Готові списки джерел за темами / Compressor stem

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Compressor stem"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022
Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Compressor stem"

1

Klotz, U. E., C. Solenthaler, P. J. Uggowitzer, and M. O. Speidel. "Application of STEM-EDX Mapping for Characterizing Microstructural Instabilities En 9-12% Chromium Steels With Martensitic-Austenitic Microstructure." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 354–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600034267.

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Анотація:
Materials for high-temperature application, e.g. in gas-turbine compressor discs or steam turbine rotors, are often susceptible to microstructural instabilities during long-term service. Such instabilities reduce the service life due to a deterioration of the mechanical properties. Therefore, it is most important to identify such instabilities, which often take place in sub-micrometer scale. A class of materials widely used in power generating industries are the martensitic 9-12% Cr steels. In the present work STEM-EDX mappings were used to reveal the distribution of alloying elements in 9-12% Cr steels with a martensitic-austenitic microstructure developed recently.The chemical composition of the material investigated was Fe-10.1Cr-6.2Co-5.2Mn-2.1Ni-1.2Mo-0.47V-0.1 IN (weight-percent). The material was subjected to a two step heat-treatment of normalizing at 1175°C for 1.5h with subsequent quenching and controlled tempering at 600°C for 20h. Due to the high amount of manganese and nickel a duplex microstructure of 30-40vol.% of austenite in a matrix of tempered martensite is formed during tempering.
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2

No, Albert, Mikel Hernaez, and Idoia Ochoa. "CROMqs: An infinitesimal successive refinement lossy compressor for the quality scores." Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 18, no. 06 (September 16, 2020): 2050031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219720020500316.

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Анотація:
The amount of sequencing data is growing at a fast pace due to a rapid revolution in sequencing technologies. Quality scores, which indicate the reliability of each of the called nucleotides, take a significant portion of the sequencing data. In addition, quality scores are more challenging to compress than nucleotides, and they are often noisy. Hence, a natural solution to further decrease the size of the sequencing data is to apply lossy compression to the quality scores. Lossy compression may result in a loss in precision, however, it has been shown that when operating at some specific rates, lossy compression can achieve performance on variant calling similar to that achieved with the losslessly compressed data (i.e. the original data). We propose Coding with Random Orthogonal Matrices for quality scores (CROMqs), the first lossy compressor designed for the quality scores with the “infinitesimal successive refinability” property. With this property, the encoder needs to compress the data only once, at a high rate, while the decoder can decompress it iteratively. The decoder can reconstruct the set of quality scores at each step with reduced distortion each time. This characteristic is specifically useful in sequencing data compression, since the encoder does not generally know what the most appropriate rate of compression is, e.g. for not degrading variant calling accuracy. CROMqs avoids the need of having to compress the data at multiple rates, hence incurring time savings. In addition to this property, we show that CROMqs obtains a comparable rate-distortion performance to the state-of-the-art lossy compressors. Moreover, we also show that it achieves a comparable performance on variant calling to that of the lossless compressed data while achieving more than 50% reduction in size.
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3

Averyanov, A. V., A. G. Konoplyannikov, F. G. Zabozlaev, A. G. Sotnikova, O. V. Danilevskaya, M. A. Konoplyannikov, and A. R. Tatarsky. "Comparative study of the effects of mesenchymal stem cells with different delivery methods in an experimental model of lung fibrosis." Journal of Clinical Practice 9, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/clinpract944-14.

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Анотація:
Background: Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is one of the most promising directions in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In experimental small animal studies, intravenous and endobronchial (installation) techniques are used for the cell preparation delivery, while in humans inhalation of drugs is the simplest and most available method. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the optimal type of a nebulizer for viability of MSCs during nebulization, followed by a comparison of the effects of inhalation and intravenous delivery methods in a standard model of bleomycin pulmonary fibrosis in rabbits. Methods: At the first stage, the survival of MSCs was assessed ex vivo after 10 minutes of compressor, ultrasound and mesh nebulization. Subsequently we used a nebulizer, which showed the best result in the cells, viability. At the next stage аfter bronchoscopic installation of bleomycin, 5 rabbits received intravenous transplantation of 2×106 allogeneic BMMSCs, other 5 rabbits — 2×107 MSCs inhaled via a compressor nebulizer; the control healthy and bleomycin groups included 5 animals each. Results: The highest degree of viability of MSC was maintained after passing via the compressor nebulizer (72%), a significantly lower survival rate was observed in ultrasonic nebulization (20%) and no live cells were detected after mesh nebulization. Both groups treated with MSC had a significantly lower fibrosis index on the Ashcroft morphometric scale than the control group of bleomycin fibrosis. Collagen expression in the lung tissue was significantly higher in all the groups with bleomycin injury, but in animals which underwent MSC inhalation, it was significantly different (0.51 point) from the bleomycin group without treatment (2.1 points). The level of neutrophils in the BAL fluid was significantly lower in animals which received the intravenous MSC therapy. The levels of TNF-α and TGF-β1 in the BAL fluids tended to decrease in the treatment groups, but did not differ significantly from control. Conclusions: The highest survival rate of MSCs is observed when using a compressor nebulizer, which apparently should be considered as the best way for delivering cells to the respiratory tract. Both inhalation and intravenous administration of MSCs cause similar effects of inhibiting the development of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, which indicates the possibility of using both ways of cell delivery without loss of effectiveness.
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4

Kee, Benjamin L., David Curran, Huayang Zhu, Robert J. Braun, Steven C. DeCaluwe, Robert J. Kee, and Sandrine Ricote. "Thermodynamic Insights for Electrochemical Hydrogen Compression with Proton-Conducting Membranes." Membranes 9, no. 7 (July 1, 2019): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes9070077.

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Анотація:
Membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) based on proton-conducting electrolyte membranes offer opportunities for the electrochemical compression of hydrogen. Mechanical hydrogen compression, which is more-mature technology, can suffer from low reliability, noise, and maintenance costs. Proton-conducting electrolyte membranes may be polymers (e.g., Nafion) or protonic-ceramics (e.g., yttrium-doped barium zirconates). Using a thermodynamics-based analysis, the paper explores technology implications for these two membrane types. The operating temperature has a dominant influence on the technology, with polymers needing low-temperature and protonic-ceramics needing elevated temperatures. Polymer membranes usually require pure hydrogen feed streams, but can compress H 2 efficiently. Reactors based on protonic-ceramics can effectively integrate steam reforming, hydrogen separation, and electrochemical compression. However, because of the high temperature (e.g., 600 ° C) needed to enable viable proton conductivity, the efficiency of protonic-ceramic compression is significantly lower than that of polymer-membrane compression. The thermodynamics analysis suggests significant benefits associated with systems that combine protonic-ceramic reactors to reform fuels and deliver lightly compressed H 2 (e.g., 5 bar) to an electrochemical compressor using a polymer electrolyte to compress to very high pressure.
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5

ARIFFIN, SITI HAJAR, KONSTANTINOS GKATZIONIS, and SERAFIM BAKALIS. "EFFECT OF COMPRESSION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF READY-TO-EAT (RTE) SPINACH VARIETIES." Malaysian Applied Biology 49, no. 3 (October 25, 2020): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v49i3.1553.

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Анотація:
Compression-induced injury is frequently encountered during handling, packaging, transporting, and storage. In this study, compression test was performed using a mechanical tester, Universal Testing Machine Z030 (Zwick/Roell, Germany). Spinach varieties (Teen, Organic, Salad, and Baby) were used to study the response of spinach varieties towards stress. For single loading/unloading compression, maximum work (MaxW) and area under the curve (AUC) required to compress Organic spinach were found to be the highest followed by Teen and Salad spinach. The MaxW and AUC were found to be decreasing after storage which showed that the total work generated to compress the leaves was reduced due to texture degradation of the product after storage. For multiple loading/unloading compression, as the number of compressions increased, the MaxW decreased. Similar trend was observed at day 6. Apart from that, the MaxW for all the three spinach types were found to be similar at the 5th compression. This shows that regardless of the spinach types, they reached maximum resistance towards stress after the 5th consecutive compression. Under 200 N compression, leaves with stem required higher energy to compress compared to leaves without stem. However, for leaves compressed under 50 N and 100 N, the difference was only noticed on the 1st compression. The MaxW was found to be similar for leaves with stem and without stem starting from the 2nd compression till the 5th compression. The irregular and larger cell size of Organic spinach as compared to round-shaped and smaller cell size of Teen and Salad spinach may contribute to the ability of the Organic spinach tissue to have higher resistance towards mechanical stress during compression.
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6

Kalashnikov, Dmitriy, Yuriy Borisov, and Elizaveta Kalashnikova. "Natural gas intracyclic attachment for energy generating unit based on gas turbine plant." E3S Web of Conferences 114 (2019): 06004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911406004.

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Анотація:
In this article, problems of effectiveness increasing in complex power supply are considered. Disadvantages of centralized power engineering and advantages of power engineering capabilities organization in immediate consumer proximity are presented. Consumer needs satisfaction in electricity, heat supply and cold supply are offered to be realized by conversion of district and quarter boiler houses to trigeneration stations, which are based on gas turbine plants units. In this research, solutions of problem related to lack of fuel gas pressure for gas turbine engine power, which is included in gas turbine plant of trigeneration stations, are suggested. As a result, after considering possible variants of fuel gas pressure increasing, it was decided that there is a perspective of using fuel gas intracyclic compression attachment. Its operating principle involves organization of main steam extraction in heat cycle for booster compressor drive, which compresses fuel gas before its transfer to combustor of gas turbine plant. Results of gas compressor and drive steam turbine design are presented. These parts are included in fuel gas intracyclic compression attachment in specific unit of gas turbine plant. Also, general recommendations about new compressor and turbine stages design for any other units of gas turbine plant are pointed. Further, in the article, two variants of thermal circuit, based on gas turbine plant, are suggested. The first one is a circuit with hot water boiler, where exhaust gas recuperation after turbine is carried out for producing steam, related to fuel gas intracyclic compression attachment demands, and heat system water heating for consumer heat supply system. The second variant involves development of typical gas turbine plant unit in power station with exhaust boiler. There fuel gas intracyclic compression attachment is activated by steam work after exhaust boiler. Then, variants of diagram are compared between each other. Also advantages and disadvantages each of them are considered.
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7

Sukhomlinov, Igor, and Mihail Golovin. "Expedited method of testing and refinement of refrigeration centrifugal compressors." E3S Web of Conferences 140 (2019): 06004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201914006004.

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Анотація:
Currently existing regulatory documents assume that refrigeration compressors are tested as part of test rigs with heat-exchange equipment. Given the high energy intensity of centrifugal compressors, the drive power of which in cooling mode with a cold capacity of up to 8.0 MW can be 2.0 or more MW, the creation of test rigs for preliminary and acceptance tests at the manufacturer’s factory requires a large investment. An alternative to the considered refrigeration centrifugal compressors test method is a test on a test rig in which the agent is partially condensed. In this case, an evaporator and a full-sized condenser are not required. The mathematical model of the refrigeration centrifugal compressors developed by JSC VNIIKHOLODMASH, allows testing of the refrigeration centrifugal compressors in model conditions, when the entire compressor operation cycle at the test rig is carried out in the area of superheated steam. Since the refrigeration centrifugal compressors mathematical model is based on physical simulation of compression processes in model stages at different values of conditional Mach numbers, dimensionless characteristics of model stages can be used to calculate the characteristic of the created compressor when operating under new conditions. The implementation of the model test method provides reduction of testing time due to absence of phase changes of the agent, improves the accuracy of the obtained results, reduces of power consumption, simplifies the test rig, and reduces consumption of the agent for filling the rig and water for cooling the agent.
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8

Vlăducă, Iulian, Ramona Stanciuc, Răzvan Bimbaşa, and Sorin Gabriel Tomescu. "Waste-Energy (Heat) Recovery System from the Gases Compressed by an Oil-Free Screw Compressor." E3S Web of Conferences 112 (2019): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911201012.

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Анотація:
During compression, a gas heats up, almost in all cases this heat being wasted, either by cooling the gas because it is too hot for the application, or by storing the gas and letting the compressed gas cool naturally in the storage tank. This paper presents a waste-energy (heat) recovery system from the gases compressed by an oil-free screw compressor. The gases compressed by this compressor have a very high temperature compared to an oil injected screw compressor, due to the fact that the oil used to lubricate the rotors also acts as a heat sink, the oil free variant which is used when you want a very high purity of the gas, has higher tolerances and more friction between the rotors which result in a higher gas temperature. The recovery system uses a heat exchanger to extract the waste energy from the gas and at the same time it will cool it for immediate use. Depending on the requirements, the energy recovered may be used immediately to produce useful work or stored for a later use. It may be used for heating a building, to produce steam for a turbine driving electrical generator, or in other forms.
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9

Klimenko, A. V., V. S. Agababov, A. V. Koryagin, S. N. Petin, and P. N. Borisova. "USE OF EXPANDER-GENERATOR UNIT AT CHP OF METALLURGICAL PLANT FOR PRODUCING ELECTRIC POWER AND INCREASING EFFICIENCY OF COMPRESSOR." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 9 (October 23, 2019): 698–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-9-698-704.

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Анотація:
The ability of saving energy in the production of compressed air is one of the most energy-consuming production in which much of the used energy is lost. The proposed technical solution is based on the united use of two energy-saving technologies. The first of them is the use of technological pressure drop of transported natural gas which lost irrevocably when it is throttled at gas control stations. The second one is air cooling before the compressor sections to reduce compression work. A scheme of a combined steam blowing and heat power plant of a metal manufacturer is proposed. In addition to a power and heat generating turbine and a two-section air compressor with a steamturbine drive, a two-stage expander-generator unit (EGU) producing electricity and cold is used. The thermodynamics of gas expansion processes in the expander is considered, the choice of a two-stage scheme is founded. The cold produced in the EGU is used to lower the air temperature at the inlet to the first and second sections of the compressor, thus reducing fuel consumption for air compression. Using the proposed scheme allows to reduce fuel consumption to the compressor drive, to use the heat of compressed air to preheat the transported gas before the steps of the expander and to generate additional electric power. At the same time, fuel is not used to generate electricity, and the heat of the cooled air is not discharged into the environment, therefore the plant operation is characterized by high environmental performance. The procedure for calculating of fuel economy when using the proposed scheme is given. The assessment has shown that the use of this scheme allows, under given conditions of calculation, to reduce fuel consumption at the combined heat power and steam blowing plant by 11.2 thousand tons of fuel equivalent per year, which is 0.84 %. The generated electric power of the EGU will be 5.3 MW.
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10

Prokopov, M., S. Sharapov, Yu Merzlyakov, and D. Gusev. "The energy efficiency concept and implementation prospects of the jet thermocompression principle in small heat energy." Energy and automation, no. 2(54) (June 22, 2021): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/energiya2021.02.039.

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Анотація:
The expediency of the implementation of the principle of steam thermal compression to improve the energy efficiency of sources of electricity and heat supply of small heat power engineering is substantiated. The results of thermodynamic analysis and numerical optimization of the parameters of the compressor steam-turbine cycle of a small cogeneration power plant are presented. A jet step-down thermotransformer has been tested - as an alternative to traditional boiler heating. On the basis of the conducted thermodynamic analysis, a new combined cycle of a step-down thermotransformer has been developed, which ensures efficient conversion of the supplied energy (mainly in the form of fuel heat) into the heat carrier flow of the heat supply system with the required temperature level 50 ... 90 °C). The fundamental difference between the considered thermal transformer and steam compressor heat pumps is the replacement of a mechanical compressor with a steam thermocompressor module (STC-unit). The working process in the STK-module is realized by using the liquid phase of the refrigerant, which boils up during expiration, subcooled to saturation, as an active medium of a jet compressor. Injection of steam from the evaporator is provided due to the fine-dispersed vapor-droplet structure formed in the outlet section of the active flow nozzle. A program for the numerical study of the working process of a step-down thermal transformer was prepared and tested, on the basis of which multivariate calculations were carried out. On the basis of computational studies, the area of achievable indicators of the proposed heat supply system has been established; the area of initial operating parameters corresponding to the maximum values of the conversion coefficient and exergy efficiency was determined; comparative indicators of the main parameters of the investigated thermal transformer on various working substances in the range of operating modes as a heat pump or a refrigerating machine were obtained. Key words: workflow, steam thermocompressor, step-down thermotransformer, energy efficiency, heat pump mode
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Compressor stem"

1

Yell, M. D. "Steam compression in the single screw compressor." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372575.

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2

Дережук, Михайло Васльович. "Відновлення штоку гідроциліндру плазмовим напиленням". Master's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2018. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/28500.

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Анотація:
В даному дипломному проекті розглядається питання пов’язане з підвищенням зносостійкості штоку гідроциліндра плазмовим напиленням. Проведено аналіз умов роботи та експлуатації штоку гідроциліндра, досліджено технологічні характеристики основного та матеріалу для напилення. Розроблено технологію підвищення зносостійкості, яка забезпечує якісне формування напиленого шару та високі зносостійкі властивості. В розділі з охорони праці висвітлено питання підвищення електробезпеки, газової безпеки та покращення умов праці персоналу. Записка вміщує 93 сторінки машинописного тексту, 24 рисунків, 23 таблиць, 1 додаток, 15 джерел літератури.
In this thesis project the issue related to increase wear resistance of hydraulic cylinder with plasma spraying is indicated. The analysis of the working conditions and the operating of compressor stem has been studied. The technological characteristics of the basic and surfacing materials have been investigated. The technology of restoration that ensures a high-quality formation of the deposited layer, providing the high wear resistant properties, has been developed. In the section on Occupational Health and Safety the issues of enhance electrical and gas safety and improvement of the working conditions of the personnel are highlighted. The note contains 93 pages of typewritten text, 8 figures, 10 tables, 2 appendixes, 15 sources of literature.
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3

Hedges, Collin R. "Computational fluid dynamic model of steam ingestion into a transonic compressor." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Jun/09Jun%5FHedges.pdf.

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Анотація:
Thesis (M.S. in Mechanical Engiineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2009.
Thesis Advisor(s): Gannon, Anthony J. "June 2009." Author(s) subject terms: Computational Fluid Dynamics, Transonic, Compressor, Steam Ingestion, Sanger Rotor. Description based on title screen as viewed on July 10, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 61). Also available in print.
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4

Levis, William R. "Unsteady casewall pressure measurements in a transonic compressor during steam induced stall." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Jun%5FLevis.pdf.

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5

Ho, Fu-chak, and 何富澤. "Effect of cyclic compression on cytoskeleton remodeling and cell matrix interaction of hMSCs encapsulated in three dimensional type I collagen matrix." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/197108.

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Анотація:
The potential of determining stem cell fate through mechanoregulation has been demonstrated recently. However, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Previously, we developed a novel microencapsulation technique to entrap cells in a nanofibrous collagen meshwork and use the cell-collagen model to study mechanoregulation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Initially, hMSCs were randomly distributed within the construct. Upon cyclic compression, hMSCs reoriented towards a direction along the loading axis. Cytoskeleton, being the major sub-cellular machinery supporting cell shape and motility, should play crucial role in sensing and responding mechanical signals. Therefore, a better understanding in the change of cytoskeleton and associated molecules upon mechanical loading is a prerequisite to rationalizing the loading regimes for stem cell-based functional tissue engineering. In the current project, we hypothesize that hMSCs encapsulated in 3D collagen construct will respond to cyclic compression by remodeling the cytoskeleton structures and altering the interactions with collagen matrix. hMSCs collagen construct were cyclically compressed for 9 hours through micromanipulator based compression system. After compression, constructs were harvested either immediately after compression, 2 hours after compression and 24 hours compression, together with non-loading control group. Here, we report compression-induced novel changes in cytoskeleton. Firstly, omnidirectional filopodia-like structures together with stress fibers bucking were observed immediately after 9hrs of cyclic compression. Secondly, actin patches were observed shortly after removal of 9hrs compression before the actin fibers resumed. Apart from exhibiting similar morphology with filopodia, the omnidirectional filopodia-like structures may share a similar function in interacting with ECM. Co-localization of the major membrane-bound matrix metalloproteinases MT1-MMP with actin staining was found along the length of the filopodia-like structures. A local collagen digestion zone, characterized by the presence of collagenase cleaved collage, was found co-localizing at least partially with the filopodia-like structures around the cell. Whether creating pericellular collagen digestion zone was mediated by MT1-MMP along the compression-induced filopodia like structures and what functions the digestion zone serves are interesting question to answer in the future. Another interesting observation is the complete disassembly of pre-existing stress fibers followed by formation by numerous actin patches throughout the cell shortly after removal of the compression loading. Stress fibers reformed in 24 hours after removal of the loading. Quantitative measurement of F:G actin ratio agrees with such disassembly and reassembly dynamics. Colocalization of actin branching protein arp2/3 with the actin patches was found, suggesting that mechanically loaded hMSCs were re-establishing actin cytoskeleton network from these nucleation centers. Further studies are required to figure out the underlying significance of the loading-induced cytoskeleton dynamics in hMSCs and whether the actin patches Arp2/3 complex associates with endocytosis of cleaved collagen fragments.
published_or_final_version
Mechanical Engineering
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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6

Villescas, Ivan J. "Flow field surveys in a transonic compressor prior to inlet steam ingestion tests." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Sep%5FVillescas.pdf.

Повний текст джерела
Анотація:
Thesis (M.S. in Mechanical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2005.
Thesis Advisor(s): Garth Hobson, Anthony Gannon. Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-59). Also available online.
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7

Hurley, Andrew M. "Experimental investigation of high-pressure steam-induced surge in a transonic compressor stage." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/08Jun%5FHurley.pdf.

Повний текст джерела
Анотація:
Thesis (M.S. in Mechanical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2008.
Thesis Advisor(s): Gannon, Anthony J. "June 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on August 25, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 29-30). Also available in print.
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8

Li, Chuen-wai, and 李鑽偉. "Dynamic compression and exogenous fibronectin regulates cell-matrix adhesions and intracellular signaling proteins of human mesenchymal stem cells in 3D collagen environment." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/197553.

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The fundamental principle of tissue engineering is to use appropriate cell source, combined with scaffolds and bioactive factors to develop tissue constructs which restore, maintain or improve tissue function. There is increasing data emphasizing the importance of mechanical signals and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins presented by the scaffold in determining stem cell fate/functions which are critical to tissue construct maturation and success of stem cell-based therapies. Cell-matrix adhesions are one of the major mechanosensing machineries cells use to convert information provided by ECM ligands and mechanical signals presented by scaffolds into intracellular biochemical signaling cascades which lead to particular functional responses. Therefore, understanding how ECM ligands and mechanical signals regulate cell-matrix adhesion formation and activation of associated intracellular signaling proteins is fundamental to rational design of biomaterial and loading protocol for optimal cell functional responses in tissue constructs. In this study, we attempted to understand the regulatory effects of external mechanical signal and exogenous ECM protein on cell-matrix adhesion formation and associated intracellular signaling proteins of human mesenhymal stem cells, and in particular, to test the hypothesis that mechanical stimulation or exogenous ECM protein can lead to adhesion maturation into 3D-matrix adhesions in 3D collagen environment. We used microencapsulation technique to embed cells in 3D collagen environment, forming disc-shaped hMSC-collagen constructs. By immunofluorescent staining and confocal microscopy, we visualized changes in size, morphologies and molecular composition of the adhesions. First of all, 2D adhesions of hMSCs were characterized. We showed that hMSCs form well-organized αv integrin-based focal adhesions and fibrillar adhesions in 2D culture. To investigate the regulatory effects of mechanical signals on adhesion signaling and maturation, we used micromanipulator-based loading device to impose dynamic compression to hMSC-collagen constructs. We found that dynamic compression lead to enlargement of integrin αv adhesions which recruit focal adhesion kinase (FAK), vinculin and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). In addition, FAK was activated at enlarged integrin αv adhesions and translocated to peri-nuclear region after compression, suggesting that loading induces activation of FAK signaling pathways through increased integrin αv clustering. Moreover, we demonstrated that dynamic compression can induce 3D-matrix adhesion formation, indicating the role of external force in integrin α5-based adhesion maturation in 3D collagen environment. We explored the effect of exogenous ECM proteins on adhesion maturation of hMSCs by adding fibronectin into cell-collagen mixture during fabrication of collagen constructs. Our results demonstrated that the exogenous fibronectin can induce α5 integrin-based adhesion maturation into 3D-matrix adhesions in our collagen constructs in a dose-dependent manner. This study demonstrated that the effect of external mechanical signals and exogenous ECM ligands on adhesion signaling and maturation of hMSCs in 3D collagen environment. Our findings contribute towards mechanobiology of hMSCs in 3D context. In particular, our results showed that exogenous proteins or external loading can lead to 3D-matrix adhesion formation, which may serve as a potential way to enhance biological functions of hMSCs in collagen constructs, facilitating stem cell-based therapies.
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Mechanical Engineering
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Doctor of Philosophy
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9

Payne, Thomas A. "Inlet flow-field measurements of a transonic compressor rotor prior to and during steam-induced rotating stall." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Dec%5FPayne.pdf.

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10

Zarro, Sarah E. "Steady state and transient measurements within a compressor rotor during steam-induced stall at transonic operational speeds." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2528.

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Approved for public release, distribution unlimited
Steam leakage from an aircraft carrier catapult is sometimes ingested into the aircraft engines upon launch which may induce compressor stall. Investigation of this phenomenon is of particular interest to the Navy with its new F35C, the aircraft carrier variant of the joint strike fighter. The single engine configuration of the F-35C makes this aircraft particularly vunerable to steam-induced stall. The present study examined both throttle-induced stall and steam-induced stall in a compressor at 90% and 95% speed through the use of 9 Kulite and 2 hot-film pressure transducers. The use of Fast Fourier Transform waterfall plots of the transient data before and during stall proved invaluable in determining stall precursors as well as the mode of rotor stall. In addition, a new computational fluid dynamic model was designed using CFX-5 software to represent a single blade passage of the compressor rotor, in order to predict compressor performance. The computed results were compared to experimental results gathered at various throttle settings. An accurate model will enable researchers to predict compressor performance for various and multiple gases.
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Книги з теми "Compressor stem"

1

A practical guide to steam turbine technology. New York: McGraw Hill, 1996.

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2

Timell, T. E. Occurrence of stem, branch, and root compression woods ... Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

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3

Time-marching: A step-by-step guide to a flow solver. Aldershot, Hants., England: Ashgate, 1997.

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4

Geimer, Robert L. Response of flakeboard properties to changes in steam injection pressing environments. Madison, WI (One Gifford Pinchot Dr., Madison 53705-2398): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1992.

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5

Troubleshooting Rotating Machinery: Including Centrifugal Pumps and Compressors, Reciprocating Pumps and Compressors, Fans, Steam Turbines, Electric Motors, and More. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2016.

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6

Perez, Robert X., and Andrew P. Conkey. Troubleshooting Rotating Machinery: Including Centrifugal Pumps and Compressors, Reciprocating Pumps and Compressors, Fans, Steam Turbines, Electric Motors, and More. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2016.

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7

1920-, Koch Peter, and Intermountain Research Station (Ogden, Utah), eds. Incidence of compression wood and stem eccentricity in lodgepole pine of North America. Ogden, UT (324 25th St., Ogden 84401): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1990.

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8

Caplan, Lisa. Mediastinal Mass Biopsy. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0037.

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Anterior mediastinal masses (AMMs) comprise a heterogeneous collection of neoplasms. The mass effect of these neoplasms can compress the trachea, main stem bronchi, heart, or large vessels. Preoperative anesthetic plans should consider presenting signs, symptoms, and cardiopulmonary involvement to help risk stratify and select the proper airway technique and sedation plan. This chapter will enable readers to identify signs and symptoms that contribute to the pathophysiology of children who present with AMMs, perform a risk assessment of patient symptomatology, design a perioperative care plan, and risk stratify patients and procedures to determine appropriate anesthetic and airway techniques.
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9

Results of experiments with a fifty horse-power single non-condensing ball and wood engine to determine the influence of compression on the water consumption. [S.l: s.n., 1986.

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10

Great Britain. Energy Efficiency Office., Inver House Distillers Ltd, AEA Technology. Energy Technology Support Unit., and Derick Sampson & Partners., eds. Use of a back pressure steam turbine to drive a compressor in an evaporator plant: A demonstration at Inver House Distillers, Airdrie. Harwell: ETSU, 1986.

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Частини книг з теми "Compressor stem"

1

Anandakrishnan, Sridhar. "Steim Compression." In Propeller Programming, 17–23. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3354-2_2.

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Henriksson, Nils, and Tim T. Rademacher. "Stem Compression: A Means to Reversibly Reduce Phloem Transport in Tree Stems." In Phloem, 301–10. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9562-2_24.

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3

Buchta, Christian, Sara Dolnicar, and Thomas Reutterer. "Step 1: Answer pattern compression." In A Nonparametric Approach to Perceptions-Based Market Segmentation: Applications, 19–36. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0549-8_3.

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4

Brorson, Håkan. "Step-by-Step Instruction: Suction-Assisted Lipectomy Procedure with Controlled Compression Therapy." In Multimodal Management of Upper and Lower Extremity Lymphedema, 141–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93039-4_20.

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5

Morse, Lee Jae, Andrew S. Fang, and James O. Johnston. "Implant Reconstruction of the Femoral Diaphysis: II—Short-Segment Dynamic Compression Stem." In Orthopedic Surgical Oncology For Bone Tumors, 181–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73327-8_18.

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6

Sangeeta and Preeti Gulia. "Improved Video Compression Using Variable Emission Step ConvGRU Based Architecture." In Intelligent Learning for Computer Vision, 405–15. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4582-9_31.

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7

Phaiboonsilpa, Natthanon, Xin Lu, Kazuchika Yamauchi, and Shiro Saka. "Chemical Conversion of Lignocellulosics as Treated by Two-Step Hot-Compressed Water." In Zero-Carbon Energy Kyoto 2009, 166–70. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-99779-5_25.

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8

Mi, Shengli, and Che J. Connon. "The Formation of a Tissue-Engineered Cornea Using Plastically Compressed Collagen Scaffolds and Limbal Stem Cells." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 143–55. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-432-6_9.

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9

Krivenko, Sergey, Dmytro Demchenko, Igor Dyogtev, and Vladimir Lukin. "A Two-Step Approach to Providing a Desired Quality of Lossy Compressed Images." In Integrated Computer Technologies in Mechanical Engineering, 482–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37618-5_41.

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10

Priestner, Christoph, Martin Rath, Bernhard Kaltenegger, and Siegfried Lösch. "Comprehensive Simulation Methodology for the 2-Step Variable Compression System – Dual Mode VCSTM." In Proceedings, 93–100. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-28707-8_8.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Compressor stem"

1

Zhong, Yafei, Hongwei Ma, and Yi Yang. "Effects of Probe Stem Surface Suction on the Aerodynamic Performance of a Compressor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59047.

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Abstract Pneumatic probes can be used to obtain the flow field parameters such as pressure, temperature and air flow angle, and has been widely used to measure the flow field in compressors. When probes are inserted into the compressor to measure the flow field, the probe stems will cause blockage in the flow field and interfere with it, reducing the pressure ratio and efficiency of the compressor. This paper proposes a method to reduce the interference of the stems by their surface suction. Three-dimensional models of a compressor with different types of probe stems were established. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of the flow within a low-speed compressor without/with the probe stems and the stems having surface suction holes were conducted. The involved numerical methods were validated by the experimental data. The effects of the surface suction holes on the performance of this compressor were compared and analyzed in terms of blockage coefficient in the passage by the vortex identification method. The results show that probe stem surface suction can reduce the blockage of the stems on the downstream flow field. Compared with the situation of no suction, there is an optimal suction mass flow rate that can minimize the adverse effect of probe stems on the compressor aerodynamic performance. For the same type of the probe stems, the compressor performances, i.e., pressure ratio, efficiency and stability margin, are recovered with the increase of the number of suction holes along the span-wise direction.
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2

Upreti, K. C., Amar Dev, T. V. Prasad, and B. Pundarikaksha. "Safety Issues With Reciprocating Compressor Design, Operating Practices and Maintenance." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94533.

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Reciprocating compressors are extensively used on high pressure and critical applications in all industries. These equipment needs through review of design of various components for a failsafe design. API-618 specifies various details about construction of various components, but due to OEM design by compressor vendor, proper review is not done or due to cost economic of equipment these are not given importance. There are many examples when accident took place when these issues were ignored or correct assembly procedure for assembly of components is not followed and there were mistakes in design of piping system. In this paper, some of such cases are discussed and improvements are suggested for preventing any safety incidents. The issues described are designs of unloaders and venting system, unloader and vent piping, cylinder tap off connections, end clearance pocket unloaders, distance piece and crank case venting system, purge system for motors. One of the risks with valve unloaders is the contamination of the instrument air with flammable gas specially on high pressure application. The instrument air may get contaminated with hydrocarbon if unloader leaking from stem and leak off gas tubing which is connected to flare may get interchanged with the instrument air connection. The same mistake if not noticed & compressor started, it may lead to the incident where compressor can show showed a strange vibration pattern, and instrument air header may get contaminated with hydrocarbon gases. Another issue is crank case pressurisation due to improper venting system which can lead to pressurisation of crank case, failure of oil seals leading to flywheel end bearing failures. Further checking for finding reasons of crank case pressurisation, it is observed that excessive rod packing leaks results from incorrect leveling of compressor, distance and cylinders. Motor purge system is one of the essential requirements for starting large reciprocating compressors; mistake in design/fabrication of vent system may create unsafe condition leading to explosion in motor. All issues have been discussed in paper and various solutions and fail safe design have been suggested to improve safety and reliability. The studies also indicates that proper start up procedure and follow up of correct checklists during overhauling and start up can eliminate/ identify such mistakes.
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3

Bladh, Ronnie, Qingyuan Zhuang, Jiasen Hu, and Johan Hammar. "Leakage-Induced Compressor Blade Excitation due to Inter-Segment Gaps." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-70040.

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A comprehensive investigation is presented related to leakage-induced blade excitation from shrouded vane segments found in industrial gas turbine compressors. The focus of the investigation is to explore the excitation mechanism acting on downstream rotor blades that stem from the particularly complex leakage flows around the hub inter-segment gaps. The aerodynamic forces are here determined using 3D nonlinear time-marching CFD simulations. The employed computational model encompasses the two rear-most stages in an existing industrial gas turbine compressor. The inter-segment gap is implemented in the next-to-last stator, varying from no gap to twice the nominal gap size. Obtained results indicate that the excitation induced by the inter-segment gap leakage flows is distinctly multi-harmonic and unexpectedly strong. As much as five times the excitation strength of upstream wakes was observed already for the nominal gap. The induced unsteady forces were found to derive from two different sources: (i) a large separation producing local forcing in the hub region; and (ii) circumferentially varying flow speed resulting in distributed forcing over the entire blade. The findings imply that the excitation induced by inter-segment gap leakage flows can be a significant contributor to blade vibratory responses in the intermediate engine order range, and thereby add to the knowledge base related to blade dynamic integrity.
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4

Bonhommet-Chabanel, C., and G. A. Gerolymos. "Analysis of Tip Leakage Effects in a High Subsonic Annular Compressor Cascade." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-195.

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This paper presents both experimental and numerical results of tip leakage effects in a High Speed Annular Cascade. The influence of the clearance size has been investigated. For validation purposes and a better understanding of the 3-D phenomena, a comparison of the measurements with three-dimensional Navier-Stokes computations using a k-ε closure with a low-Reynolds approach has been performed. The high speed annular cascade facility has been specifically designed for studying tip leakage flows at the rear of high pressure compressors. In the vicinity of the clearance, the inlet swirl angle, created by a scroll, is of 60° from the axial direction and the Mach number is about 0.60. The blades are cantilevered (fixed on the casing with a clearance gap at the rotating inner wall). In order to obtain a picture of the flow field as complete as possible, different kinds of measurements have been used. 3D velocity measurements within the blade passages have been performed by means of a 3-D Laser Doppler Anemometer system. Furthermore, a five-hole probe with long stem was also used in the blade passage. The experimental data are quite detailed and self-consistent. A leakage vortex can clearly be identified and, within the blade passage, seems to be responsible for a region of overturning above it. The clearance size has a direct impact on the inception point of the phenomena and on the direction and strength of the leakage vortex. The calculation was found to reproduce the same trends as the experiment and give good quantitative comparisons, although it overestimates the leakage effect at blade exit.
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5

Corbò, Simone, Tommaso Wolfler, Nicola Banchi, Ippolito Furgiuele, and Majid Farooq. "The Role of Turbomachinery in Enabling the Hydrogen Economy." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207312-ms.

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Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present the various technological solutions optimized for the use of hydrogen, in transport, distribution, storage and utilization, analyzing their criticalities and advantages. Hydrogen compression is a fundamental step in the transportation and storage segments and continuous improvement are required. The greatest technological challenges are certainly the high pressures required for the various fields of use, the need to maintain a clean gas and to use materials that are not subject to embrittlement. The choice between the different compression technologies is based on the need for pressures and flow rates; in the case of high flow rates and low compression ratios a centrifugal compressor is preferable, while for low flow rates and high compression ratios the choice goes to piston compressors. To prevent gas contamination, dry reciprocating compressor are preferred because they allow to avoid an oil separator filter on the discharge. Current technology of reciprocating compressors allows to compress hydrogen up to 300 bar with lubricated machines, while with dry technology it is possible to reach up to 250 bar. A second criticality on reciprocating compressors is maintenance: the parts subject to wear need to be serviced every 8000 hour of operation. The use of innovative materials will increase the maintenance intervals reaching higher pressures without lubrication. To increase the pressure ratio with centrifugal compressor, it's needed to increase the rotating speed, therefore the peripheral speed, with materials suitable for H2, stages get high compression to reduce the number of compressor bodies. If the process conditions require high delivery pressures combined with large flow rates, a solution of centrifugal compressors alone would be able to manage the flow rate but not the required delivery pressure. On the other hand, the use of reciprocating compressors would require a considerable number of units. In this case, therefore, the optimal solution is to combine the two technologies, centrifugal and pistons, using the best features. A case study in which the superior performances of the hybrid solution in terms of total cost of ownership will be described and compared with traditional single technology compression train
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6

Ingistov, Steve, and Michael Milos. "Slow-Roll of Natural Gas Compressors in a 420 MW Cogeneration Plant." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94246.

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This Paper describes the efforts required to operate two steam turbine-driven centrifugal natural gas compressors at significantly reduced rotative speeds. Natural gas is used to power a 420 MW combined cycle cogeneration plant. Normally, the plant uses natural gas fuel at supply line pressure and the two compressors are on idled standby. The goal of the project is to reduce motive steam consumption in the steam turbine driving the natural gas compressors. The present operating mode, or idle mode, is where both natural gas compressors recycle compressed gas via dedicated intercoolers. This mode of operation occurs about 95% of the time. The remaining 5% of the time is when natural gas compressors boost the trunk line pressure in order to deliver fuel to the gas turbine combustors. Both natural gas compressor trains are designed for rapid increase of rotative speed in case one natural gas compressor is shut down. In order to put a natural gas compressor on hot standby slow-roll condition, a special, dedicated slow roll line is proposed for the fine control of the rotative speed.
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7

VanOsdol, John, and Edward L. Parsons. "Using Staged Compression and Expansion to Enhance the Performance of a Gas Turbine Fuel Cell Hybrid System." In ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2009-85078.

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It has long been recognized that the heat generated from a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is adequate to drive an external heat engine. The combination of the fuel cell plus the heat engine is called a gas turbine fuel cell hybrid power generation system. In most hybrid systems the heat engine consists of a single compressor and single turbine, arranged in either a Brayton cycle or a recuperated Brayton cycle. One characteristic of hybrid power cycles is that the compression costs are substantial. When this cycle is used in a coal fired hybrid system that is configured with an isolated anode stream to isolate and compress CO2, the work to compress the cathode air can greatly exceed the work to compress the CO2. It has also been shown for this same system that using intercooled compression for the cathode air reduces this compression cost. Since there have been no exhaustive studies performed which quantify these effects it is not clear exactly how much reduction in compression cost is possible. In this work we compare three hybrid systems. The first systems has a single compressor and turbine, run at a low pressure ratio as a recuperated Brayton cycle and at high pressure ratio as a simple Brayton cycle (see Figure 1). We then alter the recuperated Brayton cycle using both staged compression and staged expansion. The second system is thus configured with two compressors and two turbines. For this system an intercooler is placed between the compressors and the fuel cell stack is divided into two stacks each followed by a turbine (see Figure 3). Similarly the third system divides the compression and expansion legs of the cycle again into three compressors with intercoolers, and three fuel cell stacks each followed by its own turbine (see Figure 5). As the system configuration is altered by successive divisions of both the compression and expansion legs of the thermal heat engine cycle, the system configuration is transformed from a simple Brayton cycle to a staged approximation to an Ericsson cycle. We show that this new configuration for the gas turbine fuel cell hybrid system not only reduces the high cost of compression, but it makes more heat available for auxiliary system operations. In coal fired systems these auxiliary operations would include pre heating coal for the gasification system, reheating the syngas after cooling or even heating steam for a bottoming cycle.
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8

Sharifi, Navid, and Masoud Boroomand. "Numerical Optimization of Thermo-Compressors Based on Non-Dimensional Geometrical Parameters." In ASME 2012 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2012-9701.

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Thermo-compressors are essential parts in desalination units and using the high pressure motive steam to compress large amounts of low pressure steam without any moving parts or blades. One of the current challenging issues in thermo-compressor design is the correct size selection for different dimensions to achieve the maximum entraining capability at a given compression ratio. The conventional design methods are based on varying shape parameters such as lengths, angles and diameters of internal parts and select a particular geometry which yields the best performance under given boundary conditions. The major characteristics of thermo-compressors which have to be compromised during such design procedures are “compression ratio” and “entrainment ratio”. In the current study, a new method of size selection for different geometrical parameters of thermo-compressors will be introduced. The basis of this method is to define two new non-dimensional parameters in terms of geometrical parameters. The effect of varying these parameters on both characteristics of thermo-compressors has been studied numerically via a CFD method and subsequently, a practical correlation has been developed to express the relationship between the characteristics and the geometrical parameters. The expression obtained from numerous simulations can be applied to evaluate the performance of a given geometry prior to manufacturing. The numerical simulation has been performed on more than 320 different models with different geometries according to the finite-volume steady-state method. The structured meshes were generated within the computational domain. In addition, several mesh concentrations have been studied to develop a mesh-independent model. Moreover, a modified k-epsilon method has been adopted to model the turbulent flow. Steam was taken as the working fluid and it was assumed a real gas with a nonlinear relationship between pressure and density. All governing equations have been discretized with a second-order upwind scheme and solved by implicit method. The numerical results verified with experimental measurements obtained from a real life model of thermo-compressor. The outcomes of applying the validated method on several models enable us to develop the practical characteristic curves based on non-dimensional parameters which further leading to achieve optimized shape selection for thermo-compressors.
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Blom, Matthew J., Ashley P. Wiese, Michael J. Brear, Chris Manzie, and Anthony Kitchener. "Thermodynamic Analysis of a Steam Injected and Recuperated Gas Turbine Air Compressor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68822.

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Compressed air and steam are perhaps the most significant industrial utilities after electricity, gas and water, and are responsible for a significant proportion of global energy consumption. Microturbine technology, in the form of a Gas Turbine Air Compressor (GTAC), offers a promising alternative to traditional, electrically driven air compressors providing low vibration, a compact size, reduced electrical consumption and potentially reduced greenhouse gas emissions. With high exhaust temperatures, gas turbines are well suited to the cogeneration of steam. The compressed air performance can be further increased by injecting some of that cogenerated steam or by conventional recuperation. This paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of various forms of the GTAC cycle incorporating steam cogeneration, steam injection (STIGTAC) and recuperation. The addition of cogeneration leads to improved energy utilisation, while steam injection leads to a significant boost in both the compressed air delivery and efficiency. As expected, for a low pressure ratio device, recuperating the GTAC leads to a significant increase in efficiency. The combination of steam injection and recuperation forms a recuperated STIGTAC with increased compressed air performance over the unrecuperated STIGTAC at the expense of reduced steam production. Finally, an analysis using a simplified model of the STIGTAC demonstrates a significant reduction in CO2 emissions, when compared to an equivalent air compressor driven by primarily coal-based electricity and a natural gas fired boiler.
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Kornhauser, Alan A. "Dynamics and Thermodynamics of a Free-Piston Expander-Compressor." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63517.

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Анотація:
In a free-piston expander-compressor (FPEC) the work of an expanding gas or vapor is used to compress another gas or vapor through a direct connection of one piston-cylinder assembly to another, without rotary motion. Each section of the FPEC operates like the piston-cylinder of a shaft-connected reciprocating machine. The expander section operates like that of a steam engine: high-pressure gas or vapor is freely admitted through part of the expansion process, but stopped at the “cutoff” part way through the expansion. The compressor section is like that of a shaft-driven reciprocating compressor: low-pressure gas is admitted during the intake stroke, compressed during the compression stroke, and then discharged when it has reached the downstream high pressure. The design of an FPEC is complicated by the fact that the expander and compressor have different relationships between force and position. The force on the expander piston decreases as the stroke progresses, while that on the compressor piston increases. The force difference must be made up by momentum change of the pistons and connecting rod, which accelerate in the early part of the stroke and decelerate in the latter part. The balance between the expanding fluid, the moving mass, and the compressed fluid can be described either dynamically (force and momentum) or thermodynamically (work and energy). It is shown that the mechanical design (piston areas, stroke, oscillating mass, and frequency) of an idealized FPEC is highly constrained by the thermodynamics of the high-pressure stream expansion and the low-pressure stream compression. For simple cases, dynamic models in differential equation form can be compared to thermodynamic analyses in algebraic form. The thermodynamic models provide a baseline design point for an ideal FPSE. The dynamic models can then be used to study non-ideal cases.
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Development of 1.5L Dedicated Hybrid Engine with 42.6% Brake Thermal Efficiency. SAE International, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-7031.

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Анотація:
To achieve higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and improve vehicle economy, the new development of dedicated hybrid engine (DHE), adopting the Atkinson or Miller cycle, has been becoming the current development trends. A base 1.5L natural aspiration (NA) engine with deep Atkinson cycle has been developed for dedicated hybrid vehicle application, which can achieve the highest BTE of 41.19%. In order to achieve higher BTE, several potential technologies which are easy for mass production application have been studied progressively, such as, higher compression ratio (CR), optimized exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) pick point, lower EGR temperature, higher EGR rate, higher RON number fuels, heat transfer reduction by polishing valve head, light boost, lower viscosity oil. The results show the combined technology application can achieve the highest engine BTE of 42.59%. This paper provides the studied technical routine and the achieved benefits step by step.
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