Дисертації з теми "Conception écologique"
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Dauguet, Benoît. "La compensation écologique : conception, inscription et institution de l'équivalence écologique." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0034.
In France, since 1976, the impact assessment of development plans must include measures to avoid, minimise and, if possible, offset adverse impacts. This regulation remained unimplemented untill the 1990’s but became the norm with the Grenelle de l’environnement. Built according to the mitigation hierarchy, this regulation relies on the principle of « no net loss of biodiversity » and aims for an ecological equivalence. Several research studies on offset design already extist and concern mainly the accounting models and institutional arrangements. This thesis focuses on practices, i.e. on the work accomplished by those who make the environmental assessment, who review the offseting plan and who finally implement the offsets.This research is based on an ethnographic study of assessment and counter-assessment all along the regulatory pocess. This thesis is built on three questions : how are ecological equivalence and offset measures produced ? ; how do they both become a social reality ? ; what are the physical and conceptual conditions to implement biodiversity offsetting ? These issues aim to point out what makes this regulation possible despite it being subject to numerous contradictions and challenge.The central assumption of this thesis is that the form of the regulation (its institutional arrangements, the assessment models, the practices one can observe) results from the attempt to solve its contradictions. The main conclusion the research leads to is that biodiversity offset produces not only environmental assessments and offset measures, but also its own conditions of development, the physical and conceptual substrate on which it can exist and spread
Berthet, Elsa. "Contribution à une théorie de la conception des agro-écosystèmes : Fonds écologique et inconnu commun." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00874630.
Liron, Romain. "Approche écologique dans la conception d’outils cognitifs dans le domaine administratif : application à l’artisanat du bâtiment." Thesis, Lorient, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORIL391/document.
This work adopts the cognitive engineering framework for the design and evaluation of cognitive tools interfaces in the administrative handicraft field. This framework relies on an ecological approach of work systems. The objectives of this work were twofold. First, it consisted in showing the heuristic value of the ecological approach. Second, we aimed at proposing a user interface for a mobile digital cognitive tool assisting administrative tasks. More precisely, we proposed to consolidate the work domain analysis framework by considering some of the more complex characteristics to model, that is to say recursion and the ethical dimension. Afterwards, we tested a recent method named “Turing Machine Task Analysis” to validate and verify the work domain model. We also proposed a new verification and validation method for work domain model, named “viewpoints method”. Based on a modeling of the administrative handicraft domain, we tested several user interface mockups for a cognitive tool. This experiment permitted us to measure the degree of application of the Ecological Interface Design principles. Finally, we proposed and tested a final mockup for craftsmen
Camachon, Cyril. "Vers une conception écologique de l'apprentissage perceptivo-moteur : L'exemple des déplacements locomoteurs finalisés en réalité virtuelle." Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX22091.
Leger-Smith, Fanny-Anaïs. "ÉVOLUTION DES PRATIQUES DES PAYSAGISTES FACE AUX ENJEUX ÉCOLOGIQUES DE LA CONCEPTION URBAINE." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01023261.
Gascon, Emilie. "Conception par l'opportunité pour des villes éco-résilientes aux inondations." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLD002/document.
In recognition of the limits of the possibilities of combating floods, a vision of “Living With” floods is developing. The aim is no longer to resist water, but to allow it into the territory and adapt. This strategic approach opens the way to a positive vision of flood risk, in which the opportunities associated with floods can be envisaged.In this context of “Living With”, this piece of research seeks to theorise and promote the emerging method of opportunity-based design as applied to flood eco-resilient cities. This thesis therefore examines how:1. the concept of opportunity constitutes an approach within the theoretical framework of flood eco-resilient cities;2. the opportunity-based approach constitutes a method of design and offers advantages, relevance and potential for the design of flood eco-resilient cities, in particular by comparison with the most common method of risk management.The purpose of this thesis research is to formalise the method of opportunity-based design through a representational tool—an observation grid— in order to facilitate the use and promotion of such design. In order to communicate on —but above all to exploit the results— of the method, a grid for the observation of the strategies associated with urban and landscape projects for opportunity-based design is investigated. This instrument, in particular aimed at architectural, urban and landscape designers, is developed by means of a semantic map. Semantic mapping is the methodological solution employed in this research. It is used to explore and connect the multiple data collected, and to organise them so that their complexity can be understood. The observation grid therefore maps the method employed and constitutes a tool for implementation in opportunity-based design.On the one hand, the results obtained from this research demonstrate, first, that the opportunity-based approach offers potential for design in response to the complexity of urban flood territories. Through diversity and proactiveness, it would seem to be relevant in achieving the balance between natural phenomena and human activities. On the other hand, the risk-based and opportunity-based approaches are different but complementary. What emerges from the mapping process is that the design of flood eco-resilient cities entails a balance between risk and opportunity.Second, these results show that opportunity-based design reflects a logic that generates virtuous cycles between landscape features (soil, vegetation, etc.) and fundamental flows (water, energy, waste, nutrients, etc.) for the production of socio‑eco-environmental benefits. The basis of its action is to reconnect cities with their territories by articulating, in a multifunctional, interdisciplinary and multitemporal way, the synergies between the physical elements of urban territory. It is particularly relevant in that it formulates a new, balanced relationship between human and hydro-ecological systems and offers the potential for a new societal perspective.To sum up, the first important conclusion is that semantic mapping is an effective research tool in that it facilitates the handling and analysis of complex data. The second is that the method theorised, together with the observation grid developed, constitute a change in flood-related design practices. And finally, this thesis establishes a refined theoretical and practical starting point for challenging the risk management paradigm and pursuing further research into flood eco-resilient cities and into “Living With” floods
Ziat, Mounia. "Conception et implémentation d'une fonction zoom haptique sur PDAs : Expérimentations et usages." Compiègne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006COMP1607.
The objective of this thesis concerns the design and the implementation of a zoomable interface implying the haptic modality. The initial postulate is that the zoom experience is not a natural, a direct experience, but supposes an instrumentation and learning. In other words, the zoom experience is built by the appropriation of a technical substitution which makes it possible to modify the properties of the flow of space-time; these properties which bind the subject to his (real or virtual) world are relational. To conceive this new interface, directly inspired from technologies known as of sensory substitution, we carried out a set of experiments allowing to define and to qualify the technical conditions and of use which favour the emergence of a perceptive experience of the zoom type. Besides, and in a more operational aim, we implemented this new zoom function on a mobile interface (PDA) where it implementation could constitute an asset to alleviate the problems of traditional display of WIMP type. Indeed, the zoomable interfaces, already existing and implying essentially the visual method, were conceived to facilitate interactive navigation in big size information data bases and to mitigate the problem of display on a mobile interface which generally has a screen of small size. However, this sort of navigation in which the user can zoom infinitely is t frequently associated with a serious risk of confusion and getting lost. Thus, one of the aims of our application is to assist the activities, usually visual, of navigation, location and recognition. More generally, it concerns the proposition of more intuitive or immediate modes of instrumental interaction engaging explicitly the body in action
Tornay, Nathalie. "Vers des outils d'aide à la conception pour intégrer les dimensions techniques, écologiques et sensibles des matériaux de construction." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAT0003/document.
The choice of materials and way of implementation is known and will be known as a significant growth in the world of architecture. Actually, changes are largely induced by technical dimension, but also representations and precepts that appear with the emergence of the concept of sustainable development in our society.Design support tools about materials scale focus on the physical dimensions (thermal, life cycle, refreshments, etc.). Our work is questioning the integration of technical, environmental and sensible dimensions in a design support tool based on reference. The referential activity is a specific approach in the initial phases of designing on a project. These phases correspond to crucial choice, which remain poorly assisted by digital tools.Our work aims to highlight the different characteristics of materials, but also their interactions. This study differs from conventional approaches of materials, which generally, constructive solutions are presented material by material. Indeed, we rely on a data structure and interdisciplinary knowledge (architecture, urbanism, landscape, aesthetic, technical, cognitive, perception approach, environmental approach, etc.).This research tends to be a first proposal for a design support tool named DILEM'MAtériaux that takes into account materials in their contribution to origin of founding ideas and definition of concept, in the initial phases of designing on a project
Méchin, Agnès. "Dimensionner les mesures de compensation écologique : des outils opérationnels pour une meilleure appropriation par les acteurs de l’aménagement du territoire." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MON30006.
In the global context of alarming biodiversity loss, French regulations require developers to avoid, reduce and finally offset (ARO sequence) the ecological impacts caused by their projects with the aim of no net loss of biodiversity (NNL). Different authors, in dedicate scientific literature, conclude on the weakness in mitigation hierarchy implementation. One of the reasons is the lack of methods shared by all stakeholders (applicants/developers, environmental consultants, public regulators) to assess the ecological equivalence and the achievement of the No Net Loss goal. This is linked, in particular, to the scientific and technical complexity of the subject, as shown by scientific publications. Proposing methods for assessing the attainment of NNL is an important issue for ARO practitioners and for researchersSeveral teams of researchers are working in France to propose offsetting methods, with a stated objective of practicality, meaning to offer a tool "which is ready to start operating, to provide the desired optimal result, to carry out an operation perfectly” (Larousse dictionary). However, the research work focused on these methods show that the operational dimension isn’t really considered, in favor of the technical dimension (choice of ecological indicators, calculation formulas). We formulate the following hypothesis: (1) operational issues are not taken into account during the design phase of methods, (2) thus the methods developed are not operational, (3) this can constitute a weakness to enhance their application by ARO sequence’s stakeholders (applicants/developers, environmental consultants, public regulators), and (4) it’s possible to act on the method design in the aim to a better practicality.Our problematic of research is: how to design operational methods to assess and sizing ecological equivalence, under no net loss of biodiversity policy, with a view that the stakeholders (developers, environmental consultants, public regulators) are able to use these methods more effectively. In this aim, we will use concepts and methods from Ergonomics research. This discipline studies the interactions between humans and other components of a system.We analyze the practices of the ARO practitioners. We propose a definition of an operational tool accompanied by several criterion, as well as guidelines for an operational design process inspired by user-centered design theory.We analyze how designing process of seven French methods deals with practicality. Then, after a test with one of the studied methods, we suggest improvements.Our approach opens up perspectives to better understanding the challenges of the science-policy interface, in the field of environmental planning, and proposing a better consideration of practicality in applied research projects to enhance ARO sequence application, in the aim of a NNL policy
Tornay, Nathalie. "Vers des outils d'aide à la conception pour intégrer les dimensions techniques, écologiques et sensibles des matériaux de construction." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAT0003.
The choice of materials and way of implementation is known and will be known as a significant growth in the world of architecture. Actually, changes are largely induced by technical dimension, but also representations and precepts that appear with the emergence of the concept of sustainable development in our society.Design support tools about materials scale focus on the physical dimensions (thermal, life cycle, refreshments, etc.). Our work is questioning the integration of technical, environmental and sensible dimensions in a design support tool based on reference. The referential activity is a specific approach in the initial phases of designing on a project. These phases correspond to crucial choice, which remain poorly assisted by digital tools.Our work aims to highlight the different characteristics of materials, but also their interactions. This study differs from conventional approaches of materials, which generally, constructive solutions are presented material by material. Indeed, we rely on a data structure and interdisciplinary knowledge (architecture, urbanism, landscape, aesthetic, technical, cognitive, perception approach, environmental approach, etc.).This research tends to be a first proposal for a design support tool named DILEM'MAtériaux that takes into account materials in their contribution to origin of founding ideas and definition of concept, in the initial phases of designing on a project
Nzamba, Diba Pombo Théodore [Verfasser], and Gerhard [Gutachter] Droesser. "Enjeux de la dégradation de l'environnement en Afrique Crise écologique et conception négro-africaine de la vie. Approches éthique et théologique / Théodore Nzamba Diba Pombo. Gutachter: Gerhard Droesser." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1111125260/34.
Said, Chekh Waiss Hibo. "Intégration des contraintes de désassemblage dans la conception modulaire de produits manufacturés. Contexte développement durable." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI068/document.
This thesis work fails with in context of the integration of disassembly constraints into the modular design of manufactured products. This context is characterized by a multidisciplinary collaboration where a large deal of information is used, handled and exchanged. To this end the contribution of this work is:• The definition of a multi-view model oriented disassembly allowing representation and exploitation of information associated with the areas of product and disassembly process and consequently integration assistance.• The definition of methodological framework allowing taking into account the disassembly issues from the preliminary phases of modular design of manufactured products. This methodological framework aims to:o Involve different stakeholders by disassembly issues at the most appropriate time and in particular during the preliminary design phase.o Define a modular products family. An algorithm dedicated to the development of the component modules that are used in the design of a family of products is proposed.o Generated disassembly sequences in the preliminary design phase. An algorithm for defining the eligible disassembly sequences of products by taking into account the modular architecture is proposed.o Perform a multi-objective optimization of the eligible disassembly sequences in order to identify the optimal one. The uncertainties inherent in the disassembly area as well as functional and geometric criteria are taken into consideration in order to find the optimal disassembly sequence thus providing a generic structure of a family of products.o Provide the disassembly context to the product architect and the product designer. The information from the disassembly sequence is considered to define a disassembly context as a basis for designers to identify the geometry of the product.The model and the methodological framework are validated by experiments on different products. They are illustrated in the design of different products family.Keywords: Multi-view model, Modular design, Disassembly sequence, Multi-objective Optimization
Moraine, Marc. "Conception et évaluation de systèmes de production intégrant culture et élevage à l'échelle du territoire." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0050/document.
Crop-livestock integration at territory level may be a pathway to impove metabolic functions and delivery of ecosystem services in agricultural systems, overcoming the constraints of farm specialization. This thesis builds on a methodology of participatory design of integrated crop-livestock systems at territory level in three steps: diagnosis of issues, design of technical and organizational options for change, multicriteria assessment. Each step is supported with a conceptual framework and a multicriteria grid adapted to the case study in Aveyron river basin. The designed scenarios show two approaches of crop –livestock integration: the introduction of alfalfa in downstream cropping systems sold to upstream livestock systems through a local supply chain and the direct exchanges of alfalfa, cereal-legume mixtures and animal manure in local groups of organic farmers. Both scenario present improved sustainability performances and could be complementary to initiate more sustainable practices in local farming systems. The methodology allows designing multi-level and multi-domain scenarios of crop-livestock integration. It could be improved with models for quantitative assessment of benefits and coordination costs among stakeholders
Hoarau, Marie. "Présence d'un schème trompeur dans un atelier d'aéronautique : manifestations et remédiation : assistance aux procédés de fabrication dans les ateliers du futur." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN20017.
The evolution of technology and the shift in the role devoted to operators in industry, from simple task execution to complex system control, provoke a development of the literature concerning assistance to fabrication process. This thesis of psychology joins this literature. It aims at designing an assistant to fabrication process, called the virtual companion, which would both support performances and maintain or improve competences. In particular, the virtual companion would be addressed to operators in an aeronautical factory. The case study requires in line simulation of dynamic physical processes. Two fields of the literature were used: frameworks concerning interface design for dynamic situations and those concerning competences. A three-parts methodology was used: (1) activity analysis of the operators in the real factory, (2) conception and validation of a microworld, and (3) design and test of a virtual companion in the microworld. Results show that the operators of the factory use a misleading scheme during their activity. This misleading scheme is also used by random participants. Moreover, this misleading scheme has an effect on the performances of random participants trained in the microworld. Finally, the virtual companion, whose interface is design based on EID principles, does not eliminate the misleading scheme. However, the participants who did not use the misleading scheme performed better after using the virtual companion. This results leads to the conclusion that studying the operators’ use of misleading schemes seems accurate as such schemes may impair the use of interfaces designed to support their activity
Labbé, Stéphane. "Développement d'un outil de coupe économique et écologique pour le broyage des végétaux : analyse du mode de coupe, prototypage et innovation des moyens de coupe et de broyage." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0296/document.
Consumption of fuelwood, mainly in the form of wood chips, is growing to achieve the goal fixed by the “Grenelle de l’Environment” Laws. Increasing wood chip production needs more and more raw materials and use of wood chippers or shredders is well established. These machines are very energy-consuming particularly in gasoline. First, this thesis presents original methods for measuring chipper performance and focuses on influence of cutting parameters on energy efficiency. Wood chipper energy performance is defined by the ratio between tonnes of dry wood chips and power consumed by the machine to produce them. Using energy efficiency determination method, all wood chippers will be compared and will help customer to choose the machine that consumes the least energy to produce wood chips. Wood chipper performance is measured at two different locations: one closer to the cutting area and the other at the wood chipper drive. The results show that wood chipper performance factor is properly defined and cutting parameters impacts wood chip performance. Cutting optimization halves the chipper fuel consumption to produce the same wood chips quantity. The results also show the limits of safeguard that reduce by 40% chipper performance. This thesis must help designers for developing more efficient machines to reduce their impact on the environment
Prigent, Sylvain. "Approche novatrice pour la conception et l’exploitation d’avions écologiques." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ESAE0014/document.
The objective of this PhD work is to pose, investigate, and solve the highly multidisciplinary and multiobjective problem of environmentally efficient aircraft design and operation. In this purpose, the main three drivers for optimizing the environmental performance of an aircraft are the airframe, the engine, and the mission profiles. The figures of merit, which will be considered for optimization, are fuel burn, local emissions, global emissions, and climate impact (noise excluded). The study will be focused on finding efficient compromise strategies and identifying the most powerful design architectures and design driver combinations for improvement of environmental performances. The modeling uncertainty will be considered thanks to rigorously selected methods. A hybrid aircraft configuration is proposed to reach the climatic impact reduction objective
Tanguy, Audrey. "Approche territoriale de la valorisation des déchets : élaboration d’un modèle pour la conception de filières adaptées au territoire." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEM016/document.
Since the early 90's, waste management has become a « resources » management whose recovery can substitute fossil natural resources. The waste processing required can lead to important logistics, which need to be planned so that the additional impacts associated with waste management operations do not offset the benefits arising from the exploitation of the resource. Moreover, waste is a dispersed resource, subject to a great spatial variability (e.g. waste production rate). This has implications on the recovery chains performance and, especially, on the transport-related activities. In order to consider this spatial heterogeneity in waste management planning, this thesis presents a territorial approach to waste recovery chain's design. It relies on the definition of recovery potentials indicators associated to the sources. The application of the approach to the Montreal case allowed finding the areas unfavourable to the management scenarios considered. Determining the causes of low performance allowed targeting the needs in terms of system's improvement and, especially, the areas where these changes needed to happen. Therefore the approach presented in this thesis is the first step towards a decision-making tool for a localized diversification of recovery chains. By including the interactions between the chain's different processes (collection/transport/treatment), it also provides a systemic framework for a better overall planning of waste management activities
Chizallet, Marie. "Comprendre le processus de conception d’un système de travail dans l’indivisibilité du temps : le cas d’agriculteurs en transition agroécologique." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CNAM1253/document.
This thesis focuses on understanding the processes of designing work systems of farmers engaged in an agroecologicaltransition. It is based on the implementation of a method: the Chronicle of Change. By offering farmers to build design narratives, it reveals the overall design process in which they are involved. This process is analyzed on the basis of a dialogical model of design (e.g. Béguin, 2010) that puts the poles of virtual and real into tension, to which we add a pole of designable to show the movements between past – present – future, which are at work in the process.These narratives make visible the object being designed: the working system composed of subsystems. The farmer's experience with these subsystems contributes to the progress of the design process and the farmer's construction of a systemic approach to his purpose.In perspective, this thesis opens on the role of narrative in the development of the experience of a design process and on the notion of designing sustainable work systems
Sautot, Lucile. "Conception et implémentation semi-automatique des entrepôts de données : application aux données écologiques." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS055/document.
This thesis concerns the semi-automatic design of data warehouses and the associated OLAP cubes analyzing ecological data.The biological sciences, including ecology and agronomy, generate data that require an important collection effort: several years are often required to obtain a complete data set. Moreover, objects and phenomena studied by these sciences are complex and require many parameter recording to be understood. Finally, the collection of complex data over a long time results in an increased risk of inconsistency. Thus, these sciences generate numerous and heterogeneous data, which can be inconsistent. It is interesting to offer to scientists, who work in life sciences, information systems able to store and restore their data, particularly when those data have a significant volume. Among the existing tools, business intelligence tools, including online analytical systems (On-Line Analytical processing: OLAP), particularly caught our attention because it is data analysis process working on large historical collections (i.e. a data warehouse) to provide support to the decision making. The business intelligence offers tools that allow users to explore large volumes of data, in order to discover patterns and knowledge within the data, and possibly confirm their hypotheses.However, OLAP systems are complex information systems whose implementation requires advanced skills in business intelligence. Thus, although they have interesting features to manage and analyze multidimensional data, their complexity makes them difficult to manage by potential users, who would not be computer scientists.In the literature, several studies have examined the automatic multidimensional design, but the examples provided by theses works were traditional data. Moreover, other articles address the multidimensional modeling adapted to complex data (inconsistency, heterogeneous data, spatial objects, texts, images within a warehouse ...) but the proposed methods are rarely automatic. The aim of this thesis is to provide an automatic design method of data warehouse and OLAP cubes. This method must be able to take into account the inherent complexity of biological data. To test the prototypes, that we proposed in this thesis, we have prepared a data set concerning bird abundance along the Loire. This data set is structured as follows: (1) we have the census of 213 bird species (described with a set of qualitative factors, such as diet) in 198 points along the river for 4 census campaigns; (2) each of the 198 points is described by a set of environmental variables from different sources (land surveys, satellite images, GIS). These environmental variables address the most important issue in terms of multidimensional modeling. These data come from different sources, sometimes independent of bird census campaigns, and are inconsistent in time and space. Moreover, these data are heterogeneous: they can be qualitative factors, quantitative varaibles or spatial objects. Finally, these environmental data include a large number of attributes (158 selected variables) (...)
Leclere, Margot. "Introduire une espèce de diversification dans les systèmes de culture d’un territoire : articuler production de connaissances et conception dans des dispositifs multi-acteurs. Cas de la cameline dans l’Oise." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA028.
Crop diversification, which is a way to ensure agroecological transition, raises a major question: how to produce, at low cost, knowledge on these minor species, often poorly studied by agronomic research?Here, we proposed and implemented an approach combining design and knowledge production, within different multi-stakeholders platforms, to support the introduction of new species into cropping systems. The case study of camelina, introduced either as a main crop or as a second crop in the cropping systems of the Oise department, in the context of the development of a local oilseed biorefinery, was used.First, we combined a multi-stakeholders workshop - bringing together farmers, advisors, researchers, agronomist from agricultural R&D and industrials - with on-farm trials on camelina crop management routes as second crop, designed, managed and appraised by farmers themselves. This approach made it possible to identify knowledge gaps (e.g. the previous effect of the camelina on sugar beet), but also to produce knowledge useful for design (e.g. decision-making rules).In parallel, we (researchers) designed and evaluated, within a multi-environments on-farm trials network, three herbicide-free crop management routes for spring camelina. Our results show that increasing camelina sowing rates or intercropping camelina with another species (barley or peas) are effective agroecological ways to control weeds in camelina crop. In addition, the diagnosis of the variability of the yield, the oil seed content, and the fatty acid composition, carried out within the same experimental network, made it possible to identify (i) the main explaining factors (e.g. nitrogen status of the crop for yield), and (ii) environmental conditions (e.g. supply of mineral nitrogen from the soil) and practices (e.g. species intercropping) determining these factors.This knowledge production led, during a design workshop, to broaden the range of modalities of introduction and management of camelina designed by farmers.Finally, we discuss how this original combination of multi-stakeholder platforms makes it possible (i) to produce at a lower cost located and generic knowledge, useful for design, and (ii) to equip both the farmer-designer, the agricultural advisor and the researcher, to support crop diversification within a territory
Murgue, Clément. "Quelles distributions spatiales des systèmes de culture pour limiter l'occurence des crises de gestion quantitative de l'eau ? Une démarche de conception évaluation sur le territoire irrigué de l'Aveyron aval." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0133/document.
In irrigated landscapes exposed to quantitative water management crisis, the intensity of low flows depends on interactions between cropping systems, pedoclimatic situation hydrology, water releases and withdrawal restrictions. In many situations there are no opportunities for more water storage, thus tensions occur between water managers and users, which makes the planning of water demand dynamics necessary. My work explores the potentials in the “spatial management of water” to align the water demand dynamics with natural and stored water availability. I present a 3 step, participatory method to design and assess agricultural landscapes: (1) model the Social-Agro Hydrological system, (2) design alternative spatial distribution of the cropping systems, (3) carry an integrated assessment of those alternatives based on observed climatic variability. This method combines “hard” and “soft” methods, knowledge and tools, and uses the MAELIA multi-agent simulation platform. I tested the method tested in the downstream area of the Aveyron River (800 km² Southwestern France). It allowed to formalize the actors’ visions on alternative distributions of the cropping systems. However they showed to be limited in solving the water deficit issue. The method could be continued to reach operational proposals
Lacombe, Camille. "Approche pragmatiste de l'accompagnement d'une transition agroécologique : une recherche action avec une association d'éleveurs et conseillers dans le rayon de Roquefort." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0135/document.
We explore in this research the organizational dimensions of agroecological transition and the ways to support it locally. The support of agroecological transition requires connecting differentprocesses of individual and collective transformations of agricultural development and production activities. We design a device for action reseach within an agroecological transition project, carriedby a farmers and advisers association in the Roquefort area. We implement with them a social experiment to explore this problem both from theoretical and practical point of view. In our casethe connection between individual and collective transformation of participant activities required farmers and advisers to design together tools to accompany the agroecological transition on farms. This process allowed the debate about the diversity of agricultural models and representations that actors have regarding agroecological transition. It as well allows engaging advisers and farmers jointly in the agroecological transition. These transformations have been enhanced by the fact that the co-design process was organized as a dialogical process between design and experimentation of the tools in diverse real situations of use on farms. At the end of this journey, we propose to develop a pragmatist approach to accompany locally the agroecological transition
Rodriguez, Laura. "Savoir agir avec la nature : entre écologie scientifique, valeurs collectives et conceptions du monde." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG069/document.
In the current regime of ecological crisis, one generally expects actions and decisions about environmental issues to be enlighten by scientific knowledge. The aim of this thesis is to challenge this view by investigating how ecological knowledge and actions on nature are linked. I propose to study the interweaving between ecological knowledge, collective values and conceptions of nature in documents related to three types of actions (conservation in a nature reserve, environmental impact assessment, and ecological restoration). I lean on a field study where these actions are embodied, the plain of Crau (Bouches-du-Rhône, France). First, I examine how different types of ecological knowledge are translated in (and are influenced in return by) specific actions. I show that, in addition to the practical constraints of any action, this mutual relation is shaped by scientific cultural dynamics, as well as historical trajectories of these knowledges and actions. Then, I explain how the need to guarantee both credibility and legitimacy create an inherent tension in environmental actions. Finally, I explore how knowledge is based on preconceptions about our relationships with nature, and lead to specific ways of acting. From these insights, I suggest some trails to know and act differently with nature in the context of current ecological issues
Ohresser-Oppenhauser, Céline. "La conception préliminaire d’aménagement portuaire en milieux écologiquement sensibles." Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/OHRESSER-OPPENHAUSER_Celine_2010.pdf.
Industrialized societies need to change some practices in order to make an answers to environmental changes. Also, the research aims to develop an appropriate answers to the challenges. The thesis focuses on necessary évolution of practices in landscape planning, and more specially for French Rhine port projects. Territory impacting by the project has the particularity to be both strategic for the economic’s development, and both strategic for the survival of local ecosystems. That’s why is interessed on actors capacities to re-engineer the system of project, be able to open the decision-making system. The hypothèses is that introduce gouvernance practices for environmental project, its a good way to be innovative in the search for solutions. The particulary of research is the approach : the planning project design is considering like a project system. Indeed, project system consists of relations and interrelations between actors. Each agent tries to realese his own benefit : - region's economic development is a goal to the local stakeholders project system ; - protect ecosystems is a goal to environment defenders. In fact, landscape planning is subject to conflicts between stakeholders, result comes from a compromise process. In mind, civil society, through the Community institutions, states, local communities, associations, projects into the defense of its environmental conditions and impact multiple scales. In form, the preservation of the environment resulted in the emergence of new legislative elements essential for the implementation of infrastructure projects. The thesis is built in response to a question from the manager of fluvialnetworks in France (VNF). VNF’s based on the paradox how to both develop alternative transport to the road, and both protect ecosystem river. The terrain of the study is that of port extensions on the Rhine in its French part, especially on alluvial ecosystems presented as the last in Europe. The Rhine is considering as an anthropo-ecological system, he is composed of subsystems, each one communicating and exchanging information only in terms of project. Originality of the research is twice : it considers the project as a system capable of évolution, it explores the relationship between ideals and objectives prebuilt solutions That’s why it proposes to focus the preliminary design stage, as a resource, consisting of Tools, to resolve conflicts between stakeholders and conflicting objectives. Specifically, the thesis was the proposal of a preliminary design process enriched the system development project, which determines the process of adding an additional stage project
Skandrani, Zina. "Gouvernance de la biodiversité en milieux anthropiques : de l'intégration des conceptions de la nature à la considération des dynamiques socio-écologiques." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MNHN0011.
The present Ph. D. Thesis strives to offer theoretical stimuli for handling social conflicts on biodiversity and for governance models engaged in democratic environmental conservation and the creation of spaces for nature and non-human species, in places exclusively designed for humans until recently. The general purpose of the current work is to highlight to what extent nature conceptions might impede conservation aims and through which social-ecological processes they may arise. In particular, I intend to empirically expose how conceptions about the environment and biodiversity are actively produced and spread through the manifold interaction dynamics between nature’s human and non-human components. Further, I elucidate how the resulting spheres of meaning may unknowingly generate understanding gaps and reluctance on environmental issues, particularly when changing nature representations entail landscape redefinitions, resulting in new humanbiodiversity- environment relations and spatial ascriptions. I have illustrated these hypotheses in five articles and manuscripts addressing urban areas as a crucial place for confronting socio-environmental problems. The studies constituting the Ph. D. Thesis consider urban ecosystems as social-ecological systems made of reciprocal influence dynamics among social, political/institutional and ecological variables. In this, they take inputs from theoretical frameworks for the analysis of social-ecological systems (Ostrom 2009), resilience theory (Folke 2006), actor-network theory (Latour 1994) and the theory of social representations (Moscovici 2000). Except for one study, the research uses urban pigeons (Columba livia) as a model to analyze socioenvironmental interactions. This particular type of pigeon never existed ‘in the wild’ and always had his ‘natural habitat’ among humans (Johnston and Janiga 1995). As domesticated animals, pigeons came to be endowed with symbolic meanings (of love, peace, and fertility) based on their perceived (and desirable) traits (Jerolmack 2008). Although they were utilized by humans for domestic use, they then escaped to become feral and are thus what could be called a ‘hybrid’ (sensu Latour 1993), a product of nature and society; they may even be considered a double hybrid (Jerolmack 2007). The species is thus particularly interesting for the purpose of this work, as it is not ‘just’ a natural object with an essential meaning but a good example on which social-ecological meaning production can be investigated. 1. Biodiversity’s presence in the city precedes and conditions its problematization and is a central element from which its representations will further develop and depend. However, this presence is not fortuitous. Thus in the first manuscript entitled “Environmental tolerance in urban Birds: synanthropic adaptation or phenotypic plasticity?” my colleagues and I highlighted pigeons’ agency in settling in anthropic areas from an ecological perspective. By investigating pigeons’ environmental tolerance, we demonstrated that they take advantage of their own characteristics to the same degree as of urban features to persist in cities. 2. In the article “Nuisance species: beyond the ecological perspective” we used the concept of ‘nuisance species’ and changes in pigeons’ images to demonstrate that nature and biodiversity representations are produced out of historical processes and interspecies interactions, with multiple influence factors, agencies and issues at stake. We further showed how the evolution of these conceptions or ‘socio-natures’ (Swyngedouw 2004) is at the heart of current conflicts with urban pigeons in many cities. 3. In the manuscript “Anchoring the ‘pigeon paradox’: how public context mediates interactions with ordinary biodiversity” we highlighted, using a behavioral study, discrepancies between increasing official support for nature reconnection to strengthen people’s environmental awareness and the restrictive influence of everyday normative social contexts on human-urban nature interactions. 4. In the manuscript “Greening the city, and beyond? Similar orientations but contrasted local policies in two European capitals” we move beyond the example of urban pigeons, and evidence in a comparison between Paris and Berlin, different institutional discourses that shape nature representations, from an explicit nature restoration advertisement to an implicit definition of human-nature relations in public urban park management. We suggest that mismatched explicitimplicit discourses may thwart institutional endeavors and hinder social acceptance of conservation measures in urban settings. 5. In the concluding manuscript “Modeling an urban social ecological system: towards coexistence between people and pigeons in the city” we addressed urban pigeon management and control and provided a concrete example of mediation and integrative governance in a social conflict on urban biodiversity, built by focusing on pigeon perceptions and their social and ecological influence factors
Villandier, Nicolas. "Conception de nouveaux procédés catalytiques pour la transformation directe et sélective de carbohydrates d'origine naturelle." Poitiers, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007POIT2337.
In the context of agroresource valorizations we investigated the use of natural carbohydrates as potential renewable raw material for the production of new amphiphilic derivatives. In this work, we developed a green heterogeneous catalytic process for the selective functionalization of various carbohydrates with fatty chains. In the case of catalytic disaccharide etherification, this transformation is quite complex since it requires the development of catalysts with a surface hydrophilicity well adapted to the differences of polarity existing between disaccharides (hydrophilic) and fatty compounds (lipophilic). Concerning the polysaccharide functionalizations, reactions are even more complex. Indeed, besides hydrophilic-lipophilic interactions, polysaccharides are able to coordinate transition metals. Thus, when Pd catalyzed reductive amination of polysaccharides was carried out, the Pd was rapidly trapped by polysaccharides leading to a poisoning of the catalyst. From a mechanistic study we succeeded to identify the origin of the catalyst poisoning which allowed us to solve this problem. Finally, we developed a new concept for green chemistry based on (i) the use of glycerol as reaction media and (ii) the amphiphilic properties of prepared aminopolysaccharides. This study offers a new route for the development of clean and highly selective catalytic processes. This PhD work brings a scientific contribution in the field of catalysis applied to agroresources especially by highlighting the essential role played by hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of catalysts on reaction selectivity
Sennes, V. "Évaluation et réduction des impacts écologiques liés à la consommation des ménages : conception méthodologique et application au Pays Cœur Entre-deux-Mers, Gironde, France." Phd thesis, Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00358821.
Sennès, Vincent. "Évaluation et réduction des impacts écologiques liés à la consommation des ménages : conception méthodologique et application au Pays Coeur Entre-deux-Mers, Gironde, France." Bordeaux 3, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00358821.
The aim of this thesis is to strengthen the conceptual and methodological foundations of ecoresponsible consumption. These notions are then applied to the peri-urban area of the “Pays Cœur Entre-deux-Mers” (Gironde, France) in order to provide the main societal actors with some elements to help them towards a better understanding of ways to promote and evaluate ecoresponsible consumption. This is an exploratory process based on the ecology of the family; it involves a multi-disciplinary approach studying interactions between households and ecosystems, via activities carried out within family and public ecospheres, and in relation to many peripheral actors. First, we used family eco-balance-sheets to reinforce the ecological foundations of ecoresponsible consumption: intensity of impacts, intra-family dynamics, inter-family diversity and links between flows of matter and energy. Next, a survey was carried out among local citizens (n=107) which revealed their diversity of expertise and environmental responsibilities, and also enabled us to determine the influence of informational, psychosociological, contextual and personal factors. At the same time, a survey was carried out among local elected representatives (n=67) and this gave us a better understanding of their action strategies and their concerns, by bringing to light difficulties surrounding environmental expertise, their levels of personal expertise, the need for operational resources and the perception of a considerable degree of risk, associated in particular with the wide diversity of households. These results showed up areas on which to focus in order to improve public policies aimed at strengthening ecoresponsible consumption, in particular through the example given by public departments, support from auxiliary structures, by training political decision-makers, informing and educating citizens, and using environmental consumption indicators
Mary, Rosanna. "Découverte et caractérisation de nouveaux ligands peptidiques pour l’étude de la neurobiologie de l’abeille domestique Apis mellifera, et pour la conception d’insecticides écologiques et sélectifs." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTS016.
Since 2006, a syndrome known as “colony collapse syndrome” (or CCD) has been responsible for an average mortality of 50% (in extreme cases up to 90%) of bee colonies in certain regions of the world. Although of multifactorial origin, the intensive spraying of insecticides shows a major role in the mortality of pollinators. However, in the absence of protection, 30 to 40% of the world's crops would be destroyed by diseases and pest insects. In 2009, these insects have caused by themselves an average loss of 14%. The fight against these insects is therefore essentially based on the application of synthetic insecticides, whose massive use of which has quickly led to numerous deleterious effects on non-target insects but also on the environment or human health. The acute toxicity of the different classes of insecticidal compounds occurs through their actions on the ion channels. However, the sensitivity of bees to these compounds remains to be determined, in order to consider the development of alternatives to crop protection methods. Among the main objectives of this thesis project, were i) the characterization of the ion channels of Apis mellifera and pest insects (aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, and varroa Varroa destructor) by the technique of two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology, ii) transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of different spider venoms in order to provide molecular tools to accurately decipher the pharmacology and roles of the main ion channel subtypes in the neurobiology of honeybees, but also identify new insecticidal molecules selective for pest insects
Bernadet, Caroline. "Biodiversité des communautés de macroinvertébrés benthiques de la Martinique : conception d'un indice de qualité biologique des rivières et écologie fonctionnelle des bioindicateurs." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2580/.
The implementation of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) in 2000 led many European states to modify or create biomonitoring methods directed towards the achievement of a 'good ecological status' of surface waters, as well as their preservation and restoration. The Directive applies to overseas territories such as the West Indies, with the same objectives and deadlines as in continental Europe, despite a forty-year delay in the implementation of water policies in these tropical areas and little scientific attention paid to freshwater ecosystems. In particular, there was no tool bioassessment of the ecological quality of rivers adapted to tropical Caribbean island environments, while the regional fauna has been largely understudied in terms of ecology, biology and systematics. In this context, the main objective of this thesis was to design a biotic index to assess the ecological quality of rivers in Martinique, according to the criteria of the WFD. In parallel, the biodiversity and ecology of benthic macroinvertebrates inhabiting the French Antilles were studied. We first established an updated inventory of the benthic macroinvertebrate fauna of the French Antilles and quantified the ecological preferences of the dominant benthic macroinvertebrates at the microhabitat scale (substrates and current preferential rate) and at the regional scale along the altitudinal gradient. A biotypology of communities enabled us to bring out patterns in community structure in relation to environmental conditions. Finally, a stable isotope approach to food webs analysis provides new information on the trophic ecology of macroinvertebrate communities. Despite a poor species pool compared to the continent, the macroinvertebrate fauna of the French Antilles is one of the most diverse of the Lesser Antilles, and has a large number of endemic species. Only a few taxa show a narrow altitudinal range and strict microhabitat preferences. Despite this, this largely ubiquitous fauna shows clear distribution patterns along environmental gradients, geomorphological factors being the most significant controlling factors. Based on these distributions patterns and the identification of unimpacted reference stations, we created a multimetric index of biological quality of rivers measuring the deviation of community diversity from the reference conditions. This index takes into account the diversity and abundance of taxa, as well as some biological traits. Thus, it meets as much as far as possible the requirements of the WFD, given our current knowledge of the local fauna. Food webs show a generalized omnivory, so it is difficult to categorize taxa into functional groups or trophic guilds which would be useful to understand the ecological functioning of communities under natural and disturbed conditions. Future research should thus enhance fundamental knowledge on the biology and ecology of the regional fauna, and more broadly on the fauna of the Lesser Antilles
Zaccai, Edwin. "Contribution à l'analyse des conceptions du développement durable." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211719.
Chambon-Dubreuil, Estelle. "Conception d'un modèle de dynamique de population d'un petit ligneux dominant pâturé (Cytisus scoparius) pour la gestion de l'embroussaillement des zones pastorales." Pau, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PAUU3019.
The decline of agriculture has hastened the invasion of small shrubs in marginal areas, lowering the value of forage and of biodiversity. European environmental policies have then encouraged farmers to preserve biodiversity and to use pastoral practices allowing the management of inherited value areas, but current recommendations are inadequate for practical use. With this aim, the objective of my PhD was to design a model of the interactions between the eating habits of sheep and the population dynamics of invading shrub species (Cytisus scoparius). To link these processes up, my model is grounded on: the creation of demographical categories specified by their eating habits, the demographical spatialization determining the accessibility of the resource, the influence of herbaceous resource upon eating habits. The demographical data stemmed from experiments carried out on broom moors over a sheep farm, as well as the knowledge of eating habits and of pastoral practices. My model shows the importance of spatialization in the demographical strategy, the diversity of impacts of grazing according to consummated organs, and the role of grazing plans on population dynamics. This PhD underlines the interest of pluridisciplinary reasoning between ecology and biotechnical sciences to answer the aim of controlling shrub encroachment by grazing
Almokdad, Mohammad. "Life Cycle Assessment of Circular Economy Strategies in Sustainable Constructions : Closing, Slowing, and Narrowing Loops for Dredged Sediments Valorization and Revalorization." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023MTLD0007.
Addressing the pressing need for sustainability in light of modernization's significant impact on the environment is crucial. This issue underscores the escalating threats posed by human actions, such as climate change and pollution. In response, nations are increasingly emphasizing sustainability by placing a priority on waste reduction and the adoption of eco-friendly materials in construction and production processes. In light of these efforts, this thesis aims to explore the revalorization (2nd valorization) of dredged sediments as a road construction material, studying its technical suitability and environmental impact through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). It also examines using sediments as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and compares their environmental performance to traditional materials. The study evaluates the feasibility of revalorizing dredged sediments, emphasizing a closed-loop approach for their circular use. It assesses various physical, mechanical and chemical properties of the material revalorization comparing it to raw sediments 1st valorization, and conduct a LCA and comparing sediments revalorization with different virgin aggregates types for the usage in new road construction. Additionally, the study conducts a comprehensive LCA comparing dried ground sediments (DGS) to flash-calcined sediments (FCS) as substitutes for ordinary Portland cement, considering the different quantitative and qualitative performance differences
Demeure, Alexandre. "Modèles et outils pour la conception et l'exécution d'Interfaces Homme-Machine Plastiques, Ecosystème." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10161.
My thesis is about software engineering in Human-Computer Interaction. My subject is more precisely about adaptation of interactive systems a various, variable and unforeseeable contexts of uses. By context of use, 1 mean a triplet . 1 identify three kinds of approaches: Model Driven Engineering (MDE), plastic widgets toolkits approaches and OS based approaches. MDE and OS based approaches both use widgets toolkits. 1 contribute to the domain with the COMET toolkit. CaM ET are a software architecture style. This style allows to consider an interactor from the four levels of abstraction admit in HCI: task, abstract user interface, concrete user interface and final user interface. CaM ET can render themselves using several technologies at the same time: TK, AJAX, B207 (post-WIMP) and S207 (vocal). They are dynamically extensible, using a graph of description (GDD) playing the role of a service broker. COMET can be transformed using the CSS++ style language. Ali these works (COMET, GDD, CSS++) can be assembled intc the Ecosystem vision that 1 propose
Missaoui, Mohieddine. "Contributions algorithmiques à la conception de sondes pour biopuces à ADN en environnements parallèles." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00724565.
Blanc, Claire-Line. "Conception et optimisation d’un procédé innovant pour la purification d’acides organiques issus de biotechnologie." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECAP0008.
The objective of this study is to evaluate the use of preparative chromatography in the context of the elaboration and optimization of an innovative purification process of organic acids from biotechnology. Lactic and succinic acids were mainly studied. They are produced by fermentation and used in industry as additive, for a long time. They are identified as promising building blocks for green chemistry development, from renewable carbon. In particular, they are monomers for bioplastic industry. Unlike historical utilizations, this new type of application requires much higher purity levels. Those purities are currently obtained by additional purification steps, like liquid-liquid extraction, distillation and/or crystallization. We tried to evaluate if the required specifications may be reached by the implementation of preparative chromatography. For this chromatography was studied in details as unitary operation, in order to better understand separation mechanisms of studied compounds and implementation parameters. Two resin types were mainly used, a strong cationic one and a strong anionic one. Firstly, thermodynamic study of the adsorption of three organic acids in pure solution was performed. It revealed very different performances for both resins: adsorption on strong cationic resin is quite linear, whereas on strong anionic one adsorption is strongly nonlinear and fits with Langmuir model. Elution velocity influence on peak shape and so on dispersion was then studied. Column efficiency decreases linearly with elution velocity, accordingly to Van Deemter model. It was shown that the line slope was identical at lab scale and on a pilot ten times bigger. Then it may be used to predict column efficiency evolution during scale-up. Mixing solutions from synthetic or real origin were studied, to evaluate operational parameter influence on the separation, as load, feed concentration, pH… On the strong anionic resin, a first modeling was developed for experimental results. It highlighted that Langmuir type adsorption mechanism is not able to explain peak shape and position. We supposed that an ion exchange mechanism with the organic acid dissociated part may happen. This exchange may have a significant impact on peak shape and position, even if organic acids are mainly in molecular form, because of a low work pH. 4 Separations established at lab scale were validated at pilot scale in continuous chromatography ISMB. It was demonstrated that the anionic resin allows to reach a higher productivity than the cationic one, with a similar productivity. A complete purification process was tested with succinic acid, using bipolar electrodialysis acidification, reverse osmosis concentration, preparative chromatography separation with a strong anionic resin and nanofiltration discoloration. Product was then crystallized, to be compared to an industrial product. Our crystals were close to waited specifications and relatively better than the industrial ones. An additional ion exchange step could have allows to reach polymer grade. We show that chromatography is useful in an organic acid purification process, in order to reach a very high purity
Poinsot, Claire. "Fonctionnement hydrologique de zones humides du bassin de la Seine : conception d'une méthode de suivi et d'évaluation de l'impact de politiques publiques." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MNHN0018.
Understanding wetlands hydrological operational processes is a necessary step when designing management and preservation strategies for those natural environments. The main objective of our research is to identify monitoring indicators that can be used to track how the pool's wetlands hydrological parameters evolve, with a view to optimize interventions aiming at preserving and rehabilitating them. The peculiarity of our approach resides in the methodology used: the assumption was made that the lack of pure hydrological data could be offset by integrating and interpreting heterogeneous information, both qualitative and quantitative, emanating from diverse disciplines and sources. We have identified, analyzed and exploited the historical, geomorphologic, hydrological, ecological, socioeconomic knowledge related to each wetland sensu stricto and to its area of influence, with a view to understand its development, sense future trends, and organize their medium-term monitoring. The approach includes the analysis of acquired data (bibliography, databases), enhanced by interviews with experts or stakeholders involved in managing those sites. The results reveal that describing the wetlands hydrological balance and operation is feasible and can be of interest when monitoring wetlands, by aggregating information of heterogeneous contextual, spatial and temporal nature
Vallet, Flore. "Caractérisation des bonnes pratiques en éco-conception pour la formation des ingénieurs-concepteurs : synthèse des dimensions, méthodes, activités et outils." Compiègne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012COMP2036.
Due to an increasing world pressure on natural resources, the evolution of professional practices of engineering designers towards more environmental friendliness becomes compulsory. Today it is necessary to provide engineering designers with a high-quality eco-design education. Our approach is to characterize eco-design best practices in order to build a bridge between the design and the eco-design of products and services. Within this perspective, a framework including six dimensions and associated levels, which characterize the core themes of the eco-design activity is proposed. Our main enquiry consists in three redesign experiments. The experimental work is conducted with various existing eco-design tools to highlight several eco-design dimensions: the eco-design process and its typical steps, the integration of stakeholders and the systemic level of the process. Thanks to the observation of novice and expert eco-designers, it is possible to formalize a set of eco-design competences. Those are displayed against the proposed framework, and validated by a national sample of persons in charge of eco-design curricula. Eco-design practices are eventually put back in the context of design to show their complementary character
Nguyen, Nhi Gia Vinh. "Conception de modèles multi-échelles pour l’aide à la décision environnementale : application au contrôle des invasions de cicadelles brunes dans le Delta du Mékong (Vietnam)." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066472.
In South-East Asia, the problem of controlling the invasions of rice pests is a major economical problem, which is tackled by multiple scientific disciplines and is dealt with by several decisional scales. This PhD thesis contribute to the researches undertaken since 40 years on the eradication (or at least the control) of the rice pest named Brown plant hopper (BPH) by proposing a design methodology of dynamically scaling models as a foundation for decision support systems dedicated to the assessment of regional and local control policies. It has been applied to and validated on different scenarios of BPH migrations in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta, where four different geographical and political levels have been coupled in the same framework (village, commune, province, and region), each of them represented with its own dynamics (social, biological, ecological ones) but also with its relationships with the other levels. The main contribution of this research is an agent-based multi-level modeling system that allows modelers to simulate and evaluate different control policies against invasions of the Brown plant hoppers at different scales of time and space. This system couples and organizes several sub-models with separate functions: growth and migration models of BPH that take ecological and environmental processes into account at different spatial and temporal scales, social models of the various stakeholders (from farmers to political deciders), models dedicated to the up- and downscaling processes occurring between the levels of representation
Maqrot, Sara. "Méthodes d'optimisation combinatoire en programmation mathématique : Application à la conception des systèmes de verger-maraîcher." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30131.
Mixed fruit-vegetable cropping systems (MFVCS) are a promising way of ensuring environmentally sustainable agricultural production systems in response to the challenge of being able to fulfill local market requirements. They combine productions and make a better use of biodiversity. These agroforestry systems are based on a complex set of interactions modifying the utilization of light, water and nutrients. Thus, designing such systems requires to optimize the use of these resources : by maximizing positive interactions (facilitations) and minimizing negative ones (competitions). To reach these objectives, the system's design has to include the spatial and temporal dimensions, taking into account the evolution of above- and belowground interactions over a time horizon. For that, we define the MFVCAP using a discrete representation of the land and the interactions between vegetable crops and fruit trees. We formulate the problem as three models : binary quadratic program (BQP), mixed integer linear programming (MILP) and binary linear programming (01LP). We explore large models using exact solvers. The limits of exact methods in solving the MFVCS problem show the need for approximate methods, able to solve a large-scale system with solutions of good quality in reasonable time, which could be used in interactive design with farmers and advisers. We have implemented a C++ open-source solver, called baryonyx, which is a parallel version of a (generalized) Wedelin heuristic. We used a sensitivity analysis method to find useful continuous parameters. Once found, we fixed other parameters and let a genetic optimization algorithm using derivatives adjust the useful ones in order to get the best solutions for a given time limit. The optimized configuration could be used to solve larger instances of the same problem type. Baryonyx got competitive results compared to state-of-the-art exact and approximate solvers on crew and bus driver scheduling problems expressed as set partitioning problems. The results are less convincing on MFVCS but still able to produce valid solutions on large instances
Dinaharison, Jean Bienvenue. "Conception d’une approche spatialisée à base d’agent pour coupler les modèles mathématiques et informatiques : application à la modélisation du processus écosystémique du sol." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS184.
Soil is a highly heterogeneous environment in which many processes interact to provide ecosystem services. Model coupling approaches propose to define such system by using a modular architecture in which various processes, represented by models, communicate to reproduce different aspects of a phenomenon such as soil functioning. In this thesis project, we develop such an approach for the purpose of modelling soil functioning. The challenges of such a scheme lie in solving representation problems of soil processes. These representation problems originate from the fact that models from various disciplines are reused to describe the processes. By representations problems, we mean model description which can be (individual or equation based), the temporal execution settings and data resolution. These coupling constraints are addressed by a number of approaches in the literature. All of them propose satisfactory solutions to these constraints in their respective application fields. In our approach, we use the agent paradigm to encapsulate the various soil processes. Then processes will communicate through the space by using resources inside it. The behaviour of the processes then depends on the availability of resources. A coordination problem can arise from this type of coupling, as processes may consume the resource simultaneously while the resource may not support this demand. To overcome that matter, we use an action-theoretic technique called Influence-Reaction to define strategies to manage this type of situation. We used algorithms suggested by the abbundant litterature to manage any processes temporality issues. This coupling approach was applied to a model of organic matter decomposition in which several processes (earthworms, microbes and roots) compete for soil ressources. The results suggest that the use of our approach is suitable for modelling soil functioning, but also gives more accurate indications of resource availability
Parrello, Damien. "Conception de biosenseurs fluorescents multicolores pour l'identification in vivo des interactions bio-physicochimiques dans les systèmes minéral-bactérie." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0362/document.
Monitoring terrestrial ecosystems requires a better understanding of the interactions between microorganisms, minerals and metals in the environment. To assess in vivo availability of metals such as iron in bacteria-mineral system, an approach based on whole-cell fluorescent biosensors and non-invasive spectroscopy was explored. This work led to the construction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa of a set of gene fusions coupling iron-regulated promoters to multicolour fluorescent reporters. The recombinant strains were used as sensors of structural iron availability in nontronites NAu-1 and NAu-2. The response of these biosensors was studied by coupling synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) with canonical polyadic Candecomp/Parafac (CP) decomposition. On the basis of experimental designs favouring response diversity, the coupled SFS-CP method guarantees a joint estimate of gene expression from multiple promoters, even in highly fluorescent media. This novel method can solve the issue of spectral bleed-through of fluorescent proteins and provides a means to integrate multiple signals from combinations of whole-cell fluorescent bioreporters. In addition, we could show using SFS-CP that P. aeruginosa indirectly mobilize Fe(III) from nontronites primarily through the production of pyoverdine siderophore. The structural Fe(III) present on the edges of NAu-2 rather than NAu-1 particles appears to be more bioaccessible, suggesting that the distribution of Fe, in the tetrahedron and/or in the octahedron sites, governs the solubilization process
Salembier, Chloé. "Stimuler la conception distribuée de systèmes agroécologiques par l’étude de pratiques innovantes d’agriculteurs." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA009/document.
Today, in an increasing number of initiatives in the R&D agricultural sector, we want to learn from farmer’s innovative practices to foster change in agriculture toward agroecology. These initiatives, still poorly known, emerge in a context where agronomists explore new ways to produce knowledge to face current issues and answer new questions such as : while designing agroecological farming systems, how to deal with natural regulations, partly unknown and poorly predictable? What kind of models of agroecosystems allow to imagine chemical-free cropping systems? Or, what knowledge should we produce to design technical options adapted to every farmer’s expectations? … In this thesis, we assume that studying farmer’s innovative practices would be one way, taken by certain actors, to explore innovative farming systems today. More precisely, we explore how and in which conditions the study of farmer’s innovative practices could foster the design of agricultural systems.First, by exploring the history of agronomy, we show that since the foundation of the discipline, in the 18th century, agronomists draw inspiration from farmer’s practices; then, with the evolution of the discipline, the study of farmer’s practices marginalised. Today, new ways to study farmer’s practices emerge, in relation with contemporaneous challenges and we then propose to focus on ways to study ‘farmer’s innovative practices’. Through the analysis of a panorama of 14 initiatives from the agricultural R&D sector we show that it exists various ways to study farmer’s innovative practices, and we propose to organize this diversity. First, we shed light on what people get from the study of innovative practices depending on their own situation (to federate a designer’s community, to renew agronomic models, to get knowledge on unknown technical systems…). We then shed light on common traits in agronomist’s reasoning underlying the study of farmer’s innovative practices (ex. They all spot innovative practices formulating desirable unknown), and we show variants in ways to analyse them (ex. various systemic analysis). We finally show that studying innovative practices allows to enrich collective design dynamics: by fostering the emergence of new technical systems on farm, and by contributing to the emergence of original prescriptions aiming to support the design on farm of innovative systems (contextualised testimonies, generic action logics…)These initiatives illustrate the emergence of original forms of contributions, in agronomy, in a distributed design organisation, spread in territories. This thesis contribute to the understanding of what’s studying farmer’s innovative practices in relation to a design activity, and it gets to the formulation of reflexive keys to study farmer’s practices while designing in agronomy
Ghazouani, Sami. "Modèles linéaires d’optimisation pour la conception simultanée de réseaux de matière et de chaleur d'un écoparc industriel." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM060/document.
The design of industrial processes needs to be adapted as cheap natural resources are scarcer and environmental standards are more stringent to limit their environmental footprints. In order to improve their cost-effectiveness as well as their sustainability, industrial effluents must considered as potential heat and mass resources whether they are recycled locally or at a larger scale by sharing them with other industrial companies; thus forming an eco-industrial park (EIP).This thesis presents a new systemic and systematic approach to design optimal mass allocation and heat exchanger networks simultaneously. Three linear models of incremental complexity have been developed to design optimal recovery networks at a local scale. The first linear model (M1) looks for the necessary minimum fresh resource consumption. The second linear model (M2) presents a new superstructure that allows optimizing mass and heat requirements simultaneously, targeting the minimum annual operating costs. The third linear model (M3) allows designing optimal mass allocation and heat exchanger networks simultaneously. Its objective function is the total annualized cost considering operating and capital costs.The opportunity to use regeneration units is added to the structure of the three previous models. Any type of these units can be represented by a simple model with the generic parameters based on objects already existing in the previous models formulations.Finally, a M3 model applicability is extended to the design of collaborative eco-industrial parks with additional concepts (sites, clusters, indirect heat and mass networks) to obtain a new M4 model. In this model, the capital costs related to the topology of the networks are taken into account in the objective function.The relevance and performances of the proposed models are validated with several case studies taken from the literature
Rothé, Marie. "Élaboration d’un outil d’aide à la décision pour la conception de verger agroécologique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0394/document.
Biological control through habitat conservation is a way to reduce the reliance on and the impact of insecticide treatments that are numerous and toxic. It is particularly suitable for citrus orchards which include large areas often uncultivated. The natural enemies present in greater number in a vegetal cover are then more easily mobilized during massive attacks of pests on trees. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the impact of different weed management methods (mowing, milling, tillage and herbicide) on plant communities and natural enemies populations within the orchard, focusing on two communities that evolve at two distinct spatial scales: the Phytoseiidae and the Coccinellidae. Our results showed a functional differentiation of vegetal communities managed with different weed management methods over time. Phytoseiidae are present in comparable abundances in all these plant communities but are influenced by the abundance of plant species with densities of moderate trichomes and domaties in the vegetal cover. Similarly, the abundances of Coccinellidae are positively correlated with the abundance of Poaceae species on the plot whereas the weed management modalities have no significant impact. This knowledge has been mobilized and articulated for the development of a decision-making tool prototype contributing to the design of agro-ecological orchards. It allows ex ante evaluation of scenarios of weed management practices in order to optimize biological control by conservation in citrus orchards. We have chosen a functional approach which will easily allow to generalize the tool to other crops by expanding the database with functional traits to non-informed plant species and a good knowledge of the affinities of natural enemies to promote
Blazy, Jean-Marc. "Evaluation ex ante de systèmes de culture innovants par modélisation agronomique et économique: de la conception à l'adoption. Cas des systèmes de culture bananiers de Guadeloupe." Phd thesis, Ecole nationale superieure agronomique de montpellier - AGRO M, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00547627.
Hamdi, Ali. "Eléments pour l'éducation relative à l'environnement : étude de l'évolution conceptuelle et des attitudes chez les élèves tunisiens de la deuxième année secondaire à travers leurs conceptions sur l'écosystème forestier." Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOL035.
Michelin, Fabien. "Développement d'une méthode d'intégration de la dimension environnementale dans la relation client/fournisseur en conception : application au domaine de la mécanique." Thesis, Compiègne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015COMP2206.
The increase of the environmental issues drives to the integration of the environmental dimension in the product design process of companies of the mechanical industry. This process has widely evolved for the last decades, since suppliers are more deeply involved into their clients' process. As they reach a high level of responsibility, they may heavily influence the product environmental performance of a final system. Hence it is required to improve the integration of the environment in the client/supplier relationship. This integration is however limited due to three main issues : (1) an organizational issue linked the low integration of the environment in corporate hierarchical levels, (2) an operational issue which refers to the reduced environmental expertise which limits the long-term integration of the environment in the product design process, (3) a relational issue which concerns the unbalanced relationship between clients and suppliers. Our research work leads to the method GECO (Management of the Environment in the Client/Supplier relationship). It supports mechanical companies though a consistent, pro-active and tailor made approach within the management of the environment with clients and suppliers. First, the method allows companies to visualize the growing clients’ environmental issues they would potentially have to face up in short and long term. Thus it provides strategic information to focus the efforts on the relevant environmental issues. Second, the method provides a roadmap which guides companies with the choice of the relevant methods and tools to respond to the clients’ requirements. Finally, the method GECO supports the elaboration of an environmental strategy adapted to the suppliers' maturity. The method was experimented though two study cases with a large company from the railway industry and a small company of the defense sector. The relevance of the method has been confirmed, especially the diagnosis part
Catalano, Riccardo. "Evaluer et anticiper les risques associés aux UV filtres nanoparticulaires employés dans les crèmes solaires : une étude orientée vers le cycle de vie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0140.
Sunscreens are increasingly questioning their potential environmental impact, because the specific ingredients they contain, such as UV filters, surfactants, thickeners, can reach rivers, lakes, sea shore, and/or sewage treatment plants when the product is removed from the skin during bathing or daily cleansing. Nanomaterials (NMs) used in sunscreen formulation as UV filters may impact these systems. Knowledge gaps remain regarding the safety of these NMs, as few studies have been conducted on actual UV filters or on the life cycle of sunscreens to date. This thesis work aimed to contribute to filling these gaps by focusing on several key stages of the sunscreen life cycle: the characterization of nano-TiO2 UV filters and the optimization of their concentration in the product, the exposure and marine ecotoxicity to these mineral UV filters; with the aim of proposing some new strategies to anticipate and minimize these risks through an eco-design approach
Colas, Floriane. "Co-développement d'un modèle d'aide à la décision pour la gestion intégrée de la flore adventice. Méta-modélisation et analyse de sensibilité d'un modèle mécaniste complexe (FLORSYS) des effets des systèmes de culture sur les services et disservices écosystémiques de la flore adventice." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCK014.
The main threat to agricultural crops are weeds with herbicides being the primary cropping management practice. Due to the negative impact of herbicides on health and environment, their use must be reduced. To replace herbicides, numerous cropping practices need to be implemented. This makes weed management more complicated and, together with necessity of scheduling operations at long-term and the multiplicity of cropping system impacts, explains why models are so useful for designing innovative cropping systems. The aim of this thesis was to develop a Decision Support System (DSS) intended for crop advisors to help design cropping systems that are less dependent on herbicides. Our approach consisted in identifying the structure of the DSS in interaction with future users while using an existing research model for the biophysical content of the tool. The research model, FLORSYS, is a mechanistic model of a “virtual field” simulating the weed flora dynamics from both cropping systems and pedoclimatic conditions. As output, it provides weed impact indicators, both for crop production and ecosystem services. This work was achieved via three steps: (1) increasing the speed of FLORSYS simulations by metamodelling, via polynomial chaos extension, the slowest submodel, i.e. the radiation interception. This submodel is based on a 3D representation of each plant of the crop:weed canopy where the transfer and interception of the radiation is computed at a voxel (3D pixel) scale. (2) The identification of the most influential cropping practices on weed impacts indicators via datamining on a wide range of simulated cropping systems with FLORSYS. To widen the range of cropping systems, random cropping systems were added to the study. Random forest allowed the construction of charts of the most important cropping practices contingent on different objectives; classification and regression trees gave the optimal combinations of practices leading to those objectives. (3) Simultaneously, the co-development of the structure of the DSS with future users was done via surveys and workshops to design cropping systems. These interactions aimed at defining which questions should be answered with the DSS, which inputs and outputs, and with which format, should be used. In step (1), the simulation time of the voxelised FLORSYS and the FLORSYS metamodelled at the scale of the plant highlighted the precision/speed trade-off of the model. The metamodel is faster for agricultural practices requiring precise knowledge of the position and volume of plants. In other cases, decreasing the precision by using the voxelized FLORSYS with an increased voxel size is much faster. Step (2) shows no general conflict between crop protection and ecosystem service indicators. The conservation of both crop protection and ecosystem services is thus possible, except for bee food offer. To reduce weed impacts on production, tillage, especially in summer, and herbicide use are the main cropping techniques. In step (3) two use cases were identified: (1st) the redesign of a cropping system requires a synthetic tool, based on meta-decision rules (e.g. rotating winter and spring crops, ploughing once every three years); (2nd) adjusting cropping practices requires a detailed tool, with detailed inputs on the cropping system. The synthetic DSS is composed of charts of the most important cropping system practices, of decision trees, and an emulator of FLORSYS based on random forests. Its capacity to predict known facts makes it an essential discussion medium for cropping system design workshops, particularly to suggest the outlines of multi-performant cropping systems. The detailed DSS consists of a pre-parameterized version of FLORSYS for different regions, to allow the fine tuning of cropping systems to constraints and objectives of farmers