Статті в журналах: "Compressed earth blocs"

1

Egenti, Clement, and Jamal Khatib. "Affordable and Sustainable Housing in Rwanda." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 4188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084188.

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Baked clay bricks (Impunyu) is the dominant wall construction material in Rwanda. Clay deposits in the country’s lowlands are utilized for baked clay bricks. Despite the ongoing campaign, the use of wood by some local brick producers is unfriendly to the environment. Recent research has called for alternative methods in order to reduce the cost and impact on the environment. Earlier efforts with compressed earth blocks were saddled with weight and a substantial use of cement for good surface texture and adequate resistance against surface erosion. This research explored the potentials of using an appropriate dose of clay (from Muhanzi), volcanic light aggregate (Amakoro, (from Musanze)), and cement to produce unbaked shelled compressed earth blocks (SCEB). SCEB is a compressed earth block with an outer shell and inner core of different cement content or materials, compressed into a unit block. The result is a masonry unit with a higher surface resistance, durability, and desirable architectural effect produced with a 60% reduction in cement content. A weight reduction of 12% was achieved with an optimum content of 33% of the volcanic lightweight aggregate. A cost reduction of 25% was recorded over conventional compressed earth brick walls and a 54% over sand-cement block walls. Possible future trends were also identified with appreciable prospects in earthen architecture.

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2

Yang, Xinlei, and Hailiang Wang. "Strength of Hollow Compressed Stabilized Earth-Block Masonry Prisms." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (February 5, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7854721.

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Earth represents an ecological building material that is thought to reduce the carbon footprint at a point in its life cycle. However, it is very important to eliminate the undesirable properties of soil in an environmentally friendly way. Cement-stabilized rammed earth, as a building material, has gradually gained popularity due to its higher and faster strength gain, durability, and availability with a low percentage of cement. This paper covers a detailed study of hollow compressed cement-stabilized earth-block masonry prisms to establish the strength properties of hollow compressed cement-stabilized earth-block masonry. The test results for masonry prisms constructed with hollow compressed cement-stabilized blocks with two different strength grades and two earth mortars with different strengths are discussed.

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3

Ma, Hongwang, Qi Ma, and Prakash Gaire. "Development and mechanical evaluation of a new interlocking earth masonry block." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 2 (August 8, 2019): 234–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219868931.

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An innovative interlocking compressed earth block, called interlocking compressed earth block developed at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, was developed for structural masonry. The locking mechanism of the interlocking compressed earth block developed at Shanghai Jiao Tong University completely depends on the grout in the vertical holes. Therefore, there is no gap between the interlocking key and the blocks, which increases the wall stability and reduces the block manufacturing costs. Experimental studies on the mechanical behavior of the unit (the block) and the masonry (prism constructed with a dry interface) were performed in accordance with the related standards. Soil samples from the northern Gansu Province of China were collected and studied. Small cylindrical samples were tested to determine the compressive and splitting tensile strength. Subsequently, the compressive strength of the prisms with three dry-stack blocks and the shear behavior of the masonry through the triplet test were investigated. The results show that the compressive and shear strengths meet the related standards. This work may provide a valuable structural system for low-cost, eco-friendly dwelling in developing countries.

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4

Russell, Stanley R., and Jana Buchter. "Waste Clay as a Green Building Material." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 501–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.501.

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Two of the primary waste components of the Phosphates benefaction process, sand and clay have been used as building materials for thousands of years. A process known as rammed earth has been used extensively around the world in buildings that have lasted for centuries. Because earth is the main ingredient in rammed earth it has recently enjoyed new popularity as a so called “green” building material. In a similar process earth is compressed into blocks which are then used in the same way as conventional masonry units to build walls. In the compressed earth block [CEB] method, individual units can be manufactured and stockpiled for later use rather than being fabricated on site as in the rammed earth process. This research project will investigate the potential use of waste clay and tailing sand from the phosphate benefaction process as the primary ingredients in compressed earth blocks for commercial and residential construction projects.

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5

B.O .Ugwuishiwu, B. O. Ugwuishiwu, B. O. Mama B.O. Mama, and N. M. Okoye N. M Okoye. "Effects of Natural Fiber Reinforcement on Water Absorption of Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 11 (June 1, 2012): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/nov2013/54.

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6

Pelicaen, E., R. Novais Passarelli, and E. Knapen. "Reclaiming earth blocks using various techniques." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1363, no. 1 (June 1, 2024): 012100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1363/1/012100.

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Abstract Earth block masonry offers a low-impact alternative to conventional building methods. Despite the growing need for circular construction practices, the reuse of earth blocks remains underexplored. This initial study addresses this gap by empirically assessing the reclaimable potential of various earth block masonry configurations. Moulded non-stabilised and compressed cement-stabilised earth blocks are combined with three types of mortar. Ten sample walls and a prototype partitioning wall are deconstructed, and blocks are cleaned using standard tools. Reusable and damaged fractions are measured quantitatively, while qualitative evaluations gauge the effort and speed of the processes. Findings reveal that both earth blocks combined with earth mortar exhibit high reclaimable potential, followed by walls with an earth adhesive mortar. Conversely, walls with bastard mortar containing earth show low reclaimable potential, making them more suitable for demolition and recycling. These outcomes contribute to the ongoing discourse on end-of-life scenarios for masonry, providing a foundation for life cycle assessment considering earth block reuse. Further research is initiated to correlate earth block masonry bond strength with suitable reclamation techniques. Other research tracks worth exploring are economic and organisational challenges associated with earth block reclamation.

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7

Bouhiyadi, Samir, Laidi Souinida, and Youssef El hassouani. "Failure analysis of compressed earth block using numerical plastic damage model." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 16, no. 62 (September 22, 2022): 634–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.62.44.

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In the last decade, several studies have been introduced to the development and use of compressed earth blocks in green building construction. Studying the evaluation of existing cracks in construction builders by these blocks is an important industrial and safety subject in recent research. This objective opens a new field in building construction where we describe the mechanical behavior of compressed earth solid blocks. In addition, we offer a solution to rupture damages presented by the propagation of masonry cracks. This paper aims to explore a numerical study in ABAQUS where we analyze the mechanical properties of this block. We started by investigating the elastic phase for this material and it has been generalized to a study in the plastic regime and rupture for the studied block. The different results of numerical simulation of the studied shape are presented, compared, and criticized.

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8

Anicet S. Yamonche, Jules, Leandre Mathias Vissoh, Chakirou A. Toukourou, Alain C. N. Adomou, Crepin Zevounou, and Zepherine F. Assogba. "COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STABILIZED COMPRESSED EARTH BLOCKS: CASE OF STABILIZATION WITH LIME AND CEMENT." International Journal of Advanced Research 12, no. 08 (August 31, 2024): 690–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/19302.

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This article presents the preliminary results of the comparative study of mechanical characteristics of compressed earth blocks stabilized with cement and lime. This study is relevant to the study of the possibility of replacing cement with lime in the techniques for stabilizing compressed earth blocks. This study, prompted by the concern to reduce the cost of construction, fits well with the policy of promotion and valorization of local construction materials in Benin. This work focuses on the comparative study of the mechanical characteristics of compressed earth blocks stabilized with cement and lime. In this study, we were interested in ferralitic soils called terre de barre wich we will name bar soil stabilized with cement and lime. Identification tests in the laboratory made it possible to classify the material according to the classification of the NF P 11 300 standard and the GTR. Calavi bar soil contains a high proportion of fine particles. It is a sand-clay mixture. Its plasticity index shows that it is a material that can be used in the making of stabilized earth blocks. The Compressed Earth Block (CEB) stabilized with cement and lime at the same percentage, namely 6-8 and 10%, underwent simple compression tests, three-point bending, abrasion and water absorption by capillary action. The comparative study of the results revealed that CEB stabilized with cement are more resistant and less porous than those stabilized with lime.

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9

Namango, Saul Sitati, Diana Starovoytova Madara, Augustine B. Makokha, and Edwin Ataro. "Model for Testing Compressive and Flexural Strength of Sisal Fibre Reinforced Compressed Earth Blocks in the Absence of Laboratory Facilities." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 3, no. 3 (March 31, 2015): 132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol3.iss3.333.

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This study proposes a method of indirectly evaluating strength and therefore durability characteristics of compressed earth blocks in the absence of the normally expensive laboratory facilities. The method, with respect to compressed earth blocks reinforced with sisal fibres, is recommended for application particularly in rural areas of Africa. The developed method entails loading a compressed earth block sample with increasing amounts of weight till the sample raptures (total dead weight) under the load. The weight is then taken and a comparison is made with the standard value of compressive and flexural strength of the said sample. A conversion factor between this developed method and the conventional way of determining compressive and flexural strength has been computed. It has been established that the total dead weight is 47.25 times the flexural strength while the same is 66.4 times the compressive strength. The primary advantage of the proposed method is that it can easily be adapted at village level by people who have little scientific knowledge.

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10

E.O.E., Nnadi, and Boniface Nancy A. "A Comparison of Conventional Blocks and Stabilized Earth Blocks as Building Materials in Uganda." INOSR APPLIED SCIENCES 12, no. 2 (July 12, 2024): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.59298/inosras/2024/12.2.9510300.

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The high cost of conventional cement and sand blocks in Uganda has led to the widespread adoption of alternatives like wattle bricks, compressed earth blocks, and burnt bricks. Compressed earth blocks are a biodegradable, energy efficient, and eco-friendly building material made from damp soil compressed at high pressure. They reduce environmental hazards and deforestation without firewood. Case study methodology was used and deliberatesampling for collection of data. SPSS v20 was used for the analysis. The result shows that Stabilized Earth Materialshave positive relationship on satisfaction such that it causes 0.651 satisfaction against Conventional Blocks which is 0.602. It revealed a significant impact of Stabilized Earth Materials on cost with 4.8% difference. It is recommended that construction manager should make more use of stabilized earth materials to reduce cost and improve quality Keywords: Conventional blocks, stabilized earth blocks, building materials

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11

Danso, Humphrey. "Influence of Compacting Rate on the Properties of Compressed Earth Blocks." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8780368.

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Compaction of blocks contributes significantly to the strength properties of compressed earth blocks. This paper investigates the influence of compacting rates on the properties of compressed earth blocks. Experiments were conducted to determine the density, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and erosion properties of compressed earth blocks produced with different rates of compacting speed. The study concludes that although the low rate of compaction achieved slightly better performance characteristics, there is no statistically significant difference between the soil blocks produced with low compacting rate and high compacting rate. The study demonstrates that there is not much influence on the properties of compressed earth blocks produced with low and high compacting rates. It was further found that there are strong linear correlations between the compressive strength test and density, and density and the erosion. However, a weak linear correlation was found between tensile strength and compressive strength, and tensile strength and density.

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12

Edris, W. F., Y. Jaradat, A. O. Al Azzam, H. M. Al Naji, and S. A. Abuzmero. "Effect of volcanic tuff on the engineering properties of compressed earth block." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 1, no. 106 (November 1, 2020): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5928.

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Purpose: of this paper is to investigate the durability and the mechanical properties, including compressive and flexural strengths, of the locally compressed earth blocks manufactured from soil in Irbid, Jordan. Moreover, effect of volcanic tuff as new stabilizer material on properties of compressed earth block (CEB). Compressed earth block is a technique that was created to solve environmental and economic problems in construction sector. It is widespread in many countries around the world but hasn't been used in Jordan yet. Design/methodology/approach: 9 mixtures were carried out. One of this mixture is the control mix, beside other mixtures were performed by replacing soil with 40%, 10%, 10%, of sand, volcanic tuff, and lime respectively. In addition, polypropylene fibre was used. After 28 days of curing, the CEB were dried in oven at 105ºC for 24 hours then tested. Findings: Show that absorption and erosion were decreased when the lime used in the soil. On the other hand, the fibres presence significantly improved the durability and mechanical properties in all mixtures. Moreover, the higher compressive strength was obtained in the mixtures which contain lime only while the higher tensile strength was obtained in the mixtures which contain lime with sand replacement. The using of volcanic tuffs produced average compressive strength values. The reason is that in the presence of lime and pozzolana (volcanic tuff) reactions take place at low and slow rate at early ages. Research limitations/implications: volcanic tuff can produce favourable compressive strengths at later ages and this is a point of interest in the future work. Originality/value: Searching for a new material as stabilizer material that improves the properties of the compressed earth block (CEB).

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13

Prastyatama, Budianastas, and Anastasia Maurina. "Structural Performance of Interlocking Compressed Earth Block with Ijuk (Arenga pinnata) Fiber as Stabiliser." ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 3, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v3i1.51.

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Modular block building materials have been well-known in the design and construction of built-environment. In its simplest form, the modular block is known as brick, red brick, lime brick, conblock, etc. The modularity of its unit lends itself for easy of production, application and transport. The drawbacks, however, are the generallyrelated to high energy consumption and pollution level in the production process (brick burning, high temp heating of cement and lime). In the perspective of sustainable and environmentally friendly built environment, the drawbacks need to be addressed in order to minimize its carbon footprint in human habitation. The challenge is how to obtain modular blocks with low energy consumption, while achieving stability and structural performance up to the standard. In this research, the earthen block test units were conducted without burning or use of cement and lime. Ijuk fibre (Arenga pinnata) was chosen as replacement of cement and lime was choses as stabilizer in producing modular blocks. The main test units and their comparisons underwent a compression test in the compressive testing machine to evaluate the structural performance. The comparison test blocks were blocks with similar form, dimension and production method, while the diffrentiating factor was the mixture. The standards SNI 15-2094-2000 (Indonesia) and IS 1077 : 1992 (India) were used as reference to compressive strength of common fired brick.

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14

Kerali, A. G. "In-service deterioration of compressed earth blocks." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 23, no. 4 (August 2005): 461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-004-5116-1.

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15

Morel, Jean-Claude, Abalo Pkla, and Peter Walker. "Compressive strength testing of compressed earth blocks." Construction and Building Materials 21, no. 2 (February 2007): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.08.021.

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16

Larbi, Sihem, Abdelkrim Khaldi, Walid Maherzi, and Nor-Edine Abriak. "Formulation of Compressed Earth Blocks Stabilized by Glass Waste Activated with NaOH Solution." Sustainability 14, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010102.

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Due to the increase in demand for building materials and their high prices in most developing countries, many researchers are trying to recycle waste for use as secondary raw materials. The aim of this study is the optimization of a mixture of compressed earth blocks based on two sediments. These sediments were tested through the Vicat test to determine the proportion of each one and the optimal water content. The mixtures were treated by adding 10% of blast furnace slag and different proportions of dissolved glass in a NaOH solution. The results indicated that the mixture of 70% Oran sediments with 30% Sidi Lakhdar sediments treated with 4% glass waste produced a CEB (compressed earth block) with high compressive strength with low porosity. In addition, formulated CEBs have a very good resistance to water immersion.

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17

Messara, Kahina, Samia Djadouf, and Nasser Chelouah. "Properties and durability of compressed and stabilized earth blocks using excavated soil rich in limestone." Matériaux & Techniques 112, no. 1 (2024): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2024017.

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The primary purpose of this study is to assess excavated soil rich in limestone for its use as a raw material in manufacturing Compressed and Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEBS). Valorization of cut excavation is a promising solution to reduce the strain on natural resources, which aligns with sustainable development goals. The identification of raw materials was performed to study the main properties of blocks manufactured. Samples are obtained by chemical stabilization with the addition of 8% cement. They are compacted at different pressures (1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 5 and 10 MPa) using a hydraulic press. Certainly the stabilization and the compaction of the block contribute significantly to its strength properties but the use of carbonate-rich fine-grained earth has further strengthened the material. The first part of this paper spotlight the measurement of the optimal water content (ɷopt) for the different levels of applied stresses. The second part, presents an experimental study conducted to investigate the thermal-mechanical performance and durability of CSEBS. The compressing strength recorded a value of 16.32 MPa at a compressing stress of 10 MPa and the thermal conductivity observes an increase with increasing the compaction because this tends to densify the mixture. Moreover, the hydrous properties of the compressed stabilized earth blocks are stated by gradually raising the compacting pressure.

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18

Danso, Humphrey. "Improving Water Resistance of Compressed Earth Blocks Enhanced with Different Natural Fibres." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2017): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801711010433.

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Background: Studies have shown a great potential for the use of Compressed Earth Blocks (CEBs) as a sustainable building material due to its economic, environmental and social benefits. Objective: This study investigates the water resistance characteristics of CEBs reinforced with different natural fibres. Methods: The fibres were sourced from coconut husk, sugarcane bagasse and oil palm fruit at 1 wt% added to two soil samples. The CEB specimen size of 290 × 140 × 100 mm was made at a constant pressure of 10 MPa and dried in the sun for 21 days. Accelerated erosion test was conducted to determine the resistance of the specimen to continuous rainfall condition. Results: It was discovered that the fibres helped in reducing the erodibility rate of the blocks, though there were some degrees of damage. The difference between the water resistance of the unreinforced and fibre reinforced CEBs were found to be statistically significant. Furthermore, the surface of the fibre reinforced blocks eroded rapidly in depth than the internal part, and there was reduction in the depth difference of the erosion with increase time of water spraying on the specimens. Conclusion: The study concludes that though the addition of fibres in soil blocks does not completely prevent the block from erosion, the impact of the fibres on the blocks significantly reduces the erosion.

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Cabrera, Santiago Pedro, Yolanda Guadalupe Aranda-Jiménez, Edgardo Jonathan Suárez-Domínguez, and Rodolfo Rotondaro. "Bloques de Tierra Comprimida (BTC) estabilizados con cal y cemento. Evaluación de su impacto ambiental y su resistencia a compresión." Revista Hábitat Sustentable 10, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22320/07190700.2020.10.02.05.

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This work presents the evaluation of the environmental impact and compressive strength of Compressed Earth Blocks (CEB) stabilized with hydrated aerial lime and Portland cement. For this, 12 series of blocks stabilized with different proportions of lime and cement were manufactured and the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodology was used. After conducting these assays and simulations, it could be concluded that, using earth and sand typical of the city of Santa Fe (Argentina), stabilized with certain percentages of Portland cement between 5 and 10% in weight, CEB can be produced with sufficient levels of strength for them to be used in load-bearing walls, in this way minimizing the negative environmental impact associated with their manufacturing. It is also concluded that the stabilization with aerial lime does not increase the CEB’s compressive strength and, on the contrary, significantly increases their negative impact on the environment.

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20

Bailly, Gabo Cyprien, Yassine El Mendili, Athanas Konin, and Eliane Khoury. "Advancing Earth-Based Construction: A Comprehensive Review of Stabilization and Reinforcement Techniques for Adobe and Compressed Earth Blocks." Eng 5, no. 2 (April 30, 2024): 750–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/eng5020041.

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This comprehensive literature review investigates the impact of stabilization and reinforcement techniques on the mechanical, hygrothermal properties, and durability of adobe and compressed earth blocks (CEBs). Recent advancements in understanding these properties have spurred a burgeoning body of research, prompting a meticulous analysis of 70 journal articles and conference proceedings. The selection criteria focused on key parameters including construction method (block type), incorporation of natural fibers or powders, partial or complete cement replacement, pressing techniques, and block preparation methods (adobe or CEB). The findings unearth several significant trends. Foremost, there is a prevailing interest in utilizing waste materials, such as plant matter, construction and demolition waste, and mining by-products, to fortify or stabilize earth blocks. Additionally, the incorporation of natural fibers manifests in a discernible reduction in crack size attributable to shrinkage, accompanied by enhancements in durability, mechanical strength, and thermal resistance. Moreover, this review underscores the imperative of methodological coherence among researchers to facilitate scalable and transposable results. Challenges emerge from the variability in base soil granulometry and disparate research standards, necessitating concerted efforts to harness findings effectively. Furthermore, this review illuminates a gap in complete lifecycle analyses of earthen structures, underscoring the critical necessity for further research to address this shortfall. It emphasizes the urgent need for deeper exploration of properties and sustainability indicators, recognizing the inherent potential and enduring relevance of earthen materials in fostering sustainable development. This synthesis significantly contributes to the advancement of knowledge in the field and underscores the continued importance of earth-based construction methodologies in contemporary sustainable practices.

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Amin, Maher O. "Effect of Gypsum Stabilization on Mechanical Properties of Compressed Earth Blocks." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 20, no. 3 (August 31, 2013): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.20.3.09.

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There is a need for development of alternative materials for the building industry with low carbon footprint and at the same time saving energy. Clay has been used as a building material from the beginning of humankind. The Compressed Earth Blocks often referred to simply as CEB, is a type of manufactured construction material formed by the compression of the soil in a mold with the help of a manual or motorized press to form a regular block of appropriate shape and size. For the purpose of researches, the press is manufactured locally at Mosul Technical Institute. In the present work, the effect of semi-hydrate gypsum as stabilizer on some of the mechanical and physical properties of unfired CEB was determined. A series of test blocks were fabricated using a local soil stabilized with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% semi-hydrate gypsum, for each of the precedent ratios, three percentages of mixing water were used 10, 20 and 30%, and compacted with a manual press. Results for compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption and drying shrinkage are presented in the paper. Results show that the addition of semi-hydrate gypsum improves the mechanical and physical properties of CEB. These preliminary results reinforce their suitability for application in low cost buildings.

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Bradley, Ryan A., and Mitchell Gohnert. "Compressed Stabilized Earth Block Shell Housing: Performance Considerations." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 23, no. 3 (August 2018): 04018009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)sc.1943-5576.0000373.

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Bezerra, Wesley V. D. C., and Givanildo A. Azeredo. "External sulfate attack on compressed stabilized earth blocks." Construction and Building Materials 200 (March 2019): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.115.

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Sturm, Thomas, Luís F. Ramos, and Paulo B. Lourenço. "Characterization of dry-stack interlocking compressed earth blocks." Materials and Structures 48, no. 9 (July 18, 2014): 3059–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0379-3.

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Konrád, Petr, Peter Gallo, Radoslav Sovják, Šárka Pešková, and Jan Valentin. "Effect of Various Input Parameters on Compressed Earth Block’s Strength." Key Engineering Materials 838 (April 2020): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.838.81.

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In the framework of this study, compressed earth blocks (CEB) were produced using waste materials and various parameters. Material parameters included waste soil, recycled concrete, fly ash, cement, admixtures and water contents. Manufacturing parameters were vibration during manufacturing, confinement pressure, curing environment and curing time. Specimens used in this study were cubes and compressive strength testing was used to evaluate different mixtures and manufacturing methods. In terms of compressive strength, compressed earth blocks made of these materials could be used for manufacturing bricks and other structural elements.

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Nnadi, Ezekiel Ejiofor, Nancy Boniface, and Val Hyginus Udoka Eze. "A Comparison of Conventional Blocks and Stabilized Earth Blocks as Building Materials in Uganda." International Journal of Recent Technology and Applied Science (IJORTAS) 6, no. 1 (March 29, 2024): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ijortas-0601.635.

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In Uganda, the high cost of conventional cement and sand blocks has driven the widespread adoption of alternative building materials, such as wattle bricks, compressed earth blocks, and burnt bricks. Among these, compressed earth blocks have gained popularity due to their eco-friendly, energy-efficient, and biodegradable nature. Made by compressing damp soil at high pressure, these blocks offer an environmentally sustainable solution by minimizing deforestation and eliminating the need for firewood, which is often used in the production of traditional bricks. This study employed a case study methodology and utilized deliberate sampling to gather data, which was then analyzed using SPSS v20. The findings revealed that Stabilized Earth Materials (SEMs) have a stronger positive correlation with user satisfaction compared to conventional blocks, with a satisfaction rating of 0.651 for SEMs versus 0.602 for conventional blocks. Additionally, the study showed that SEMs had a notable impact on reducing construction costs, with a 4.8% cost difference in favor of SEMs. Based on these results, it is recommended that construction managers should consider increasing the use of stabilized earth materials. This shift could not only lead to significant cost reductions but also improve the overall quality of construction, making it a more sustainable and viable option for Uganda’s building industry.

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Teixeira, Elisabete R., Gilberto Machado, Adilson de P. Junior, Christiane Guarnier, Jorge Fernandes, Sandra M. Silva, and Ricardo Mateus. "Mechanical and Thermal Performance Characterisation of Compressed Earth Blocks." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 10, 2020): 2978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112978.

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The present research is focused on an experimental investigation to evaluate the mechanical, durability, and thermal performance of compressed earth blocks (CEBs) produced in Portugal. CEBs were analysed in terms of electrical resistivity, ultrasonic pulse velocity, compressive strength, total water absorption, water absorption by capillarity, accelerated erosion test, and thermal transmittance evaluated in a guarded hotbox setup apparatus. Overall, the results showed that compressed earth blocks presented good mechanical and durability properties. Still, they had some issues in terms of porosity due to the particle size distribution of soil used for their production. The compressive strength value obtained was 9 MPa, which is considerably higher than the minimum requirements for compressed earth blocks. Moreover, they presented a heat transfer coefficient of 2.66 W/(m2·K). This heat transfer coefficient means that this type of masonry unit cannot be used in the building envelope without an additional thermal insulation layer but shows that they are suitable to be used in partition walls. Although CEBs have promising characteristics when compared to conventional bricks, results also showed that their proprieties could even be improved if optimisation of the soil mixture is implemented.

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28

Sapna, A. P. Asha, and C. Anbalagan. "Towards a better living environment-compressive strength and water absorption testing of mini compressed stabilized earth blocks and fired bricks." Scientific Temper 14, no. 04 (December 27, 2023): 1251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.58414/scientifictemper.2023.14.4.28.

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The escalating demand for eco-friendly and energy-efficient building materials underscores a pivotal shift towards sustainable development catalyzed by heightened public consciousness. Leveraging community production optimizes local resources and curtails transportation overheads, fostering broader access to superior housing solutions. Emphasizing less-intensive construction techniques enhances material strength, insulation, and thermal attributes while significantly shrinking carbon footprints and waste generation. Particularly vital during crises, these methods invigorate local employment and champion environmental conservation. This study juxtaposes the performance metrics of Mini Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (MCSEB) and fire-burned clay bricks, focusing primarily on their compressive strength. The conventional production of fire-burned clay bricks poses notable challenges, especially regarding energy consumption and pollution. Their manufacturing, anchored in coal utilization, directly exacerbates greenhouse gas emissions. Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEBs) emerge as a promising alternative in this context. Crafted by pressure on soil, their production eschews the need for coal or other combustibles, resulting in a significantly reduced carbon and energy footprint. When benchmarked against traditional fire-burned bricks, CSEBs, if demonstrating analogous compressive strengths, emerge as a viable replacement. A pivotal element in assessing compressive strength lies in factoring in the specimen’s dimensions, with platen restraint effects as a crucial metric. This research harnesses the platen test to comprehensively compare the compressive strengths of Fire Burnt Clay Bricks and Mini Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks. This correlation suggests that Mini Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks, when adjusted for size, can be deemed comparable in strength to Fire fire-burnt clay Bricks, making them a promising sustainable alternative in construction.

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Malkanthi, S. N. "An Innovative Approach to Produce Soil-Based Building Products." Bolgoda Plains 01, no. 01 (October 2021): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/bprm.2021.17.

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Soil has been used as a building material in different forms, such as mud, adobe, rammed earth, and bricks. Compressed Stabilized Earth Block (CSEB), a form of soil blocks with different additives including cement, fly ash, and lime, is a sustainable building material with many advantages compared to other conventional building materials. The usual practice of past researchers in producing CSEB was to add different materials like sand to the soil to control its clay and silt (finer) content. A high level of finer content is not desirable when it comes to the strength and durability of CSEB. This study proposes to reduce/ extract the finer content in the soil by washing it using a conventional concrete mixing machine.

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30

Ongwen, Nicholas O., and Adel Bandar Alruqi. "Acoustics of Compressed Earth Blocks Bound Using Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and Water Hyacinth Ash." Applied Sciences 13, no. 14 (July 15, 2023): 8223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13148223.

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Mechanical compaction is often used to densify building earth blocks by reducing the void between the particles. Compacted stabilised earth involves a binder, which holds the particles of the materials together. The compaction and addition of binders to the earth can modify its transport, mechanical, and acoustical properties. In this study, the acoustic transmission coefficient, porosity, and airflow resistivity were investigated by varying the concentrations of water hyacinth ash (WHA) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) binders. An acoustic test rig comprising an acoustic wave guide made from joined water pipes was employed to analyse the influence of the WHA and SBA binders on the acoustical performance of the earth blocks. It was found out that the measured acoustic wave transmission was sensitive to the variation in the composition of WHA and SBA in the earth blocks. Increasing the WHA concentration led to an increase in the acoustic transmission coefficient and porosity, but reduced the airflow resistivity of the compressed earth blocks; while increasing the SBA reduced the transmission coefficient and porosity, but increased the airflow resistivity. This shows that SBA has a stronger binding property than WHA, which is ideal for the manufacture of stronger earth blocks, while the higher porosity of the earth blocks obtained with WHA is good for the construction of porous walls, which is good for maintaining the airflow between the inside of buildings and the surrounding.

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31

Bhatt, Toran Prasad. "Compressive Strength Characteristics of Compressed Stabilized Earth Block (CSEB) Units and Walls." Journal of Engineering Technology and Planning 5, no. 1 (September 23, 2024): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/joetp.v5i1.69647.

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This paper is mainly focused on compressive strength behavior of Compressed Stabilized Earth Block (CSEB) units and CSEB walls. Compressed Stabilized Earth Block (CSEB) is a rectangular block used in wall construction. The ingredients of CSEB are soil, cement, fine aggregate, crusher dust, and a small amount of water. These blocks have less energy consumption and carbon emission, and they provide improved thermal insulation. In addition, they use local resources and disseminate appealing aesthetics with elegant profile and uniform size. Due to these advantages CSEB can be used as a green construction material. This research aims to study the strength characteristics of CSEB wall in compression and evaluate the suitability of CSEB walls as load bearing walls in structures. This research studies physical and mechanical characteristics of CSEB units made from red residual soil of Lele (Lalitpur) with 8% cement for stabilization. This paper discusses the compressive strength behavior of walls constructed of size 0.660m x 1.100m x 0.220m using CSEB units in cement sand mortar and stabilized mud mortar separately which were tested after 28 days. The experimental values after laboratory testing of CSEB masonry wall with height to thickness ratio 5:1 for cement sand mortar (1:6) and stabilized mud mortar (stabilized with 8% cement and 16% extra sand) separately are compared with relevant values from different codes. Results obtained from compressive strength tests of masonry walls constructed in the laboratory and those values from different codes concerning the strength of masonry unit and mortar are compared and found to be in agreement. The comparison of laboratory results with codal provisions of design of masonry walls illustrate that CSEB masonry walls can be designed in the similar way as brick masonry walls.

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32

Malkanthi, S. N., K. G. K. Sathsara, P. D. Dharmaratne, and H. Galabada. "Proposed mix design improvements of compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEB) with particle packing optimization and coir reinforcement." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 52, no. 2 (July 9, 2024): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v52i2.11495.

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The use of the earth as a building material has been practiced since the beginning of human civilization. Unburnt bricks, rammed earth, adobe, and burnt bricks are some of them. As a result of technological development, adobe has developed into a compressed stabilized earth block (CSEB). The clay percentage of the soil significantly affects the strength of the CSEB. This study focused on controlling the clay percentage by adding larger particles externally using building construction waste and reinforcing them with coconut coir. Different coir amounts by weight from 0.1% to 0.5% with different lengths of 2 cm, 4 cm, 6 cm, and 8 cm were considered for block production. For dry compressive strength and wet compressive strength, the combination of 0.3% coir amount with 6 cm coir length gave the maximum strength, and it also satisfied the required water absorption limit as per the Grade 1 category of the SLS 1382, part 1. After that, using the above combination, the industrial scale (350 × 100 ×175) mm size block was prepared, and its strength also satisfied the SLS 1382 Grade 1 requirements. According to the study, the manufacturing cost for the CSEB is lower than that of cement blocks and clay bricks. The cost for a 1 m2 wall panel preparation using CSEB is 41.52% lower than preparing using burnt clay brick and 8.56% lower than preparing using cement blocks. Therefore, the CSEB can be used as a load-bearing walling material at a low cost and with eco-friendliness.

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Jonas, Togdjim, Djaldi Tabdi Ngamsou, Mbaïrangone Samson, Malloum Soultan, Alexis Mouangue Nanimina, Nandiguim Lamaï, and Michel Querry. "Influence of Diatomite on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Compressed Earth Blocks." Physical Science International Journal 27, no. 3 (August 8, 2023): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/psij/2023/v27i3794.

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Given the need for decent housing and taking into consideration the environment, as well as the search for sustainable materials, in recent years researchers have begun to focus on local biodegradable and ecological materials. It should be noted that the use of building materials evolves in step with population growth. However, their production must have a clear positive impact on the environment and offer viable solutions for reducing energy consumption during it is application. However, these materials rarely meet the mechanical requirements for using in housing construction. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential use of diatomite in the manufacture of compressed earth bricks. Diatomite is used at between 5% and 50% in two clay soils to determine its physico-mechanical properties. The study focused on shrinkage and mass loss, density, porosity, flexural strength, compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of the composites. The results show that the incorporation of diatomite improves the linear shrinkage of compressed earth blocks and increases their porosities. The dry density of compressed earth block decreased considerably with increasing percentages of diatomite, which also led to a reduction in mechanical strength. This reduction in mechanical strength is linked to the physicochemical characteristics of diatomite. According to a number of relevant standards in the literature, which can be used in building construction set minimum permissible strengths at 2 MPa in simple compression and 0.1 MPa in bending and indirect tension, composites made from two clay soils and diatomite.

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34

Miloudi, Yassine, Naima Fezzioui, Boudjamaa Labbaci, Adel Benidir, Claude-Alain Roulet, and Yacine Ait Oumeziane. "Hygrothermal Characterization of Compressed and Cement Stabilized Earth Blocks." International Review of Civil Engineering (IRECE) 10, no. 4 (July 31, 2019): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.15866/irece.v10i4.15975.

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35

Goutsaya, Janvier, Guy Edgar Ntamack, and Saâd Charif d’Ouazzane. "Damage Modelling of Compressed Earth Blocks Stabilised with Cement." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (May 29, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3342661.

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This work aims at studying the mechanical behaviour of compressed Earth blocks (CEBs) and compressed stabilised Earth blocks (CSEBs) with 4% and 8% in weight cement stabilisation. A numerical simulation method based on the nonlinear behaviour law coupling isotropic elasticity damage is proposed to predict the mechanical behaviour of brittle and quasibrittle materials at simple compressive loading conditions. This model relies on the free energy of the material to generate the damage-dependent stress expression in order to bring it closer to the experimental findings. Tests on the geotechnical properties of the three soil samples (MAI, BAM, and GAD) collected in Ngaoundere city, the chief town of the Adamawa region of Cameroon, were carried out. Furthermore, simple compression tests were carried out on samples of dimensions 4 × 4 × 4 cm3 after 28 days of drying. By comparing the experimental and numerical results used, we could notice that the average compressive stresses of CEBs are approximately 4.13 MPa and 4.16 MPa, and the average deformation limits are 0.0068 and 0.0069; concerning the average Young’s moduli, they are about 842.30 MPa and 789.88 MPa, and for 4% cement, we obtained an average compressive strain of about 4.23 MPa and 4.28 MPa, average deformation limit 0.0072 and 0.0075, and Young’s moduli we obtained about 719.16 MPa and 714.06 MPa. At 8% cement dosage, we obtained average compressive stresses of about 5.01 MPa and 5.20 MPa, average deformation limit of 0.0073 and 0.0074, and Young’s moduli give us 866.43 MPa and 872.56 MPa.

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36

Belayali, Fouad, Walid Maherzi, Mahfoud Benzerzour, Nor-Edine Abriak, and Ahmed Senouci. "Compressed Earth Blocks Using Sediments and Alkali-Activated Byproducts." Sustainability 14, no. 6 (March 8, 2022): 3158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063158.

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Sediment dredging is necessary and vital to preserve maritime activities and prevent floods. The management of these sediments represent an environmental challenge for many countries all over the world. This study focuses on evaluating the feasibility of using dredged sediments for the manufacturing of compressed earth blocks (CEB). The alternative construction material has the potential of reducing the need for dredged sediment onshore storage or ocean dumping. Several experimental tests have been conducted on two geopolymer types, which were obtained by mixing sediments from the northern region of France, fly ash (FA), and grounded blast furnace slag (GBFS). The geopolymers, which were activated using an eight-molar concentrated sodium hydroxide solution (NH), were cured at a temperature of 50 °C. The results have shown that a geopolymer content of 36% of FA and 10% of GBFS along with (NH) alkaline solution has significantly improved the mechanical properties of CEBs, which have outperformed those of Portland Cement-stabilized traditional blocks. The use of NH has resulted in the formation of crystalline calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) amorphous gel. Adding GBFS to the mix has enhanced the geopolymer paste compressive strength and microstructure because of the formation of additional C-S-H. The valorization of dredged sediments in CEB based on geopolymer stabilization can contribute to the reduction of the CO2 footprint of the construction industry.

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Toukourou, Chakirou, Guy Semassou, Clément Ahouannou, Sèfiou Avamasse, Antoine Vianou, and Gérard Degan. "Thermomechanical Characterisation of Compressed Earth Blocks Added with Sawdust." Physical Science International Journal 12, no. 4 (January 10, 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/psij/2016/29393.

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38

Holliday, Lisa, Chris Ramseyer, Matthew Reyes, and Daniel Butko. "Building with Compressed Earth Block within the Building Code." Journal of Architectural Engineering 22, no. 3 (September 2016): 04016007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ae.1943-5568.0000198.

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39

Ongpeng, J., E. Gapuz, J. J. S. Andres, D. Prudencio, J. Cuadlisan, M. Tadina, A. Zacarias, D. Benauro, and A. Pabustan. "Alkali-activated binder as stabilizer in compressed earth blocks." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 849 (May 30, 2020): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/849/1/012042.

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40

Chaibeddra, S., and F. Kharchi. "Performance of Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks in sulphated medium." Journal of Building Engineering 25 (September 2019): 100814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100814.

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41

Qu, Bing, Bradley J. Stirling, Daniel C. Jansen, David W. Bland, and Peter T. Laursen. "Testing of flexure-dominated interlocking compressed earth block walls." Construction and Building Materials 83 (May 2015): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.02.080.

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42

Sitton, Jase D., Yasha Zeinali, William H. Heidarian, and Brett A. Story. "Effect of mix design on compressed earth block strength." Construction and Building Materials 158 (January 2018): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.005.

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43

Ferreira, Regis de Castro, and Maria Luiza de Carvalho Ulhôa. "Mechanical and thermal behaviors of stabilized compressed earth blocks." Ciência & Engenharia 25, no. 1 (November 4, 2016): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/19834071.2016.34012.

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44

MANGO-ITULAMYA, Lavie A., Frédéric COLLIN, Pascal PILATE, Fabienne COURTEJOIE, and Nathalie FAGEL. "Evaluation of Belgian clays for manufacturing compressed earth blocks." Geologica Belgica 22, no. 3-4 (December 3, 2019): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20341/gb.2019.002.

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This study aims to characterize Belgian clays in order to evaluate their use for manufacture of compressed earth blocks (CEB). Nineteen Belgian clay deposits were sampled in 56 sites and 135 samples were collected and analyzed. The analyses focus on the determination of particle size, plasticity, nature and mineralogy as the main characteristics for assessing the suitability of the raw clays to make CEB. These analyses allow for classifying the sampled clay deposits in three categories: clays that can be used unchanged to make CEB (2 clay deposits), clays that are suitable for the manufacture of CEB but require addition of sand and gravel particles (13 clay deposits) and clays that are suitable for the manufacture of CEB if they are mixed with other raw clays (4 clay deposits). In order to verify the use of these clays, five of them served as a model for making CEB. The strength of these bricks was evaluated by testing for compressive strength and abrasion resistance. The results of these tests confirm the suitability or not of the sampled clays for the manufacture of CEB.

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45

M.J., Zingfat, Mailafiya B.Y., Garnvwa J.D., and Pyendang Z.S. "Capillary Absorption of NBRRI Interlocking Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks." African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research 6, no. 1 (March 28, 2023): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajensr-utmulkjh.

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Buildings constructed without an adequate damp-proof membrane are usually affected by a lot of problems and capillary action is one of them. Continuous research and development of stabilised earth, taking into account; its socio-economic concerns, structural suitability and environmental friendliness as a contemporary walling material have been an issue of growing interest. NBRRI has invested a lot of research time and effort in the development of CSEB technology. This CSEB when used for construction is subjected to conditions that expose it to water and sound. All these conditions are important considerations when designing and constructing a building for a particular purpose. Therefore, this study was aimed at producing standard NBRRI CSEB to investigate the coefficients of capillary absorption. The laterite used for this study was sourced in Jos, Plateau state. And also Dangote ordinary Portland cement was used for the stabilisation. The results show that an average amount of water absorbed within 10 minutes of exposure is up to a tenth of the block's total mass, indicating high water absorption at 5% cement stabilisation of the classified silty sand used.

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46

Turco, Chiara, Mohammadmahdi Abedi, Elisabete Teixeira, and Ricardo Mateus. "Thermophysical Properties of Compressed Earth Blocks Incorporating Natural Materials." Energies 17, no. 9 (April 26, 2024): 2070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17092070.

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Building materials are responsible for significant CO2 emissions and energy consumption, both during production and operational phases. Earth as a building material offers a valuable alternative to conventional materials, as it naturally provides high hygrothermal comfort and air quality even with passive conditioning systems. However, disadvantages related to high density, conductivity, and wall thickness prevent its effective inclusion in the mainstream. This research explores enhancing the thermophysical properties of compressed earth blocks (CEBs) by using locally sourced natural materials. The study is framed in the Portuguese context and the natural materials involved are wheat straw (WS) as a by-product of wheat harvesting, cork granules (CGs) from bottle caps, and ground olive stone (GOS) residues from olive oil production. Blocks were produced with different mixtures of these materials and the thermal response was examined in a hot box apparatus. Best results include a 20 and 26% reduction in thermal conductivity for mixtures with 5v.% CG and 10v.% GOS, respectively, and an associated reduction in bulk density of 3.8 and 5.4%. The proposed approach therefore proves to be effective in improving the key thermophysical characteristics of CEBs. The article includes a comparative analysis of the experimental data from this study with those from the literature. The study contributes to the growing knowledge of sustainable materials, providing insights for researchers and practitioners looking for innovative solutions for low-carbon and energy-efficient materials.

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Guimarães, Gustavo Vaz de Mello, Kristiano Cavalcante Vasconcelos de Mendonça, Lucas Marques Pires da Silva, Necésio Gomes Costa, Leandro Torres di Gregorio, Grasiele Da Silva Coutinho, and Grasiele da Silva Coutinho. "Compressed Earth Blocks with Disposed Polypropylene Masks (COVID-19)." Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 18, no. 12 (December 5, 2024): e09772. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n12-014.

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Objective: The aim of this research is to assess the feasibility of incorporating processed COVID-19 masks into Compressed Earth Blocks (CEBs), with the goal of providing a sustainable disposal solution for these materials. Theoretical Framework: This section presents the concepts of soil-cement mixtures and polypropylene reinforcement, providing a solid foundation for understanding the context of the research. Method: The experimental methodology involved processing polypropylene masks and manufacturing CEBs. The compressive strength of the CEBs produced with and without masks was tested. Results and Discussion: The masks were processed using thermal and mechanical energy, resulting in fragments that were compatible with granular particles. Furthermore, the compressive strength of the CEBs was not significantly affected. Research Implications: The practical implications of this research are related to the environmentally correct disposal of these masks, contributing to various Sustainable Development Goals. Originality/Value: The use of processed COVID-19 masks in compressed earth blocks is novel and promising. From a technical perspective, it is noteworthy that there was no loss of compressive strength. From an environmental perspective, the processed masks were incorporated into a construction material widely used in various types of construction.

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48

Onugba, M. A., D. J. Ogbaje, Y. A. Atonu, B. C. Uche, and D. A. Adeniyi. "Effect of palm fibre on compressed cement-stabilized earth blocks." Journal of Management and Technology 19, no. 1 (August 15, 2023): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.62254/jmt.2023.19.1.26.

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The growing global population and the need for environmental sustainability has necessitated continuous research efforts on the suitability of the use of agricultural and industrial waste materials in building construction. This research investigated the effect of palm fibre on the density and compressive strength of compressed cement-stabilized earth blocks. Cement was used to stabilize lateritic soil at 10% by weight of laterite while palm fibre was varied from 0%-1.5% by weight of laterite in the mix. The blocks produced were cured for 28 days after which their densities and compressive strengths were evaluated. It was observed that the addition of palm fibre to the matrix led to a reduction in the density and compressive strength of the blocks produced. However, the average compressive strength of the blocks met the requirements for lateritic blocks as specified by the Nigeria Building and Road Research Institute. An optimum of 0.5% palm fibre with 10% cement is recommended for the production of load-bearing compressed stabilized earth blocks.

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49

Goutsaya, Janvier, Guy Edgar NTAMACK, Bienvenu Kenmeugne, and Saâd Charif d’Ouazzane. "Mechanical characteristics of compressed earth blocks, compressed stabilized earth blocks and stabilized adobe bricks with cement in the town of Ngaoundere - Cameroon." Journal of Building Materials and Structures 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.34118/jbms.v8i2.1441.

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The aim of this study is to examine the effects of cement stabilization on the mechanical stress of compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEBs) and adobe stabilized earth bricks (ASEBs). Hence, this work is based on an experimental study carried out in order to determine the geotechnical properties of the samples soil, namely, the dry particle size analysis after washing, the particle size distribution by sedimentometry, Atterberg limits, and the preparation of specimens with different levels of cement proportions. Moreover, single compression and three-point bending compression out on specimens measuring 4x4x4cm3 and 4x4x16cm3 respectively. The findings indicate that dosing with 8% cement results in a clear increase in compression stress of approximately 25.55% for CSEBs compared to the reference set at 0% and 22.85% for ASEBs. On the other hand, for a dosage of 4%, we observe a slight increase in stress by simple compression of around 3.26% for CSEBs and 3.14% for ASEBs. For three-point bending compression for a cement dosage of 8%, there is also an increase in stress of about 25% for the CSEBs compared to the reference taken at 0% and 23.02% for the ASEBs.

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50

Cruz, Ricardo, José Alexandre Bogas, Andrea Balboa, and Paulina Faria. "Water Resistance of Compressed Earth Blocks Stabilised with Thermoactivated Recycled Cement." Materials 17, no. 22 (November 17, 2024): 5617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17225617.

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Low water resistance is the main shortcoming of unfired earth materials, requiring chemical stabilisation for some durable applications. Ordinary Portland cement (PC) is an efficient stabiliser, but it goes against the ecological and sustainable nature of earth construction. This study explores the use of low-carbon thermoactivated recycled cement (RC) obtained from old cement waste as a new eco-efficient alternative to PC in the stabilisation of compressed earth blocks (CEBs). The objective is to improve the durability of the CEB masonry even when applied in direct contact with water, without compromising its eco-efficiency. The water resistance of the CEBs with 0% (unstabilised) and 5% and 10% (wt. of earth) stabiliser and partial to total replacement of PC with RC (0, 20, 50, 100% wt.) was evaluated in terms of compressive strength under different moisture contents, immersion and capillary water absorption, low-pressure water absorption, water permeability and water erosion. Low absorption and high resistance to water erosion were achieved in stabilised CEBs, regardless of the type of cement used. The incorporation of RC increased the total porosity and water absorption of the CEBs compared to PC, but significantly improved the water resistance of the unstabilised blocks. The eco-friendlier RC proved to be a promising alternative to PC stabilisation.

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