Статті в журналах: "Confinement mechanism"

1

Suzuki, T. "Abelian Confinement Mechanism in QCD." Progress of Theoretical Physics 81, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 752–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptp.81.752.

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2

Chatterjee, Sourav. "A Probabilistic Mechanism for Quark Confinement." Communications in Mathematical Physics 385, no. 2 (April 15, 2021): 1007–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00220-021-04086-y.

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3

Bakker, B. "Central Dominance and the Confinement Mechanism." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 83-84, no. 1-3 (March 2000): 565–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(00)00314-5.

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4

Bakker, B. L. G., A. I. Veselov, and M. A. Zubkov. "Central dominance and the confinement mechanism." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 83-84 (April 2000): 565–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(00)91740-7.

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5

Tomboulis, E. T. "SO (3) monopoles as confinement mechanism." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 34 (April 1994): 192–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5632(94)90341-7.

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6

MAGPANTAY, JOSE A. "THE CONFINEMENT MECHANISM IN YANG–MILLS THEORY?" Modern Physics Letters A 14, no. 06 (February 28, 1999): 447–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773239900050x.

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Using the recently proposed nonlinear gauge condition [Formula: see text] we show the area law behavior of the Wilson loop and the linear dependence of the instantaneous gluon propagator. The field configurations responsible for confinement are those in the nonlinear sector of the gauge-fixing condition (the linear sector being the Coulomb gauge). The nonlinear sector is actually composed of "Gribov horizons" on the parallel surfaces ∂ · Aa=fa≠0. In this sector, the gauge field [Formula: see text] can be expressed in terms of fa and a new vector field [Formula: see text]. The effective dynamics of fa suggests nonperturbative effects. This was confirmed by showing that all spherically symmetric (in 4-D Euclidean) fa(x) are classical solutions and averaging these solutions using a Gaussian distribution (thereby treating these fields as random) lead to confinement. In essence the confinement mechanism is not quantum mechanical in nature but simply a statistical treatment of classical spherically symmetric fields on the "horizons" of ∂ · Aa=fa(x) surfaces.

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7

Raval, Haresh. "BRST symmetry as a mechanism for confinement." Physics Letters B 820 (September 2021): 136495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2021.136495.

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8

Maedan, S., Y. Matsubara, and T. Suzuki. "Abelian Confinement Mechanism and the QCD Vacuum." Progress of Theoretical Physics 84, no. 1 (July 1, 1990): 130–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptp/84.1.130.

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9

Ilgenfritz, Ernst-Michael, Harald Markum, Michael Müller-Preuß ker, Wolfgang Sakuler, and Stefan Thurner. "Towards a Topological Mechanism of Quark Confinement." Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement 131 (1998): 353–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptps.131.353.

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10

Shifman, M., and A. Yung. "Lessons from supersymmetry: "Instead-of-confinement" mechanism." International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no. 27 (October 28, 2014): 1430064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14300646.

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We review physical scenarios in different vacua of 𝒩 = 2 supersymmetric QCD deformed by the mass term μ for the adjoint matter. This deformation breaks supersymmetry down to 𝒩 = 1 and, at large μ, the theory flows to 𝒩 = 1 QCD. We focus on dynamical scenarios which can serve as prototypes of what we observe in real-world QCD. The so-called r = N vacuum is especially promising in this perspective. In this vacuum an "instead-of-confinement" phase was identified previously, which is qualitatively close to the conventional QCD confinement: the quarks and gauge bosons screened at weak coupling, at strong coupling evolve into monopole–antimonopole pairs confined by non-Abelian strings. We review genesis of this picture.

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11

Su-peng, Kou. "Parisi-Sourlas confinement mechanism of quantum chromodynamics." Chinese Physics 10, no. 5 (May 2001): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1009-1963/10/5/307.

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12

Pourbarat, M., and M. S. Shahrokhi-Dehkordi. "Matter Confinement Mechanism in de Sitter Brane." Reports on Mathematical Physics 74, no. 3 (December 2014): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4877(15)60007-6.

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13

Simonov, Yu A., and V. I. Shevchenko. "Confinement Mechanism in the Field Correlator Method." Advances in High Energy Physics 2009 (2009): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/873051.

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Анотація:

Confinement in QCD results from special properties of vacuum fluctuations of gluon fields. There are two numerically different scales, characterizing nonperturbative QCD vacuum dynamics: “small” one, corresponding to gluon condensate, critical temperature etc, which is about 0.1–0.3 GeV, and a “large” one, given by inverse confining string width, glueball and gluelump masses, and so forth, which is about 1.5–2.5 GeV. We discuss the origin of this hierarchy in a picture where confinement is ensured by quadratic colorelectric field correlators of the special type. These correlators, on the other hand, can be calculated via gluelump Green's function, whose dynamics is defined by the correlators themselves. In this way one obtains a self-consistent scheme, where string tension can be expressed in terms ofΛQCD.

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14

Kronfeld, A. S., G. Schierholz, and U. J. Wiese. "Topology and dynamics of the confinement mechanism." Nuclear Physics B 293 (January 1987): 461–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(87)90080-0.

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15

Arinstein, Arkadii. "Confinement mechanism of electrospun polymer nanofiber reinforcement." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 51, no. 9 (January 24, 2013): 756–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.23246.

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16

Issifu, Adamu, and Francisco A. Brito. "Confinement of Fermions in Tachyon Matter." Advances in High Energy Physics 2020 (April 25, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1852841.

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In this paper, we develop a phenomenological model inspired by QCD that mimics the QCD theory. We use the gauge theory in color dielectric medium (Gϕ) coupled with fermion fields to produce scalar and vector confinements in the chromoelectric flux tube scenario. The Abelian theory will be used to approximate the non-Abelian QCD theory in a consistent manner. We will calculate vector and scalar glueballs and compare the result to the existing simulation and experimental results and projections. The QCD-like vacuum associated with the model will be calculated and its behavior studied relative to changing quark masses. We will also comment on the relationship between tachyon condensation, dual Higgs mechanism, QCD monopole condensation, and their association with confinement. The behavior of the QCD string tension obtained from the vector potential of the model will be studied to establish vector dominance in confinement theories.

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17

GUENDELMAN, E. I., and I. KOROVER. "THE CONFINEMENT TERM." Modern Physics Letters A 25, no. 18 (June 14, 2010): 1499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732310033335.

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Motivated by arguments based on spontaneous breaking of scale invariance, a term of the form [Formula: see text] is introduced in the action of the gauge fields. For N<0 this leads to linear confinement, while for N>0, after appropriate regularization, this leads to the vanishing of the gauge fields beyond a critical length, i.e. to a different realization of confinement. A mechanism where two values of N can be connected is discussed.

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18

ALKOFER, REINHARD, CHRISTIAN S. FISCHER, and FELIPE J. LLANES-ESTRADA. "DYNAMICALLY INDUCED SCALAR QUARK CONFINEMENT." Modern Physics Letters A 23, no. 15 (May 20, 2008): 1105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773230802700x.

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We employ a functional approach to investigate the confinement problem in quenched Landau gauge QCD. We demonstrate analytically that a linear rising potential between massive quarks is generated by infrared singularities in the dressed quark–gluon vertex. The self-consistent mechanism that generates these singularities is driven by the scalar Dirac amplitudes of the full vertex and the quark propagator. These can only be present when chiral symmetry is broken. We have thus uncovered a novel mechanism that directly links chiral symmetry breaking with confinement.

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19

Isenberg, Philip A. "SPATIAL CONFINEMENT OF THEIBEXRIBBON: A DOMINANT TURBULENCE MECHANISM." Astrophysical Journal 787, no. 1 (May 6, 2014): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/787/1/76.

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20

Bakker, B. L. G., A. I. Veselov, and M. A. Zubkov. "Central dominance and the confinement mechanism in gluodynamics." Physics Letters B 471, no. 2-3 (December 1999): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0370-2693(99)01385-4.

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21

Suzumura, Y., and M. Tsuchiizu. "Mechanism of confinement in low-dimensional organic conductors." Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 62, no. 1-2 (January 2001): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3697(00)00107-4.

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22

Chakrabarty, Somenath, Sibaji Raha, and Bikash Sinha. "Strange quark matter and the mechanism of confinement." Physics Letters B 229, no. 1-2 (October 1989): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(89)90166-4.

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23

Cea, P., and L. Cosmai. "Dual superconductor mechanism of confinement on the lattice." Il Nuovo Cimento A 107, no. 4 (April 1994): 541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02768788.

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24

Cea, P., and L. Cosmai. "Lattice investigation of dual superconductor mechanism of confinement." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 30 (March 1993): 572–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5632(93)90276-c.

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25

Goncharov, Yuri P. "Quark Confinement Mechanism and the Scale Λ QCD". International Journal of Theoretical Physics 51, № 2 (7 вересня 2011): 428–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10773-011-0919-3.

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26

Meglis, I. L., P. M. Melanson, and I. J. Jordaan. "Microstructural change in ice: II. Creep behavior under triaxial stress conditions." Journal of Glaciology 45, no. 151 (1999): 438–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000001295.

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AbstractThis work investigates the deformation of ice under deviatoric stresses and confining pressures expected during ice–structure interaction. Granular ice was tested under a range of confining pressures (5–60 MPa) and deviatoric stresses (up to 25 MPa), with sample temperatures between –8° and –10°C. Samples were deformed to increasing end-levels of axial strain, and were thin-sectioned and photographed immediately following testing.At all confinement levels, the original texture of the sample is completely transformed within the first 10–15% strain, to a fine-grained matrix with a few larger, isolated grains. At low confinements, grain-size reduction is associated with extensive microcracking. At high confinements, few cracks are observed. Observations suggest that microcracking, melting and recrystallization are active at all levels of confinement, though the relative importance of each depends on the confinement, stress and accumulated strain.Deviatoric stress is a strong factor in controlling the creep, reflected in both the time required for the sample to reach accelerated creep and the tertiary creep rate itself. Two exceptions to this pattern were noted. First, some samples experienced strain localization and eventual rupture. These specimens tended to have higher creep rates even in the initial stages of strain. Second, prior damage resulted in rapid softening compared with the behavior of undamaged specimens. However, when strain rates are compared among all samples at a given level of cumulative axial strain, the creep behavior obeys a power law over the whole range of strain levels tested. Effective viscosity decreased from 107.8 to l06.4 MPa−n s within the first 10% strain, during which the most substantial microstructural changes occurred, and then stayed relatively stable. The stress exponent, n, remained within the range 4.0–4.6.The dominant deformation mechanism appears to depend strongly on confining pressure (cracking at low pressure and dynamic recrystallization at high pressure). Creep rates at high confinement appear to increase relative to those at intermediate confinement, but the influence of temperature must be addressed further.

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27

Meglis, I. L., P. M. Melanson, and I. J. Jordaan. "Microstructural change in ice: II. Creep behavior under triaxial stress conditions." Journal of Glaciology 45, no. 151 (1999): 438–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000001295.

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AbstractThis work investigates the deformation of ice under deviatoric stresses and confining pressures expected during ice–structure interaction. Granular ice was tested under a range of confining pressures (5–60 MPa) and deviatoric stresses (up to 25 MPa), with sample temperatures between –8° and –10°C. Samples were deformed to increasing end-levels of axial strain, and were thin-sectioned and photographed immediately following testing.At all confinement levels, the original texture of the sample is completely transformed within the first 10–15% strain, to a fine-grained matrix with a few larger, isolated grains. At low confinements, grain-size reduction is associated with extensive microcracking. At high confinements, few cracks are observed. Observations suggest that microcracking, melting and recrystallization are active at all levels of confinement, though the relative importance of each depends on the confinement, stress and accumulated strain.Deviatoric stress is a strong factor in controlling the creep, reflected in both the time required for the sample to reach accelerated creep and the tertiary creep rate itself. Two exceptions to this pattern were noted. First, some samples experienced strain localization and eventual rupture. These specimens tended to have higher creep ratesevenin the initial stages of strain. Second, prior damage resulted in rapid softening compared with the behavior of undamaged specimens. However, when strain rates are compared among all samples at a given level of cumulative axial strain, the creep behavior obeys a power law over the whole range of strain levels tested. Effective viscosity decreased from 107.8to l06.4MPa−ns within the first 10% strain, during which the most substantial microstructural changes occurred, and then stayed relatively stable. The stress exponent,n, remained within the range 4.0–4.6.The dominant deformation mechanism appears to depend strongly on confining pressure (cracking at low pressure and dynamic recrystallization at high pressure). Creep rates at high confinement appear to increase relative to those at intermediate confinement, but the influence of temperature must be addressed further.

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28

Zhang, Junwen, and Yulin Li. "Coal Strength Development with the Increase of Lateral Confinement." Energies 12, no. 3 (January 28, 2019): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030405.

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The high stress environment brings many challenges in underground coal mining. In order to address the strength behavior of coal under various confining stresses and hence shed light on coal pillar design optimization, compressive tests were conducted under the lateral confinement of 0–8.0 MPa, and the strength enhancement mechanism was studied from the grain scale using PFC modeling. The results show that the coal strength and cumulative axial strain at failure increased with the confinement, while the Young’s modulus of coal is independent of confinement. However, this confinement-dependent strength property can be significantly weakened by existing cracks. Compared to the significant increase in peak compressive stress, the crack initiation stress slightly increased with the confinement. The strength component mobilized with the confinement enhancement. In the early stage of loading, the high confinement restrained the development of microcracks, while in the later stage, it enhanced the frictional resistance strength component. The two mechanism shifted the compressive strength of coal together and the latter one contributed to the strength component mobilization. The coal showed three failure modes sequentially with the increase of confinement, namely axial splitting, mixed failure and shear failure mode. With regard to failure envelope, the Mohr-Coulomb, Hoek-Brown and S-shaped failure criteria can generally represent the confinement-dependent coal strength with R-square larger than 0.9. The confinement of rapid strength promotion section of S-shape failure envelope falls in a range of 1.5–3.0 MPa. This leads to the difficulty of S-shaped failure envelope justification due to the soft nature and heterogeneity of coal.

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29

Tabbara, Mazen, and Gebran Karam. "Parametric Investigation of the Effects of Localization and Slenderness on the Stress–Strain Response and Confinement Efficiency in FRP-Wrapped Concrete Cylinders." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (May 15, 2020): 3432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103432.

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In order to improve the efficiency of fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) confinement as a method to repair and strengthen concrete structures, a parametric analysis was carried out to investigate the effects of cylinder slenderness and the stiffness of the confinement on the localization pattern, the stress–strain response and the effectiveness of the confinement. FRP-wrapped concrete cylinders under axial compression were modeled in a high-resolution finite element model. Concrete was modeled as a Mohr–Coulomb material. The bi-linear stress–strain structural responses concur with published experimental data. Localization along discrete shear planes results in a failure mechanism that causes non-uniform hoop stresses in the FRP wrap due to the movement of solid wedges in the mechanism. A characteristic length for localization was identified and found in agreement with published experimental observations. The confinement efficiency shows a clear dependence on the confinement level and a weak dependence on slenderness above the characteristic length. A simple mechanistic model is proposed for the second branch of the bi-linear stress–strain response curve. The results of this study can be used to estimate the confinement efficiency factor and refine the design recommendations of Equation 12.1 of ACI 440.2R17.

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30

Shaing, K. C. "Confinement improvement mechanism in very high mode (VH mode)." Physics of Plasmas 1, no. 2 (February 1994): 219–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.870823.

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31

Feng, Sunqi, Dapeng Yu, Hongzhou Zhang, Zhigang Bai, Yu Ding, Qingling Hang, Yinghua Zou, and Jingjing Wang. "Growth mechanism and quantum confinement effect of silicon nanowires." Science in China Series A: Mathematics 42, no. 12 (December 1999): 1316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02876033.

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32

Zhang, Ying-Zhi. "A magnetic confinement nuclear fusion mechanism for solar flares." Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 20, no. 2 (March 2020): 026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4527/20/2/26.

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33

Anderson, K. R., and S. Mahalingam. "Numerical Study of Vortex/Flame Interaction in Actively Forced Confined Non-Premixed Jets." Journal of Heat Transfer 122, no. 2 (November 9, 1999): 376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.521475.

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Numerical simulations of coplanar reacting jets subjected to near wall confinement have been performed. The primary conclusion is that for a fixed level of heat release, the mechanism of baroclinic vorticity production increases with more severe wall confinement. [S0022-1481(00)00602-2]

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34

Pervushin, V. N., and Nguyen Suan Han. "Hadronization and confinement in quantum chromodynamics." Canadian Journal of Physics 69, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): 684–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p91-115.

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We discuss the consistency of the standard ideas of confinement with the recent phenomenological procedure of measurement of colour quantum numbers. We show that the scheme of quantization of gauge fields, most adequate for the covariant description of hadrons, also contains a confinement mechanism as a destructive interference of phase factors of topological degeneration.

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35

CHABAB, MOHAMED. "ON THE IMPLICATIONS OF A DILATON IN GAUGE THEORY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 22, no. 31 (December 20, 2007): 5717–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x07038955.

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Some recent work on the implications of a dilaton in 4 d gauge theories are revisited. In part I of this paper we see how an effective dilaton coupling to gauge kinetic term provides a simple attractive mechanism to generate confinement. In particular, we put emphasis on the derivation of confining analytical solutions and look into the problem how dilaton degrees of freedom modify Coulom potential and when a confining phase occurs. In part II, we solve the semi-relativistic wave equation, for Dick interquark potential using the Shifted l-expansion technique (SLET) in the heavy quarkonium sector. The results of this phenomenological analysis proves that these effective theories can be relevant to model quark confinement and may shed some light on confinement mechanism.

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36

KONISHI, KENICHI, and LEONARDO SPANU. "NON-ABELIAN VORTEX AND CONFINEMENT." International Journal of Modern Physics A 18, no. 02 (January 20, 2003): 249–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x03011492.

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We discuss general properties and possible types of magnetic vortices in non-Abelian gauge theories (we consider here G = SU (N), SO (N), USp (2N)) in the Higgs phase. The sources of such vortices carry "fractional" quantum numbers such as Zn charge (for SU (N)), but also full non-Abelian charges of the dual gauge group. If such a model emerges as an effective dual magnetic theory of the fundamental (electric) theory, the non-Abelian vortices can provide for the mechanism of quark confinement in the latter.

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37

Battogtokh, Dorjsuren, and John J. Tyson. "Nucleation of stem cell domains in a bistable activator–inhibitor model of the shoot apical meristem." Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science 32, no. 9 (September 2022): 093117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0093841.

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Shoot apical meristems (SAMs) give rise to all above-ground tissues of a plant. Expansion of meristematic tissue is derived from the growth and division of stem cells that reside in a central zone of the SAM. This reservoir of stem cells is maintained by expression of a transcription factor WUSCHEL that is responsible for the development of stem cells in the central zone. WUSCHEL expression is self-activating and downregulated by a signaling pathway initiated by CLAVATA proteins, which are upregulated by WUSCHEL. This classic activator–inhibitor network can generate localized patterns of WUSCHEL activity by a Turing instability provided certain constraints on reaction rates and diffusion constants of WUSCHEL and CLAVATA are satisfied, and most existing mathematical models of nucleation and confinement of stem cells in the SAM rely on Turing's mechanism. However, Turing patterns have certain properties that are inconsistent with observed patterns of stem cell differentiation in the SAM. As an alternative mechanism, we propose a model for stem cell confinement based on a bistable-switch in WUSCHEL–CLAVATA interactions. We study the bistable-switch mechanism for pattern formation in a spatially continuous domain and in a discrete cellularized tissue in the presence of a non-uniform field of a rapidly diffusing hormone. By comparing domain formation by Turing and bistable-switch mechanisms in these contexts, we show that bistable switching provides a superior account of nucleation and confinement of the stem cell domain under reasonable assumptions on reaction rates and diffusion constants.

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38

MAAS, AXEL. "GLUONS AT FINITE TEMPERATURE IN LANDAU GAUGE YANG–MILLS THEORY." Modern Physics Letters A 20, no. 24 (August 10, 2005): 1797–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732305018049.

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The infrared behavior of Yang–Mills theory at finite temperature provides access to the role of confinement. In this review recent results on this topic from lattice calculations and especially Dyson–Schwinger studies are discussed. These indicate persistence of a residual confinement even in the high-temperature phase. The confinement mechanism is very similar to the one in the vacuum for the chromomagnetic sector. In the chromoelectric sector screening occurs at the soft scale g2T, although not leading to a perturbative behavior.

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39

Kondo, Kei-Ichi. "Gauge-independent Higgs mechanism and the implications for quark confinement." EPJ Web of Conferences 137 (2017): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201713703009.

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40

Irimpan, Litty, V. P. N. Nampoori, and P. Radhakrishnan. "Visible luminescence mechanism in nano ZnO under weak confinement regime." Journal of Applied Physics 104, no. 11 (December 2008): 113112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3032897.

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41

Dittrich, Walter, and Holger Gies. "Analytical results for the confinement mechanism in three-dimensional QCD." Physical Review D 54, no. 12 (December 15, 1996): 7619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.54.7619.

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42

Wang, Mengen, Chen Zhou, Nusnin Akter, Wilfred T. Tysoe, J. Anibal Boscoboinik, and Deyu Lu. "Mechanism of the Accelerated Water Formation Reaction under Interfacial Confinement." ACS Catalysis 10, no. 11 (April 23, 2020): 6119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.9b05289.

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43

Pham, Thong M., Jim Youssed, Muhammad N. S. Hadi, and Tung M. Tran. "Effect of Different FRP Wrapping Arrangements on the Confinement Mechanism." Procedia Engineering 142 (2016): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.02.051.

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44

Benetti, Edmondo M., Chengjun Kang, Joydeb Mandal, Mohammad Divandari, and Nicholas D. Spencer. "Modulation of Surface-Initiated ATRP by Confinement: Mechanism and Applications." Macromolecules 50, no. 15 (July 19, 2017): 5711–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00919.

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45

Zheng, Zhixue, Yuan Di, and Yu-Shu Wu. "Nanopore Confinement Effect on the Phase Behavior of CO2/Hydrocarbons in Tight Oil Reservoirs considering Capillary Pressure, Fluid-Wall Interaction, and Molecule Adsorption." Geofluids 2021 (August 19, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2435930.

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The pore sizes in tight reservoirs are nanopores, where the phase behavior deviates significantly from that of bulk fluids in conventional reservoirs. The phase behavior for fluids in tight reservoirs is essential for a better understanding of the mechanics of fluid flow. A novel methodology is proposed to investigate the phase behavior of carbon dioxide (CO2)/hydrocarbons systems considering nanopore confinement. The phase equilibrium calculation is modified by coupling the Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR-EOS) with capillary pressure, fluid-wall interaction, and molecule adsorption. The proposed model has been validated with CMG-Winprop and experimental results with bulk and confined fluids. Subsequently, one case study for the Bakken tight oil reservoir was performed, and the results show that the reduction in the nanopore size causes noticeable difference in the phase envelope and the bubble point pressure is depressed due to nanopore confinement, which is conductive to enhance oil recovery with a higher possibility of achieving miscibility in miscible gas injection. As the pore size decreases, the interfacial tension (IFT) decreases whereas the capillary pressure increases obviously. Finally, the recovery mechanisms for CO2 injection are investigated in terms of minimum miscibility pressure (MMP), solution gas-oil ratio, oil volume expansion, viscosity reduction, extraction of lighter hydrocarbons, and molecular diffusion. Results indicate that nanopore confinement effect contributes to decrease MMP, which suppresses to 650 psi (65.9% smaller) as the pore size decreases to 2 nm, resulting in the suppression of the resistance of fluid transport. With the nanopore confinement effect, the CO2 solution gas-oil ratio and the oil formation volume factor of the oil increase with the decrease of pore size. In turn, the oil viscosity reduces as the pore size decreases. It indicates that considering the nanopore confinement effect, the amount of gas dissolved into crude oil increases, which will lead to the increase of the oil volume expansion and the decrease of the viscosity of crude oil. Besides, considering nanopore confinement effect seems to have a slightly reduced effect on extraction of lighter hydrocarbons. On the contrary, it causes an increase in the CO2 diffusion coefficient for liquid phase. Generally, the nanopore confinement appears to have a positive effect on the recovery mechanisms for CO2 injection in tight oil reservoirs. The developed novel model could provide a better understanding of confinement effect on the phase behavior of nanoscale porous media in tight reservoirs. The findings of this study can also help for better understanding of a flow mechanism of tight oil reservoirs especially in the case of CO2 injection for enhancing oil recovery.

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46

Schulson, E. M., D. E. Jones, and G. A. Kuehn. "The effect of confinement on the brittle compressive fracture of ice." Annals of Glaciology 15 (1991): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500009769.

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Granular, fresh-water ice was deformed at −40°C at 10−3s−1under confinement. Loading was applied such that confining stress, σ2and σ3, were equal to each other and proportional to the highest stress, σ1; i.e.σ2=σ3=Rσ1. Two regimes were evident. At lower confinement, the fracture stress, σ1f, increases markedly asRincreases. At higher confinement, σ1fincreases less sharply. The transition occurs at aboutR =0.15. Wing cracks were seen in the ice fractured within the low-Rregime. The data are analyzed in terms of the frictional crack sliding-wing crack mechanism of brittle compressive fracture.

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47

Feng, Xin, and Gangsheng Zhang. "New insights into the spatial confinement mechanism of nucleation of biogenic aragonite crystals from bivalve nacre." CrystEngComm 22, no. 40 (2020): 6596–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ce00867b.

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48

Bhadraiah, K., and V. Raghavan. "A numerical study of the effect of radial confinement on the characteristics of laminar co-flow methane–oxygen diffusion flames." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 225, no. 5 (April 28, 2011): 1213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041298310393446.

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A numerical investigation of the characteristics of laminar co-flow methane–oxygen diffusion flames has been carried out. The temperature and nitric oxide (NO) distributions in unconfined and partly confined flames are studied in detail. Radial confinements of different diameters and with a length of 150 times the fuel jet diameter have been considered to allow atmospheric nitrogen entry only from the top. A numerical model with a 43-step chemical kinetics mechanism and an optically thin radiation sub-model is employed to carry out simulations. The numerical model has been validated using the experimental data available in the literature. The effect of oxygen flowrate on temperature distributions is studied thoroughly. Confined flame extents are compared with the corresponding unconfined flame extents with the help of OH contours. The effect of confinement diameter on temperature and NO distributions is analysed in detail. At low oxygen flowrates, the extents of confined flames are higher than those of an unconfined flame. At a higher oxygen flowrate, the extent of unconfined flame becomes higher. The confined flames are in general hotter than the unconfined flames. However, at the highest oxygen flowrate and for an intermediate confinement diameter, the flame has the lowest maximum temperature. The amount of NO produced in confined flames is higher than the unconfined flames, due to air entrainment from the top of the confining tube, which increases the residence time for nitrogen transport and its oxidation. At the highest oxygen flowrate considered, numerical predictions show that for a given confinement length, there is an optimum confinement diameter which results in a minimum net production of NO among all the flames.

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Chamberlain, T. W., M. A. Lebedeva, W. Abuajwa, M. Suyetin, W. Lewis, E. Bichoutskaia, M. Schröder, and A. N. Khlobystov. "Switching intermolecular interactions by confinement in carbon nanotubes." Chemical Communications 51, no. 4 (2015): 648–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc08029g.

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Fu, Chengyin, Bryan M. Wong, Krassimir N. Bozhilov, and Juchen Guo. "Solid state lithiation–delithiation of sulphur in sub-nano confinement: a new concept for designing lithium–sulphur batteries." Chemical Science 7, no. 2 (2016): 1224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sc03419a.

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