over other borderland phenomena, determining directions of development and possibilities for borders (and adjacent areas) to function. In that light, this article stresses the still-relevant need for borders, borderlands and relevant ongoing processes to be made subject to theoretical conceptualisation and processing. And this would be true as regards, not only the spatial extent or scope of borderland areas, but also the changing conditioning, consequences and actions. In this, a challenge that continues to be present entails the founding of theoretical concepts for the borderland that draw on selected paradigms and stress the role and importance of border and borderland geography, along with its key subjects of interest. And, where the study of borders being pursued in Poland is concerned, it needs to be hoped that a new trajectory may be found and followed, with each conceptualisation exerting a summarising or theorising impact proving of value as form is given to a full new theory for the development of borders and borderlands in Poland and its neighbouring countries, with account taken, not merely of recent decades, but of a much longer time period.
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Lajic, Ivan, and Mario Bara. "Effects of the war in Croatia 1991-1995 on changes in the share of ethnic Serbs in the ethnic composition of Slavonia." Stanovnistvo 48, no. 1 (2010): 49–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv1001049l.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The subject of this paper are the ethno-demographical changes in the area of Slavonia during the last decade of the twentieth century. Focus is primarily turned to negative influences (direct and indirect) of socio-political changes on the mechanical movement of population. Especially, the influence of war on the movement of Serbian and Slavonic population in general is apostrophized. Leading hypothesis is that the peaceful reintegration of East Slavonia, Srem and Baranja caused less demographic shifts then the military operation 'Flash' in West Slavonia. Used methodology consists of statistical analysis and interpretation of data collected from censuses and other secondary publications that featured data relevant to the subject of this research. The authors show the afore mentioned changes in ethnic composition of the population on several different levels (city level, municipality level and county level) following the modern day administrative distribution of counties in the Republic of Croatia to ensure comparability of two most recent population censuses (1991 - 2001). Contemporary demographic structure of Slavonia is formed by inherited negative trends in population movements from previous periods in history and a considerably strong mechanical drain of autochthonous population and the influx of new one from neighboring countries in the 1990s. Political and territorial changes as well as war conflicts that followed the collapse of the Yugoslav Federation carried with them clear characteristics of ethnic conflict, making the consequences particularly noticeable through selective war mortality, forced and impelled migrations and changes in the ethnic composition of certain areas. Population census in 2001. registered the absolute and relative decrease in population of Serbian nationality in Slavonia, or to be more accurate decrease of the population of Serbian nationality from 167,094 or 17.1% of the total population in 1991, to 78,085 or 8.8% in 2001. It can be concluded that the impaired sex-age structure of the Serbian population, along with the absence of a larger number of returnees of a younger fertile demographical profile from surrounding countries, predominantly from Serbia, will further influence the demographic aging of the observed populations, and therefore the decline of their share in certain areas along with increased ethnic homogenization of parts of Slavonia, i.e. Croatia. Somewhat more favorable demographic structure of the Serbian population is kept in Eastern Slavonia, where there were no mass emigrations. .
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Schwartz, Stephanie. "Home, Again: Refugee Return and Post-Conflict Violence in Burundi." International Security 44, no. 2 (October 2019): 110–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00362.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Conflict between returning refugees and nonmigrant populations is a pervasive yet frequently overlooked security issue in post-conflict societies. Although scholars have demonstrated how out-migration can regionalize, prolong, and intensify civil war, the security consequences of return migration are undertheorized. An analysis of refugee return to Burundi after the country's 1993–2005 civil war corroborates a new theory of return migration and conflict: return migration creates new identity divisions based on whether and where individuals were displaced during wartime. These cleavages become new sources of conflict in the countries of origin when local institutions, such as land codes, citizenship regimes, or language laws, yield differential outcomes for individuals based on where they lived during the war. Ethnographic evidence gathered in Burundi and Tanzania from 2014 to 2016 shows how the return of refugees created violent rivalries between returnees and nonmigrants. Consequently, when Burundi faced a national-level political crisis in 2015, prior experiences of return shaped both the character and timing of out-migration from Burundi. Illuminating the role of reverse population movements in shaping future conflict extends theories of political violence and demonstrates why breaking the cycle of return and repeat displacement is essential to the prevention of conflict.
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Bidak, Volodymyr Ya, and Ihor Ye Baranyak. "Risk-generating features of the growing external migration activity of the population of the Carpathian region." Regional Economy, no. 1(99) (March 2021): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/1562-0905-2021-1-5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Based on the analysis of general and local trends in migration processes, official statistics, data of State Migration Service of Ukraine, State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, and expert assessments of the selective survey carried out in the oblasts of the Carpathian region of Ukraine in the focus of the research of the migration activity environment, the paper provides a comparative characteristics and assessment of the impact of migration factors on socio-economic development of the region. The risk-generating features of growing external migration activity of the population and demographic and socio-economic consequences of migration are determined. The risks and threats of high migration activity of the population are emphasized. The need to develop new priorities of the migration activity regulation in the Carpathian region is substantiated.
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Brzoska, Michael. "Understanding the Disaster–Migration–Violent Conflict Nexus in a Warming World: The Importance of International Policy Interventions." Social Sciences 8, no. 6 (May 31, 2019): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8060167.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The importance and extent of some of the linkages between disasters, migration and violent conflict are not very well understood. There has been controversy in the empirical analytical literature both over core elements of the nexus and over the mechanisms driving it. One reason for the current state of the pertinent literature is the widespread neglect of international policy interventions in the policy fields of disaster risk reduction, conflict prevention and peacebuilding, migration management as well as humanitarian and development assistance. This contribution highlights the importance of international interventions in these fields with respect to elements of the nexus. Based on a brief review of the comparative empirical evidence concerning the disputed links between disasters, migration and violent conflict it demonstrates how international policy interventions are affecting them. The study concludes with a call for more research into the ways in which international policy interventions contribute to shaping the disaster–migration–violent conflict nexus, arguing that a better understanding would enhance the potential for better policies to address its negative consequences.
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Koubi, Vally, Tobias Böhmelt, Gabriele Spilker, and Lena Schaffer. "The Determinants of Environmental Migrants' Conflict Perception." International Organization 72, no. 4 (2018): 905–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818318000231.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractMigration is likely to be a key factor linking climate change and conflict. However, our understanding of the factors behind and consequences of migration is surprisingly limited. We take this shortcoming as a motivation for our research and study the relationship between environmental migration and conflict at the micro level. In particular, we focus on environmental migrants' conflictperceptions. We contend that variation in migrants' conflict perception can be explained by the type of environmental event people experienced in their former home, whether gradual, and long-term or sudden-onset, short-term environmental changes. We develop this argument before quantitatively analyzing newly collected micro-level data on intra-state migration from five developing countries. The results emphasize that migrants who experienced gradual, long-term environmental events in their former homes are more likely to perceive conflict in their new location than those having experienced sudden, short-term environmental events. These findings are in line with our theoretical argument that environmental migrants who suffer from environmentally induced grievances are ultimately more likely toperceiveconflict and challenges in their new locations.
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Kharoufi, Mostafa. "Forced Migration in the Senegalese-Mauritanian Conflict: Consequences for the Senegal River Valley." Center for Migration Studies special issues 11, no. 4 (July 1994): 140–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2050-411x.1994.tb00802.x.
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Shymanska, V. "INFLUENCE OF LABOUR MIGRATION ON THE COUNTRY’S ECONOMIC SITUATION ON THE EXAMPLE OF UKRAINE." Herald of Kiev Institute of Business and Technology 43, no. 1 (March 12, 2020): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37203/kibit.2020.43.10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article deals with the main problems that cause labour migration processes. The influence of labour migration on the economy of the countries is investigated. It is proved that migration plays a significant role in the development of countries because it changes the economic and social situation of people. Based on the analysis, it has been established that labour resources from countries with relatively higher levels of gross domestic product per capita migrate to countries with high levels of development. Migrants from less developed countries take their place. It is analyzed that population migration has economic consequences for both migrants themselves and donor and recipient countries. These consequences can be positive and negative for participants in the migration process. It is generally accepted that the overall impact of migration on the exporting country has a positive effect. However, some effects on specific sectors of the economy, labour, or territory may be negative. The factors that encourage the population of Ukraine to migrate are distinguished. Ukraine is primarily a donor or provider of labour resources. Ukraine's population has been steadily declining as a result of demographic and emigration processes, and more recently due to the military conflict in the east. According to statistics, in 2018, 17.8% (3.2 million) of the able-bodied population of Ukraine worked abroad. On average, 7 to 9 million Ukrainians participate in the migration process annually. The main positive consequence of the labour migration of the Ukrainian population abroad is that the money received for the work done is returned to the country. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that the state and scientists need to revise and rethink the strategy of Ukraine on labour migration issues. Much attention needs to be paid today to finding new ways, methods and mechanisms to influence emigration processes that will help slow down labour migration, as it can lead to higher inflation and slower economic growth.
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Zagladin, N. "Ethno-Socio-Cultural Conflict: New Reality of Modernity." World Economy and International Relations, no. 11 (2013): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2013-11-84-95.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper gives and account of the research and practical conference “Global crisis and its consequences: aggravation of ethno-social contradictions” (IMEMO, spring 2013). The analysis is focused on the implications of the 2008-2009 crisis on the intra-nations’ contradictions. In particular, three topics are regarded in details: (1) general methodological issues of the modern world conflicts and contradictions; (2) special features of ethno-cultural conflicts’ manifestations in the Russian society; influence of migration processes on the evolution of such conflicts.
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Zubareva, Ekaterina O. "THE MODEL OF MIGRATION DISCOURSE." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 1 (2019): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2019_5_1_35_45.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The current article aims to analyze migration discourse as the main object for studies performed in the new direction in linguistics - migration linguistics. The relevance of migration discourse research is determined by rapidly growing migration flows. Migration affects all spheres of human activities and it is the cause of language conflict aggravation and increase of verbal aggression, which detrimental consequences cannot be managed only by political or legal measures. This leads to an increase in the level of intolerance, xenophobia and migrant-phobia in society. The results obtained during this study enabled to design the model of migration discourse with the goal to present it as a special type of discourse through its genre model and its modules.
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Islam, Sirajul, Mahmuda Jahan Papia, and Sabrina Yesmin. "The Rural-Urban Migration and its Socio-Economic Consequences: A Study on the Rayerbazar Area of Dhaka City." International Journal of Publication and Social Studies 7, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5050.v7i1.4452.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Movement from villages to cities is a crucial issue for Bangladesh. It influences both urban and rural socio-economic conditions. This paper basically focuses the influences of movement from different rural areas to Rayerbazar area in Dhaka. The questionnaire survey is used to find out the required results. Researchers divide the reasons of rural-urban (RU) migration into four categories as; economic, social, political and personal. This paper shows economic impact and social impact of rural-urban migration. Structural Equation Model (SEM) shows that RU migration due to social, and economic reasons has positive economic impact but RU migration due to political and personal reasons has negative economic impact. RU migration for social and economic reasons have negative social impact but political and personal reasons have positive social impact. Internal movement is one of the biggest problems for Dhaka city which could be reduced by ensuring sufficient income generating opportunities in villages.
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Adams, Niels C., Toshifumi Tomoda, Margaret Cooper, Gunnar Dietz, and Mary E. Hatten. "Mice that lack astrotactin have slowed neuronal migration." Development 129, no. 4 (February 15, 2002): 965–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.4.965.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The cortical regions of the brain are laminated as a result of directed migration of precursor cells along glia during development. Previously, we have used an assay system to identify astrotactin as a neuronal ligand for migration on glial fibers. To examine the function of astrotactin in vivo, we generated a null mutation by targeted gene disruption. The cerebella of astrotactin null mice are approximately 10% smaller than wild type. In vitro and in vivo cerebellar granule cell assays show a decrease in neuron-glial binding, a reduction in migration rates and abnormal development of Purkinje cells. Consequences of this are poorer balance and coordination. Thus, astrotactin functions in migration along glial processes in vivo, a process required for generating laminar structures and for the development of synaptic partner systems.
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Westing, Arthur H. "Population, Desertification, and Migration." Environmental Conservation 21, no. 2 (1994): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900024528.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is noted that the number of more or less permanently displaced persons throughout the world (now of the order of 1% of the total human population) continues to increase at a rate of approximately 3 millions per year; the situation in Africa is especially grave, with the number of displaced persons there (now of the order of 3% of the African population), continuing to increase at a rate of approximately 1.5 million per year. Human displacement — which can be seen to originate largely in rural areas — results primarily from one or more of three factors, namely escape from persecution, escape from military activities, or escape from inadequate means of subsistence. A number of examples from Africa are provided of the social and political consequences of human displacement, with emphasis on conflict situations at the sites of relocation.It is further noted that the numbers of displaced persons continue to grow relentlessly despite there being no discernible rise in persecution or military activities, and despite the long-sustained ameliorative efforts and financial assistance by intergovernmental agencies and others.It is accordingly suggested that the major cause of the continuing increase in the numbers of displaced persons is an ever-growing imbalance between population numbers and the human carrying capacity of the land. Population increases lead to smaller per caput natural resource bases, a predicament exacerbated by over-use — and thus degradation — of the land and its natural resources. In the arid and semi-arid regions of Africa, over-use of the land most often takes the form of overgrazing, leading to land degradation that is severe enough to be referred to as desertification. It is concluded that to achieve sustainable utilization of the land and its natural resources will necessitate the integrated attainment of environmental security and societal security — the latter inter alia requiring participatory governance, non-violent means of conflict resolution, and especially population controls.
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Formanowicz, Magdalena, and Caterina Suitner. "Sounding Strange(r): Origins, Consequences, and Boundary Conditions of Sociophonetic Discrimination." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 39, no. 1 (December 12, 2019): 4–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261927x19884354.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Talking is an immediate and rich form of communication. Through vocal signals we provide information about ourselves and our social background. In six empirical articles, one review article, and a commentary, this special issue gathers an integrated collection of research covering the effects of vocal cues associated with minority membership, in particular, in relation to sexual orientation and migration status. People infer speakers’ nativity to the country and their sexual orientation by integrating vocal and visual cues. This diagnostic use of vocal cues can fuel intergroup conflict in two ways: It triggers discriminatory behaviors against those sounding strange(r) and language stigma triggers social anxiety among strange(r) speakers, resulting in self-stereotyping and social exclusion. The socionormative context plays a major role in containing the consequences of this phenomenon. This special issue prompts future development of social interventions to increase familiarity and normativity of acoustic social signals that deviate from the mainstream.
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Manfrass, Klaus. "Europe: South-North or East-West Migration?" International Migration Review 26, no. 2 (June 1992): 388–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600212.
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A dualism in Europe between immigration of European and of non-European origins increasingly characterized the 1970s and the 1980s; i.e., the time span following the phase of the massive labor migration of the 1950s and 1960s after the break marked by the end of active recruitment in 1973–1974. The result was, on the one hand, the integration of a considerable number of immigrants of European origin into the society of the host country. On the other hand, it resulted in the nonintegration of immigrants of non-European origin and their social isolation as well as scenarios of conflict with this group. The consequences of the process of European integration highlighted this dualism. It was beneficial for most of the immigrants of European origin in terms of improved social and legal status and especially in terms of free movement. The dualism was likewise emphasized by increasing immigration flows from different parts of the Third World which could be observed in the 1970s and 1980s.
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Gieseken, Helen Obregón. "The protection of migrants under international humanitarian law." International Review of the Red Cross 99, no. 904 (April 2017): 121–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383118000103.
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AbstractThe movement of migrants across international borders may result in grave humanitarian consequences and protection and assistance needs for those involved. Although many reach their destinations safely, others may find themselves in a country experiencing armed conflict – either because they live there or are travelling through there – and may endure great difficulties and be particularly vulnerable. In these situations, as civilians, migrants are protected under international humanitarian law (IHL) against the effects of hostilities and when in the hands of a party to the conflict. This article will provide an overview of the protection afforded by IHL to migrants as civilians in international and non-international armed conflicts. It will then examine more closely certain particularly relevant rules for the issue of migration, notably those related to the movement of migrants, family unity, and missing and dead migrants. In this way, this article will show that IHL provides important legal protections for migrants finding themselves in situations of armed conflict.
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Bercovitch, Jacob, and Ayse Kadayifci-Orellana. "Religion and Mediation: The Role of Faith-Based Actors in International Conflict Resolution." International Negotiation 14, no. 1 (2009): 175–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180609x406562.
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AbstractReligion has often been thought of as playing a crucial role in generating conflicts, particularly internal ones. While it may often be a source of conflict, its role in the overall peace process has all too often been overlooked. In this paper we emphasize the importance of religion and religious actors in the process of mediation. We examine the general conditions that facilitate mediation in international relations and assess how much these hold true in the case of faith-based mediation. We find that aspects such as legitimacy and leverage have a major impact on the success or failure of mediation. We examine how these factors manifest themselves in the case of religious mediators, and we show that legitimacy and leverage are still crucial to successful mediation but have a very different meaning and content in the case of religious actors. We explore the consequences of these differences and explain how religious mediation may work best in tandem with the more traditional forms of mediation.
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Atapattu, Sumudu. "Climate change and displacement: protecting ‘climate refugees’ within a framework of justice and human rights." Journal of Human Rights and the Environment 11, no. 1 (March 24, 2020): 86–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/jhre.2020.01.04.
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One of the far-reaching consequences of climate change relates to the forced displacement of people. Climate-induced migration is a very complex issue. The New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants noted the varied reasons for migration as being armed conflict, poverty, food insecurity, persecution, terrorism, human rights violations, climate change and natural disasters. Despite the recognition in the very first IPCC report in 1990 that the greatest single impact of climate change could be on human migration, it took climate negotiators over two decades to include displacement in climate documents. This article discusses complexity, scale and displacement scenarios, paying particular attention to the plight of small island states and to the climate-conflict-displacement nexus. It analyses the legal regime applicable to political refugees under international law and the current legal lacuna with regard to climate refugees. It surveys recent developments including the Global Compact on Migration, and the Task Force on Climate Displacement. This article argues that while current human rights law provides some protection, it is insufficient, and that the international community should take urgent action to design a legal regime to protect the rights of climate displacees. This is especially true of inhabitants of small island states who will be forced to move because their states are ‘disappearing’. The article argues that major emitters owe a legal duty to help climate displacees and especially the inhabitants of small island states.
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Spijkerboer, Thomas. "Structural Instability: Strasbourg Case Law on Children's Family Reunion." European Journal of Migration and Law 11, no. 3 (2009): 271–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138836409x12469435402855.
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AbstractIn this article, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights on children's family reunion is examined. The argument is that the Court's case law is necessarily inconsistent. This is so in part as a consequence of the structure of international legal argument, and partly as a consequence of the seeming normative conflict about the legitimacy of migration control. On both points, the Court is torn between two equally legitimate and equally untenable extremes, which forces the Court to take a centrist position and to acknowledge both the legitimacy and the untenable nature of any position. The main part of the article analyses how this takes shape in the legal technicalities in the judgements under review.
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Salehyan, Idean. "Conclusion: What academia can contribute to refugee policy." Journal of Peace Research 56, no. 1 (December 7, 2018): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343318812975.
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This conclusion to the special issue highlights the role of scholars in advancing the public discussion about forced migration. As countries around the world are adopting increasing restrictions on the entry of refugees, academic research can help to dispel some of the myths and apprehensions regarding the risks that forced migration entails. While refugees may be linked to conflict and violence in limited circumstances, the research generally demonstrates that robust international cooperation to manage refugee settlements, provide adequate humanitarian assistance, and integrate refugees into host communities, among other policies, can help to mitigate potential risks. Directions for future research and analysis are also discussed. Forced migration scholars should endeavor to collect more individual-level data; seek to understand factors that exacerbate or reduce security risks associated with cross-border militancy; conduct research on the long-term integration of refugees; and seek to understand the causes and consequences of resettlement and repatriation policies.
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Drakokhrust, Tetiana, Iryna Prodan, and Uliana Tkach. "MIGRATION CHALLENGES: TRENDS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR UKRAINE AND COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-2-30-37.
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Transformational processes in the global economy are due to strengthening the integration of national economies, increasing transnationalization, deepening internationalization of production and exchange, are accompanied by the activation of migration challenges. The purpose of the article is to examine and analyse the migration challenges, their development trends and the potential consequences for Ukraine’s and countries of Eastern Europe economic potential. To achieve the goal, the study focuses on the following tasks: to consider and analyse the main factors that have a direct impact on the socio-economic development of the country, such as the activation of international mobility of the Ukrainian people, armed conflict in eastern Ukraine, the introduction of a visa-free regime with the EU; to make a socio-economic analysis of migration processes in the countries of Eastern Europe; to consider and analyse the possible (potential) scenario of the development of the impact of migration challenges on the Ukrainian economy; to offer recommendations on mitigating the negative manifestations of the current migration challenges for Ukraine. Methodology. In the process of writing the article, methods of scientific abstraction, observation, synthesis of generalization were used to distinguish key socio-economic factors influencing migration challenges. The information and analytical base for the study of migratory challenges is the monographic works of foreign and domestic economists devoted to international migration, materials and analytical reports of international organizations dealing with migration (International Organization for Migration, International Labor Organization, United Nations Population and Development Commission, World Bank and others), regulatory and statistical data of the state authorities of Ukraine, results of scientific research of the Institute of Demography and Social Research after M. V. Ptukha NASU, Internet resources. The practical significance of the scientific research is to clarify the migration challenges, their development trends and potential implications for the economic potential of Ukraine on the basis of macroeconomic indicators; the likely economic consequences of the introduction of a visafree regime for the European Union for Ukraine and the projected tendencies of migration challenges as proposed scenarios, indicating developers and prospects for forecasting.
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Crawley, Heaven. "Managing the Unmanageable? Understanding Europe's Response to the Migration ‘Crisis’." Human Geography 9, no. 2 (July 2016): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861600900202.
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More than 1 million people have crossed the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas since January 2015, arriving on the beaches of Southern Europe in dinghies and rickety boats, having paid a smuggler to facilitate their journey. Most are refugees from Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq, Eritrea, and Somalia who are fleeing conflict and violence. Others are migrants from West and Central Africa, seeking a livelihood and a future for themselves and their families. This paper will unpack the evolution of the European policy response, arguing that the migration ‘crisis’ is not a reflection of numbers – which pale into insignificance relative to the number of refugees in other countries outside Europe or to those moving in and out of Europe on tourist, student and work visas – but rather a crisis of political solidarity. After five emergency summits to agree a common response, EU politicians are still struggling to come to terms with the dynamics of migration to Europe, the complexity of motivations driving people forward, the role of different institutions, including governments, international organizations, NGOs and civil society, in facilitating the journey, and the ways in which social media is providing individuals and families with information about the options and possibilities that are, or are not, available to them. I suggest that the unwillingness of politicians and policymakers to engage with research evidence on the dynamics of migration and to harness their combined resources to address the consequences of conflict and underdevelopment elsewhere, speaks more strongly to the current state of the European Union than it does to the realities of contemporary migration.
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Shettima, Kole Ahmed. "Ecology, Identity, Developmentalism and Displacement in Northern Nigeria." Journal of Asian and African Studies 32, no. 1-2 (1997): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685217-90007282.
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While the Nigerian state, in association with multilateral institutions, seized the opportunity of the 1972-1974 drought and the resulting famine to introduce large scale mechanized irrigation schemes as "development" projects, the repercussions of such projects on the people so affected has been largely ignored. As the projects in Bakolori and Kano demonstrate, however, state intervention has had a negative impact and has led to massive displacement of communities. As a result, rural-urban migration has intensified with the consequence of increased social conflict, including the Maitatsine rising of the 1980s.
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McNally, Luke, and Sam P. Brown. "Building the microbiome in health and disease: niche construction and social conflict in bacteria." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1675 (August 19, 2015): 20140298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0298.
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Microbes collectively shape their environment in remarkable ways via the products of their metabolism. The diverse environmental impacts of macro-organisms have been collated and reviewed under the banner of ‘niche construction’. Here, we identify and review a series of broad and overlapping classes of bacterial niche construction, ranging from biofilm production to detoxification or release of toxins, enzymes, metabolites and viruses, and review their role in shaping microbiome composition, human health and disease. Some bacterial niche-constructing traits can be seen as extended phenotypes, where individuals actively tailor their environment to their benefit (and potentially to the benefit of others, generating social dilemmas). Other modifications can be viewed as non-adaptive by-products from a producer perspective, yet they may lead to remarkable within-host environmental changes. We illustrate how social evolution and niche construction perspectives offer complementary insights into the dynamics and consequences of these traits across distinct timescales. This review highlights that by understanding the coupled bacterial and biochemical dynamics in human health and disease we can better manage host health.
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Kraus, Artur, and Natalia Wojtas. "Labour Migration of Parents and Threats to Children and Youth." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14080377.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Labour migration is a global trend that shapes communities and economies around the world. Growing economic migration carries a specific threat to children and youth. Long-term consequences threaten life outcomes such as educational achievement, career development, mental and physical health. The study examined the problems of children from migrating families in educational institutions. It was also important to determine what assistance is provided to children from migrant families and what institutions support such families. The respondents were class tutors/educators who were teachers of educational institutions: 2317 respondents took part in the study, including 2044 women and 273 men. Significant differentiation of the respondents according to gender is mainly due to the feminization of the teaching profession in Poland. The results of the survey were analyzed with the chi-square test of independence. As a result of the research, threats to children and adolescents resulting from the economic migration of parents were diagnosed. In secondary schools, a decrease in attendance is observed (unexcused absences, truancy, being late). In lower secondary schools there are problems with school results and a decrease in motivation to learn. Educational institutions find it difficult to stay in contact with parents. In the youngest children (kindergartens, primary schools), emotional instability is observed due to the absence of parents in everyday contact. Educational institutions respond to diagnosed problems by providing support to students. In primary schools, students are provided with help in learning and students’ free time is organized. There are also activities aimed at providing additional nutrition. In lower secondary schools, as in secondary schools, support focuses more on motivational interviewing, mediation in conflict situations and psychological assistance. In order to solve problems and help students, educational institutions cooperate with the Psychological and Pedagogical Counselling Centre, the Social Welfare Centre and the Probation Officer.
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Borecka-Biernat, Danuta. "Cognitive and emotional determinants for destructive coping strategies by junior high school students in a social conflict situation." Polish Journal of Applied Psychology 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjap-2015-0048.
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Abstract My research purpose was to evaluate the contribution of self-evaluation, the locus of control and emotions in generating destructive coping strategies by junior high school students in a social conflict situation. I used the proprietary questionnaire to test adolescents’ coping strategies (KSMK), Self-evaluation Scale (SES) by M. Rosenberg, the Locus of Control Questionnaire (KBPK) by G. Krasowicz and A. Kurzyp-Wojnarska, and the Three-Factor Inventory of Personality States and Traits (TISCO) by C. Spielberger and K. Wrześniewski. Empirical studies were carried out in junior high schools in Wroclaw and the surrounding area. They involved 893 adolescents (468 girls and 425 boys) aged 13‒15. I stated in my research that low self-evaluation of a young man’s abilities, a strong conviction about the impact others have on positive or negative consequences of events and reacting with fear and anger co-exists with destructive adolescent coping strategies.
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Browne, Brendan Ciarán, and Casey Asprooth-Jackson. "From 1969 to 2018: Relocating historical narratives of displacement during ‘the Troubles’ through the European migrant crisis." Capital & Class 43, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309816818818085.
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From the outset of the Northern Ireland conflict, the internal displacement of civilians from across the sectarian divide became a familiar phenomenon for those seeking to escape inter-communal conflict. In 2018, the legacy of this displacement remains pronounced, with segregation and division a feature of the ‘post-conflict’ landscape. Despite the far-reaching consequence of displacement during the Troubles, there has been little or no consideration of the long-term impact of displacement, with the need for restitution for those who were forced to leave their homes absent from the literature on dealing with the past. It can be argued that as a result, those who were displaced will remain hidden or forgotten victims. In 2016, in response to the growing migration crisis emanating from the Syrian conflict, European countries, including Ireland north and south, were asked to open up borders and provide sanctuary for civilians who had been displaced as a result of violence. The crisis has, in turn, sharpened the potential for those interested in legacy issues surrounding ‘the Troubles’ to begin to reflect more critically on the issue of historical displacement during the Northern Irish conflict. This article will, through reference to the response to the Syrian refugee crisis, critique why the issue of restitution for displaced people during ‘the Troubles’ has not found prominence in the voluminous literature on dealing with the past.
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Oseev, A. A., and F. A. Dudueva. "The peculiarity of ethno-social relations in the Russian labor market: attitude towards immigrants in Russia (on the example of Moscow). Comparative analysis with countries of Western Europe." Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science 26, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 185–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.24290/1029-3736-2020-26-4-185-204.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In developing the topic of ongoing research and already published works, the article reveals the peculiarity of ethno-social conflicts on the labor market in Russia (for example, Moscow). The state of ethno-social conflicts in the labor market is analyzed from the perspective of the socio-psychological paradigm of conflict management (L. Coser, C. Wright, K. Lorenz, A. Kharitonov and others). It is shown that the problem of interethnic tension is quite relevant for today's Russia.The article shows the attitude of the local population of Moscow towards labor migrants (positive and negative consequences of migration), their attitude to the dynamics of labor migration, and to cases of negative attitudes towards labor migrants. The frequency, causes, spheres of life in which the respondent was a direct participant, and how to resolve them are shown. Reasons that divide people of different nationalities. A comparative analysis of attitudes towards immigrants in Russia, the UK, Germany and France is given.
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Hurley, Bryan P., Natecia L. Williams, and Beth A. McCormick. "Involvement of phospholipase A2 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-mediated PMN transepithelial migration." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 290, no. 4 (April 2006): L703—L709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00390.2005.
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Inflammation resulting from bacterial infection of the respiratory mucosal surface during pneumonia and cystic fibrosis contributes to pathology. A major consequence of the inflammatory response is recruitment of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) to the infected site. To reach the airway, PMNs must travel through several cellular and extracellular barriers, via the actions of multiple cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. Using a model of polarized lung epithelial cells (A549 or Calu-3) grown on Transwell filters and human PMNs, we have shown that Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces PMN migration across lung epithelial barriers. The process is mediated by epithelial production of the eicosanoid hepoxilin A3 (HXA3) in response to P. aeruginosa infection. HXA3 is a PMN chemoattractant metabolized from arachidonic acid (AA). Given that release of AA is believed to be the rate-limiting step in generating eicosanoids, we investigated whether P. aeruginosa infection of lung epithelial cells resulted in an increase in free AA. P. aeruginosa infection of A549 or Calu-3 monolayers resulted in a significant increase in [3H]AA released from prelabeled lung epithelial cells. This was partially inhibited by PLA2 inhibitors ONO-RS-082 and ACA as well as an inhibitor of diacylglycerol lipase. Both PLA2 inhibitors dramatically reduced P. aeruginosa-induced PMN transmigration, whereas the diacylglycerol lipase inhibitor had no effect. In addition, we observed that P. aeruginosa infection caused an increase in the phosphorylation of cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2), suggesting a mechanism whereby P. aeruginosa activates cPLA2 generating free AA that may be converted to HXA3, which is required for mediating PMN transmigration.
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Vukčević, Nemanja. "Geopolitical Aspect of Migration in the Post-Yugoslavian Chronotope: a Historical Sociology Approach." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 2020, no. 4 (January 12, 2021): 454–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2020-5-4-454-467.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Migration processes are complex phenomena. They are consequences of international political movements and power redistribution, which makes it possible to study them in their geopolitical aspect. The article contains a detailed review of historical sociology, substantiated by geopolitical examples from Ancient Rome, Byzantium, Ottoman Empire, World Wars I and II, etc., against the post-Yugoslavian chronotope. The research was based on the methods of historical sociology, as well on the principle of unity of logic and history. The author drew analogies between the abovementioned historical events and the contemporary migration crisis in post-Yugoslavian countries in order to forecast its possible outcome and prevent a social collision. The paper focuses mostly on the case of the Republic of Serbia. Migration management should take into account that history repeats itself: if certain conditions always produce the same result, it is only logical to expect this result next time the same conditions occur. In sociology, this approach remains poorly represented, even though it can produce reliable and long-term solutions in migration management, unlike short-term and superficial ad hoc measures. Previous decisions have led to the ghettoization of migrants, which threatens to escalate into a social conflict. Therefore, achievements of historical sociology can offer a new approach to this problem.
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Steenkamp, Christina. "The impact of tunnels on conflicts in the Middle East." International Affairs 98, no. 2 (March 2022): 689–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab230.
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Abstract The battlefields in the contemporary conflicts in the Middle East are multi-level conflicts. They take place in the air and on the ground, but an important and often overlooked dimension of these conflicts is found under the surface. This article recognizes the usefulness of political geography's ‘volumetric turn’ as it examines the use of tunnels in conflict, particularly in the post-2001 conflicts in the Middle East. It asks questions about who uses tunnels, for which purposes and about the impact of tunnels on conflicts. It proceeds to show how tunnels are used by a range of actors (including states, insurgents, civilians and organized crime groups) for various, often overlapping purposes (including offensive, defensive and smuggling/economic purposes). The article argues that tunnels impact on conflicts by benefiting the weaker side in asymmetrical warfare, by directly affecting states’ military strategy, by either generating or challenging political legitimacy and lastly, by becoming central to the economic survival of civilians in conflict. A greater recognition of the subterranean dimension of contemporary Middle Eastern conflicts will provide a more nuanced understanding of the duration, intensity and consequences of these wars.
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Acosta, A. C. "Mexico: COVID-19 – a lethal virus for the Aztec economy or a possibility of generating antibodies to underdevelopment?" Cuadernos Iberoamericanos 8, no. 1 (August 23, 2020): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/24093416-2020-8-1-75-83.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present article is devoted to the analysis of the effects o the COVID-19 pandemic on Mexico’s international relations and the feasible consequences that may be tracked in the short and medium term of Andrés Manuel López Obrador’s presidency. The current president’s rise to power in 2018 meant a paradigm shift in Mexican domestic policy and was perceived by the countries of the region as a possibility for Mexico to resume its multilateral ties with the rest of the Latin American continent. Mexico is immersed in the COVID-19 pandemic after the storm of the migration crisis that unleashed the Central American caravan between 2017 and 2018. Devaluation of Mexican peso and the drop of oil prices are also pre-existing problems that have been undermining development possibilities that Lopez Obrador set forth in his campaign. Despite discouraging forecasts of socioeconomic indicators in the region, the article highlights the possibilities open for Mexico as one of the largest economies on the continent: it may find the way out of the storm, which could become a genesis of modifications towards development. In order to explain Mexican performance in the face of the containment measures of 2020 four axes were chosen: migration; international trade; regional cooperation; foreign policy and Latin American integration. In addressing the aforementioned items, the author conducts an interdisciplinary analysis of the factors that converge harming the economic and social indicators due to the fragility exposed by the global Coronavirus situation. The author also suggests some tools that the country could apply to strengthen its regional positioning.
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Vorontsov, Vladimir Stepanovich, Alexander Valentinovich Martynenko, Olga Viktorovna Orlova, and Yuri Petrovich Shabaev. "PROBLEMS OF PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF MIGRATION BY THE POPULATION OF THE FINNO-UGRIC REPUBLICS OF RUSSIA (BASED ON MATERIALS FROM MARI EL, MORDOVIA, KOMI, UDMURTIA)." Yearbook of Finno-Ugric Studies 13, no. 4 (December 25, 2019): 653–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2224-9443-2019-13-4-653-663.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is an analysis of the results of sociological surveys conducted by its authors in Mari El, Mordovia, Komi, Udmurtia in the fall of 2018.The study was conducted according to the methodology of the Ethnological Monitoring and Early Warning Conflict Network of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and was aimed at identifying and assessing conflict and integration, the potential of the local population in the field of migration relations. On the whole, these polls revealed a rather high degree of tolerance of the residents of these republics towards migrants, including foreign workers from Central Asia. Manifestations of migrant phobia in figures and comments reflected the opinion of a smaller part of respondents, which, however, is a significant proportion. Respondents indicated both positive and negative aspects and consequences of labor migration. Most respondents are still inclined to consider migration as a positive phenomenon. As recommendations, it is necessary to indicate the need for further intensification and further improvement of measures aimed at helping to adapt and stimulating the process of integration of labor migrants of various ethnic groups into regional societies. Informing migrants about the cultural features of the “host country”, involving them in national and local events and holidays (City Day, Russia Day, various ethnocultural festivals) should be carried out more often, also, being more consistent and less formal is also favorable. In addition, do not underestimate the potential of traditional faiths that “patronize” migrants. In addition to the socio-economic context, the effective integration of migrants is an important incentive for cultural development and for the development of dialogue of cultures.
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Terepyshchyi, Serhii, and Glib Khomenko. "HIGHER EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT IN CONFLICT CONDITIONS: EVOLUTION FROM KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY TO UNDERSTANDING SOCIETY." Educational Discourse: collection of scientific papers, no. 19(1) (February 3, 2020): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33930/ed.2019.5007.19(1)-3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Peacebuilding in society is impossible without generating and implementing an effective higher education development strategy. Education representing the ideological and value principles of humanism, democracy, tolerance, dialogue is a powerful tool in the consolidation of a conflict society, its gradual transformation into a society of understanding. In this regard, the role of the teacher in peacebuilding cannot be overestimated. Unfortunately, most politicians prefer to finance short-term projects where certain material benefit can be obtained in a minimum period of time. This is probably one of the major strategic mistakes that can cause extremely negative consequences. In general terms, peace can be compared with a kind of humanitarian deposit that is long-term oriented. Its main dividend is the stable development of a society in which the confidence of individual citizens in each other acts as a metaphorical interest rate. That is, the greater the social trust within society, the greater the likelihood that war will not affect the territorial integrity of a particular state. The level of trust implies the support of state institutions of power from the side of ordinary citizens, as well as interpersonal trust in matters of religion, ethnic and valuebased differences. Universities should increase the level of trust within society, thus advocating as a means of conflict prevention acording to optimistic scenario or social rehabilitation acording to pesimictic scenario. However, public investment in its development should be steadily increased beside grant financial infusions.
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Williams, Christopher. "From a restricted to full linguistic space." Pragmatics and Society 4, no. 2 (June 18, 2013): 221–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.4.2.06wil.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study analyzes the long-term reasons why Udmurt occupies a restricted linguistic space in the post-Soviet state – the low status of Udmurt, due to Soviet language and other policies; urbanization; population shifts; myths and stereotypes about Udmurts; making Russian compulsory after 1938 – and the consequences of this for the fate of the Udmurt language today (relatively few native speakers). The central argument is that Udmurts have not overcome the Stalinist legacy, which led to the reversal of Lenin’s ‘affirmative action’ policy on non-Russian languages. This stems from the failure of the elites in the Udmurt Republic to pursue an ethnic mobilization strategy to promote the Udmurt language in contemporary Russia. Drawing upon language planning and ethnic policy elsewhere in Russia (Tatarstan) and in the UK (Wales), this article outlines ways to raise the status of Udmurt without generating inter-ethnic conflict, thereby creating a ‘space for all’.
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Snipes, Jeffrey B., Edward R. Maguire, and Xia Wang. "A Successive Threat Theory of Police Expenditures." Crime & Delinquency 66, no. 11 (April 3, 2019): 1507–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128719839360.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ethnic succession theory is concerned with the process and consequences of racial and ethnic migration into and out of cities. Minority threat theory is a branch of conflict theory that is concerned with the extent to which racial and ethnic minorities are perceived as threatening to the powerful. In this article, we propose a blend of these theories called successive threat theory which posits that racial and ethnic groups are perceived as threatening when they first move into a city, but as they assimilate, the perceived threat dissipates. The primary contribution of this theory is the previously undeveloped and untested notion that different minority groups may serve as threats in different time periods. Using time series analysis of annual data on Chicago from 1893 to 1965, we find support for the theory.
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Monteiro, Pedro Valadas. "Fisheries and Climate Change: Inevitability or Prophylaxis? Contributing to a Necessary Debate." Croatian Journal of Fisheries 74, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cjf-2016-0020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Climate changes constitute the greatest challenge of this century due to the modifications they cause in weather and environmental conditions, and thus affecting the social and economic dynamics at multiple levels. Because all invertebrates and fish used for human consumption are poikilotherms, they are very sensitive to modifications in the environment, namely temperature and levels of oxygen. Phenomena like temperature rising, acidification, ocean stratification and changes in salinity are already perceptible and susceptible of causing severe consequences in aquatic ecosystems. Falling productivity, species migration and localized extinctions, as well as conflict over the use of scarce resources and increased risks associated with more extreme climatic events are among the possible consequences. Increased climate variability justifies a focus on the design and promotion of strategies to control the inherent risk and increase the resilience of marine and freshwater systems that strongly affect the livelihoods of millions of human beings worldwide. A multidimensional and holistic concept for the sustainable management of maritime and marine resources is indissociable from the unequivocal evidence of climate changes. Raising awareness of public in general and ocean stakeholders for the relevance of the topic at hand are assumed as key dimensions with the present article.
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Leaning, Jennifer. "Enforced Displacement of Civilian Populations in War: A Potential New Element in Crimes against Humanity." International Criminal Law Review 11, no. 3 (2011): 445–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181211x576357.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractForced migration in war is known to arise from serious assaults on populations and is known to carry serious consequences for the people who move. In the context of international humanitarian law, forced migration is viewed as a survival strategy, a resort to flight in order to get out of the way of hostile action. The varieties of injuries associated with forced migration have been largely assigned to the category of unavoidable or difficult-to-mitigate collateral costs of armed conflict. It is argued in this paper that the phenomenon of forced migration in war constitutes, in itself, a serious violation of international humanitarian law. The agency of government or military command is behind the military or political action that provokes population flight; the short and long-term mortality and morbidity always associated with forced migration occurs disproportionately and indiscriminately to civilian non combatants; and the dissolution of identity, the assault on dignity, the destruction of personal and community records, and the sweeping loss of livelihoods occasioned by war-induced forced migration represent in themselves war crimes or on a grand scale crimes against humanity. This paper presents evidence to substantiate the claim that forced migration in war inflicts intense and extended suffering on civilian populations. Reference is made to Hague and Geneva law, the two international human rights covenants (ICCPR and ICESCR) and to the Refugee Convention to find elements of what should arguably be advanced as the constituent basis for defining forced migration in war as a distinct and independent crime in international criminal law. In much of international humanitarian law, empirically grounded recognition of a new class of grievous injuries or a new category of people to protect leads to an expansion of a preexisting framework (civilian protection) or an entirely new treaty or convention (cluster munitions). The suggestion made here is that forced migration in war be considered within that historical continuum—not as a prevalent and (largely) unavoidable process but as a newly recognised crime.
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O’Neill, Patrick R., Vani Kalyanaraman, and N. Gautam. "Subcellular optogenetic activation of Cdc42 controls local and distal signaling to drive immune cell migration." Molecular Biology of the Cell 27, no. 9 (May 2016): 1442–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e15-12-0832.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Migratory immune cells use intracellular signaling networks to generate and orient spatially polarized responses to extracellular cues. The monomeric G protein Cdc42 is believed to play an important role in controlling the polarized responses, but it has been difficult to determine directly the consequences of localized Cdc42 activation within an immune cell. Here we used subcellular optogenetics to determine how Cdc42 activation at one side of a cell affects both cell behavior and dynamic molecular responses throughout the cell. We found that localized Cdc42 activation is sufficient to generate polarized signaling and directional cell migration. The optically activated region becomes the leading edge of the cell, with Cdc42 activating Rac and generating membrane protrusions driven by the actin cytoskeleton. Cdc42 also exerts long-range effects that cause myosin accumulation at the opposite side of the cell and actomyosin-mediated retraction of the cell rear. This process requires the RhoA-activated kinase ROCK, suggesting that Cdc42 activation at one side of a cell triggers increased RhoA signaling at the opposite side. Our results demonstrate how dynamic, subcellular perturbation of an individual signaling protein can help to determine its role in controlling polarized cellular responses.
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Bakalchuk, Vladyslava. "Ethnopolitical challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic: international and national contexts." Grani 24, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/172125.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article considers the current ethno-political challenges caused by the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and the measures of the state to counter the spread of coronavirus infection. The analysis of humanitarian threats is carried out posed by the spread of the pandemic in the ethno-political sphere at the international and national levels. Attention is drawn to the growing vulnerability of certain ethnic and racial groups as a result of the pandemic, both from the coronavirus itself and from the socio-economic consequences of national governments' response to the pandemic. The aim of the article is to analyze the main ethno-political challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic at the international and national levels, as well as the priority goals of the policy to opposition the negative consequences of the spread of coronavirus in Ukraine.The article emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to the analysis of the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on "vulnerable" groups from minority communities, in particular – socio-economic factors that cause the spread of coronavirus infection in multicultural communities and reduce the effectiveness of government pandemic policies. Among the main challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic are the ethno-political consequences of the pandemic, which are the growing inequality of certain minority groups, discrimination and the conflict-generating potential of interethnic/racial relations within multicultural societies. The article emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to the analysis of the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on "vulnerable" groups from minority communities and the growing conflict potential of interethnic / racial relations within multicultural societies.The ethno-political factors of influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Ukrainian society, actual questions of formation and realization of the state policy in the ethnonational sphere concerning protection of vulnerable groups and counteraction to displays of interethnic intolerance are considered. The most vulnerable groups that have suffered the most from the socio-economic consequences of the pandemic and the forms of interethnic intolerance in Ukrainian society during this period have been identified. The article concludes that the effectiveness of the implemented anti-epidemic measures of national governments depends on the state policy in the ethno-political sphere. Also, the importance of further analysis and prevention of ethno-political challenges caused by the COVID-19 pandemic to preserve the domestic political stability of the state and develop an effective policy of preserving interethnic harmony in Ukraine is stated.
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Petrova, Kristina. "Natural hazards, internal migration and protests in Bangladesh." Journal of Peace Research 58, no. 1 (January 2021): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343320973741.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Does internal migration following natural hazards increase the likelihood of protests in migrant-receiving areas? To address the question, this study first looks at the extent to which experiencing different forms of natural hazards contributes to a household’s decision to leave their district of residence. In a second step, the article explores whether that internal migration flow increases the number of protest events in migrant-hosting districts. In doing so, it contributes to the existing debate on the extent to which natural hazards impact the likelihood of social contention, and the role of migration as a linking pathway in that relationship. The impact of climate-related shocks may erode household assets and therefore adaptive capacity in ways that can eventually influence decisions to migrate to larger urban centres. Although migrants are agents of economical and technological change, urban environments may impose challenges to recently arrived migrants and their host communities, affecting the motivations and mobilization resources of urban social groups to protest. As a consequence, the probability of urban unrest in these locations is expected to increase. To test this, I use geo-referenced household-level data from Bangladesh for the period 2010–15, which records households’ experiences of different forms of natural hazard and internal migration flows, available from the Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey. It combines this with data on protests, derived from the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data. Findings suggest that flood hazards in combination with loss of assets increase the likelihood of internal migration, but unlike other types of domestic mobility, hazard-related migration does not increase the frequency of protests in migrants’ districts of destination.
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Abdi, Fatima, Stephanie Bergren, Lisa Lanza, and XinQi Dong. "Intergenerational Conflict Among Asian Immigrant Families and Psychological Well-Being: Results from PIETY Study." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2907.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Research suggests that stress from migration and cultural adjustment may lead to intergenerational conflict (IC) within Asian immigrant families. Current research reports management of IC but fails to acknowledge the consequences it may have on offspring. The PIETY study, a longitudinal study of Chinese adult children (n = 547) in the greater Chicago area, aims to examine the relationship between IC and psychological wellbeing in children of Asian immigrant families. IC is assessed by the sum of items on conflicting opinions with parents based on finances, health, parenting, and lifestyle. Psychological wellbeing was measured by the Perceived Stress Scale with a cutoff value greater than or equal to 14, R-UCLA Loneliness Instrument scored on a binary scale, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) Anxiety Subscale with a cutoff value greater than or equal to 8. Logistic regression was conducted and controlled for age, gender, education, income, marital status, and household composition. Every one-point higher conflict with parents was associated with being 2.31 times more likely to experience stress for the adult child (OR: 2.31, 95% CI: 1.49-3.57, p<.001) and being 4.56 times more likely to experience loneliness (OR: 4.56, 95% CI: 2.79-7.43, p<.001). IC, however, had a nonsignificant positive association with anxiety in adult children. The association between IC and psychological wellbeing suggests that conflict is a result of complex factors, for which interventions could be developed to improve psychological wellbeing and resiliency in families who continue to navigate cultural changes in a foreign land.