Дисертації з теми "Concentrating collectors"

Open volumetric absorbers have been tested and evaluated with the objective to determine their ability to heat air for small scale concentrating solar systems, more exactly a solar oven where a stove is heated up by a rock bed storage provided with air above 220°C. The absorbers were tested in terms of different size, shape and material. Heating up air to the target temperature has been a challenge for years, but was achieved with good margin with an experimental setup based on the flaws of previous test setups. At a concentration factor of 300 and a parabolic dish aperture area of 1.07 m2, steady state air temperatures at 300°C were achieved with a stainless steel fiber mesh absorber and a silicon carbide honeycomb absorber which has been exposed for extensively testing in solar towers. The air temperatures were achieved at a flow rate of 1.96*10^-3 kg/s, and as the flow rate was increased the air temperature decreased. At increased flow rate the absorber temperature was reduced and caused less radiation and convection loss which resulted in increased heat transfer between absorber and air. Efficiency defined as air energy increase through absorber divided by the normal direct solar irradiance ranges between 50 % and 80 %, where the efficiency peaked at the highest flow rate employed during the tests. The greatest average air temperature measured was 350°C which was achieved by employment of the honeycomb absorber at a concentration factor of 600 and a mass flow of 1.5*10^-3 kg/s.

The optical properties of the absorber pipe in a parabolic trough collector isessential for the performance of the solar collector. The desirable propertiesare high absorptance (α) of solar radiation and low emittance (ε) of thermalradiation. A surface with these properties is known as a solar selective surface. There are several techniques used to produce selective surfaces, but one of the most common ones is electroplating. Research done by Vargas, indicates that optical properties of α = 0.98 and ε = 0.03 [1], which is superior to the best commercial alternatives (α = 0.95 and ε = 0.04 [2]), can be achieved by electroplating a Co-Cr coating on a stainless steel substrate. Additionally, Vargas used an electrolyte of trivalent chromium dissolved in a deep eutectic solvent, as opposed to the traditionally used aqueous electrolytes containing hexavalent chromium, which is toxic and carcinogenic. In this project, a coating of Co-Cr was electroplated on a stainless steel substratewith a method similar to that of Vargas in order to obtain a solar selective surface. The electrolyte was composed of ethylene glycol, choline chloride, CrCl3•6H2O and CoCl2•6H2O in a molar ratio of 16:1:0.4:0.2. The plating process was conducted using chronoamperometric electrodeposition with an applied potential of -1.2 V (against an Ag/AgCl reference electrode) for 15 min. The system was investigated using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). The total absorptance was measured using UV-Vis spectroscopy, while the emittance was measured using an IR-thermometer. The microstructure and chemical composition was investigated using Scanning ElectronMicroscopy (SEM), Focused Ion Beam (FIB), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy. The thermal stability of the coating was investigated by exposingit to 400°C in air for 24 h. The electroplated coating is approximately 2.8 μm thick and exhibits a porousstructure with a surface of fine fiber-like flakes. The coating consists largely of Co hydroxides with low concentrations of Cr compounds, Co oxides and metallic Co. Hence, a satisfactory co-deposition was not accomplished, as the Cr concentration is low. The coating is not thermally stable up to 400°C, exhibiting signs of at least partially melting in the annealing process. The compounds in the coating were largely oxidized in the process. The electroplated surface does however exhibits strong selectivity, with a total solar absorptance of α = 0.952 and total emittance of ε = 0.32 at 160°C.

The annual gain of stationary solar thermal collectors can be increased by non-focusing reflectors. Such concentrators make use of diffuse irradiance. A collector’s incidence angle modifier for diffuse (diffuse-IAM) accounts for this utilization. The diffuse irra-diance varies over the collector hemisphere, which dynamically influences the diffuse-IAM. This is not considered by state-of-the-art collector models. They simply calculate with one constant IAM value for isotropic diffuse irradiance from sky and ground. This work is based on the development of a stationary, double-covered process heat flat-plate collector with a one-sided, segmented booster reflector (RefleC). This reflector approximates one branch of a compound parabolic concentrator (CPC). Optical meas-urement results of the collector components as well as raytracing results of different variants are given. The thermal and optical characterization of test samples up to 190 °C in an outdoor laboratory as well as the validation of the raytracing are discussed. A collector simulation model with varying diffuse-IAM is described. Therein, ground reflected and sky diffuse irradiance are treated separately. Sky diffuse is weighted with an anisotropic IAM, which is re-calculated in every time step. This is realized by gener-ating an anisotropic sky radiance distribution with the model of Brunger and Hooper, and by weighting the irradiance from distinct sky elements with their raytraced beam-IAM values. According to the simulations, the RefleC booster increases the annual out-put of the double-covered flat-plate in Würzburg, Germany, by 87 % at a constant inlet temperature of 120 °C and by 20 % at 40 °C. Variations of the sky diffuse-IAM of up to 25 % during one day are found. A constant, isotropic diffuse-IAM would have under-valued the gains from the booster by 40 % at 40 °C and by 20 % at 120 °C. The results indicate that the gain of all non-focusing solar collectors is undervalued when constant, isotropic diffuse-IAMs calculated from raytracing or steady-state test data are used. Process heat generation with RefleC is demonstrated in a monitored pilot plant at work-ing temperatures of up to 130 °C. The measured annual system utilization ratio is 35 %. Comparing the gains at all inlet temperatures above 80 °C, the booster increases the an-nual output of the double-covered flat-plates by 78 %. Taking all inlet temperatures, the total annual gains of RefleC are 39 % above that of the flat-plates without reflectors. A qualitative comparison of the new simulation model results to the laboratory results and monitoring data shows good agreement. It is shown that the accuracy of existing collector models can be increased with low effort by calculating separate isotropic IAMs for diffuse sky and ground reflected irradiance. The highest relevance of this work is seen for stationary collectors with very distinctive radiation acceptance.

Absolicon Solar Collector AB in Härnösand, Sweden, develops concentrating solar collectors with a parabolic trough. In the solar collector trough, there is thermal loss due to convection. A convection suppressor was made and used as a method to reduce thermal loss due to convection in the trough. The objective of the project was to evaluate the convection suppressor for solar collectors with a parabolic trough and its impact on the performance (thermal loss characteristics) in two different orientations of the trough, horizontal and inclined. The performance of the solar collector was first measured without the convection suppressor; these results were compared to two previous quasi-dynamical tests of the solar collector performance made by two different institutes, Research Institute of Sweden and SPF Institut für Solartechnik (Switzerland). The comparison was made to validate the test results from the tests without the convection suppressor, which matched. Secondly, when the convection suppressor was made and tested in the two different orientations, the results of the performance with and without the convection suppressor was evaluated as well as the convection suppressor itself. The results showed a significant improvement of the solar collector performance in the aspect of reduced thermal loss when the convection suppressor was used, hence higher efficiency.
Absolicon Solar Collector AB I Härnösand, Sverige, utvecklar koncentrerande solfångare med ett paraboliskt tråg. I solfångarens tråg uppstår termiska förluster som en följd av konvektion. En konvektionsreducerare tillverkades och användes som metod för att minska de termiska förlusterna i tråget. Målet med projektet var att testa och utvärdera konvektionsreduceraren för koncentrerande solfångare med ett paraboliskt tråg samt dess inverkan på verkningsgraden i två olika positioner för tråget, horisontell och lutande. För att kunna mäta konvektionsreducerarens inverkan på solfångaren mättes först solfångarens prestanda utan konvektionsreduceraren i de två olika positionerna, detta resultat användes som referens efter validering. Valideringen gjordes genom att resultatet jämfördes sedan med två andra prestandamätningar (quasi-dynamical test) av solfångaren gjorda av två olika institut, Research Institute of Sweden och SPF Institut für Solartechnik (Schweiz). Därefter, när konvektionsreduceraren var tillverkat och testad i de olika positionerna på samma sätt som mätningarna utan konvektionsreducerare, jämfördes resultaten med och utan konvektionsreducerareet samt att en utvärdering gjordes av dess inverkan. Resultatet visade en signifikant förbättring av solfångarens prestanda i form av minskade termiska förluster när konvektionsreduceraren användes och därav ökad verkningsgrad.

In this study, the theoretical performance of a concentrating solar thermal electric system (CSTES) using a field of parabolic trough collectors (PTC) is investigated. The commercial software TRNSYS and the Solar Thermal Electric Components (STEC) library are used to model the overall system design and for simulations. The model was constructed using data from the literature for an existing 30-MW solar electric generating system (SEGS VI) using PTC&rsquo
s in Kramer Junction, California. The CSTES consists of a PTC loop that drives a Rankine cycle with superheat and reheat, 2-stage high and 5-stage low pressure turbines, 5-feedwater heaters and a dearator. As a first approximation, the model did not include significant storage or back-up heating. The model&rsquo
s predictions were benchmarked against published data for the system in California for a summer day. Good agreement between the model&rsquo
s predictions and published data were found, with errors usually less than 10%. Annual simulations were run using weather data for both California and Antalya, Turkey. The monthly outputs for the system in California and Antalya are compared both in terms of absolute monthly outputs and in terms of ratios of minimum to maximum monthly outputs. The system in Antalya is found to produce30 % less energy annually than the system in California. The ratio of the minimum (December) to maximum (July) monthly energy produced in Antalya is 0.04.

This thesis aims at improving the understanding of the effects of the wind on parabolic trough Concentrating Solar Power technology. Parabolic trough power plants are often located in areas that are subjected to high wind speeds, as an open terrain without any obstructions is beneficial for the plant performance. The wind impacts both the structural requirements and the performance of the plant. The aerodynamic loads from the wind impose strong requirements on the support structure of the reflectors, and they also impact the tracking accuracy. On a thermal level the airflow around the glass envelope of the receiver tube cools its outer surface through forced convection, thereby contributing to the total heat loss of the system. The influence of the shape and design of the trough is studied with the aim to minimise wind loads and thermal losses and, thus, contribute to making parabolic trough technology more efficient and hence reduce the cost of the generated electricity. Starting with an investigation on the level of a single row of collectors, the influence of different trough depths on the wind effects — the aerodynamic loads, as well as the thermal effects — is analysed via numerical simulations that are validated against experimental data from wind tunnel tests. While a deeper trough geometry leads to higher forces than a shallow one, it also significantly reduces the wind speed around the receiver and hence the thermal loss on its outer surface. Based on these results alterations to the standard trough design of a continuous parabolic shape are undertaken, analysed in numerical simulations, and validated in wind tunnel experiments. A staggered reflector layout with different focal lengths in different sections of the trough is found to be able to reduce the wind loads by up to 24%,while some designs also retain the sheltering effect on the receiver. Various numerical simulation approaches for an adequate representation of the wind effects on individual rows of collectors, as well as in a solar field are investigated and compared. For the simulation of a solar field, time-averaged simulations of a large domain with several collector rows are compared with a transient simulation with stream-wise periodic boundary conditions. At the level of an individual collector row, the performance and results of a transient scale resolving simulation are compared with those of a simulation using synthetic turbulence generation at the inlet boundary.

Solar energy is increasingly being considered a promising solution to reduce the emissions of CO2 and green house gas. The performance of solar collectors largely depends on the ability to absorb incoming solar radiation with minimal thermal radiation losses. To weigh the potential absorbed energy to thermal losses, the performance criterion (PC) can be used, calculated as PC =α−xε, where α is absorptance, ε is emittance and x is a scaling factor < 1. It has been shown by G. Vargas et al. that Co-Cr alloys excibit great potential (α = 0.98 and ε = 0.03) for use in solar concentrators. The main goal of this project is to quantify the impact of key factors (controlled input variables) on an electroplating process of Co-Cr alloys, using the design of experiment (DOE) methodology. It is part of an ongoing collaboration between Absolicon and the physics department at Umeå university. Six factors were investigated using a fractional factorial (FrF) design. Data was collected through a series of experiments where stainless steel substrates were electroplated with Co-Cr alloys. The resulting samples were analyzed in terms of α and ε as well as the quality of deposition (QD). Using the experimental results, three models were made in a DOE-software called MODDE. Models are used to correlate the factors with each response, i.e. α, ε and QD. Ideally the predictive power of the models (Q2) should be as high as possible, and at least > 0.5. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to determine the significance of the models. Based on the models, the ’Optimizer’ tool in MODDE was used to predict two set of optimum factor settings, producing two samples, S1 and S2. S1 and S2 were evaluated in terms of α, ε and QD as well as chemical composition and structural properties of the coatings. The predictive power of the models was 0.49 for α, 0.38 for ε and 0.53 for QD. The predictive power of the models were therefore limited. ANOVA-test showed that the models for α and QD were statistically significant. For all three responses the significant effects were mostly two factor interactions. All three models showed significant lack of fit (model error) as a result of high reproducibility. S1 had the best PCAbsolicon (performance criterion for Absolicons solar collectors) of all samples with 0.858. S2 was not as good, even though it was predicted to have a higher value of PCAbsolicon by MODDE. EDS, XPS and SEM measurements of samples S1 and S2 showed that the two samples were very similar in terms of chemical composition. The main difference was that the coating of S1 was more porous, and also thicker than S2, 0.81 μm compared to 0.26 μm. Even though the models showed some predictive capabilities, the impact of the factors could not be fully determined. That is due to the nature of the FrF-design, which cannot accurately determine two-factor interactions.

Domestic solar hot water units, if properly designed, are capable of providing all hot water needs in an environmentally friendly and cost-effective way. Despite 50 years of development, commercial technology has not yet achieved substantial market penetration compared to mainstream electric and gas options. Therefore, alternate designs are warranted if they can offer similar or greater performance for a comparable cost to conventional units. This study proved that such alternatives are possible by designing and testing two novel solar hot water systems (SHWS). The first system used compound parabolic collector (CPC) panels to concentrate solar energy and produce steam. The steam moved from a rooftop downward into a heat exchange pipe within a ground level water tank, heating the water, condensing and falling into a receptacle. The operation was entirely passive, since the condensate was pulled up due to the partial vacuum that occurred after system cooling. Efficiencies of up to 40% were obtained. The second system used an air heater panel. Air was circulated in open and closed loop configuration (air recycling) by means of a fan/blower motor and was forced across a compact heat exchanger coupled to a water tank. This produced a natural thermosiphon flow heating the water. Air recycling mode provided higher system efficiencies: 34% vs. 27%. The concurrent development of an analytical model that reasonably predicted heat transfer dynamics of these systems allowed 1) performance optimisation for specific input/starting operating conditions and 2) virtual design improvements. The merit of this model lay in its acceptable accuracy in spite of its simplicity. By optimising for operating conditions and parameter design, both systems are capable of providing over 30 MJ of useful domestic hot water on clear days, which equates roughly to an increase of 35°C in a 200 L water tank. This will satisfy, on average, daily hot water requirements for a 4-person household, particularly in low-latitude regions (eg. Queensland). Preliminary costing for these systems puts them on par with conventional units, with the passive, remotely coupled, low maintenance, CPC SHWS comparable to higher end models. The air heater SHWS, by contrast, was much more economical and easier to build and handle, but at the trade-off cost of 1) the need for an active system, 2) increased maintenance and running costs and 3) the requirement for a temperature control mechanism that would protect the panel body by dumping hot air trapped inside if stagnation were to occur.

Domestic solar hot water units, if properly designed, are capable of providing all hot water needs in an environmentally friendly and cost-effective way. Despite 50 years of development, commercial technology has not yet achieved substantial market penetration compared to mainstream electric and gas options. Therefore, alternate designs are warranted if they can offer similar or greater performance for a comparable cost to conventional units. This study proved that such alternatives are possible by designing and testing two novel solar hot water systems (SHWS). The first system used compound parabolic collector (CPC) panels to concentrate solar energy and produce steam. The steam moved from a rooftop downward into a heat exchange pipe within a ground level water tank, heating the water, condensing and falling into a receptacle. The operation was entirely passive, since the condensate was pulled up due to the partial vacuum that occurred after system cooling. Efficiencies of up to 40% were obtained. The second system used an air heater panel. Air was circulated in open and closed loop configuration (air recycling) by means of a fan/blower motor and was forced across a compact heat exchanger coupled to a water tank. This produced a natural thermosiphon flow heating the water. Air recycling mode provided higher system efficiencies: 34% vs. 27%. The concurrent development of an analytical model that reasonably predicted heat transfer dynamics of these systems allowed 1) performance optimisation for specific input/starting operating conditions and 2) virtual design improvements. The merit of this model lay in its acceptable accuracy in spite of its simplicity. By optimising for operating conditions and parameter design, both systems are capable of providing over 30 MJ of useful domestic hot water on clear days, which equates roughly to an increase of 35°C in a 200 L water tank. This will satisfy, on average, daily hot water requirements for a 4-person household, particularly in low-latitude regions (eg. Queensland). Preliminary costing for these systems puts them on par with conventional units, with the passive, remotely coupled, low maintenance, CPC SHWS comparable to higher end models. The air heater SHWS, by contrast, was much more economical and easier to build and handle, but at the trade-off cost of 1) the need for an active system, 2) increased maintenance and running costs and 3) the requirement for a temperature control mechanism that would protect the panel body by dumping hot air trapped inside if stagnation were to occur.

This thesis discusses aspects of a novel solar concentrating photovoltaic / thermal (PV/T) collector that has been designed to produce both electricity and hot water. The motivation for the development of the Combined Heat and Power Solar (CHAPS) collector is twofold: in the short term, to produce photovoltaic power and solar hot water at a cost which is competitive with other renewable energy technologies, and in the longer term, at a cost which is lower than possible with current technologies. To the author’s knowledge, the CHAPS collector is the first PV/T system using a reflective linear concentrator with a concentration ratio in the range 20-40x. The work contained in this thesis is a thorough study of all facets of the CHAPS collector, through a combination of theoretical and experimental investigation. A theoretical discussion of the concept of ‘energy value’ is presented, with the aim of developing methodologies that could be used in optimisation studies to compare the value of electrical and thermal energy. Three approaches are discussed; thermodynamic methods, using second law concepts of energy usefulness; economic valuation of the hot water and electricity through levelised energy costs; and environmental valuation, based on the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the generation of hot water and electricity. It is proposed that the value of electrical energy and thermal energy is best compared using a simple ratio. Experimental measurement of the thermal and electrical efficiency of a CHAPS receiver was carried out for a range of operating temperatures and fluid flow rates. The effectiveness of internal fins incorporated to augment heat transfer was examined. The glass surface temperature was measured using an infrared camera, to assist in the calculation of thermal losses, and to help determine the extent of radiation absorbed in the cover materials. FEA analysis, using the software package Strand7, examines the conductive heat transfer within the receiver body to obtain a temperature profile under operating conditions. Electrical efficiency is not only affected by temperature, but by non-uniformities in the radiation flux profile. Highly non-uniform illumination across the cells was found to reduce the efficiency by about 10% relative. The radiation flux profile longitudinal to the receivers was measured by a custom-built flux scanning device. The results show significant fluctuations in the flux profile and, at worst, the minimum flux intensity is as much as 27% lower than the median. A single cell with low flux intensity limits the current and performance of all cells in series, causing a significant drop in overall output. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the causes of flux non-uniformities is essential for the design of a single-axis tracking PV trough concentrator. Simulation of the flux profile was carried out using the ray tracing software Opticad, and good agreement was achieved between the simulated and measured results. The ray tracing allows the effect of the receiver supports, the gap between mirrors and the mirror shape imperfections to be examined individually. A detailed analytical model simulating the CHAPS collector was developed in the TRNSYS simulation environment. The accuracy of the new component was tested against measured data, with acceptable results. A system model was created to demonstrate how sub components of the collector, such as the insulation thickness and the conductivity of the tape bonding the cells to the receiver, can be examined as part of a long term simulation.

In this thesis report for Dalarna University in Borlange and Absolicon company the study of a possibility to add an array of concentrating solar collectors to a Torsång district heating system was done. The whole idea of this work was to make a simulation of this kind of system, trying to get 15-20% of solar fraction, and make an economical evaluation. At the same time, another goal was to make two comparisons: between concentrating and flat-plate collector in the same system, and between two tools for collector analysis – Polysun and Absolicon tool, based on TRNSYS, which was designed to estimate the output of the collector for a certain temperature, without any load. During the study, the analysis of the simulating tools was made and the combination of those two tools was used. Using long iteration cycles, involving changing the field layout, number of collectors and distance between collector rows in flat-plate collector case, both types of collectors were analyzed. The method of the analysis was to get an equal output of the field and see the differences, which appear while using different collector types.

This thesis investigated the potential of using molten salt nanofluids as a directly absorbing heat transfer fluid in concentrating solar receiver applications. The investigation was conducted through the development of a two dimensional fluid dynamics model in COMSOL utilising the radiative heat transfer and mixture model physics. Two molten salts were studied, NaNO3-KNO3 and Li2CO3-K2CO3 doped with graphene nanoparticles and the effects of receiver length and height, inlet velocity, nanoparticle volume fraction and solar concentration on receiver performance were evaluated.

Hybrid solar systems as well as concentrating solar collectors are promising solar technologies. To run them efficiently in northern countries is a task Solarus AB is working on.The objective of this MSc project is to investigate and experimentally evaluate the option of implementing a light diffusing sheet in acompound parabolic concentrator (CPC) solar collector, called the “Scania Model”. This component should improve the non-uniform illumination of the photovoltaic cells in concentrating solar collectors.Therefore, scientific publications on this kind of solar collectors were read up on, e.g.Adsten, M. Brogren, M., Roos, A., Karlsson, B. Nilsson, J. and Leutz, R.After researching and procuring possible diffuser materials, experimental tests were carried out and the different materials were reviewed. Implemented in a solar simulator the IV curves of the collector with the different diffusers were generated. Furthermore, the influence of the materials on light was reviewed using daylight, laser light and an artificial light source. In the following, the light intensity distribution on the absorber of the Scania Model was defined and evaluated.The results of this project show that the main problem regarding diffuser material is to provide sufficient diffusion without much transmission losses.

The energy sector is currently in a state of change as conventional energy sources are questioned by the need of new clean and sustainable energy sources to satisfy the global energy demand in the long term. Renewable energies respond to this increasing demand and solar energy is an advanced example of them. Photovoltaic modules are experiencing a steady reduction in their production costs. It is needed that this trend continues and, along with it, their propagation and expansion in the market continues. One way of reducing production costs is by using inexpensive light concentrators to increase the output of the costly photovoltaic cell. In this respect, the Solarus AB hybrid PV/T collector has been designed based on this principle. This collector is a CPC (Compound Parabolic Collector) and belongs to the MaReCo (Maximum Reflector Collector) family. The aim of this thesis is to deeply investigate this technology in two main areas. Firstly, the collector will be tested both electrically and thermally in order to evaluate its performance. To do so, a solar test rig has been built and connected at the building Hall 45 of Högskolan i Gävle, Gävle, Sweden. The second main area of investigation of this thesis is to determine the optimal price for the Solarus AB hybrid PV/T collector in order to be competitive in the solar energy market. This study will be based in the current market prices of photovoltaic and thermal collectors. Regarding the electrical performance of the collector, the results obtained show that the front side of the receiver produces more electricity throughout the day than the reflector side. This has guided Solarus AB to decide to change the design of its receiver to improve its performance. With the current design, it has been obtained a peak power at STC of 220W. In relation with the thermal part, the heat losses of the collector have been estimated obtaining a U value of 6,8W/(m2*K), a thermal optical beam efficiency of 63,5% and a total optical beam efficiency of 74,5%. The price market study of photovoltaic and thermal collector has shown that 2m2 of the Solarus AB hybrid PV/T collector produces approximately the same annual electricity and heat as 1,1m2 of a photovoltaic module with an efficiency of 15,5% and a flat plate collector of 0,85m2 of aperture area. According to the market study, its cost is equivalent to 190€ for the PV module and 220€ for the flat plate collector. This means that the price of the Solarus AB hybrid PV/T collector should be lower than 410€.

Photovoltaic Thermal/Hybrid collectors are an emerging technology that combines PV and solar thermal collectors by producing heat and electricity simultaneously. In this paper, the electrical performance evaluation of a low concentrating PVT collector was done through two testing parts: power comparison and performance ratio testing. For the performance ratio testing, it is required to identify and measure the factors affecting the performance ratio on a low concentrating PVT collector. Factors such as PV cell configuration, collector acceptance angle, flow rate, tracking the sun, temperature dependence and diffuse to irradiance ratio. Solarus low concentrating PVT collector V12 was tested at Dalarna University in Sweden using the electrical equipment at the solar laboratory. The PV testing has showed differences between the two receivers. Back2 was producing 1.8 energy output more than Back1 throughout the day. Front1 and Front2 were almost the same output performance. Performance tests showed that the cell configuration for Receiver2 with cells grouping (6- 32-32-6) has proved to have a better performance ratio when to it comes to minimizing the shading effect leading to more output power throughout the day because of lowering the mismatch losses. Different factors were measured and presented in this thesis in chapter 5. With the current design, it has been obtained a peak power at STC of 107W per receiver. The solar cells have an electrical efficiency of approximately 19% while the maximum measured electrical efficiency for the collector was approximately 18 % per active cell area, in addition to a temperature coefficient of -0.53%/ ˚C. Finally a recommendation was done to help Solarus AB to know how much the electrical performance is affected during variable ambient condition and be able to use the results for analyzing and introducing new modification if needed.

Cette thèse regroupe des travaux essentiellement numériques concernant des problèmes liés à la dynamique de particules dans les écoulements turbulents. La turbulence a été modélisée à l’aide d’une méthode dite de la décomposition en modes de Fourier aléatoire (simulations cinématiques), permettant de faire varier les différents paramètres du problème pour un faible coût numérique. La partie principale concerne les propriétés du taux de collision de particules inertielles dans des conditions de dilution compatibles avec des situations météorologiques. Le taux de collision est estimé à l’aide d’une méthode Lagrangienne récemment proposée par Falkovich et Pumir (2007) et systématiquement comparé à des mesures numériques directes. Cette approche a permis de quantifier la contribution de l’effet fronde, originalement introduit par Falkovich et al. (2002) au taux de collision. Les résultats montrent que cette dernière est négligeable dans la limite des petits nombres de Stokes (temps de la relaxation des particules adimensionnées) et que seul le phénomène de concentration préférentielle explique dans ce cas l’augmentation du taux de collision par rapport au cas de simples traceurs. En revanche, à partir d’un seuil situé aux alentours st = 0. 3 la contribution de l’effet fronde augmente très rapidement et peut devenir dominante si la gravité n’est pas trop importante. Une seconde partie est dédiée aux propriétés des distributions de traceurs dans des écoulements de surfaces compressibles. Le moment d’ordre deux de ces distributions est calculé explicitement dans les zones inertielles et dissipatives permettant de quantifier l’intensité des fluctuations de concentration (concentration préférentielle) en fonction de l’échelle. Les résultats obtenus laissent apparaître certaines similitudes avec le cas des particules inertielles dans des écoulements
This thesis encompasses numerical studies of problems concerning the dynamics of particles in turbulent flows. Turbulence has been modelised using a random Fourier modes method known as kinematic simulations allowing us to change the parameters of the problem for a low numerical cost. The main part of the dissertation analyses the properties of the collision rate of inertial particles in dilute systems compatible which meteorogical situations. The collision rate is estimated using a Lagrangian method recently proposed by Falkovich and Pumir (2007) and systematically compared which direct numerical measurements. The contribution of the sling effect, originally introduced by Falkovich et al. (2002), to the collision rate has been quantified following this approach. The results show that this latter is negligible in the limit of very small Stokes numbers (adimensionned relaxation time of the particles), so that the enhancement of the collision rate with respect to the case of tracers can only be explained by preferential concentration. On the other hand, the sling contribution increases sharply when the Stokes number exceeds a threshold around St = 0. 3 and can become dominant if the gravity is not too strong. A second part concerns the properties of the distributions of tracers on compressible surface flows. The second moment of these distributions has been computed explicitly in both inertial and dissipative range allowing us to quantify the fluctuations of the coarse grained concentration field (preferential concentration) with respect to the scale. The results let appear some similitudes with the case of inertial particles in incompressible flows

Finding cleaner and sustainable energy resources is one of the most important concerns for the development of humanity. Solar energy is taking an essential role in this matter as the production cost of solar collectors is decreasing and more solar installations are being set up every year throughout the world. One way of reducing the cost of solar panels is by using concentrators that are cheaper than the costly photovoltaic cells and can increase their output. Solarus AB designed a Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) hybrid collector that uses this principle and which is a variation of the Maximum Reflector Collector (MaReCo) design and is a Compound Parabolic Collector (CPC). This thesis has two main objectives. The first one is to design variations of the actual Solarus’ design and some alternative MaReCo designs and pure parabola designs. These designs include new solar cell cuts which are based on 4 busbar solar cells. In this way a future in-depth analysis may be carried out by comparing different receiver designs and collector boxes. The second goal is to investigate the current electrical and thermal performance of the collectors from Solarus AB which are installed in the Hus 45 of HiG. The appropriate data of the installation has been obtained using simulations and specific software, and it has been analysed with Microsoft Excel®. Concerning the new designs of the receivers and boxes, everything has been prepared for the future construction of the prototypes. All the measurements and their adjustments have been taken into account to define the size of the components and the process of building has been set up. Moreover, some future work has been planned in order to move forward the project. Regarding the analysis of the HiG installation, both electrical and thermal performance have resulted to be significantly lower compared with their estimated simulation, being their real output around 60 % of the estimated one. In the thermal part, the losses in the pipeline result to be more than a third part of the produced heat. In the electrical part, the production varies a lot between different collectors due to some of them do not work properly, consequence of poor condition of the solar panels (broken cells, dirt, shading, etc.).

This Thesis project is a part of the all-round automation of production of concentrating solar PV/T systems Absolicon X10. ABSOLICON Solar Concentrator AB has been invented and started production of the prospective solar concentrated system Absolicon X10. The aims of this Thesis project are designing, assembling, calibrating and putting in operation the automatic measurement system intended to evaluate the shape of concentrating parabolic reflectors.On the basis of the requirements of the company administration and needs of real production process the operation conditions for the Laser testing rig were formulated. The basic concept to use laser radiation was defined.At the first step, the complex design of the whole system was made and division on the parts was defined. After the preliminary conducted simulations the function and operation conditions of the all parts were formulated.At the next steps, the detailed design of all the parts was conducted. Most components were ordered from respective companies. Some of the mechanical components were made in the workshop of the company. All parts of the Laser-testing rig were assembled and tested. Software part, which controls the Laser-testing rig work, was created on the LabVIEW basis. To tune and test software part the special simulator was designed and assembled.When all parts were assembled in the complete system, the Laser-testing rig was tested, calibrated and tuned.In the workshop of Absolicon AB, the trial measurements were conducted and Laser-testing rig was installed in the production line at the plant in Soleftea.

One of the traditional approaches to reduce costs of solar energy is to use inexpensive reflectors to focus the light onto highly efficient solar cells. Several research projects have resulted in designs, where the excess heat is used as solar thermal energy.

Unlike a solar thermal system, which has a selective surface to reduce the radiant heat loss, a CPV/T (Concentrating PhotoVoltaic/Thermal) system uses a receiver covered with solar cells with high thermal emittance.

This project analyzes whether the heat loss from the receiver can be reduced by covering parts of the receiver surface, not already covered with solar cells, with an optically selective coating. Comparing different methods of applying such a coating and the long-term stability of low cost alternatives are also part of the objectives of this project.

To calculate the heat loss reductions of the optically selective surface coating a mathematical model was developed, which takes the thermal emittances and the solar absorptances of the different surfaces into account. Furthermore, a full-size experiment was constructed to verify the theoretical predictions.

The coating results in a heat loss reduction of approximately 20 % in such a CPV/T system and one of the companies involved in the study is already changing their design to make use of the results.

Les collecteurs des centrales solaires thermodynamiques sont l’un des postes d’investissement principaux et présentent des performances pouvant encore être améliorées. Face à ce constat, ces travaux de thèse explorent les multiples voies d’amélioration de l’efficacité du champ solaire et si possible de réduction du coût des trois types de surface le constituant : réflecteurs, vitres antireflet, absorbeurs sélectifs. Pour cela, nous avons développé un programme de simulation et d’optimisation (algorithme stochastique) permettant d’étudier et de maximiser les performances solaires des couches minces optiques assurant les trois fonctions des collecteurs solaires. Nous avons ainsi identifié des solutions à la fois de très haute performance, économes en matériaux rares et intégrant les questions de durabilité. Afin de tirer le plein potentiel des solutions identifiées, nous avons en particulier conduit des modélisations multicritères poussées, en étudiant l’impact de la géométrie du collecteur, des conditions atmosphériques spécifiques du lieu d’installation et des problématiques liées au choix des matériaux et à la fabrication des surfaces (rugosité, incertitudes d’épaisseur et de composition)
Solar thermal power plants use large and expensive solar fields to collect solar energy, the performance of which can still be improved. Faced with this situation, this thesis explores multiple pathways to improve performance and if possible reduce cost of the three types of surfaces encountered in solar collectors: reflectors, antireflective windows, selective absorbers. For this purpose, we have developed a simulation and optimization (stochastic algorithm) program, to study and maximize solar performance of the thin films ensuring the three functions of solar collectors. We have identified several solutions which combine high performance, scarce use of rare materials and durability. To reach the full potential of all identified solutions, we have conducted advance multi- criteria analysis, by studying the impact of collector geometry, local atmosphericconditions and problematics related to material selection and surface fabrication (roughness, thickness and composition errors)

In a northern European climate a typical solar combisystem for a single family house normally saves between 10 and 30 % of the auxiliary energy needed for space heating and domestic water heating. It is considered uneconomical to dimension systems for higher energy savings. Overheating problems may also occur. One way of avoiding these problems is to use a collector that is designed so that it has a low optical efficiency in summer, when the solar elevation is high and the load is small, and a high optical efficiency in early spring and late fall when the solar elevation is low and the load is large.The study investigates the possibilities to design the system and, in particular, the collector optics, in order to match the system performance with the yearly variations of the heating load and the solar irradiation. It seems possible to design practically viable load adapted collectors, and to use them for whole roofs ( 40 m2) without causing more overheating stress on the system than with a standard 10 m2 system. The load adapted collectors collect roughly as much energy per unit area as flat plate collectors, but they may be produced at a lower cost due to lower material costs. There is an additional potential for a cost reduction since it is possible to design the load adapted collector for low stagnation temperatures making it possible to use less expensive materials. One and the same collector design is suitable for a wide range of system sizes and roof inclinations. The report contains descriptions of optimized collector designs, properties of realistic collectors, and results of calculations of system output, stagnation performance and cost performance. Appropriate computer tools for optical analysis, optimization of collectors in systems and a very fast simulation model have been developed.

Les mesures permanentes en réseau d'assainissement se développent, mais des problèmes de conception des points de mesure et d'interprétation des données qui en sont issues restent non résolus. Une difficulté concerne l'échantillonnage spatial de la section transversale d'un écoulement : les capteurs de vitesses et préleveurs n'échantillonnent qu'une partie d'une section et cela se répercute sur la précision des mesures des flux polluants. On a donc cherché à appréhender la répartition des vitesses et des concentrations dans une section soumise à des sollicitations hydrauliques connues, pour vérifier la représentativité des capteurs qui peuvent y être implantés. Un protocole permettant de qualifier des sections de mesure, et de définir le traitement à appliquer aux mesures brutes pour mieux estimer les mesurandes est proposé. Ce protocole est basé sur l'utilisation d'un code de calcul, paramétré à partir des résultats relevés sur le terrain, réalisés à l'aide de matériels spécifiques.

L'utilizzo di energia solare termica deve essere sostenuto per ridurre il consumo di fonti fossili climalteranti. Nel presente studio si sono progettati e realizzati due sistemi solari a concentrazione: un collettore parabolico assiale (PTC) ed un forno solare a scatola. Il PTC ha un angolo di bordo di 90° ed un rapporto di concentrazione di 19,89. Sul concentratore, realizzato in sandwich composito, sono state applicate pellicole in alluminio ad elevata riflettanza. Il ricevitore è un tubo di acciaio rivestito da una vernice selettiva. Il sistema di inseguimento è governato da un algoritmo solare. I test sperimentali sono stati condotti con acqua ad una temperatura massima di 85 °C. Il PTC è stato caratterizzato ottenendo curve di efficienza termica, modificatore dell'angolo di incidenza e costante di tempo. I risultati mostrano che l'equazione dell'efficienza termica è confrontabile con quella di collettori simili. I dati sperimentali sono stati utilizzati per validare un ambiente di simulazione della resa annuale di PTC. Si è determinata la convenienza nell'adozione di nanofluidi a base di metalli rispetto al fluido di base (acqua). Sono state analizzate 5 temperature del fluido in ingresso e 3 portate in massa. I risultati mostrano che solo le nanoparticelle di Au, TiO2, ZnO e Al2O3 alle più basse concentrazioni presentano ridotti miglioramenti. Il forno solare a scatola ha un rapporto di concentrazione di 11,57, ed è costituito da una camera di cottura, un coperchio superiore vetrato e una doppia fila di specchi riflettenti. Il prototipo consente un allineamento solare manuale sia azimutale che zenitale. La temperatura massima del forno è stata determinata attraverso prove a vuoto. Sono state inoltre svolte prove a carico inserendo nel forno una o due pentole di alluminio, verniciate o meno in nero, riempite con acqua o olio di arachidi. In quest’ultimo caso, si è giunti a temperature superiori a 200 °C e a risultati confrontabili con quelli in letteratura.
Use of solar thermal energy has to be sustained to reduce consumption of climate-changing fossil fuels. Thus, in this study two concentrating solar prototypes were designed and manufactured: a parabolic trough collector (PTC) and a solar box cooker. The PTC has a 90° rim angle and a concentration ratio of 19.89. The concentrator is a sandwich composite structure with high-reflectance aluminum foils applied on it. The receiver is a steel pipe painted with a selective coating. The tracking system is based on a solar-position computer program. Experimental tests were carried out with water and temperatures up to 85 °C. Thermal efficiency, incident angle modifier, and time constant curves were found. Results show that the thermal efficiency equation is comparable with that of other PTCs in literature. Experimental data were utilized to validate a simulation environment able to determine the yearly yield of PTCs. The simulation was carried out to evaluate the convenience in adopting metal-based nanofluids respect to the base fluid (water). Five inlet fluid temperatures and three mass flow rates were analyzed. Results show that only Au, TiO2, ZnO, and Al2O3 nanoparticles, at the lowest concentrations, present reduced improvements respect to water. The solar box cooker is a high concentration ratio prototype (11.57). The cooker has a cooking chamber with a glass cover on the top and is composed by two rows of booster mirrors. The prototype allows both an azimuth and a zenith manual orientation. Tests without load were carried out to evaluate the maximum cooker temperature. Tests with load, conduced using aluminum vessels containing a certain amount of water, were accomplished both with non-painted vessels and black-coated ones, and with one or two vessels. Additional tests were carried out with peanut oil. Using this fluid, temperatures higher than the water ones were achieved (> 200 °C) and results exhibited values comparable to those in literature.

The following Master Thesis will talk about a C-PV prototype using bifacial PV technology, based on the Solarus Collector. The Solarus Collector consists in two PV cells built on a metallic receiver, where there are some water channels flowing through it, allowing to cool down the PV cells, thus increasing their efficiency. The collector also presents a reflector to provide irradiance to the back part of the receiver, where the other PV cells are located. The new prototype will present bifacial PV cells but not a metallic receiver. This construction aims to reduce the price of the receiver, but will not have a system to cool down the solar cells. This Master Thesis will be developed in the Solarus facilities, in collaboration with the Solarus members. In order to grasp an idea of this prototype, two main procedures will be done. Regarding the bifacial technology, a bifacial PV module will be measured under different conditions, depending on which sides can be illuminated or shaded. On the other hand, a thermodynamic simulation will be carried out on different geometries of the reflector and receiver, in order to figure out the evolution of the temperatures on the new prototype. This simulation will be done with a finite element method, widely known in this applications. The results will show several problems concerning this prototype. Although the measurements of the bifacial PV module will result beneficial and informative, the problem with the temperature will tend to back down this prototype. The lack of some system to cool down the bifacial cells will imply that the receiver could reach unacceptable temperatures. This hypothesis will be drawn under some specific conditions, so they will not be completely devastating to the idea of using bifacial cells, but perhaps a different approach should be used in case it is desired to continue this work.

Récupération du gallium par la technique de flottation à partir de solutions alcalines résultant de l'attaque de la bauxite par la soude dans la métallurgie de l'aluminium. Dans une première partie, synthèse d'une vingtaine d'agents complexants de la famille oxine. La deuxième partie est consacrée à la précipitation du gallium par la diisobutylamine méthyl-7 hydroxy-8 quinoléine

Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une synthèse et une récapitulation d'une littérature; autour de l'économie de la standardisation, de plus en plus abondante et variée, en trois grandes approches ayant des points communs et des fils conducteurs: une approche de standardisation des biens réseaux, une approche de standardisation des biens systèmes et une approche de compétition technologique. En associant les externalités de réseau à la concurrence et la complémentarité à la coopération. Dans un cadre d'analyse stratégique renouvelé, élargi et étroitement lié aux enjeux concurrentiels et coopératifs; nous tentons, dans cette thèse, de dépasser les limites des hypothèses et des modélisations habituelles des processus de standardisation technologique. Nous développons ainsi trois modèles théoriques: un modèle de compétition inter-firmes, un modèle de compétition inter-coalitions et un modèle de coopération en matière de R&D. Le processus de standardisation technologique est désormais déterminé, non seulement en fonction de la taille du réseau, du degré de compatibilité ou de la variété des biens complémentaires mais également en fonction des logiques d'interactions inter-firmes. Face aux enjeux économiques et industriels de la compatibilité, ces interactions vont d'une stratégie purement concurrentielle vers une stratégie purement coopérative, en passant par une stratégie à la fois coopérative et concurrentielle. Nos modèles, appliqués sur des biens appelés biens mixtes ayant les propriétés à la fois des biens réseaux et des biens systèmes, sont analysés d'un triple point de vue : celui des firmes, celui des usagers et celui du bien-être social.

Le comportement des thons tropicaux autour des objets flottants : De l'étude des comportements individuels et collectifs à l'étude du piège écologiqueLes recherches en halieutique ont pour objectif d'améliorer les connaissances sur le fonctionnement des populations de poissons afin de transférer celle-ci vers des outils de gestion. Ce travail de thèse repose sur un ensemble d'expériences et de modélisations destinées à approfondir notre compréhension générale du comportement associatif de poissons grands pélagiques avec des objets flottantes à la surface de l'océan. Notre objectif est de tester si les milliers d'objets flottants artificiels déployés par les pêcheurs (DCP - Dispositifs de Concentration de Poissons) constituent des pièges écologiques pour les thons tropicaux. Pour mener à bien ce travail, nous avons dans le premier chapitre caractérisé le comportement individuel de thons dans un réseau de DCP ancrés. L'analyse de données de marquage acoustique de 96 thons albacores (Thunnus albacares) (30-96 cm) à Hawaii montre que les thons présentent une plasticité comportementale forte face aux DCP qu'ils rencontrent mais également que le temps de résidence sous les DCP diminue avec la taille des individus. Afin de quantifier l'impact de l'augmentation de la densité de DCP il est essentiel de comprendre les mécanismes et les facteurs qui influencent les temps de résidences sous les DCP. Dans le second chapitre, des expériences de choix binaires suggèrent un rôle de la biomasse agrégée dans la formation, la maintenance et la dispersion des agrégations que forment les thons sous les objets flottants. La quantification de la dynamique des arrivées et des départs des poissons aux DCP permettra de valider les hypothèses que nous proposons concernant les mécanismes sociaux sous-jacents d'une part et d'autre part de tester l'influence de la qualité de l'environnement et de la densité de DCP sur les temps de résidences individuels et la distribution spatiale des populations. Dans le troisième chapitre, la comparaison de facteurs de condition de listaos (Katsuwonus pelamis) matures capturés en bancs libres et sous objets flottants dans une zone naturellement riche en objets flottants, et relativement peu impactée par le déploiement de DCP (Le Canal du Mozambique), nous a permis d'établir un point de référence essentiel pour estimer les effets des perturbations actuelles. Plus généralement, les résultats obtenus dans les différents chapitres tendent à conforter l'hypothèse d'un rôle social et non trophique des objets flottants dans l'écologie de thonidés. Les résultats obtenus durant cette thèse amènent à poser un regard nouveau sur l'hypothèse du piège écologique. Notre travail s'est principalement intéressé à un modèle biologique de choix, les thons tropicaux. Cependant le cadre théorique des questions abordées, les outils d'observations et les méthodes d'analyses développées sont assez génériques pour être appliqués aux autres espèces rencontrées sous les objets flottants. Cette recherche s'intègre plus généralement dans les problématiques visant à mieux comprendre les stratégies comportementales et la distribution des populations dans des environnements multi-sites
Research in fisheries science aims at investigating the functioning of fish population with the objective of using this knowledge to propose sustainable management measures. This PhD thesis relies on a collection of experiments and modelling designed to further our knowledge on the aggregative behaviour of large pelagic fish with floating structures at the surface of the ocean. The overall objective is to test whether the thousands of man-made floating structures deployed by fishermen (also referred as Fish Aggregating Device –FAD) act as ecological traps for tropical tunas. To archive this main objective, it was first necessary to characterize the individual behaviour of tuna in a network of FAD. In the first chapter, the analysis of 96 acoustically tagged yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) between 30-96 cm FL in the array of anchored FADs around Oahu (Hawaii, US) shows that individuals tuna exhibited behavioural plasticity while in the array and that behaviour around FAD is size dependent. In order to assess the impact of the increasing density of FAD, the major habitat modification, it is essential to understand the factors that influence the residence time at FADs. In the second chapter, binary choice experiments suggest that the aggregated biomass under the FAD play a role in the aggregative process. Nonetheless, quantification of arrival and departure dynamics of fish to FAD are required to validate the assumptions we proposed on the underlying social mechanism. Such model would, then, allow testing the effect of FAD density and environmental conditions on individual residence time and spatial distribution of population. In the third chapter, the comparison of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) condition between individual associated with logs and in free swimming schools in the Mozambique Channel, an area known to be naturally enriched with logs with few FADs, highlights the need for estimating reference points prior to assessing the impacts of anthropogenic modifications to habitats on animals.Combining the different chapters, our results tend to favour a social rather than a trophic role of floating objects in the ecology of tunas. More generally, we discuss what novel insight our results bring up on the ecological trap hypothesis. Tropical tunas represent an interesting model species on which we focused. However, the theoretical framework of the questions we addressed, the observation and analytical tools we developed are generic enough to be applied to the others species that are encountered around floating structures. In a broader extent, this work meets the general topic of studying behavioural strategies and distribution of population in multi-patch environment

Récupération du baryum à partir du milieu aqueux par flottation ionique utilisant des alkylbenzène-sulfonates de sodium. Récupération du gallium, par flottation ionique en utilisant des alkylsulfates de sodium en milieu acide, et des collecteurs à fonction oxine en milieu basique

Les recherches en halieutique ont pour objectif d’améliorer les connaissances sur le fonctionnement des populations de poissons afin de transférer celle-ci vers des outils de gestion. Ce travail de thèse repose sur un ensemble d’expériences et de modélisations destinées à approfondir notre compréhension générale du comportement associatif de poissons grands pélagiques avec des objets flottants à la surface de l’océan. Notre objectif est de tester si les milliers d’objets flottants artificiels déployés par les pêcheurs (DCP - Dispositifs de Concentration de Poissons) constituent des pièges écologiques pour les thons tropicaux.

Pour mener à bien ce travail, nous avons dans le premier chapitre caractérisé le comportement individuel de thons dans un réseau de DCP ancrés. L’analyse de données de marquage acoustique de 96 thons albacores (Thunnus albacares) (30-96 cm) à Hawaii montre que les thons présentent une plasticité comportementale forte face aux DCP qu’ils rencontrent mais également que le temps de résidence sous les DCP diminue avec la taille des individus. Afin de quantifier l’impact de l’augmentation de la densité de DCP il est essentiel de comprendre les mécanismes et les facteurs qui influencent les temps de résidences sous les DCP. Dans le second chapitre, des expériences de choix binaires suggèrent un rôle de la biomasse agrégée dans la formation, la maintenance et la dispersion des agrégations que forment les thons sous les objets flottants. La quantification de la dynamique des arrivées et des départs des poissons aux DCP permettra de valider les hypothèses que nous proposons concernant les mécanismes sociaux sous-jacents d’une part et d’autre part de tester l’influence de la qualité de l’environnement et de la densité de DCP sur les temps de résidences individuels et la distribution spatiale des populations. Dans le troisième chapitre, la comparaison de facteurs de condition de listaos (Katsuwonus pelamis) matures capturés en bancs libres et sous objets flottants dans une zone naturellement riche en objets flottants, et relativement peu impactée par le déploiement de DCP (Le Canal du Mozambique), nous a permis d’établir un point de référence essentiel pour estimer les effets des perturbations actuelles. Plus généralement, les résultats obtenus dans les différents chapitres tendent à conforter l’hypothèse d’un rôle social et non trophique des objets flottants dans l’écologie de thonidés. Les résultats obtenus durant cette thèse amènent à poser un regard nouveau sur l’hypothèse du piège écologique.

Notre travail s’est principalement intéressé à un modèle biologique de choix, les thons tropicaux. Cependant le cadre théorique des questions abordées, les outils d’observations et les méthodes d’analyses développées sont assez génériques pour être appliqués aux autres espèces rencontrées sous les objets flottants. Cette recherche s’intègre plus généralement dans les problématiques visant à mieux comprendre les stratégies comportementales et la distribution des populations dans des environnements multi-sites.

Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis is a study of the geometric design of solar concentrating collectors. In this work, a numerical optimization methodology was developed and applied to various problems in linear solar concentrator design, in order to examine overall optimization success as well as the effect of various strategies for improving computational efficiency. Optimization is performed with the goal of identifying the concentrator geometry that results in the greatest fraction of incoming solar radiation absorbed at the receiver surface, for a given collector configuration. Surfaces are parametrically represented in two-dimensions, and objective function evaluations are performed using various Monte Carlo ray-tracing techniques. Design optimization is performed using a gradient-based search scheme, with the gradient approximated through finite-difference estimation and updates based on the direction of steepest-descent. The developed geometric optimization methodology was found to perform with mixed success for the given test problems. In general, in every case a significant improvement in performance was achieved over that of the initial design guess, however, in certain cases, the quality of the identified optimal geometry depended on the quality of the initial guess. It was found that, through the use of randomized quasi-Monte Carlo, instead of traditional Monte Carlo, overall computational time to converge is reduced significantly, with times typically reduced by a factor of four to six for problems assuming perfect optics, and by a factor of about 2.5 for problems assuming realistic optical properties. It was concluded that the application of numerical optimization to the design of solar concentrating collectors merits additional research, especially given the improvements possible through quasi-Monte Carlo techniques.

This research investigates the collection of concentrating solar energy and its transmission through optical fibres for use in high temperature applications such as lunar in-situ resource utilisation (ISRU) programmes, solar power generation and solar surgery. A prototype collector, known as the Fibre Optic Concentrating Utilisation System (FOCUS), has been developed and is capable of delivering high energy fluxes to a remote target. Salient performance results include flux concentrations approaching 1000 suns with an overall optical efficiency of 13%, measured from the inlet of the collector to the fibre outlet. The system comprises a novel solar concentrator designed to inject solar energy into a four metre long fibre optic cable for the transmission of light to the target. A nonimaging reflective lens in the form of a 600 mm diameter ring array concentrator was chosen for the collection of solar energy. Advantageous characteristics over the more common parabolic dish are its rearward focusing capacity and single stage reflection. The ring array comprises a nested set of paraboloidal elements constructed using composite material techniques to demonstrate a low-cost, effective fabrication process. At concentrator focus, a fibre optic cable of numerical aperture 0.37 is positioned to transport the highly concentrated energy away from the collector. The cable is treated to withstand UV exposure and high solar energy flux, and allows flexibility for target positioning. A computational analysis of the optical system was performed using ray tracing software, from which a predictive model of concentrator performance was developed to compare with experimental results. Performance testing of FOCUS was conducted using energy balance principles in conjunction with a flat plate calorimeter. Temperatures approaching 1500°C and flux levels in the region of 1800 suns were achieved before injection to the cable, demonstrating the optical system's suitability for use in high flux applications. During testing, peak temperatures exceeding 900°C were achieved at the remote target with a measured flux of 104 W/cm2 at the cable outlet. The predicted optical efficiency was 22%, indicating that further refinements to the ray trace model are necessary, specifically with regard to losses at the inlet to the cable. FOCUS was able to demonstrate its usefulness as a test bed for lunar in-situ resource utilisation technologies by successfully melting a lunar soil simulant. The system permits further terrestrial-based ISRU research, such as oxygen production from regolith and the fabrication of structural elements from lunar soil.
Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.

The thesis deals with the design, the realization and the experimental test of an innovative small size parabolic trough collector (mPTC) suitable to produce heat at medium temperature (100−250°C) with higher efficiency than the solar thermal collectors. Starting from the study of the state of the art, the design phase for the small parabolic trough collector has dealt with the numerical modelization of the parabolic collector from the optical, thermal and structural point of view. A termofluidodynamic FEM model of the receiver tube has been developed and a parametric analysis has been carried out to optimize the components of the receiver tube. Furthermore, the numerical model has allowed to obtain useful details for the realization of the prototype and for the design of the test rig such as the optimal mass flow and the rise in temperature along the collector. A structural finite element model has been realized in order to compute the thermal stress on the absorber tube. Following the indications of the numerical models the prototype of an innovative parabolic trough collector has been realized. The m-PTC collector is characterized by extremely small size since it has been designed to be suitable for the integration on the roofs of industrial environments where the space for installation of solar collectors is in general limited. An indoor test rig has been realized to test the thermal performances and to verify the good quality of the receiver tube. The test rig allows the measurement of the heat losses of receiver heating up the absorber tube through the Joule effect. In order to fully characterize the collector, a test rig for outdoor test has been designed. The test bench has been carefully projected in order to satisfy the requirements imposed by the standard test on solar concentrating collectors. The measurement instrumentation has been properly selected in order to minimize the uncertainty on the final variables to be obtained, the useful thermal power and the efficiency of the collector. Tests have been run for different inlet temperatures of the fluid and different conditions of irradiance. An accurate analysis of the measurement uncertainties has been conducted. The data have been fitted through a multiple linear regression based on weighted least squares obtaining the efficiency curve of the collector. The peak optical efficiency of the m-PTC has been estimated to be 69%. The predicted thermal efficiency at fluid temperature of 180°C, is 63% ±4%. The experimental results have been compared with the numerical outcomes of the termofluidodynamic FEM model that has been validated. The yearly performances of the m-PTC have been evaluated through dynamical simulations with TRNSYS. It has been compared the m-PTC with an evacuated collector and a linear Fresnel collector for four different locations and different levels of inlet temperature.

Tremendous research efforts have been conducted studying the capturing and conversion of solar energy. Solar thermal power systems offer a compelling opportunity for renewable energy utilization with high efficiencies and excellent cost-effectiveness. The goal of this work was to design a non-concentrating collector capable of reaching temperatures above 250 °C, use this collector to power methanol steam reforming, and operate a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell using the generated hydrogen. The study presents the construction and characterization of a non-concentrating, intermediate-temperature, fin-in-tube evacuated solar collector, made of copper and capable of reaching stagnation temperatures of 268.5 °C at 1000 W/m2 irradiance. The collector was used to power methanol steam reforming, including the initial heating and vaporization of liquid reactants and the final heating of the gaseous reactants. A preferential oxidation (PROX) catalyst was used to remove CO from simulated reformate gas, and this product gas was used to operate a PEM fuel cell. The results show 1) that the outlet temperature is not limited by heat transfer from the absorber coating to the heat transfer fluid, but by the amount of solar energy absorbed. This implicates a constant heat flux description of the heat transfer process and allows for the usage of materials with lower thermal conductivity than copper. 2) It is possible to operate a PEM fuel cell from reformate gas if a PROX catalyst is used to remove CO from the gas. 3) The performance of the fuel cell is only slightly decreased (~4%) by CO2 dilution present in the reformate and PROX gas. These results provide a foundation for the first renewable electricity generation via solar-powered methanol reforming through a hybrid PEM fuel cell system based on novel non-concentrating, intermediate-temperature solar collectors.

Dissertation

This thesis discusses aspects of a novel solar concentrating photovoltaic / thermal (PV/T) collector that has been designed to produce both electricity and hot water. The motivation for the development of the Combined Heat and Power Solar (CHAPS) collector is twofold: in the short term, to produce photovoltaic power and solar hot water at a cost which is competitive with other renewable energy technologies, and in the longer term, at a cost which is lower than possible with current technologies. To the author’s knowledge, the CHAPS collector is the first PV/T system using a reflective linear concentrator with a concentration ratio in the range 20-40x. The work contained in this thesis is a thorough study of all facets of the CHAPS collector, through a combination of theoretical and experimental investigation. ...

Thesis (M.S.)--Florida State University, 2009.
Advisor: Anjaneyulu Krothapalli, Florida State University, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed July 21, 2009). Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 85 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Il mercato del solare termodinamico offre varie soluzioni tecnologiche e impiantistiche in funzione dei livelli di temperatura che si vogliono ottenere. Le esigenze energetiche nei vari settori industriale, residenziale e commerciale, però, spingono il mercato verso i collettori solari capaci di operare con rendimenti maggiori del 50% a temperature superiori a 100 °C, fino anche a 250 °C (nel range cosiddetto “a media temperatura”'). In questo ambito, la tecnologia che dimostra di essere più matura per la penetrazione del mercato risulta essere quella dei collettori parabolici lineari (PTC), e in particolar modo quelli di piccola taglia. L'assorbitore solare riveste un ruolo di estrema importanza per il buon funzionamento dell'intero PTC. In particolare la scelta del coating superficiale per il tubo rappresenta un punto focale per lo sviluppo e l'ottimizzazione del sistema in termini tecnici ed economici. Per il raggiungimento degli obiettivi è necessario orientarsi verso soluzioni tecnologiche che abbiano proprietà chimiche, fisiche e ottiche tali da garantire elevate prestazioni in termini di efficienza energetica e stabilità nel tempo alle temperature di esercizio desiderate. I coatings a base di cromo nero presentano ottime caratteristiche ottiche (α≈0.90-0.92; εT≈0.10-0.15) e risultano essere stabili anche fino a 300 °C. Il più grande problema legato alla realizzazione di rivestimenti cromati è legato all'inquinamento conseguente all'utilizzo nel bagno elettrolitico di ossidi di cromo esavalente. Agli inizi del nuovo secolo, con l'avvento di nuove soluzioni chimiche meno inquinanti per la produzione di oggetti cromati e con il crescente interesse verso i collettori solari piani, le tecniche galvaniche hanno trovato largo uso nella produzione di impianti solari termodinamici. L'assorbitore che è stato studiato è un assorbitore a base di cromo nero, e questo rientra nella categoria dei “tandem-absorber”: lo studio è cominciato quindi dal substrato. Lo studio del substrato ha portato alla comprensione delle caratteristiche che questo deve possedere e quali sono le condizioni operative per ottenerle. Il substrato per il cromo nero deve possedere appropriate caratteristiche ottiche, ovvero bassa emittanza, ma deve anche favorire la deposizione e l'adesione dell'assorbitore. I materiali candidati a questo scopo sono stati il nichel, ottenuto con due diversi processi di deposizione e il rame. Poiché questi tre materiali favoriscono egualmente deposizione ed adesione del cromo nero, è da preferire il materiale che garantisce la minore emittanza, ovvero il nichel ottenuto con il processo di deposizione di Watts (ε300 °C≈ 0.4). Si è mostrato inoltre, facendo chiarezza rispetto a quanto riportato in letteratura, come gli spessori dei substrati non influenzino le caratteristiche ottiche. Quindi al fine di contenere i costi di produzione è da preferire il minore spessore che garantisca una buona adesione del substrato e questo è stato individuato in uno spessore di 2 µm. Si sono poi trattate le caratteristiche ottiche dell'assorbitore, ponendo particolare attenzione al contesto in cui questo verrà utilizzato: infatti il parametro di selettività, comunemente utilizzato in letteratura per il confronto degli assorbitori solari selettivi, non fornisce indicazioni valide sul comportamento dell'assorbitore nell'impianto solare. Si è quindi introdotto il parametro di efficienza η che tiene conto delle condizioni in cui verrà impiegato l'assorbitore. Ipotizzando un plausibile caso di lavoro con temperatura di esercizio 300 °C e rapporto di concentrazione di 40, si è mostrato come sia necessario cercare di massimizzare l'assorbanza del materiale assorbitore al fine di ottimizzare l'efficienza, piuttosto che limitarne l'emittanza. L'analisi dei parametri di deposizione che ha portato a determinare l'insieme di condizioni da cui deriva la migliore efficienza ha mostrato la fondamentale importanza della composizione chimica del bagno galvanico: infatti, oltre alla presenza del costituente principale, ovvero il Cr+3, si è verificato il contributo determinante apportato dai ``catalizzatori''. Questi facilitano il trasporto dello ione principale in soluzione e la sua deposizione al catodo, limitando al contempo le reazioni collaterali. In questo modo si riesce ad ottenere il cromo nero con un miglioramento di η del 5-8 % ed a densità di corrente molto inferiori rispetto al caso in cui i catalizzatori non sono presenti. Densità di corrente e temperatura del bagno galvanico sono i parametri principali su cui operare. I migliori risultati sono stati ottenuti a 20 °C con una densità di corrente di 60 A dm-2. Il tempo della deposizione è molto importante: infatti, dagli studi condotti, il tempo ottimale di deposizione è 1 minuto, poiché sia per tempi minori che maggiori si ha un peggioramento dell'efficienza. Dall'analisi della superficie si è visto che il cromo nero è uno strato di materia soffice, non compatta, con aspetto estremamente frastagliato e composta da globuli di piccole dimensioni costituiti da un nucleo di cromo metallico circondato da uno strato di ossidi e idrossidi di cromo. L'aspetto della superficie influenza le caratteristiche ottiche del materiale: infatti esiste una correlazione tra la rugosità superficiale e α/εT secondo cui all'aumentare di Rz si ha una perdita di selettività. Numerose e importanti informazioni si sono ottenute dalla valutazione degli effetti provocati dai trattamenti termici: infatti per un assorbitore solare è di fondamentale importanza conoscere le caratteristiche ottiche alla temperatura di funzionamento. Il cromo nero analizzato è caratterizzato da un miglioramento della selettività dopo essere stato esposto alle alte temperature (300 °C e 400 °C) soprattutto nei casi in cui il substrato sia Ni Watts. Si è potuto valutare anche che il rame non è un buon substrato per applicazioni che possano trovarsi a temperature superiori ai 300 °C a causa della sua facile interdiffusione con altri metalli. L'esposizione dell'assorbitore alla temperatura di esercizio si comporta inoltre come una sorta di livellante nei confronti di η il cui valore medio si attesta a circa 0.8. Infatti il trattamento termico a 300 °C provoca un miglioramento delle efficienze degli assorbitori che inizialmente possedevano delle η abbastanza basse e un cambiamento esattamente opposto per gli assorbitori che appena deposti presentavano le migliori efficienze. La presenza dello ione fluoruro nella composizione del bagno galvanico comporta invece una minore resistenza dello strato assorbitore nei confronti della temperatura. Alla luce di queste considerazioni la composizione ottimale del bagno galvanico individuata è costituita da CrCl3·6H2O 266 g l-1, H2SiF6 10 g l-1, NaH2PO4 4 g l-1 e CoCl2 ·6H2O 15 g l-1 . Infine, nonostante in precedenza si sia individuato il miglior substrato in base alle sue caratteristiche ottiche, si è visto sperimentalmente come questo parametro non si rifletta in maniera determinante sull'efficienza finale. Infatti, come già detto, è importante massimizzare l'assorbimento piuttosto che limitare l'emissione dell'assorbitore. Per questo motivo e considerate le prove effettuate, si può affermare che i substrati considerati sono tra loro equivalenti. Alla luce di ciò il substrato più adatto è il nichel ottenuto con il metodo di Wood, poiché è quello che necessita di minor lavorazione e non presenta le limitazioni riguardo alle temperature di utilizzo viste per il rame. Il miglior campione ottenuto, che rispetta le condizioni appena elencate, presenta una efficienza di conversione energetica η=0.88: questo valore non è molto lontano, e talvolta migliore, delle efficienze dei ben più costosi CERMET (η=0.85-0.93), oltre ad essere migliore delle efficienze dei campioni ottenuti da cromo esavalente. ***************** The use of a low-intensity source like sunlight, for energy generation requires an efficient system to concentrate and capture radiation and to transfer the energy to the exchange fluid. Sunlight is abundant, renewable and free of charge. Therefore the development and diffusion of solar energy exploitation is a key issue for the future. However, at present solar energy technologies are generally affected by a not high enough efficiency and a high cost, making them not fully competitive yet over conventional fossil fuels. Thus, it is clear that both increasing the efficiency and reducing the cost is mandatory to promote solar energy exploitation. Systems operating at mid-temperatures (i.e. using fluids at about 200-300 °C) and in particular parabolic trough collectors (PTCs) offer several advantages in comparison with conventional flat plates thanks to their higher efficiency and reduced receiver surface. In these systems the incident solar radiation is converted into heat either by sunlight absorption by blackened or specially developed absorbing surfaces that collect the solar energy and transfer it to the fluid. Required characteristics for the absorber surface are chemical and physical stability at the operating temperatures, as well as good performances in terms of energy efficiency. Moreover a production process characterized by a low cost and a high repeatability should promote a large scale diffusion. Several direct industrial applications, like Direct Steam Generation (DSC) and Solar Heating and Cooling (SHC), could exploit mid-temperature solar energy as energy source. This interest drives the research of novel technologies focused on this market sector where the technologies developed for systems operating at higher temperatures (e.g. CSP plants) cannot be used. Electrodeposition techniques are a promising route to obtain surfaces with tailored optical characteristics. Black chrome coatings have excellent optical properties, as they are strongly absorbing in the sunlight spectral region, with a high absorbance α ≈ 0.90-0.92 and a low thermal emittance ε ≈ 0.10-0.15. Moreover they remain stable up to 300 °C. However, a relevant drawback correlated to chrome electrodeposition is represented by pollution derived from Cr6+ ions. Because of that, the technological development of these processes underwent a sharp slowdown since '90. Only with the advent of new studies about Cr3+ baths, since the beginning of 2000's, the electrodeposition processes have found new interest in mass production of components for thermal solar plants. To obtain a good coating by black chrome, a preliminary deposition of a nickel layer on the substrate is needed to ensure a better chrome adherence to the surface and an improved wear and corrosion resistance. Moreover this creates an ``absorber/reflector tandem'' having both the high solar absorbance of the black exterior deposit and the low thermal emittance of the metallic inner coating. The first step of this study was the investigation of structural features and optical properties of the nickel and copper surfaces, correlating them to coating thickness and deposition process, in the perspective to assess optimal conditions for solar absorber applications. The second step of this study was the investigation of structural features and optical properties of the black chrome absorber taking into account several bath's operational parameters. This black chrome was obtained by a solution of Cr+3. In order to compare the performance obtained by the materials in a working configuration has been paid attention to a parameter that can provide some information: this parameter is the efficiency η that take into account the working temperature and the concentration ratio. Moreover has been done several thermal aging cycle on the materials in order to predict the effect of the aging on the optical properties. The optimal set-up that has been found is: for a galvanic bath composition CrCl3·6H2O 266 g l-1, H2SiF6 10 g l-1, NaH2PO4 4 g l-1 and CoCl2 ·6H2O 15 g l-1; for the operational parameters 20 °C and current density of 60 A~dm-2. With this set-up the best result is a sample with η=0.88: this value is rather similar to the efficiency of the more expensive CERMET (η=0.85-0.93).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2007.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-07, Section: B, page: 4559. Adviser: David N. Ruzic. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 185-191). Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
地質科學研究所
94
Techniques used for precise and accurate determination of natural uranium isotopic ratios and concentration with sub-permil precision have been developed on a multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS), Thermo Electron NEPTUNE. Uranium isotopes, 233U, 234U, 235U, and 236U, were statically measured in 4 Faraday collectors. A 233U-236U double spike method was employed to correct mass bias and determine uranium concentration. The behavior of complicated spectral background is attributed to tailing characteristics of 235U and 238U ion beams as well as vacuum condition and matrix effect. Individual background correction should be applied to the measured isotopes, 233U, 234U, and 236U, or a bias of sub-permil to permil level could be caused by using a simple exponential function correction. By introducing 2 ppm uranium with a uptake rate of 50 ml/min for 2-6 minutes, a sample size of 200-600 ng U is needed to offer a within-run precision of 0.1-0.5‰ for d234U and uranium concentration. Measurements made on reference materials and in-house standards demonstrate that an external reproducibility of 0.12‰ can be achieved for d234U and 0.47‰ for uranium concentration. Repeated measurements of NBL-112A and HU-1 give averaged d234U values of -37.10 ± 0.03‰ (2σm, n = 17) and -0.17 ± 0.05‰ (2σm, n =5), respectively, within error of accepted values. MC-ICP-MS data of d234U and uranium concentration for different carbonates, including corals and speleothems with various matrices, are in agreement with those measured by other mass spectrometric methods with a permil-level precision. This technique can be applied to the exploration of the frontiers in diverse fields of Earth Sciences, such as U series chronology, paleoclimatology, and geochemistry.