Статті в журналах: "Concrete Permeability Measurement"

1

Perraton, Daniel, Alan Carter, Michel Vaillancourt, and Bruno Lavoie. "Perméabilité in situ du béton de peau, établie à partir de la percolation d'un gaz en régime d'écoulement permanent." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 29, no. 3 (June 1, 2002): 360–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-009.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

In an attempt to apply the concepts developed by Carman and Klinkenberg for the measurement of permeability of a porous media using a gas, a permeameter for the in-situ measurement of intrinsic permeability of skin concrete has been developed. The established technique allows concentration of gas percolation through a well-defined zone in the superficial layer of concrete. The instrument, the measurement method, and the calculation procedure are described in details in this paper. Several series of tests have been performed in laboratory on concrete blocks (300 × 300 × 400 mm) to simulate measurements on the construction site. Three types of concrete, with different porosity, have been tested. The measurement of permeability performed on the concrete blocks have been accomplished both on shaped surfaces, which are representative of skin concrete, and on sawed surfaces, which are representative of mass concrete. Results show that the relationship between the water/cement ratio and the permeability of skin concrete varies distinctively compared with that of mass concrete. The permeameter allows quantification of what has been for a long time qualified as a determining element in terms of the durability of concrete against the corrosion of reinforcement, that is, the distinct permeability of skin concrete from that of mass concrete.Key words: skin concrete, in-situ permeability, intrinsic permeability, apparent permeability, permeameter, Klinkenberg.[Journal translation]

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

2

Bhargava, A., and N. Banthia. "MEASUREMENT OF CONCRETE PERMEABILITY UNDER STRESS." Experimental Techniques 30, no. 5 (September 2006): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1567.2006.00082.x.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

3

Dobias, Daniel, Milan Kouril, Radka Novakova, Petr Pokorný, and Radka Pernicova. "Measurement of Chloride Permeability in UHPC by Accelerated Method." Solid State Phenomena 259 (May 2017): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.259.80.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The chloride permeability of concrete (UHPC) was evaluated by means of the Rapid chloride permeation test and and standard difusion test. The tests are different in the voltage applied for accelerating the transport through the concrete specimen. The permeability strongly depends on quality and curing time of the concrete.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

4

Ribeiro, A., V. dos Santos, D. T. Pagnussat, and R. N. Brandalise. "Assessment of a system for the prediction of water permeability coefficient in pervious concretes." Cerâmica 64, no. 372 (December 2018): 519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132018643722445.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Abstract Proposing a system which makes it possible to determine the water permeability coefficient in pervious concretes in a practical way, without the need of devices which require complex instrumentation, is one of the aims of this work. An experimental matrix was proposed for the evaluation of the measurement system of the coefficient of permeability into pervious concrete considering three different pervious concretes obtained from different aggregate granulometric sizes, under the condition of dry sample or water saturated. The pervious concretes were characterized by their void contents, mechanical properties and later compared with the properties of a reference, control concrete made up of coarse and fine aggregates. The different properties exhibited in this study were assessed aiming at validating the experimental matrix developed for pervious concretes to provide a basis for comparison with information available in the literature. As a noticeable result, it was evidenced that the permeability coefficient of 0.21 cm.s-1 obtained for concrete with aggregate dimensions of 2.4 to 9.5 mm. It is possible to measure the coefficient of permeability of pervious concrete with the system developed in this study; the obtained results agree with the description of ACI522-06 for pervious concretes.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

5

Stavař, Tomáš, and Michal Stehlík. "The Assessment of Durability of Fibre Concretes with Dense Aggregate and Concrete Recyclate from the Results of Permeability and Diffusion Tests." Advanced Materials Research 1100 (April 2015): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1100.106.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The mechanical and deformation characteristics of mass concrete are considerably improved by adding long structural fibres. This addition, however, does not always extend the durability of concrete. One of the key factors in the evaluation of durability of fibre concretes is the assessment of permeability of their surface layer using one of the non-destructive methods. In this research, three of these methods were used: two permeation methods with a gaseous medium, TORRENT and CO2 permeability method, and the British ISAT with a liquid medium, on the grounds of their simplicity of application and their possible combinability. The test results show that both TORRENT and ISAT methods can be used to assess the durability of both concrete and fibre concrete with dense aggregate. In the case of concrete containing concrete recyclate, however, the TORRENT method was not effective. Also the method of determining the permeability for CO2 was not suitable for the concrete with concrete recyclate. Even for other concretes this method was too complicated and too dependent on the marginal conditions of the measurement.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

6

Stehlík, Michal, Věra Heřmánková Věra Heřmánková, and Lubomír Vítek. "OPENING OF MICROCRACKS AND AIR PERMEABILITY IN CONCRETE." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 21, no. 2 (January 30, 2015): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2013.802721.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the suitability of the Torrent method of determining air permeability of concrete for an approximate assessment of damage to the surface layer of concrete caused by microcracks. The combined measurement of deformation and air permeability by means of Torrent method and of the width of microcracks on the tested concrete cubes during loading in the splitting tensile test contributed to the clarification of certain facts. The use of Torrent method seems to be more suitable in reinforced concretes where it is possible to anticipate a slower opening of cracks during the increase of load. In spite of that, the testing of these concretes is limited by the maximum dimensions of cracks, i.e. 0.075–0.1 mm in the width and 60 mm in the length. Exceeding these limit dimensions causes a massive decrease in vacuum and subsequent separation of the adhering bell of the Torrent tester.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

7

Chen, Lu-Ming, Jui-Wen Chen, Ting-Hao Chen, Timothy Lecher, and Paul Davidson. "Measurement of Permeability and Comparison of Pavements." Water 11, no. 3 (March 2, 2019): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030444.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Permeable pavements have the ability to reduce surface runoff by allowing water to infiltrate into the underlying soil. The potential of permeable pavements to assist in managing stormwater and improve water quality has gained attention as an option, other than conventional impermeable concrete for paving purposes. This study examined the permeability of three different pavement systems, including the JW Eco-technology pavement (JW), which has not previously been installed or studied in the U.S., standard impermeable concrete (IC), and pervious concrete (PC). Each pavement type was installed in triplicate. Devices based on the ASTM C1701/C1701M and ASTM C1781/C1781M constant-head methods, the National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) falling-head permeameter, and two new square frames, SF-4 and SF-9, modified to fit the JW pavement, were utilized for permeability measurement on several locations of each pavement system. The results showed that the JW Eco-technology pavement had comparable permeability to the commonly used PC pavement in each method used. In addition, there was a strong correlation between the permeability measurements of NCAT method and SF-4, and between the ASTM standard and SF-9. The square frames used in this study showed their effectiveness and efficiency in performing permeability measurements. It was also found that the permeability obtained had a pronounced difference in values between the falling head and the constant head methods, with an average ratio ranging from 4.08–6.36.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

8

Cui, Xinzhuang, Jiong Zhang, Na Zhang, Zhijun Gao, Wei Sui, and Cong Wong. "Improvement of Permeability Measurement Precision of Pervious Concrete." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 43, no. 4 (October 10, 2014): 20130176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte20130176.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

9

Claisse, P. A., E. Ganjian, and T. A. Adham. "In situ measurement of the intrinsic permeability of concrete." Magazine of Concrete Research 55, no. 2 (April 2003): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.2003.55.2.125.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

10

Claisse, P. A., E. Ganjian, and T. A. Adham. "In situ measurement of the intrinsic permeability of concrete." Magazine of Concrete Research 55, no. 2 (April 2003): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.55.2.125.37567.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

11

Abd El Fattah, Ahmed, Ibrahim Al-Duais, Kyle Riding, Michael Thomas, Salah Al-Dulaijan, and Mesfer Al-Zahrani. "Field Validation of Concrete Transport Property Measurement Methods." Materials 13, no. 5 (March 5, 2020): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051166.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Reinforcing steel corrosion, caused by chloride ingress into concrete, is the leading cause of reinforced concrete deterioration. One of the main findings in the literature for reducing chloride ingress is the improvement of the durability characteristics of concrete by the addition of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and/or chemical agents to concrete mixtures. In this study, standard ASTM tests—such as rapid chloride permeability (RCPT), bulk diffusion and sorptivity tests—were used to measure concrete properties such as porosity, sorptivity, salt diffusion, and permeability. Eight different mixtures, prepared with different SCMs and corrosion inhibitors, were tested. Apparent and effective chloride diffusion coefficients were calculated using bound chloride isotherms and time-dependent decrease in diffusion. Diffusion coefficients decreased with time, especially with the addition of SCMs and corrosion inhibitors. The apparent diffusion coefficient calculated using the error function was slightly lower than the effective diffusion coefficient; however, there was a linear trend between the two. The formation factor was found to correlate with the effective diffusion coefficient. The results of the laboratory tests were compared and benchmarked to their counterparts in the marine exposure site in the Arabian Gulf in order to identify laboratory key tests to predict concrete durability. The overall performance of concrete containing SCMs, especially fly ash, were the best among the other mixtures in the laboratory and the field.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

12

Kato, Masaji, Yoshitaka Nara, and Kazutoshi Shibuya. "Precise Permeability Measurement for High Strength and Ultra Low Permeability Concrete under Controlled Temperature." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 61, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 2134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.z-m2020846.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

13

KATO, Masaji, Yoshitaka NARA, and Kazutoshi SHIBUYA. "Precise Permeability Measurement for High Strength and Ultra Low Permeability Concrete under Controlled Temperature." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 69, no. 3 (March 15, 2020): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.69.263.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

14

Solomon, F., and S. O. Ekolu. "Modification in Cay Concrete Properties During Fluid Flow Permeability Measurement." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 96 (November 2, 2015): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/96/1/012020.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

15

Ptacek, Lisa, Alfred Strauss, Clémence Bos, Martin Peyerl, and Roberto Torrent. "Concrete Curing Performance Assessment Based on Gas Permeability Testing in the Lab and on Site." Sensors 22, no. 13 (June 21, 2022): 4672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22134672.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Durability is an essential aspect of the lifetime performance of concrete components. The adequate surface quality and thus the service life of concrete can be achieved, among other things, by appropriate curing during hydration. To measure and control the curing quality, appropriate procedures are required. Gas permeability allows conclusions to be drawn about the porosity of concrete, which has a significant impact on durability. In this contribution, the effect of different curing methods on gas permeability is presented with the help of laboratory and on-site tests, showing that inadequate curing leads to increased permeability in the near-surface area of concrete. The measurement results of concrete samples and components with the same composition but varying curing treatment are compared and evaluated. Influences such as concrete composition and environmental factors on the quality of concrete are observed, and recommendations are made for a reliable assessment of the surface quality as a result of the investigated curing measures.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

16

Fiedlerová, Michaela, Johannes Kirnbauer, and Heinrich Bruckner. "Permeability Measurement of High Performance Concrete at Elevated Temperature Employing a New Test Set-Up." Advanced Materials Research 1124 (September 2015): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1124.288.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This paper is focused on clarifying behaviour of concrete at elevated temperature with employing new test set-up constructed at Institute of Building Construction and Technology, Vienna University of Technology. This unique test set-up allows measuring gas permeability of different building materials such as concrete or ceramic at both high temperature (up to 400°C) and pressure (up to 6 bars). Present paper illustrates a new set up for permeability measurement during the heating and cooling and different testing procedures and evaluation of their influence on results.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

17

Romer, M. "Effect of moisture and concrete composition on the Torrent permeability measurement." Materials and Structures 38, no. 279 (April 12, 2005): 541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/14321.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

18

Romer, M. "Effect of moisture and concrete composition on the torrent permeability measurement." Materials and Structures 38, no. 5 (June 2005): 541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02479545.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

19

Wang, Xiao Ming, Yinghao Teo, Wing K. Chiu, and Greg Foliente. "Evaluation of Moisture Content in Concrete with Microwave." Key Engineering Materials 312 (June 2006): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.312.311.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Generally, any chemical or physical change in a material may cause variation in its permittivity and permeability. The propagation of microwave through the material can be affected by these variation in properties. The analysis of microwave propagation through materials may therefore provide a means for condition monitoring. This paper utilizes a one-dimensional scenario, demonstrating the feasibility to link measurable reflection and transmission coefficients of microwave to concrete permittivity and permeability, which are essentially associated with water content in concrete. As a result, water content can then be monitored through the measurement of these coefficients. The study also demonstrates the feasibility of using the same technique to estimate the thickness of the concrete that microwave propagates through.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

20

Tarhan, Yeşim, and Remzi Şahin. "EFFECT OF RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATE, AIR ENTRAINING ADMIXTURE AND MAXIMUM AGGREGATE PARTICLE SIZE ON THE BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE UNDER FREEZE-THAW CYCLES." Journal of Green Building 16, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 217–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.16.2.217.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

ABSTRACT This article presents freeze-thaw (F/T) resistance of concrete containing recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). RCA percentages of 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% were replaced by natural aggregate. Air entraining admixture (AEA) with three different ratios (0.06%, 0.13%, and 0.20%) were used and three different maximum aggregate particle sizes (dmax = 16 mm, 22.4 mm and 31.5 mm) were selected. F/T resistances of the concretes were determined through the measurement of scaling on the surfaces of the samples placed in 3% NaCl solution in pursuance of TS CEN/TS 12390-9. It was observed that the compressive strength of the concretes decreased by 20% on average compared to the control samples with the increase in the amount of RCA. However, it was determined from the experiments that the use of RCA increases the F/T resistances of the concretes as it provides extra voids in the concrete and decreases capillary permeability. Within the limits of this study, dmax = 22.4 mm, RCA = 45% and AEA = 0.13% are recommended as the optimum values for F/T resistance of the concrete. It is also recommended to use RCA in pavement applications including roadways, highways, parking facilities, and other non-structural concrete elements subjected to severe winter conditions.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

21

Ren, Zheng, Lian Zhen Xiao, and Wen Chong Shi. "Experimental Study and Numerical Analysis on Chloride Diffusion Coefficient of Concrete with Various Water-Cement Ratios." Key Engineering Materials 726 (January 2017): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.726.547.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

A rapid chloride ion diffusion coefficient measurement (RCM) was used in this study. The influence of water-cement ratios of 0.30, 0.35 and 0.40 at various ages (3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days) on chloride ion diffusion coefficient of the concretes and pastes was studied and analyzed. The results show that, with the increase of curing ages, the chloride ion diffusion coefficient of different water-cement ratio of each specimen is decreased. In the early age, the chloride ion diffusion coefficient of the paste with the water-cement ratio of 0.40 is 2~3 times of the paste with water-cement ratio of 0.30 and 0.35, and with the increase of curing age, this difference is gradually decreased. Additionally, the chloride ion diffusion coefficient of the cement paste is 1~2 times of the concrete with same water-cement ratio at different ages. Based on the actual experiment boundary conditions, the process of chloride ions diffusion and permeability was simulated by COMSOL software, and the simulation result was analyzed to predict the permeability of concrete.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

22

Hager, I., and T. Tracz. "The Impact of the Amount and Length of Fibrillated Polypropylene Fibres on the Properties of HPC Exposed to High Temperature / Wpływ Ilosci I Długosci Fibrylowanych Włókien Polipropylenowych Na Własciwosci Hpc Poddanego Działaniu Wysokiej Temperatury." Archives of Civil Engineering 56, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v.10169-010-0003-z.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Abstract This paper presents the results of research on high performance concretes (HPC) modified by the addition of polypropylene fibres (PP fibres). The scope of the research was the measurement of the residual transport properties of heated and recooled concretes: gas permeability and surface water absorption. Seven types of concrete modified with fibrillated PP fibres were tested. Three lengths: 6, 12 and 19 mm and three amounts of fibres: 0, 0.9 and 1.8 kg/m3 were used. The research programme was designed to determine which length of fibres, used in which minimum amount, will, after the fibres melt, permit the development of a connected network and pathway for gases and liquids.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

23

Hussin, Manal, Zhu Ge Yan, Frank Bullen, and Weena Lokuge. "Investigation of Some Fundamental Properties of Permeable Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 487 (March 2012): 869–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.487.869.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This paper presents the outcomes from a laboratory based research study undertaken to evaluate the fundamental properties of permeable concrete, including compressive strength, global and local strain, elastic modulus (stiffness), porosity and permeability. Six permeable concrete mixtures were made with constant water - cement ratio of 0.34, using different aggregate sizes and sand percentages. The compressive strength range was 15-35 MPa, while the permeability varied between 1.5 to 5.5mm/s and the porosity varied between 25 to 35 %. Two testing methods were used to measure the strain and modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the permeable concrete namely, platen-to-platen method and strain gauge method. Considerable difference was found between the MOEs obtained by the two methods. The MOE determined using the platen-to-platen method consistently were lower in value, which has been attributed to the softness of the capping components, the interface between the specimens and the platen and overall machine compliance. The pore characteristics and their distribution were seen to have an influence on the material responses such as material stiffness and strain. A comparison drawn between the axial strain obtained by the strain gauge measurement and that deduced from the platen-to-platen measurement was undertaken to evaluate the strain homogeneity along with possible detection of the localization phenomena.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

24

Čalogović, V. "Gas permeability measurement of porous materials (concrete) by time-variable pressure difference method." Cement and Concrete Research 25, no. 5 (July 1995): 1054–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(95)00100-q.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

25

El-Dieb, A. S., and R. D. Hooton. "Water-permeability measurement of high performance concrete using a high-pressure triaxial cell." Cement and Concrete Research 25, no. 6 (August 1995): 1199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(95)00112-p.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

26

Nicula, Liliana Maria, Ofelia Corbu, Mihai Iliescu, Andrei Victor Sandu, and Andreea Hegyi. "Study on the Durability of Road Concrete with Blast Furnace Slag Affected by the Corrosion Initiated by Chloride." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (January 13, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8851005.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

In order to assess the resistance of the road concrete to the penetration of the chloride ions, we used the rapid test RCPT in compliance with ASTM C1202. But, in order to increase the reliability of the rapid test of assessing the resistance of chloride ions’ permeability through measurements of the electrical conductivity, after finishing the RCPT test, we have also measured the depth of the chloride front migrating in the concrete. Road concrete mixtures were prepared in which blast furnace slag (GGBS) was incorporated as a binder and blast furnace slag (ABS) as crushed slag aggregate to the size of 0/4 mm. The effect of the blast furnace slag on the RCPT results was investigated and correlated with porosity trends, carbonatation layer depth, and with the compression strength values, by comparison with the level of results obtained on concrete mixtures made with conventional materials. The measurement of the migrated chlorine front in the concrete together with the determined physical and mechanical characteristics confirms the efficiency of the blast furnace slag incorporated in the concrete and supports the reliability of the rapid penetration test of chlorine ions RCPT using the procedure from ASTM C 1202.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

27

Kulovaná, Tereza, Pavla Rovnaníková, Zbyšek Pavlík, and Robert Černý. "Effect of Porosity on Mechanical and Hygric Properties of Concrete with Natural Pozzolan Addition." Advanced Materials Research 982 (July 2014): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.982.22.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Effect of porosity on mechanical and hygric properties of high performance concrete (HPC) with natural pozzolan as partial Portland cement replacement up to 40% is studied in the paper. The reference HPC mixture is researched as well in order to evaluate the influence of pozzolan usage on concrete performance. For the studied materials, measurement of compressive strength, sorptivity, apparent moisture diffusivity, and water vapor diffusion permeability is done. The obtained data shows that application of the pozzolan as partial cement replacement leads to increase of concrete porosity that is related to the lower mechanical strength and higher moisture transport properties. Therefore, the applied natural pozzolan has a potential to replace a part of Portland cement in concrete manufacturing but its content in concrete mixture has strict limitations.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

28

Cui, Xinzhuang, Jiong Zhang, Darhao Chen, Shucai Li, Qing Jin, Yingjie Zheng, and Sheqiang Cui. "Clogging of pervious concrete pile caused by soil piping: an approximate experimental study." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 55, no. 7 (July 2018): 999–1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2017-0238.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Due to their high permeability and high strength, pervious concrete piles (PCPs) can improve ground bearing capacity. However, clogging of pervious concrete in practice is a potential disadvantage. To investigate the clogging mechanism of PCPs due to sand piping, a series of laboratory simulation tests is conducted on a developed hydraulic conductivity test system. This testing demonstrates the effects of pervious concrete porosity, grading of fine movable particles, mix ratio of skeleton particles to movable particles, relative density of soil, and distance between PCPs on PCP clogging. The experimental test results show that the hydraulic conductivity of PCP decreases for approximately 70 min and then becomes relatively stable. In addition, it is observed that PCP clogging rarely occurs in cases of low pervious concrete porosity, small movable sand particle size, high sand relative density, and large pile distance. The results also show that measurement of electrical conductivity can be an alternative method of hydraulic conductivity measurement. Based on the test results, preliminary clogging models are proposed.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

29

Yashwanth, Hanumantharayappa, and Yasuhide Mochida. "Surface Quality of Actual Structure with Concrete Using Expansive Additives." Applied Mechanics and Materials 548-549 (April 2014): 1596–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.548-549.1596.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The performances of the concrete structure with expansive additives are studied in this research. These expansive additives have helped in reducing the generation of cracks and have showed improved durability. This research evaluates the performance of actual structures through reviews of existing techniques with air permeability, surface water absorption, measurement of distortion of the actual structure and building surveys. The upshot of shrinkage, the significance of restraint and service life in reinforcement is observed in actual structure using concrete with expansive additives. The methods was found that it has a relatively dense surface quality and durability of the concrete structure is said to have endurance level of the planning period.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

30

Józwiak-Niedźwiedzka, D. "Estimation of Chloride Migration Coefficient in Air-Entrained Concretes Containing Fluidized Bed Combustion Fly Ash / Ocena Współczynnika Migracji Jonów Chlorkowych W Betonach Zawierajacych Popiół Fluidalny." Archives of Civil Engineering 58, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v.10169-012-0002-3.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Abstract The objective of this investigation was comparing the penetration of chloride ions in ordinary and air-entrained concretes containing a waste material Fluidized Bed Combustion Fly Ash (FBCFA). All concretes were tested with 15% and 30% cement replacement by FBCFA, with the same water-binder ratio of 0.45. Two kinds of fly ash coming from fluid bed combustion in two power plants in Poland have been used.In this study the rapid chloride permeability test - Nordtest Method BUILD 492 method - was used. The microstructure of the concrete was analyzed on thin polished sections and the measurement of air voids sizes and their distribution, using digital image analysis, was carried on according to PN-EN 480-11:2008.Obtained results have shown a significant influence of partial cement replacement by FBCFA on the chloride ions movements in concrete. It has been found that this kind of addition reduced considerably the chloride ion penetration. The influence of air entrainment on the chloride diffusion coefficients was also measured and it was shown that application of air-entraining admixture for concretes with FBCFA reduce the chloride diffusion coefficient but it should be used with caution.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

31

Rajkumar, V. "Corrosion Resistance Performance of Ethylamines in Fly Ash Blended Cement Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 507 (January 2014): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.507.286.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The main aim of this investigation is to study the influence of monoethylamine, diethylamine and triethylamine inhibitors on the corrosion resistance performance of 25% fly ash blended cement concrete. These inhibitors were added in dosages of 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% by weight of cement and experimental investigations have been carried out to compare the effectiveness of these three inhibitors with regard to strength and corrosion resistance. The mechanical strength properties studied were compressive, split tensile, flexural and bond strengths. The resistance to corrosion was evaluated based on the performance of the concrete for the penetration of chloride ions by means of impressed voltage technique, Rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT), AC impedance measurement, and weight loss measurement and ultimately the most effective of the three inhibitors and its optimal dosage has been determined.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

32

Schneck, Ulrich. "Instant performance verification after electrochemical chloride extraction by enhanced corrosion testing." MATEC Web of Conferences 289 (2019): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928903009.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Electrochemical chloride extraction (ECE) is meant to re-establish the corrosion protection of concrete for the embedded reinforcement by removing chloride non-destructively and by enhancing the alkalinity of the rebar surrounding concrete. Both effects depend on various parameters, such as concrete cover, rebar spacing, chloride profile (especially if chloride ingress is deeper than the outside rebar layer) and concrete permeability. Often these parameters require long or multi-stage treatments, which basically can achieve any desired target level of chloride profile and impressed charge, but become a costly solution after a while. The acceptance criteria mentioned in CEN TS 14038-2 clause 8.6 refer to the achieved chloride content and to the amount of impressed charge, which are the conventional, easy measurable, but not direct parameters for evaluating the corrosion activity. A third parameter – the re-measurement of potentials for assessing (intended) low potential gradients and more positive average potentials – requires some weeks to months of depolarization and evaporation of water, before such a measurement can be applied successfully. A promising approach for an instant performance testing after an ECE treatment has been made on several occasions with follow-up measurements of electrolyte resistance, polarization resistance and corrosion current. Convincing changes towards significantly lower corrosion activity could be obtained (and compared to known classified values) – regardless of sometimes high residual chloride and very wet concrete. These data could be verified when re-assessed after some weeks, so enhanced corrosion measurements seem to be a useful tool for either establishing that the designed treatment time has been sufficient or to check on possible earlier termination of the treatment during a running ECE.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

33

Wägner, F., G. Schober, and H. Mörtel. "Measurement of the gas permeability of autoclaved aerated concrete in conjunction with its physical properties." Cement and Concrete Research 25, no. 8 (December 1995): 1621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(95)00157-3.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

34

Xiao, Lianzhen, Zheng Ren, Wenchong Shi, and Xiaosheng Wei. "Experimental study on chloride permeability in concrete by non-contact electrical resistivity measurement and RCM." Construction and Building Materials 123 (October 2016): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.110.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

35

Kayhanian, Masoud, Dane Anderson, John T. Harvey, David Jones, and Balasingam Muhunthan. "Permeability measurement and scan imaging to assess clogging of pervious concrete pavements in parking lots." Journal of Environmental Management 95, no. 1 (March 2012): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.09.021.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

36

Kim, Hyung-Mok, Yanick Lettry, Dong-Woo Ryu, and Won-Kyong Song. "Mock-up experiments on permeability measurement of concrete and construction joints for air tightness assessment." Materials and Structures 47, no. 1-2 (March 20, 2013): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0050-4.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

37

Zhang, Yi, Hui Li, Ahmed Abdelhady, and Jie Yang. "Comparative laboratory measurement of pervious concrete permeability using constant-head and falling-head permeameter methods." Construction and Building Materials 263 (December 2020): 120614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120614.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

38

Yee, See Khee, Sia Chee Kiong, and Zarar bin Mohd Jenu Mohd. "An Exploration to Develop Concrete Walls Using Mn_xZn_1-xFe₂O₄ Ferrite as Absorbing Material to Provide Defense against Electromagnetic Pollution." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 924–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.924.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Concern regarding the shielding effectiveness (SE) of building materials is gaining more response nowadays due to the awareness on the electromagnetic pollution (EMP) that is believed to results in disastrous consequence. A pure concrete inherently providing certain level of SE but it is not enough. Hence additional shielding and absorbing additives are added into the concrete. In this work MnxZn1-xFe2O4will be added into the pure concrete to enhance its SE performance. The effect of microstructure, compositions, grain sizes, homogeneity, mixture volume of the MnxZn1-xFe2O4will be considered for the optimization in this mixture. The key component to determine the SE of concrete is their electrical characteristic (relative permittivity and relative permeability). The parallel plate which is proposed previously will be used to determine the electrical characteristic of material and it will also be used for SE measurement.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

39

Yang, Sai, Jinlong Huang, Yawei Qin, and Xianguo Wu. "Evaluation of Concrete Durability Based on Cloud Model and D-S Evidence Theory." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2148, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2148/1/012054.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Abstract The environment in alpine region is complex and harsh, and the durability of concrete is seriously affected by freeze-thaw and salt invasion. In this paper, the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity, chloride permeability coefficient, mass loss rate and carbonation depth are selected as the evaluation indexes of concrete durability in Northeast China. Based on prior knowledge and expert group decision-making, the durability grade is divided and the evaluation standard is established; The evaluation model of concrete durability based on cloud model and D-S evidence theory is established. According to the engineering experimental data, the membership degree of concrete durability evaluation index in different grades is obtained through the correlation measurement of cloud model. The normalized evidence is formed and fused by D-S evidence theory. The results show that the durability grade of concrete is grade I, which is consistent with the actual project. It shows that using cloud model and evidence theory evaluation model to evaluate the durability of concrete is a new and effective method.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

40

Azarsa, Pejman, and Rishi Gupta. "Electrical Resistivity of Concrete for Durability Evaluation: A Review." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8453095.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Degradation processes in reinforced concrete structures that affect durability are partially controlled by transport of aggressive ions through the concrete microstructure. Ions are charged and the ability of concrete to hold out against transfer of ions greatly relies on its electrical resistivity. Hence, a connection could be expected between electrical resistivity of concrete and the deterioration processes such as increase in permeability and corrosion of embedded steel. Through this paper, an extensive literature review has been done to address relationship between concrete electrical resistivity and its certain durability characteristics. These durability characteristics include chloride diffusivity and corrosion of reinforcement as these have major influence on concrete degradation process. Overall, there exists an inverse or direct proportional correlation between these parameters. Evaluated results, from measuring the concrete electrical resistivity, can also be used as a great indicator to identify early age characteristics of fresh concrete and for evaluation of its properties, determination of moisture content, connectivity of the micropores, and even condition assessment of in-service structures. This paper also reviews and assesses research concerning the influential parameters such as environmental conditions and presence of steel rebar and cracks on measuring electrical resistivity of concrete. Moreover, concrete resistivity concept, application, and its various measurement techniques are introduced.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

41

GHAFOURI FARD, Zohra, Mohammad Mahdi KHABIRI, and Pouya AFKHAMI MEYBODI. "AN INNOVATIVE METHOD IN MEASURING PERMEABILITY AND EVAPORATION PARAMETERS IN POROUS PAVEMENTS WITH EMPHASIS ON ITS EFFECTS ON INCREASING URBAN TRANSPORT SAFETY." Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport 116 (September 1, 2022): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2022.116.8.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Today, the increasing development of urbanization and climate change and its resulting issues, including the occurrence of urban floods, is one of the important issues facing city managers. One of these problems that seriously affect lives today is the occurrence of floods and the inundation of urban thoroughfares. Among the problems of floods in urban areas are the disruption of the urban transportation system, reduced transportation safety, inundation of thoroughfares, and consequently, the poor appearance of urban roads. One of the successful strategies in controlling urban runoff is the use of porous pavements in urban thoroughfares. The two capabilities of permeability and evaporation of a porous pavement lead to reduced runoff and a resultant lack of occurrence of inundation of thoroughfares; therefore, accurate measurement of these two parameters is of special importance. This study aims to introduce two devices for measuring the permeability and evaporation of porous asphalt with an innovative method that can measure the permeability and evaporation of asphalt and porous concrete with appropriate accuracy.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

42

El-Dieb, A. S., and R. D. Hooton. "A high pressure triaxial cell with improved measurement sensitivity for saturated water permeability of high performance concrete." Cement and Concrete Research 24, no. 5 (1994): 854–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(94)90005-1.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

43

Pietrak, K., M. Krakowiak, and P. Łapka. "Experimental verification of conditions within the cups in the cup method of water vapor permeability measurement." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2423, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2423/1/012009.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Abstract Vapor transmission coefficients of building materials can be determined using the cup method, known from ASTM and ISO standards. The measurement principle is simple, but the method is known to be problematic. In this paper, problems concerning the discrepancy between assumed and real values of relative humidity inside the cups are investigated. This concerns especially dry cups, in which desiccants are expected to produce relative humidity close to 0%. Interestingly, there are studies which suggest a much greater value should be used. To verify these claims, experiments were conducted for cups filled with calcium chloride (CaCl2), and saturated aqueous solution of potassium nitride (KNO3), covered with hemp-lime concrete samples. The study confirms earlier reports of a discrepancy between actual and assumed values of relative humidity inside the cups and shows that they might introduce significant error in the measurement of water vapor transmission coefficients.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

44

Rajkumar, V., and R. Sundararajan. "Significance of Flyash in Producing Durable Eco-Friendly Concrete with Corrosion Inhibitor." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 4069–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.4069.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The production of Portland cement, the principal binder in concrete, is a major contributor for 6-8% of human generated green house gases that are involved in global warming and climate change. But when flyash, which is the residue from coal-fired power plants is used as partial replacement of cement in concrete, results in the reduction of environmental load and concrete production cost besides enhancing strength and protection of embedded steel in concrete from corrosive agents. This paper investigates the influence of 30% replacement of cement by flyash on the strength and corrosion resistive properties of concrete along with Triethanolamine as corrosion inhibiting admixture at the dosage of 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% by weight of cement. The specimens were tested for compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and bond strength. The resistance to corrosion is evaluated based on the performance of the concrete for the penetration of chloride ions by means of impressed current technique, half cell potential measurement and weight loss method. From the results obtained, it is found that flyash blended cement concrete increases the strength, reduces the permeability by the pozzolonic reaction, offers very good resistance against chemical attack and increases corrosion resistance with the addition of inhibitors.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

45

Geležiūnas, Valdemaras, Karolis Banionis, Valdas Paukštys, and Jurga Kumžienė. "Development of air tightness prediction method of masonry walls." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 05009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017205009.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Recently, the construction of external walls of various blocks, which are externally insulated with mineral wool thermal insulation layer, with ventilated air gap and external finishing (ventilated wall structures) is becoming popular for public and office buildings. These blocks are used without internal rendering because they have a good interior surface, stable dimensions, and various filling of masonry joints provide an attractive architectural appearance. This reduces the cost and duration of construction work, however, problems with airtightness of such walls often occur. The air can penetrate through blocks or their joints, and the thermal insulation and wind protection layer does not usually provide the required air tightness of the wall. Currently, there are no standard methods to predict the air tightness of such wall, in practice, samples of particular walls are produced and their air permeability is measured at the laboratories. This is a costly job, which is only suitable for a combination of particular building materials. For the broader use of results of laboratory air permeability measurements, a methodology has been developed to predict the air permeability of block masonry walls using experimentally determined air flow resistances of the individual layers. The masonry from blocks, made of ceramic, expanded clay and aerated concrete with various joints, were used for the research; mineral wool boards of various air permeability were used for thermal insulation and wind protection layer. After measuring the air resistance of masonry units, thermal insulation and wind protection boards, the air flow resistances of the walls of different construction were calculated. The comparison of calculated and measured air permeability of wall samples showed that in cases where the nature of air movement (laminar to turbulent) through a single material remains similar with the nature of air movement through the product incorporated in the structure, the calculation and measurement data differ no more than 12-15%. In structures with building products with very different air permeability properties, especially at high thicknesses of air permeable thermal insulation products, air movement parameters change occurs and calculated and measured results have larger differences.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

46

Bošnjak, Josipa, Joško Ožbolt, and Rolf Hahn. "Permeability measurement on high strength concrete without and with polypropylene fibers at elevated temperatures using a new test setup." Cement and Concrete Research 53 (November 2013): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.06.005.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

47

Yu, Jin, Yanyan Cai, Zhibo Qi, Yunfei Guan, Shiyu Liu, and Bingxiong Tu. "Analytical Analysis and Field Test Investigation of Consolidation for CCSG Pile Composite Foundation in Soft Clay." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2013 (2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/795962.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Low-grade concrete-cored sand-gravel (CCSG) pile composite foundation is a new kind of composite foundation for thick and soft clay ground treatment. An analytical solution was derived for calculating the consolidation process of this composite foundation by considering coefficients of horizontal permeability in smear zone, the radial flow within the sand-gravel shell, and the impervious property of concrete-cored pile. The results show that Terzaghi’s one-dimensional consolidation solution and the consolidation analytical solution of ordinary composite foundation were special cases of this solution. Curves of the average consolidation degree of the composite foundation under various nondimensional parameters were observed using the program based on the theoretical formula. Meanwhile, a series of in situ measurements including the settlement of pile and soil, the pore water pressure, and the total stress under embankment load were obtained on the CCSG pile composite foundation on a section of Zhenjiang-Liyang highway. The analyzed results show that the new style composite foundation patent technology has many advantages such as small differential postconstruction settlement (differential is not good, small is), reliable quality, high bearing capacity, and stability. And the consolidation of composite foundation is largely affected by the nondimensional parameters. The analytical solution is finally verified with the actual measurement data.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

48

Amri, Zubaidi, Abdullah Abdullah, and Syarizal Fonna. "PERBANDINGAN LAJU KOROSI PADA TULANGAN BETON BUSA NORMAL DAN BETON BUSA POZZOLAN." Jurnal Teknik Sipil 1, no. 4 (February 28, 2018): 885–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jts.v1i4.10049.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Abstract: Reinforced concrete foam is one alternative to replace conventional reinforced concrete on structural elements. This study aims to measure the The media immersion and variation of specific gravity (SG) is a variable of interest in this study. The specimen type used is Normal foamed concrete (BB) and pozzolan foamed concrete (BBP). The test specimens used were 8 x 8 x 50 cm, with single reinforcement Ø10 mm in it. Reinforced placement of the reinforcement so that the test specimen has a thickness of 4 cm concrete cover. The specimen was immersed in freshwater and artificial seawater in the form of a 3.5% sodium chloride solution. The measurements results using half-cell potential mapping (HCPM) technique described the highest corrosion risk location. At this location corrosion rate measurement performed using linear polarization resistance (LPR) method. The corrosion rate calculation result of normal foamed concrete SG 1,2, 1,4, 1,6 with NaCl 3.5% and fresh water immersion medium ranged from 0,621 mpy up to 0,854 mpy and 0,194 mpy up to 0,304 mpy. The corrosion rate value of pozzolan foamed concrete SG 1,2, 1,4,1,6 with 3.5% NaCl and fresh water immersion media ranges from 0,429 mpy up to 0,545 mpy and 0,072 mpy up to 0,120 mpy. The larger SG value of the foamed concrete specimen used, the less corrosion rate occurs. Corrosion behavior of pozzolan foamed concrete is better than normal foam concrete, this phenomenon occurs due to the effect of adding 10% pozzolan which causes better foamed concrete permeability, so that the resistance of concrete against corrosion increased. In general the corrosion rate of pozzolan foamed concrete in the freshwater environment and corrosive environment (artificial seawaters of NaCl 3.5%) is smaller than the corrosion rate of normal foamed concrete. Abstrak: Beton busa bertulang merupakan salah satu alternatif untuk menggantikan beton bertulang konvensional pada elemen struktural. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur laju korosi pada beton busa bertulang. Media rendaman dan variasi berat jenis (SG) merupakan variabel yang ditinjau dalam penelitian ini. Jenis benda uji yang digunakan berupa beton busa normal (BB) dan beton busa pozzolan (BBP). Benda uji yang digunakan berbentuk balok 8 x 8 x 50 cm, dengan tulangan tunggal Ø10 mm didalamnya. Dilakukan penempatan tulangan sehingga benda uji memiliki ketebalan selimut 4 cm. Benda uji direndam menggunakan air tawar dan air laut buatan berupa larutan Natrium Clorida 3,5%. Hasil pengukuran menggunakan teknik half-cell potential mapping (HCPM) menggambarkan lokasi yang memiliki resiko tertinggi terkorosi. Pada lokasi ini dilakukan pengukuran laju korosi dengan menggunakan metode linear polarization resistance (LPR). Hasil perhitungan laju korosi pada beton busa normal SG 1,2 sampai 1,6 dengan media rendaman larutan NaCl 3,5% dan air tawar berkisar antara 0,621 mpy sampai dengan 0,854 mpy dan 0,194 mpy sampai dengan 0,304 mpy. Nilai laju korosi pada beton busa pozzolan SG 1,2, 1,4, 1,6 dengan media rendaman NaCl 3,5% dan air tawar berkisar antara 0,429 mpy sampai dengan 0,545 mpy dan 0,072 mpy sampai dengan 0,120 mpy. Semakin besar nilai SG benda uji beton busa yang digunakan, maka laju korosi yang terjadi semakin kecil. Perilaku korosi beton busa pozzolan lebih baik dari pada beton busa normal, fenomena ini terjadi akibat pengaruh penambahan 10% pozzolan yang menyebabkan permeabilitas beton busa semakin baik sehingga ketahan beton terhadap korosipun semakin meningkat. Secara umum laju korosi pada beton busa pozzolan dilingkungan air tawar dan lingkungan korosif (air laut buatan NaCl 3,5%) lebih kecil dibandingkan laju korosi beton busa normal.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

49

KURASHIGE, Isao, Kazuo YAMADA, and Shoichi OGAWA. "FEASIBILITY STUDY ON QUALITY VERIFICATION OF CASTED CONCRETE USING NONDESTRUCTIVE AIR PERMEABILITY TEST AND ELECTRIC RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENT TOWARD RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED WASTE DISPOSAL." Cement Science and Concrete Technology 69, no. 1 (2015): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14250/cement.69.287.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

50

Kim, Hyung-Mok, Yanick Lettry, Dohyun Park, Dong-Woo Ryu, Byung-Hee Choi, and Won-Kyong Song. "Field evaluation of permeability of concrete linings and rock masses around underground lined rock caverns by a novel in-situ measurement system." Engineering Geology 137-138 (June 2012): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.03.013.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

Статті в журналах з теми "Concrete Permeability Measurement"

Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями