Статті в журналах: "Condensing thermal power plants"

1

Milovanovic, Zdravko, and Svetlana Dumonjic-Milovanovic. "Reliability assessment of condensing thermal power plants." Tehnika 70, no. 1 (2015): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika1501086m.

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Shevyrev, Sergey, Aleksandr Bogomolov, Ksenia Vershinina, Timur Valiullin, Geniy Kuznetsov, and Sergey Lyrshchikov. "Peculiarities of using slurry fuels in thermal power plants." Thermal Science 23, no. 3 Part B (2019): 2047–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180724023s.

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The study regards the issues of increasing the thermodynamic efficiency of a typical condensing thermal power plant using coal-water and organic coal-water fuels as the main source. The attention is paid to the use of the phase transition heat of the water vapor of the flue gas. We have shown that it is possible to increase the power plant efficiency by about 3.7% (gross) relative to the base value (in the case of using pulverized coal). We propose to use the flue-gas desulfurization technology for creating fuel slurries in which a liquid incombustible base will be replaced, for example, with aqueous solutions of Ca(OH)2. This will create a closed water cycle, improve the efficiency of Sox flue gas purification and improve the performance of scrubbers.

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Khavanov, Pavel Aleksandrovich, and Anatoliy Sergeevich Chulenyov. "Autonomous solar plants for heat supply." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 4 (April 20, 2022): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2022i4pp99-102.

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Energy saving in small-scale thermal power engineering is aimed at increasing the efficiency of using fossil energy carriers, electricity and, possibly, their wider replacement with alternative sources in the housing and communal complex. The practical use of solar installations, both photovoltaic and directly water heating, has found widespread use, at the same time, the peculiarities of the introduction of these installations are due to the climatic and technical conditions of their use. For countries located in climatic zones with relatively cold climates, the development of water heating installations is most rational when they are used seasonally. The relatively low potential of the coolant, the frequency of heat supply in these installations, associated with the seasonality of their operation, time of day and weather, necessitate a number of technical solutions using additional equipment in the form of thermal energy accumulators, heat pumps and other equipment, which in any case must be combined with a traditional source of thermal energy operating on fossil fuels or electricity, performing the functions of both an additional and emergency source of thermal energy. Reserving the capacity of alternative energy sources is most efficient and least energy-consuming to carry out with heat sources using gaseous or degasified fuel. The use of electricity for the purposes of heat supply, with small capital investments, requires significant installed capacities of the heat source with a low coefficient of efficiency for primary fuel. In order to achieve the highest efficiency of energy use, thermal schemes of autonomous heat supply installations for objects using modern condensing boilers of low power and, together with them, various heat storage devices, providing year-round operation of equipment at heat supply facilities, are considered.

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Khavanov, Pavel Aleksandrovich, and Anatoliy Sergeevich Chulenyov. "Autonomous solar plants for heat supply." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 4 (April 20, 2022): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2022i4pp99-102.

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Energy saving in small-scale thermal power engineering is aimed at increasing the efficiency of using fossil energy carriers, electricity and, possibly, their wider replacement with alternative sources in the housing and communal complex. The practical use of solar installations, both photovoltaic and directly water heating, has found widespread use, at the same time, the peculiarities of the introduction of these installations are due to the climatic and technical conditions of their use. For countries located in climatic zones with relatively cold climates, the development of water heating installations is most rational when they are used seasonally. The relatively low potential of the coolant, the frequency of heat supply in these installations, associated with the seasonality of their operation, time of day and weather, necessitate a number of technical solutions using additional equipment in the form of thermal energy accumulators, heat pumps and other equipment, which in any case must be combined with a traditional source of thermal energy operating on fossil fuels or electricity, performing the functions of both an additional and emergency source of thermal energy. Reserving the capacity of alternative energy sources is most efficient and least energy-consuming to carry out with heat sources using gaseous or degasified fuel. The use of electricity for the purposes of heat supply, with small capital investments, requires significant installed capacities of the heat source with a low coefficient of efficiency for primary fuel. In order to achieve the highest efficiency of energy use, thermal schemes of autonomous heat supply installations for objects using modern condensing boilers of low power and, together with them, various heat storage devices, providing year-round operation of equipment at heat supply facilities, are considered.

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5

Sardalov, R. B., A. A. Elmurzaev, M. V. Debiev, and A. V. Khabatov. "Prospects for the development of traditional and unconventional energy in the Chechen Republic." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 23, no. 4 (October 13, 2021): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2021-23-4-134-144.

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THE PURPOSE. To carry out an analysis of increasing the efficiency of energy development in the Chechen Republic. On the basis of the current structure of the power supply system of the Chechen Republic, provide indicators of the deficit of consumed electric power, as well as the generation of electricity in the republic. Consider the state of renewable energy sources in the republic and the prospects for the development of energy related to their implementation. METHODS. The analysis of the development of traditional energy, which is given close attention, is carried out, based on the experience of other subjects of Russia and foreign countries. The question of the application of the methodology for the effective development of regional energy is considered.RESULTS. A direction for the development of the energy sector of the Chechen Republic is proposed, which should inevitably be associated with thermal power plants using the most modern and efficient cycle today - steam-gas plants (CCGT), which is based on a gas turbine unit running on natural gas, being the only power plant that in the condensing mode of operation, it can supply electricity with an efficiency of more than 58%. The analysis of industrial power consumption of the largest operating and promising energy-intensive enterprises and facilities of the republic is carried out. CONCLUSION. The introduction of gas turbine plants in the centers of thermal and electrical loads helps to increase the economic efficiency of power plants. It is proposed to carry out fundamental and applied research in the field of renewable energy.

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Sardalov, R. B., A. A. Elmurzaev, M. V. Debiev, and A. V. Khabatov. "Prospects for the development of traditional and unconventional energy in the Chechen Republic." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 23, no. 4 (October 13, 2021): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2021-23-4-134-144.

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THE PURPOSE. To carry out an analysis of increasing the efficiency of energy development in the Chechen Republic. On the basis of the current structure of the power supply system of the Chechen Republic, provide indicators of the deficit of consumed electric power, as well as the generation of electricity in the republic. Consider the state of renewable energy sources in the republic and the prospects for the development of energy related to their implementation. METHODS. The analysis of the development of traditional energy, which is given close attention, is carried out, based on the experience of other subjects of Russia and foreign countries. The question of the application of the methodology for the effective development of regional energy is considered.RESULTS. A direction for the development of the energy sector of the Chechen Republic is proposed, which should inevitably be associated with thermal power plants using the most modern and efficient cycle today - steam-gas plants (CCGT), which is based on a gas turbine unit running on natural gas, being the only power plant that in the condensing mode of operation, it can supply electricity with an efficiency of more than 58%. The analysis of industrial power consumption of the largest operating and promising energy-intensive enterprises and facilities of the republic is carried out. CONCLUSION. The introduction of gas turbine plants in the centers of thermal and electrical loads helps to increase the economic efficiency of power plants. It is proposed to carry out fundamental and applied research in the field of renewable energy.

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7

Ziębik, Andrzej, and Paweł Gładysz. "Optimal coefficient of the share of cogeneration in the district heating system cooperating with thermal storage." Archives of Thermodynamics 32, no. 3 (December 1, 2011): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10173-011-0014-4.

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Optimal coefficient of the share of cogeneration in the district heating system cooperating with thermal storage The paper presents the results of optimizing the coefficient of the share of cogeneration expressed by an empirical formula dedicated to designers, which will allow to determine the optimal value of the share of cogeneration in contemporary cogeneration systems with the thermal storages feeding the district heating systems. This formula bases on the algorithm of the choice of the optimal coefficient of the share of cogeneration in district heating systems with the thermal storage, taking into account additional benefits concerning the promotion of high-efficiency cogeneration and the decrease of the cost of CO2 emission thanks to cogeneration. The approach presented in this paper may be applicable both in combined heat and power (CHP) plants with back-pressure turbines and extraction-condensing turbines.

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8

Anutoiu, Sorina, Ion Dosa, and Dan Codrut Petrilean. "Steam turbine efficiency assessment, first step towards sustainable electricity production." MATEC Web of Conferences 342 (2021): 04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134204007.

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The main objective of actual energy policies around the world is the transition to renewable energy. EIA forecasts nearly 50% increase in world energy usage by 2050, which is hard to achieve using only renewable energy. For year 2019 the electricity production in EU relies mainly on conventional thermal (42.8 %) and nuclear energy sources (26.7%). The accelerated transition to electrical cars puts more pressure on energy producers. As a result, in order to match the ever-growing demand of electrical energy, the conventional thermal energy generation will play a key role, among them coal-based production. In order to meet the environmental goals and for sustainable production of electrical power, energy assessment of power production of coal-based power plants must be performed. The purpose of this paper is to perform an energy assessment of the electrical power production, focusing on a key component of this, the steam turbine. The performance characteristics of the turbine in condensing operation were determined. A proper efficiency of the turbine will have a significant impact on sustainable production of electricity.

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9

Nafliu, Ion Marius, Alexandra Raluca Grosu (Miron), Hussam Nadum Abdalraheem Al-Ani, Paul Constantin Albu, Gavril Gheorghievici, and Mihaela Emanuela Craciun. "Neutralization with Simultaneously Separation of Aluminum Ions from Condensate Water through Cellulose Derivatives-Capillary Polypropylene Composite Membranes." Materiale Plastice 56, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.19.2.5175.

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Environmental problems that arise from acidic water containing aluminum generated from condensing thermal power plants can be suitably solved using membrane processes. In this paper, simultaneous neutralization with aluminum ion separation, from acidic waters containing aluminum traces, through permeation with polypropylene with inclusions of cellulose derivatives (PP / CellD)capillary composite membranes is approached. Cellulose derivatives considered are: acetylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl 2 hydroxyethyl cellulose. The optimum working parameters for the best performance of composite membrane based on carboxymethylcellulose were determined: operating time and pH of the receiving phase. Simultaneously with the quantitative removal of the aluminum ions, it is obtained an almost neutral pH purified water, compatible with the natural waters in which it can be dispersed.

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10

Lakovic, Mirjana, Mladen Stojiljkovic, Slobodan Lakovic, Velimir Stefanovic, and Dejan Mitrovic. "Impact of the cold end operating conditions on energy efficiency of the steam power plants." Thermal Science 14, suppl. (2010): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci100415066l.

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The conventional steam power plant working under the Rankine Cycle and the steam condenser as a heat sink and the steam boiler as a heat source have the same importance for the power plant operating process. Energy efficiency of the coal fired power plant strongly depends on its turbine-condenser system operation mode. For the given thermal power plant configuration, cooling water temperature or/and flow rate change generate alterations in the condenser pressure. Those changes have great influence on the energy efficiency of the plant. This paper focuses on the influence of the cooling water temperature and flow rate on the condenser performance, and thus on the specific heat rate of the coal fired plant and its energy efficiency. Reference plant is working under turbine-follow mode with an open cycle cooling system. Analysis is done using thermodynamic theory, in order to define heat load dependence on the cooling water temperature and flow rate. Having these correlations, for given cooling water temperature it is possible to determine optimal flow rate of the cooling water in order to achieve an optimal condensing pressure, and thus, optimal energy efficiency of the plant. Obtained results could be used as useful guidelines in improving existing power plants performances and also in design of the new power plants. This article has been corrected. Link to the correction <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/TSCI151102198E">10.2298/TSCI151102198E</a>

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11

Hajduk, Tomasz. "Research of Deposit Accumulated on Heat Exchange Surfaces in the Light of Thermal Degradation of Heat Exchange Aparatus of Steam Power Plants Part I: Study of Real Sediments." Polish Maritime Research 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2018-0012.

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Abstract The presence of deposits on heat exchange surfaces in condensers and regenerative exchangers of ship and land steam power plants is always connected with the increase of the wall temperature on the water vapor side due to additional thermal resistances resulting from accumulated deposits. This increase always results in an increase in the condensing pressure, which results in the deterioration of the condensation process of the water vapor, leading to thermal degradation of a given heat exchanger. In addition, the resulting deposits form unevenness with a diversified, often stochastic, geometric structure of the surface layer surface, whose measure is most often the roughness parameters, describing the geometric structure of the surface. In addition, the increase in surface roughness of the heat transfer surface on the water vapor side promotes the formation of a thicker layer of condensate, thus worsening the organization of condensate runoff, which results in interference of the thermal degradation phenomenon of a given heat exchange apparatus. As a result, these phenomena lead to a reduction in the efficiency of a given thermal system, and thus entail an increase in the costs of energy conversion and consequently cause an increased degradation of the natural environment. In the article, based on the results of the author’s own experimental research, the types of pollution accumulating on heat exchange surfaces on the water vapor side of heat exchange apparatus in marine and land steam power plants and quantitative measures of the unevenness of the surface layer of these sediments are presented.

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12

Kornienko, Victoria, Mykola Radchenko, Roman Radchenko, Dmytro Konovalov, Andrii Andreev, and Maxim Pyrysunko. "Improving the efficiency of heat recovery circuits of cogeneration plants with combustion of water-fuel emulsions." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2020): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci200116154k.

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When using modern highly efficient internal combustion engines with lowered potential of exhaust heat the heat recovery systems receive increasing attention. The efficiency of combustion exhaust heat recovery at the low potential level can be enhanced by deep cooling the combustion products below a dew point temperature, which is practically the only possibility for reducing the temperature of boiler exhaust gas, while ensuring the reliability, environmental friendliness and economy of power plant. The aim of research is to investigate the influence of multiplicity of circulation and temperature difference at the exit of exhaust gas boiler heating surfaces, which values are varying as 20, 15, 10?C, on exhaust gas boiler characteristics. The calculations were performed to compare the constructive and thermal characteristics of the various waste heat recovery circuits and exhaust gas boiler of ship power plant. Their results showed that due to application of condensing heating surfaces in exhaust gas boiler the total heat capacity and steam capacity of exhaust gas boiler increases. The increase of exhaust gas boiler heat capacity is proportional to the growth of its overall dimensions. A direct-flow design of the boiler provides a significant increase in heat efficiency and decrease in dimensions. In addition, a direct-flow boiler circuit does not need steam separator, circulation pump, the capital cost of which is about half (or even more) of heating surface cost.

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Makisha, Nikolay, and Igor Gulshin. "Solid bio-fuel production at Moscow wastewater treatment plant." E3S Web of Conferences 207 (2020): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020702002.

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The article has an aim to describe experience of Moscow in the field of solid bio-fuel production at wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Brief assessment of solid biofuel production technology at biological treatment facilities of domestic and mixed sewage (wastewater sludge as a fuel resource) shows its significant potential from the economic, environmental and social points of view that will ensure the sustainable development of the area (cities, regions) of application. Solid biofuel production is a technological stage of sludge treatment at wastewater treatment plants aimed at reducing the sludge mass and changing their physical and mechanical properties for its further use at as a fuel component on condensing and thermal power plants or as alternative fuel for cement production and energy supplements for burning of solid domestic waste. The technology of solid biofuel production is based on removing moisture of wastewater sludge in drying machines. The solid fuel facilities capacity lies in the range of 1 to 130 tons per day, when the entire amount sludge is exposed to drying (effluent humidity of sludge is 10%), or 1 to 400 tons per day when the sludge is partially dried and afterwards is mixed with the initial sludge (effluent humidity of sludge is 40%).

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Siqueira, Abilio Teixeira de, Edson Bazzo, Pedro Lo Giudice, and Eduardo Burin. "Biomass cogeneration plants integrated into poultry slaughterhouses for reducing industry costs with energy." Acta Scientiarum. Technology 43 (February 26, 2021): e50967. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v43i1.50967.

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A technical and economic feasibility analysis was performed concerning biomass cogeneration to supply the thermal and electricity demands of poultry slaughterhouses. The analysis considers measured data referring to the annual energy consumption from an existing industry as well as the characteristics of equipment available in the Brazilian market. The cogeneration plant is equipped with a water tube steam generator and a condensing-extraction steam turbine in a Rankine cycle. Four different configurations were evaluated, including impulse and reaction turbines at two steam pressure/temperature levels (43 bar / 450 °C and 68 bar / 520 °C). A steady state full load operation is considered at cogeneration mode on the weekdays and at Rankine power plant mode on the weekends, when there is no process steam consumption. The technical analysis pointed out the reaction turbine at 68 bar / 520 ºC as the best alternative, leading to the highest overall efficiency. In addition, this plant configuration showed economic advantages represented by an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 21%, a Net Present Value (NPV) of US$ 10.93 million, and a payback time of 6 years, enabling a reduction on the industrial cost with energy in the slaughterhouse to 19 US$/ton of product (-30% in comparison to the base case). Finally, the calculated LCOE of 73 US$/MWh was lower than the current price of the electricity in the market, indicating potential economic feasibility of the proposed concept.

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Корниенко, Виктория Сергеевна, Роман Николаевич Радченко та Юрий Георгиевич Щербак. "СОКРАЩЕНИЕ ВЫБРОСОВ ДВИГАТЕЛЯ ВНУТРЕННЕГО СГОРАНИЯ ПРИ СЖИГАНИИ ВОДОТОПЛИВНЫХ ЭМУЛЬСИЙ C ИСПОЛЬЗАНИЕМ ЭФФЕКТА "МИКРОВЗРЫВОВ"". Aerospace technic and technology, № 7 (31 серпня 2019): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2019.7.12.

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The requirements of international organizations in the field of environmental protection, reduction of heat losses and thermal emissions from the burning of organic fuels, increasing the efficiency and reliability of operation both stationary and ship's power plants (SPP) acutely raise the question of the development of complex cleaning technologies. The study aims to develop a system for complex exhaust gas cleaning of the internal combustion engine (ICE). For performing tasks in the technology of the proposed method were envisaged 6 stages of a technological process. It was established that the primary and decisive factor for solving the tasks in development a complex system for improving environmental indicators, reducing corrosion and heat emissions is the organization of the water-fuel emulsion (WFE) combustion process in the ICE based on sulfur fuels with water content of about 30% and using the effect of "microexplosions" drops of water. The conducted experimental studies have shown that when WFE is burned with water content Wr = 30 %, an equimolar (or almost this) NO2: NO ratio necessary for activating the absorption properties of exhaust gases is created in gases. The results of studies have shown that under these conditions, passivation of the metal surface with a temperature below of dew point temperature of H2SO4 vapors takes place and therefore it becomes possible to significantly reduce the low-temperature corrosion of the condensation surface. This made it possible to install a low-temperature condensing heating surface with a surface temperature below the dew point of sulfuric acid vapor at the outlet of exhaust gas boiler after the ICE. Analysis of the experimental dates shows that: 1 m2 of condensing surface absorbs 3.4 mg/m3 of NOx and 0.89 mg/m3 of SO2, which makes it possible to decrease the NOx concentration by 1.55 times and SO2 - in 1.5 times. There is a process of precipitation of toxic solid ash and soot particles: from 150...170 mg/m3 (at the outlet of ICE when WFE is burnt with Wr = 30 %) to 70...90 mg/m3 after the condensing surface. Consumption of water with alkaline properties decreases when NOx, SO2, CO2 concentration is reduced in front of scrubbers. Reducing pollution of heating surfaces increases the cleaning period of EGB in 2.5 times. The developed complex system can be used to clean the ICE gases to the level recommended by IMO.

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Mikielewicz, Dariusz, Jan Wajs, and Elżbieta Żmuda. "Organic Rankine Cycle as Bottoming Cycle to a Combined Brayton and Clausius - Rankine Cycle." Key Engineering Materials 597 (December 2013): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.597.87.

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A preliminary evaluation has been made of a possibility of bottoming of a conventional Brayton cycle cooperating with the CHP power plant with the organic Rankine cycle installation. Such solution contributes to the possibility of annual operation of that power plant, except of operation only in periods when there is a demand for the heat. Additional benefit would be the fact that an optimized backpressure steam cycle has the advantage of a smaller pressure ratio and therefore a less complex turbine design with smaller final diameter. In addition, a lower superheating temperature is required compared to a condensing steam cycle with the same evaporation pressure. Bottoming ORCs have previously been considered by Chacartegui et al. for combined cycle power plants [ Their main conclusion was that challenges are for the development of this technology in medium and large scale power generation are the development of reliable axial vapour turbines for organic fluids. Another study was made by Angelino et al. to improve the performance of steam power stations [. This paper presents an enhanced approach, as it will be considered here that the ORC installation could be extra-heated with the bleed steam, a concept presented by the authors in [. In such way the efficiency of the bottoming cycle can be increased and an amount of electricity generated increases. A thermodynamic analysis and a comparative study of the cycle efficiency for a simplified steam cycle cooperating with ORC cycle will be presented. The most commonly used organic fluids will be considered, namely R245fa, R134a, toluene, and 2 silicone oils (MM and MDM). Working fluid selection and its application area is being discussed based on fluid properties. The thermal efficiency is mainly determined by the temperature level of the heat source and the condenser conditions. The influence of several process parameters such as turbine inlet and condenser temperature, turbine isentropic efficiency, vapour quality and pressure, use of a regenerator (ORC) will be presented. Finally, some general and economic considerations related to the choice between a steam cycle and ORC are discussed.

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Vodeniktov, A. D., V. G. Vlasenko, and N. D. Chichirova. "Improvement of efficiency of detecting vacuum leakages by using combined methods." Vestnik IGEU, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2021.3.013-021.

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Trouble-free operation of the main equipment of heat power plants is determined by the performance reliability of condensing units. High air density of the vacuum system provides cost-effective and reliable operation. One of the reasons that causes an increase of the exhaust steam pressure compared to the standard pressure, in addition to contamination of the condensers cooling surface, is the high amount of air inflow through vacuum system leakiness. Exceeding the amount of atmospheric air inflow into the vacuum system above the standard value, both reduces the available heat energy and make worse the deaeration capacity of the condenser. This results in saturation of the full-flow condensate with oxygen and intensification of corrosion processes. Various methods varying in both cost and efficiency are used to find air inflow location. Nowadays, the issue of choosing a method to detect even the most insignificant air inflow location of the vacuum system of a steam turbine remains open. In the current study, the authors have used the thermal-imaging method to detect air inflow location due to local hypocooling, and the ultrasonic method, which is based on the detection of ultrasound created by gas flows. The authors have proved the necessity to use several different in concept methods to find leakage locations in a vacuum system. It is established that traditional methods to find vacuum system leaks do not allow to eliminate excess leaks. In-service monitoring confirms 87 % reduction of the amount of vacuum leaks. The studies show high efficiency of sharing both thermal imaging and ultrasonic methods to detect air inflow location in a vacuum system. According to the operating conditions of the available equipment, as well as the personnel qualifications, the results obtained make it possible to choose the most optimal way in terms of financial and time expenses to find vacuum leakage location in the vacuum system of a steam turbine.

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Hromádka, Aleš, Martin Sirový, and Zbyněk Martínek. "Innovation in an Existing Backpressure Turbine for Ensure Better Sustainability and Flexible Operation." Energies 12, no. 14 (July 10, 2019): 2652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142652.

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Cogeneration power plants have already been operated in the Czech Republic for several decades. These cogeneration power plants have been mostly operated with original technologies. However, these original technologies have to be continuously innovated during the entire operation time. This paper is focused on one of the possible innovations, which could lead to better sustainability and improved flexibility of the cogeneration power plants. Backpressure turbines are still used in many cogeneration power plants. However, backpressure turbines are currently losing suitability for cogeneration power plants, because they always need sufficient heat demand for optimal operation. Backpressure turbines rapidly lose efficiency when facing a lack of heat demand, i.e., mostly in summer season. Currently, condensing turbines are a preferable option for cogeneration power plants, which generally achieve less effective operation, as condensing turbines are able to operate with optional heat demand. Therefore, backpressure turbines are often replaced by condensing turbines with regulated outputs. In spite of the current trend, this article will present an innovative topology, which retains the original backpressure turbine with the addition of the organic Rankine cycle for residual energy utilization.

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McGrail, B. P., J. J. Jenks, W. P. Abrams, R. K. Motkuri, N. R. Phillips, T. G. Veldman, and B. Q. Roberts. "A Non-condensing Thermal Compression Power Generation System." Energy Procedia 129 (September 2017): 1041–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.240.

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MOSTOVENKO, L. V., and E. A. RYZHNIKOVA. "ANALYSIS OF METHODS FOR CLEANING CONDENSATION PLANTS." Actual Issues Of Energy 3, no. 1 (2021): 019–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/2686-6935-2021-3-1-19-25.

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The purpose of this article is to analyze the literature sources for the study of the influence of biological deposits on the contamination of pipes of the condensing plant of JSC Nizhnevartovsk state district power plant and, as a result, to analyze cost-effective ways to improve the efficiency of the condensing plant. The objectives of the study are to choose the most energy-efficient method for cleaning capacitors. In conclusion, the conclusions about the methods of cleaning are presented.

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21

Schnatbaum, L. "Solar thermal power plants." European Physical Journal Special Topics 176, no. 1 (September 2009): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2009-01153-0.

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22

Chmielniak, Tadeusz, and Henryk Łukowicz. "Condensing power plant cycle — assessing possibilities of improving its efficiency." Archives of Thermodynamics 31, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10173-010-0017-6.

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Condensing power plant cycle — assessing possibilities of improving its efficiency This paper presents a method for assessing the degree of approaching the paper output of the Clausius-Rankine cycle to the Carnot cycle. The computations to illustrate its use were performed for parameters characteristic of the current state of development of condensing power plants as well as in accordance with predicted trends for their further enhancing. Moreover there are presented computations of energy dissipation in the machines and devices working in such a cycle.

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Yan, Xiaojin, and Yan Pan. "Performance analysis of heat accumulation of solar thermal generator units by computer numerical simulation." Thermal Science 24, no. 5 Part B (2020): 3279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci191129119y.

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The core carrier working substances of heat accumulation of solar thermal generator units are analyzed through computer numerical simulation analysis and simulation experiments, including the selection criteria of working substances, the mechanism of heat accumulation system, the correlation between power generation efficiency and the evaporation temperature of working substance, the correlation between the condensing temperature and condensing pressure of working substance, and the influence of working substance velocity on heat accumulation capacity. The results show that under the same radiation intensity, the greater the flow velocity of the working substance is, the worse the heat accumulation and heat conduction of the working substance is. As the condensing temperature of the working substance increases, the condensing pressure also increases. As the evaporation temperature of the working substance increases, the power generation efficiency of the working substance also increases significantly. In summary, the heat accumulation system based on the high efficiency working substances is vital for the normal operation of solar thermal generator units. Once the solar radiation intensity cannot meet the needs of power generation, the heat accumulation system will output previously-stored thermal energy. Meanwhile, its collection and release of thermal energy depend on the photovoltaic intensity. The constructed hot-oil working substance-based heat accumulation system satisfies the normal operation needs for thermal generator units, which is significant for subsequent research.

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24

Varganova, Aleksandra. "Thermal Power Model of Industrial Power Plants." Electrotechnical Systems and Complexes, no. 3(48) (September 28, 2020): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18503/2311-8318-2020-3(48)-11-16.

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25

KINCAY, OLCAY. "Thermal Power Plants in Turkey." Energy Sources 25, no. 2 (February 2003): 135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908310390142190.

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26

Artsiomenka, K. I. "Structural-and-Parametric Optimization of Automatic Control System for Power Units of 300 MW in Wide Range of Load Variations." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 62, no. 5 (October 4, 2019): 469–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2019-62-5-469-481.

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The structural-parametric optimization of the automatic control system for power units (ACSPU) of 300 MW of Lukoml’skaya GRES (Lukoml Local Condensing Power Plant) in the mode of both the permanent and the variable superheated steam pressure upstream of the turbine is under consideration. During 1974–1979, eight units of the Lukoml’skaya GRES implemented the ACSPU with a leading boiler power control. At the moment, these systems no longer meet all the frequency control quality requirements. In 2016, the daily schedule of electric loads of the Belarusian power system was as follows: the basic part of the schedule of electric loads was covered by combined heat and power plants (CHP) and by mini-CHP (which are the least maneuverable of the power plants), the semi-peak part of it–by local condensing power plants (Lukoml’skaya GRES and Berezovskaya GRES), the peak part–by import electric energy from neighboring power systems. However, this year the first unit of the Belorussian NPP will be put into operation, while the second one–in 2020. After the launch of the Belorussian NPP, it will cover basic part of load curve; CPPs will cover the semi-peak part, while the peak part of load curve will be covered by local condensing power plants. Correspondingly, due to the alteration of the structure of daily schedule of electric loads of the Belarusian power system, it is necessary to improve the efficiency of power units of Lukoml’skaya GRES as well as of the entire Lukoml’skaya GRES in general. This can be achieved with the help of the method of parametric optimization of the typical ACSPU proposed in the present paper. As a result, the quality of control of power and pressure upstream of the turbine will be improved; the flow of fuel will be reduced, as well as the turbine regulation valve displacement; environmental performance of entire power plant will be improved, too. The proposed technique has been confirmed by the results of computer simulation of transient processes in the automatic control system under external and internal disturbances.

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27

Mil’man, O. O., and P. A. Anan’ev. "Air-Cooled Condensing Units in Thermal Engineering (Review)." Thermal Engineering 67, no. 12 (December 2020): 872–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0040601520120058.

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28

Zharkov, Sergei, Valery Stennikov, Ivan Postnikov, and Andrei Penkovsky. "Combined power generationby thermal and wind power plants." Energy-Safety and Energy-Economy 3 (June 2017): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18635/2071-2219-2017-3-8-14.

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29

Moshkovskiy, V. E., and O. V. Demetska. "Occupational health at thermal power plants." Ukrainian Journal of Occupational Health 2013, no. 1 (March 29, 2013): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33573/ujoh2013.01.037.

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30

Balat, Mustafa, Havva Balat, and Neslihan Acici. "Thermal-Electricity Power Plants in Turkey." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 22, no. 5 (October 2004): 367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0144598043026437.

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31

Nakamura, H., Y. Toyota, M. Kushihashi, and M. Uchida. "Optimal Control of Thermal Power Plants." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 111, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3153082.

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Application of optimal control system to thermal power plants is introduced. The suggested system consists of the conventional PID controllers and the control computer. It has been successfully applied to five supercritical power plants in Kyushu Electric Power Company (Total output 2,700 MW) since 1978. In the system, system identification or state space representation of the plant is performed based on the AR (Autoregressive) model describing the system dynamics. The optimal controller is designed by the orthodox Dynamic Programming procedure under a quadratic criterion function. In the paper, the procedure of the controller design and the control performance of the system are described with some results obtained both in a power plant simulation model and in the actual plants.

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32

Aurora, C., L. Magni, R. Scattolini, P. Colombo, F. Pretolani, and G. Villa. "Predictive control of thermal Power Plants." International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control 14, no. 4 (January 29, 2004): 415–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rnc.890.

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33

Nakamura, H., and M. Uchida. "Optimal regulation for thermal power plants." IEEE Control Systems Magazine 9, no. 1 (January 1989): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/37.16748.

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34

Barda, O. Haluk, Joseph Dupuis, and Pierre Lencioni. "Multicriteria location of thermal power plants." European Journal of Operational Research 45, no. 2-3 (April 1990): 332–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(90)90197-j.

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35

Tumanovskii, A. G. "Ecological Problems of Thermal Power Plants." Power Technology and Engineering 39, no. 2 (March 2005): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10749-005-0032-y.

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36

Rączka, Paweł, and Kazimierz Wójs. "Methods of Thermal Calculations for a Condensing Waste-Heat Exchanger." Chemical and Process Engineering 35, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 447–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cpe-2014-0034.

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Abstract The paper presents the algorithms for a flue gas/water waste-heat exchanger with and without condensation of water vapour contained in flue gas with experimental validation of theoretical results. The algorithms were used for calculations of the area of a heat exchanger using waste heat from a pulverised brown coal fired steam boiler operating in a power unit with a capacity of 900 MWe. In calculation of the condensing part, the calculation results obtained with two algorithms were compared (Colburn-Hobler and VDI algorithms). The VDI algorithm allowed to take into account the condensation of water vapour for flue gas temperatures above the temperature of the water dew point. Thanks to this, it was possible to calculate more accurately the required heat transfer area, which resulted in its reduction by 19 %. In addition, the influence of the mass transfer on the heat transfer area was taken into account, which contributed to a further reduction in the calculated size of the heat exchanger - in total by 28% as compared with the Colburn-Hobler algorithm. The presented VDI algorithm was used to design a 312 kW pilot-scale condensing heat exchanger installed in PGE Belchatow power plant. Obtained experimental results are in a good agreement with calculated values.

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37

Lee, Beomjoon, Chul Woo Roh, Bong Soo Choi, Eunseok Wang, Ho-Sang Ra, Junhyun Cho, Jongjae Cho, Hyungki Shin, Jong Won Choi, and Gilbong Lee. "Experimental evaluations on the outdoor air-based methods for water saving and plume abatement of cooling tower." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 15, no. 3 (February 2, 2020): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctz078.

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Abstract Cooling towers are widely used not only for commercial and industrial purposes but also for cooling power plant. In Korea, coal-fired power plants and nuclear power plants are generally located on the coast, while most combined-power plants are located inland and use cooling towers to condense steam. The operation rate of power plants in Korea highly depends on government energy policies. In the future, it is expected that the need for cooling tower water for inland power plant will increase. Since power plant is one of the massive water-consuming facilities, methods for water saving of cooling tower should be prepared. Also, in the industrial sector, plume is constantly raising social conflicts between residents and manufactures. Basically, similar technologies can be applied to water saving and plume abatement. In this study, the performance of the condensing module (outdoor-air-condensing method) using outside air was tested first. This module has an advantage in that cooling heat source is not necessary. But an excessive increase of fan air volume is required. We tested a membrane-dehumidification method that selectively transfers water vapor by applying a membrane module. The results showed that membrane module required a large amount of energy to generate vapor pressure difference and it had a disadvantage in energy usage. Since the membrane method considered requires a high bypass airflow for higher dehumidification, it also has a disadvantage similar to that of the outdoor air module. Finally, the dehumidification/regeneration module (heat-pump method) gave the best performance in terms of water saving and plume abatement.

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38

Phuoc, Tran X., and Mehrdad Massoudi. "Using CO2 as a Cooling Fluid for Power Plants: A Novel Approach for CO2 Storage and Utilization." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 4974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11114974.

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To our knowledge, the potential use of CO2 as a heat-transmitting fluid for cooling applications in power plants has not been explored very extensively. In this paper, we conduct a theoretical analysis to explore the use of CO2 as the heat transmission fluid. We evaluate and compare the thermophysical properties of both dry air and CO2 and perform a simple analysis on a steam-condensing device where steam flows through one of the flow paths and the cooling fluid (CO2 or air) is expanded from a high-pressure container and flows through the other. Sample calculations are carried out for a saturated-vapor steam at 0.008 MPa and 41.5 °C with the mass flow rate of 0.01 kg/s. The pressure of the storage container ranges from 1 to 5 MPa, and its temperature is kept at 35 °C. The pressure of the cooling fluid (CO2 or dry air) is set at 0.1 MPa. With air as the heat-removing fluid, the steam exits the condensing device as a vapor-liquid steam of 53% to 10% vapor for the container pressure of 1 to 5 MPa. With CO2 as the heat-removing fluid, the steam exits the device still containing 44% and 7% vapor for the container pressure of 1 MPa and 2 MPa, respectively. For the container pressure of 3 MPa and higher, the steam exits the device as a single-phase saturated liquid. Thus, due to its excellent Joule–Thomson cooling effect and heat capacity, CO2 is a better fluid for power plant cooling applications. The condensing surface area is also estimated, and the results show that when CO2 is used, the condensing surface is 50% to 60% less than that when dry air is used. This leads to significant reductions in the condenser size and the capital costs. A rough estimate of the amount of CO2 that can be stored and utilized is also carried out for a steam power plant which operates with steam with a temperature of 540 °C (813 K) and a pressure of 10 MPa at the turbine inlet and saturated-vapor steam at 0.008 MPa at the turbine outlet. The results indicate that if CO2 is used as a cooling fluid, CO2 emitted from a 1000 MW power plant during a period of 250 days could be stored and utilized.

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39

Vannoni, Alberto, Alessandro Sorce, Sven Bosser, and Torsten Buddenberg. "Heat recovery from Combined Cycle Power Plants for Heat Pumps." E3S Web of Conferences 113 (2019): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911301011.

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Fossil fuel power plants, as combined cycle plants (CCGT), will increasingly have to shift their role from providing base-load power to providing fluctuating back-up power to control and stabilize the grid, but they also have to be able to run at the highest possible efficiency. Combined Heat and Power generation could be a smart solution to overcome the flexibility required to a modern power plant, this work investigates different layout possibilities allowing to increase the overall efficiency through the heat recover from the hot flue gasses after the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) of a CCGT. The flue gas (FG) cooling aims to recover not only the sensible heat but also the latent heat by condensing the water content. One possible solution couples a heat pump to the flue gas condenser in order to increase the temperature at which the recovered heat is supplied, moreover the evaluated layout has to comply with the requirement of a minimum temperature before entering the stack.

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40

Onea, Dumitru, and Mircea Cârdu. "Romanian power equipment for microhydroelectric and thermal power plants." Energy Conversion and Management 33, no. 9 (September 1992): 827–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-8904(92)90010-t.

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41

Elhaj, Mohamed A., Jamal S. Yassin, and Ali E. Hegaig. "Thermodynamic Feasibility of Cogeneration Gas/Steam Combined Cycle." Advanced Materials Research 658 (January 2013): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.658.425.

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This paper is to investigate the thermodynamic feasibility of cogeneration gas/steam combined cycle, in which a computer program, called “Cogeneration Design" has been developed using MATLAB (v7.8) for the analysis. In this cycle one can take advantage of the thermal energy to produce steam which can be used in some small and medium-sized factories such as dairy , juice, soap, paper factories, as well as in desalination plants and other industrial applications need hot water or steam. Here, the thermodynamic analysis is carried out according to three cases, (1)non condensing steam turbine, (2) condensing steam turbine, (3)extraction condensing steam turbine. The results obtained show a difference between the three studied cases, in which the overall efficiency is the highest for case (1), equal 52.82 %, then for case (3), equal 49.13 %, then for case (2), equal 45.31 %.

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42

Pan, Lisheng, Bing Li, Weixiu Shi, and Xiaolin Wei. "Optimization of the self-condensing CO2 transcritical power cycle using solar thermal energy." Applied Energy 253 (November 2019): 113608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113608.

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43

Müller-Steinhagen, Hans. "Concentrating solar thermal power." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 371, no. 1996 (August 13, 2013): 20110433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0433.

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In addition to wind and photovoltaic power, concentrating solar thermal power (CSP) will make a major contribution to electricity provision from renewable energies. Drawing on almost 30 years of operational experience in the multi-megawatt range, CSP is now a proven technology with a reliable cost and performance record. In conjunction with thermal energy storage, electricity can be provided according to demand. To date, solar thermal power plants with a total capacity of 1.3 GW are in operation worldwide, with an additional 2.3 GW under construction and 31.7 GW in advanced planning stage. Depending on the concentration factors, temperatures up to 1000 ° C can be reached to produce saturated or superheated steam for steam turbine cycles or compressed hot gas for gas turbine cycles. The heat rejected from these thermodynamic cycles can be used for sea water desalination, process heat and centralized provision of chilled water. While electricity generation from CSP plants is still more expensive than from wind turbines or photovoltaic panels, its independence from fluctuations and daily variation of wind speed and solar radiation provides it with a higher value. To become competitive with mid-load electricity from conventional power plants within the next 10–15 years, mass production of components, increased plant size and planning/operating experience will be accompanied by technological innovations. On 30 October 2009, a number of major industrial companies joined forces to establish the so-called DESERTEC Industry Initiative, which aims at providing by 2050 15 per cent of European electricity from renewable energy sources in North Africa, while at the same time securing energy, water, income and employment for this region. Solar thermal power plants are in the heart of this concept.

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44

Gershuni, A. N., Ye N. Pysmennyy, and A. P. Nishchik. "Enhancement of power efficiency of evaporating-condensing heat exchangers." Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 42, no. 1 (April 12, 2020): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.1.2020.4.

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The aspects of heat transfer in evaporating-condensing heat exchangers conditioning their thermophysical merits and advantages as regards routine heat transferring devices are determined and analyzed. It is shown that implementation of one of these aspects which is transformation of heat flux density in its transferring from “hot” medium to “cold” one by changing the ratio of the lengths of the evaporation and condensation zones of evaporating-condensing heat transferring elements (positioning of tube plate separating the channels with heat exchanging media) allows studying optimization of the said ratio in respect to getting the minimal thermal and aerodynamic resistances of evaporating-condensing heat exchangers. Thus, the concerned work on one of the parts of such study is aimed to derive the correlations for optimal ratio of evaporation and condensation zones in gas-to-gas heat exchangers based on vertical transversely finned tubular thermosiphons to spend the minimal power required to pump heat-exchanging media under the specified conditions of heat transfer. As an objective function of optimization the dimensionless ratio of transferred heat flux to the sum of the powers provided to pump the heat-exchanging media through the heat-exchanger channels is accepted. This ratio is called a factor of heat exchanger power efficiency. In the concerned study the functional dependence of dimensionless power efficiency factor of evaporating-condensing heat exchanger upon dimensionless ratio of the lengths of evaporation and condensation zones is derived. The performed extremum research of the dependence revealed that it has an extremum for an actual range of the determining parameters and this extremum is the maximum. The study resulted in an equation of optimal relationship between the zone lengths (the heights of the channels occupied by flowing heat-exchanging media) that corresponds to the maximal factor of power efficiency.

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45

Zhu, Yu, Qian Jun Li, Li Kun Zheng, and Yong Xin Fang. "Equivalent Enthalpy Drop Method with Application in a 330 Mw Double Pumping Cogeneration Unit and its Thermal Characteristics Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (November 2013): 802–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.802.

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It is quite convenient and flexible to adopt the equivalent enthalpy drop method, in order to analyze a thermal system. In this report, a 330MW cogeneration unit will be chosen, as a case in point, to provide quantitative calculation and qualitative analysis in both global and local aspects. According to our research, this cogeneration unit is designed to operate in a double pumping status. It has such properties as follows: Under 85%BMCR double pumping condition, its highest efficiency of power generation is obtained. In pure condensing conditions with around 70% load, the steam consumption rate reaches minimal level. The reason for this phenomenon lies in the maximal net equivalent enthalpy drop of new steam, although with 70% load, the power generation efficiency is much lower than that in rated pure condensing conditions.

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46

NOGUCHI, Yoshikazu. "NOx control technologies in thermal power plants." Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan 69, no. 2 (1990): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3775/jie.69.84.

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47

Richards, R. T. "Alternative Water Screening for Thermal Power Plants." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 114, no. 6 (June 1988): 578–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1988)114:6(578).

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48

Meaburn, A., and F. M. Hughes. "Feedforward Control of Solar Thermal Power Plants." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 119, no. 1 (February 1, 1997): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2871838.

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In recent years the problem of controlling the temperature of oil leaving an array of parabolic trough collectors has received much attention. The control schemes developed have in general utilized a feedback control loop combined with feedforward compensation. The majority of the published papers place the emphasis almost entirely on the design of the feedback control loop. Little or no attention has been paid to issues involved in the design of the feedforward controller. This paper seeks to redress this imbalance by concentrating upon the design and development of a feedforward controller for the ACUREX distributed solar collector field at the Plataforma Solar de Almeria. Different methods of combining feedback and feedforward will be assessed and experimental results will be presented in order to support any theoretical observations made.

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49

Rout, Ivan. "Thermal Analysis of Steam Turbine Power Plants." IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 7, no. 2 (2013): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1684-0722836.

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50

Nihalani, S. A., Y. Mishra, and J. Juremalani. "Emission Control Technologies for Thermal Power Plants." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 330 (March 2018): 012122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/330/1/012122.

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